Ko te mantra o te tuwhera kounga raraunga : a dato Ko te kore tuwhera me te kore o te kounga he utu ki nga kamupene me te kounga i roto i mua tuwhera me utu tonu te utu.
Te Tuwhera Kounga Raraunga puta mai ra tuwhera Tuhinga ka whai mai kounga raraunga.
In pokapū paetukutuku ipurangi, mahi rangahau me te whanaketanga i runga i te tuwhera kounga raraunga, ehara ko te hunga e tata ana ki a tatou anake te whiriwhiri i a tatou.
I i mua ko ratou te hinu o te mano tau hou, te ra tuwhera he hangarau kino enei na te mea ka kaha ake te huringa, ka nui ake nga mahi hou. Kaitohu paetukutuku ipurangi whakapono tera ra tuwhera e tika ana, ka taea hoki te heke mai, a dato kaore e tuwhera he utu mo nga kamupene me i mua tuwhera me utu tonu te utu.
Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi mahi i runga i i mua, kaore ko nga mea tata ki a maatau anake e whiriwhiri i a maatau.
Whakamaramatanga: i i mua me watea nga kawanatanga ki nga tangata katoa e whai waahi ana ki te tohatoha ano ahakoa te ahua kaore he here mana pupuri.
I i mua Ko te tuwhera ka puta mai i tetahi puna.
Tauari: I i mua Ko te tuwhera ka uru pea ki nga mea kore-kuputuhi penei i nga mapi, ira ira, hononga hono, matū pūhui, tātai pāngarau me te pūtaiao, i mua nga taote me nga mahi, te koiora me te kanorau. I te nuinga o te wa ka puta mai nga raru na te mea he uara arumoni, ka taea ranei te whakahiato ki nga mahi utu nui. Te uru, te whakamahi ano ranei o i mua kei te whakahaerehia e nga whakahaere, te iwi whanui me te tangata takitahi. Ka taea te whakahaere ma roto i nga here uru, raihana, mana pupuri, patent, me nga utu mo te uru, te whakamahi ano ranei. Kaitautoko o ra tuwhera e tohe ana ko enei here kei te kee i te pai o te katoa me enei i mua me whakawätea kia kore he here, he utu. I tua atu, he mea nui kia i i mua ka taea te whakamahi ano me te kore e tono whakamanatanga, ahakoa ko nga momo whakamahi ano (pnei i te waihangatanga o nga mahi whakaputa) ka taea e te raihana te whakahaere.
Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi mahi ki a ratou ra tuwhera Mo te kawanatanga, ko nga tono a te kawanatanga tuwhera pai e whai ana ki te whakamana i nga tangata whenua, ki te awhina i nga pakihi iti, ki te hanga uara ranei ma etahi atu huarahi pai me te whai hua. Ko te whakatuwheratanga o i mua Ko te kawanatanga he kuaha noa i runga i te huarahi ki te whakapai i te matauranga, ki te whakapai i te mana whakahaere, me te hanga taputapu hei whakaoti i etahi atu raruraru o te ao.
Nga whainga o te kaupapa Whakatuwhera Raraunga he rite ki era atu nekehanga "Tuwhera".
Ko te urunga tuwhera ko te hanga i nga whakaputanga maatauranga kia waatea noa Ipurangi. I etahi wa, kei roto ano i enei taonga nga huinga o i mua tuwhera, ko nga tauira:
-Ko nga kaupapa tuwhera e pa ana ki te tuku rauemi ki te hunga whakarongo kore utu.
-Matauranga tuwhera. Ko te Open Knowledge International e tautoko ana i te tuwheratanga puta noa i te whānuitanga o nga take tae atu, engari kaua e whakawhāitihia ki era o ra tuwhera. Nga uhi, nga korero pūtaiao, nga korero o mua, nga korero matawhenua; ka hipoki i nga korero penei i te puoro, kiriata, pukapuka; ka hipokina te kawanatanga me etahi atu korero whakahaere. Ko te ra tuwhera kei raro i te Open Knowledge Definition, e kiia ana i roto i te kawa Science Commons mo te whakatinana i te i mua uru tuwhera.
Ko te putaiao pukapuka tuwhera e pa ana ki te whakamahinga o te kaupapa o Whakatuwhera Raraunga ki te nuinga o nga mahi putaiao ka taea, tae atu ki nga whakamatautau i rahua me i mua taikaha te whakamatautau.
-Ko te raupaparorohiko puna tuwhera e pa ana ki nga raihana puna tuwhera ka taea te tohatoha i nga kaupapa rorohiko, kaore hoki e mahi i te nuinga o te waa. i mua.
-Ko nga rauemi matauranga tuwhera e waatea noa ana me nga tuhinga raihana tuwhera me nga tuhinga korero e whai hua ana mo te whakaako, ako me te aromatawai, tae atu ki nga kaupapa rangahau.
-Rangahau tuwhera / putaiao tuwhera / i mua o te putaiao tuwhera (hononga putaiao tuwhera) e tohu ana i te huarahi ki te whakatuwhera me te honohono i nga rauemi putaiao penei i te i mua, tikanga me nga taputapu me nga tikanga o i mua hono ki te whakaahei i te rangahau marama, ka taea te whakaputa me te mahi rangahau.
Ko te mantra o te ra tuwhera : a dato kaore e tuwhera he utu mo nga kamupene me i mua tuwhera me utu tonu te utu.
In pokapū paetukutuku ipurangi, kei te rangahau me te whakawhanaketanga me pehea te whakamahi i te ra tuwhera, no te mea he kaha ake te huringa ra tuwhera te nui ake o nga mahi hou; Ehara i te mea ko te hunga e tata ana ki a tatou te whiriwhiri i a tatou.
NGĀ KAUPAPA HUA
I i mua ko nga hinu o te milenio hou, i raraunga nui he hangarau kino enei na te mea ka kaha ake te huringa, ka nui ake nga mahi hou. Kaitohu paetukutuku ipurangi whakapono ana ko te kounga raraunga ko te heke mai, a dato ehara i te kounga te utu mo nga kamupene me i mua me iti ake te utu o nga hua kounga.
Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi mahi i runga i i mua, kaore ko nga mea tata ki a maatau anake e whiriwhiri i a maatau.
I i mua i roto i te whakatakotoranga hiko he mahi tino nui i roto i te hapori hangarau korero me te whakawhitiwhiti korero (ICT) me te mihi ki to raatau tohatoha te "kounga" o i mua i roto i te whakatakotoranga hiko me ona paanga ki nga momo mahi katoa o te hapori ICT kei te tino hirahira.
Tuhinga o mua kounga raraunga i roto i nga tukanga whakatau kua tohua i roto i te tauākī kounga o te Pūnaha Tauanga a Europi: "Ka whakaratohia e matou ki te Kotahitanga o Europi me te ao nga korero kounga teitei mo te ohanga me te hapori i te taumata Pakeha, motu me te rohe, a ka tukuna e matou enei korero ki te katoa. hei tautoko i nga mahi whakatau, rangahau me te tautohetohe." I roto i te kounga raraunga, he dato ehara i te kounga te utu mo nga kamupene me i mua me iti ake te utu o nga hua kounga.
Te Institute Data Warehousing Institute, i roto i te ripoata 2002 mo kounga raraunga, e kii ana he waahi nui kei waenga i te tirohanga me te mooni o kounga raraunga i roto i nga whakahaere maha, me era raruraru e pa ana ki kounga raraunga utu pakihi US neke atu i te $600 piriona ia tau, me te i roto i kounga raraunga, he dato ehara i te kounga te utu mo nga kamupene me i mua me iti ake te utu o nga hua kounga.
I i mua i roto i te whakatakotoranga hiko he pai ake i te kounga i mua ka rongoa ki runga pepa pepa, mena ko te kounga raraunga: a dato ehara i te kounga te utu mo nga kamupene me i mua me iti ake te utu o nga hua kounga.
Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi mahi tonu Kounga Raraunga kei hea, te hiahia ki te mohio me te whakaoti rapanga kounga me te mohio ki nga whakautu ki nga patai e whai ake nei: He aha te mea tino nui kounga raraunga? He aha nga tikanga, tikanga me nga raru kei roto i te kounga raraunga kua whakatōpūtia kētia? He aha nga huarahi tino mohio me te pono? He aha nga raruraru kaore ano kia whakatauhia?
He maha nga huihuinga o te ao kua whakatairangahia e nga hapori kei a raatau te turanga o i mua me nga punaha korero hei kaupapa matua mo te tirotiro; te putanga tuatahi o te Huihuinga o te Ao mo te Kounga Paarongo (ICIQ), he mea whakarite i te Whare Takiura o Massachusetts (MIT) i te Boston, no te tau 1996; kua tautoko te Awheawhe International mo te Kounga Korero i roto i nga Pūnaha Korero (IQIS) i te huihuinga SIGMOD mai i te 2004; ko te huihuinga o te ao Raraunga me te Kounga Parongo (DIQ) kua whakahaerehia i roto i te Huihuinga mo te Hangarau Hangarau Panui Ake (CAiSE) mai i te tau 2004; me te wananga o te ao Quality of Information Systems (QoIS), i whakahaerehia i te taha o te hui Huinga Hononga (ER) mai i te tau 2005. Ko etahi atu huihuinga ka tu ki te motu France, Germania a i roto i te United States.
TUwhera RAraunga : rohe mahi
Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi whakahaere ana mahi i runga i TUwhera RAraunga, i roto i nga waahanga whakahaere e whai ake nei:
- Lombardy : Milano, Bergamo, Brescia, como, Cremona, Lecco, Lodi, Mantova, Monza Tuhinga o mua Brianza, Pavia, Sondrio, varese;
- Abruzzo : Chieti, TeAkuira, Pescara, Teramo;
- Basilicata : Matera, Potenza;
- Calabria : Catanzaro, Cosenza, Crotone, Reggio Calabria, Vibo Valentia;
- Campania : Avellino, Benevento, Caserta, Naples, Salerno;
- Emilia Romagna : Bologna, Ferrara, Forlì, Cesena, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna, Reggio Emilia, Rimini;
- Friuli Venezia Giulia : Koroora, Pordenone, Trieste, Udine;
- Lazio : Frosinone, Latina, Rieti, Roma, Poerewa;
- Liguria : Genoa, Imperia, la Spezia, Savona;
- Poutu-te-rangi : Ancona, Ascoli Piceno, Kati, Macerata, ka paunatia e ahau, Urbino;
- Molise : Campobasso, Isernia;
- Piedmont : Alessandria, Asti, Biella, Cuneo, Novara, Turin, Verbano, Cusio, Ossola, Vercelli;
- Puglia : Bari, Paretata, Andria, Trani, Brindisi, Foggia, Lecce, Taranto;
- Sardegna : Cagliari, Kararehe, Nga hahi, Waenga Campidano, nuoro, Ogliastra, Olbia, Hiero, Oristano, Sasari;
- Sicilia : Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Catania, enna, Messina, Palermo, Ragusa, Siracusa, Trapani;
- Tuscany : Arezzo, Florence, Grosseto, Livorno, Lucca, Maha, Carrara, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato, Siena;
- Trentino Alto Adige : Bolzano, Trento;
- Umbria : Perugia, Terni;
- Valle d'Aosta : Aosta;
- Veneto : Belluno, Padua, I rovigo, Treviso, Venice, Verona, Vicenza;
- Svizzera : Canton of Appenzell waho, Canton of Appenzell Roto, Canton of Aargau, Canton of Basel Taiwhenua, Canton of Basel Taone, Canton of Bern, Canton of Fribourg, Canton of Geneva, Canton of Jura, Canton of Glarus, Canton of Grisons, Canton of Lucerne, Canton of Nidwalden, Canton of Neuchatel, Canton of Obwalden, Canton of St. Gallen, Canton of Schaffhausen, Canton of Solothurn, Canton of Schwyz, Canton of Thurgau, Canton of Uri, Canton of Valais, Canton of Vaud, Canton of Zug, Canton of Zurich, Kanton Ticino.
Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi whakahaere ana mahi i runga i TUwhera RAraunga, i roto i Kanton Ticino :
- rohe o mendrisio me nga porowhita o mendrisio, tohorā, Caneggio, pūmau e Riva San Vitale;
- rohe o Lugano me nga porowhita o Lugano ko, Lugano uru, Lugano raki, Ceresium, Paradiso, Magliasina, Agno, Sesa, sonvico, Vezia, Bren, Pregassona, Capriasca e whare inu:
- rohe o Locarno me nga porowhita o Locarno, Moutere o te roto o Maggiore, Onsernon, Gambarogno, Aporo, Waka e Verzasca;
- rohe o Vallemaggia me nga porowhita o rovana, maggia e Lavizzara;
- rohe o bellinzone me nga porowhita o bellinzone, Ticino me Giubiasco;
- rohe Riviera me te karapu Riviera;
- rohe o Blenium me nga porowhita o Serravalle, Aquarossa e Blenium;
- rohe o Rewenitini me nga porowhita o Giornico, faido, Quinto e Airolo.
TUwhera RAraungai te maakete o te ao
Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi whakahaere ana mahi i runga i TUwhera RAraunga i roto i nga waahi whakahaere e whai ake nei o te mākete ā-ao: Taone nui o New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Filadelfia, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas, San Jose, Indianapolis, San Francisco, Detroit, ElPaso, Seattle, Boston, Washington, Sacramento, Atlanta, Raleigh, Taone nui o New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Filadelfia, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas, San Jose, Indianapolis, San Francisco, Detroit, ElPaso, Seattle, Boston, Washington, Sacramento, Atlanta, Raleigh; Kanata: Toronto, Montréal, Calgary, Ottawa, Eromitana, missisauga, Winnipeg, Vancouver; United Kingdom : Londra, Glasgow, Sheffield, Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, Leeds, Birmingham; Europe: Londra, Berlin, Madrid, Roma, Paris, Bucarest, Vienna, Hamburg, Budapest, Warsaw, Barcelona, Monaco, Milano, Sofia, Prague, Bruxelles, Birmingham, Koroni, Naples, Stockholm, Turin, Marseille, Amsterdam, Zagreb, Valencia, Moscow, Düsseldorf;
Nga taone nui o te ao: Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Delhi, Seoul, Istanbul, Karachi, Tokyo, Guangzhou, Mumbai, Moscow, St. Paora, Rarangi, Delhi, Jakarta, Kinshasa, Seoul, Mexico City, Londra, New York, Bangalore, Ho Chi Minh, Lima, Hanoi, Bogota, Tehran, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Dhaka, Kairo, Rio de Janeiro, Caracas, Baghdad, St. Petersburg, Riad, Calcutta, Singapore, Santiago, Sydney, Tuhinga, Chennai, Melbourne, Yangon, Tuhinga o mua, Shenyang, Hyderabad, Los Angeles, Ahmedabad, Ankara, Johannesburg, Wuhan, Yokohama, Abidjan, Busan, Cape Town, Durban, hoatu, Jeddah, Berlin, Casablanca, Pyongyang, Kanpur, Madrid, Jaipur, Nairobi, Faisalabad, Ürümqi, Brasilia, Salvador, Buenos Aires, Roma, Chicago, Fortaleza, Chittagong, Belo Horizonte, Toronto; United Kingdom : Aberdeen, Basingstoke, Patehepa, Belfast, Birmingham, Brighton, Bristol, Bromley, Cambridge, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Exeter, Gateshead, Glasgow, Tutu, Greenhithe, Kingston on Thames, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Milton Keynes, Newcastle i runga i Tyne, Norwich, Plymouth, pānui, Sheffield, Solihull, Southampton, Watford; Te Rohe Nui o Ahitereiria: Canberra, South Australia, Rundle Place, New South Wales here, Broadway, Whare Taonga, Charlestown, Whakahokohoro Tiaki, Wharerangi, Miranda, Penrith, Sydney, Kuini:Brisbane , Carindale, Tae, Robina, Victoria, Pohaka, Southland, Doncaster, Kuwhera Puna; Ateria: Vienna, Belgium: Brussels, Brazil:Barra da Tijuca, São Paulo, Kanata: Alberta (Kanata), Calgary, Edmonton, British Columbia (Kanata) Burnaby,Coquitlam, Richmond, Surrey, Vancouver, Manitoba (Kanata), Winnipeg, Nova Scotia (Kanata), Halifax, Ontario (Kanata),Burlington, London, Markham, Mississauga, He Retaata, Ottawa, Toronto, Waterloo, Quebec (Kanata),Kaitara, Mökai, Montreal, Ko Pointe-Claire, Quebec City; United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai; France : Aix-en-Provence, Porau, Dijon, Te Chesnay, Rūtene, Lille, Lyon, Marne-la-Vallee, Marseilles, Montpellier, Nice, Paris, Puteaux: la Paruru, Rosny-Sous-Bois, Hato Herblain, Strasbourg, Velizy-Villacoublay; Germania : Augsburg, Berlin, Cologne, Dresden, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich, Oberhausen, Sindelfingen, Koruruku; Spagna : Awa o te Encomienda, Arroyomolinos, Barcelona, Churra, Leganés, Majadahonda, Marbella, Valencia, Zaragoza, Svezia: Helsingborg, Malmö, Taby; Svizzera Basel, Geneva, Glattzentrum bei Wallisellen, Zurich. Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi mahi i te United States o Amerika. Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi mahi i Canada. Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi mahi Europe; Albania: Tirana; Germania: Berlin; Ānatōra: Andorra la Vella; Ateria: Vienna; Belgium: Bruxelles; Peraruhia: Minsk; Bosnia Herzegovina: Sarajevo; Bulgaria: Sofia; Croatia: Zagreb; Denmark: Copenhagen; Awherakia: Bratislava; Slovenia: Ljubljana; Spagna: Madrid; Estonia: Tallinn; Finlandia: Helsinki; France: Paris; Kariki: Te Atene; Hungary: Budapest; Ireland: Dublin; Tiorangi: Reykjavik; Latvia: Riga; Liechtenstein: Vaduz; Lithuania: Vilnius; Luxembourg: Luxembourg; Malta: Valletta; Morotōria: Chisinau; Monaco: Monaco; Montenegro: Podgorica; Norway: Oslo; Paesi bassi: Amsterdam; Poroni: Warsaw; Portugal: Lisbon; United Kingdom: Londra; Czech Republic: Prague; Republic of Makeronia: Skopje; Romania: Bucarest; San Marino: San Marino; Serbia: Tuhinga; Svezia: Stockholm; Svizzera: Lugano, Canton of Ticino, bellinzone, Locarno, mendrisio, Chiasso, Bern; Ukraine: Kiev; Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi mahi i Ahia, Afghanistan: Kapuru;
Saudi Arabia: Riyadi; Armenia: Erevan; Azerbaijan: Baku; Bahrain: Manama; Bangladesh: Dhaka; Bhutan: Tuhinga; Burma: Tuhinga ka whai mai; Brunei: Bandar Seri Begawan; Kamupodia: Phnom Penh; Haina: Beijing; Korea ki te Raki: Pyongyang; Korea ki te Tonga: Seoul; United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi; Philippines: Manila; Georgia: Tbilisi; Japan: Tokyo; Horano: Amman; India: New Delhi; Indonesia: Jakarta; Iran: Tehran; Iraq: Baghdad; Iharaira: Hiruharama; Kazakhstan: Astana; Kyrgyzstan: Bishkek; Kuwait: Taone o Kuwait; Laos: Vientiane; Repanona: Beirut; Maldives: Malé; Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur; Mongolia: Ulan Bator; Nepal: Kathmandu; Oman: Mascate; Pakistan: Islamabad; Palestine: Hiruharama ki te Rawhiti; Katara: Doha; Singapore : Singapore; Hiria: Ramahiku; Sri Lanka: Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte; Tajikistan: Dushanbe; Taiwan: Taipei; Thailand: Bangkok; Turkey: Ankara; Turkmenistan: Asgapata; Uzbekistan: Tashkent; Vietnam: Hanoi; Yemen: sana; Paetukutuku Tukutuku Ipurangi mahi i Awherika, Algeria: Whakaputanga; Angola: Luanda; Benin: Benin; Botswana: Gaborone; Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou; Burundi: Bujumbura; Cameroon: Yaounde; Cape Verde: Beach; Tohu: N'Djamena; Kooti: Moroni; Ivory Coast: Yamoussoukro; Ihipa: Kairo; Eritrea: Asmara; Etiopia: Addis Ababa; Gabon: Libreville; Gambia: Banjul; Kana: Accra; Gibuti: Gibuti; Guinea: Conakry; Guinea-Pīhau: Pīhau; Guinea Equatorial: Malabo; Kenya: Nairobi; Lesotho: Maseru; Liberia: Monrovia; Libya: Tripoli; Madagascar: Antananarivo; Malawi: Lilongwe; Nga kino: Bamako; Mauritania: Mauritania; Mauritius: Port Louis; Moroko: Rabat; Mozambique: Maputo; Namipia: Windhoek; Nikera: Niamey; Nigeria: Abuja; Republic o Awherika Central: Bangui; Republic o te Kongo: Brazzaville; Te Repupirita Manapori o Congo: Kinshas.
Ehara ko nga mea e tata ana ki a tatou anake te hunga e whiriwhiri ana i a tatou.
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