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Ma Database Management Systems & DBMSs

Kachitidwe ka Ontological

Ndi machitidwe omwe pang'onopang'ono amakhala okhwima, kodi tingagwire ntchito bwanji? Ndizotheka kuchita izi ngati tipanga chisankho chowonjezera kuwala.

Kupereka yankho ku funso kumafuna kufufuza pakati pa magwero onse a chidziwitso. Izi zitha kuchitika pa intaneti (potengera kuti nthawi zoyankhira zimaloleza) kapena osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti (polemba a Nawonso achichepere wa mayankho).

Ngati funso lathu silinayankhidwe mu dati zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa kudzera mumigodi ya data, tikufuna kudziwa ngati pali njira zina zophatikizira dati kuti ndipeze yankho.

Tiyeni tiyang'ane, mwachitsanzo, nkhani yomwe kampani ikufuna kupatula makampani kapena anthu omwe ali onse makasitomala omwe amapereka. Ali ndi nambala ya msonkho kapena nambala ya VAT ngati chizindikiritso, chifukwa chake nambala imodzi imazindikiritsa gulu limodzi. Pophatikiza i dati deta ndikugwiritsa ntchito redundancy, ndizotheka kulinganiza chidziwitsocho mwanjira yatsopano ndipo, m'njira yosavuta, kuzindikira bungwe lomwe ndi kasitomala ndi wopereka.

Mtengo wowonjezera umatheka pamene, osati kugawa makasitomala ndi ogulitsa, tikukamba za gulu lambiri, oyankhulana, omwe amaphatikizapo maphunziro ena (mwachitsanzo PA, monga tauni yomwe misonkho imalipidwa). Lingaliro, pankhaniyi, ndikulingalira lingaliro, osati mawu ofotokozera, ngati mzati wophatikiza. Izi zimatithandiza kupewa kugwirizanitsa maziko dati ndipo chifukwa chake yesetsani kuphatikiza kuwala.

Makasitomala ndi ogulitsa ndi mawu osakira omwe amandilola kuzindikira ena mwamabungwe omwe ndili nawo paubwenzi.

Pakadali pano ndizotheka kupanga dongosolo la otilowa nawo, omwe ndi anthu kapena mabungwe ovomerezeka, omwe angakhale makampani atsopano oti akhale nawo paubwenzi, koma omwe sali. makasitomala kapena ogulitsa (monga masepala, oyandikana nawo). Chifukwa chake timazindikira kuti timalumikizana ndi gulu la anthu komanso gulu la mabungwe ovomerezeka.

Pali njira yolowera ku Nawonso achichepere mwa kugwirizana komwe sikunawonekere: timapeza i makasitomala omwenso ndi ogulitsa chifukwa timanena za kapangidwe ka dati, koma, kujowina i dati ndikupeza kulumikizana, sitidalira zomwe timapeza, komanso kuperewera komanso kapangidwe kake (mwachitsanzo, ndingadziwe bwanji ngati Mac Donalds ndi McDonald's ndi kampani yomweyi?).

Kuti tipewe kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osakira, mwachitsanzo, kuti tipewe kuzindikiritsa mabungwe omwe ali ndi kalembedwe ka mawu, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a ontological: sitikhala ndi chidwi ndi mawu ofananirako a gulu linalake, koma tikufuna kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka dziko, mwachitsanzo, ontology.

Lโ€™ontologia รจ qualcosa di diverso da una semantica: questโ€™ultima รจ associata ai linguaggi, mentre le ontologie sono associate ai mondi. Lโ€™ontologia รจ lo studio dellโ€™essere, o del โ€œmodo in cui noi stiamo nel mondoโ€, mentre le semantiche sono legate ai linguaggi: per poter avere un significato, deve esistere un linguaggio. Il mondo รจ generato da un linguaggio, che ci permette quindi di andare sempre oltre a ciรฒ che vediamo, e lโ€™ontologia parla di un mondo specifico.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati titanthauzira mawu oti "skyscraper" ngati "nyumba yayitali kuposa X metres", chiganizo cha

lembani "Ndinapita kunyumba ndi skyscraper m'thumba mwanga" sizimamveka mu ontology yomwe tafotokoza, pomwe ontology imadziwiratu mawu oti "skyscraper" komanso tanthauzo la "statuette-chikumbutso chomwe chimabalanso nyumba", kuti chiganizo chingakhale ndi tanthauzo lenileni.

Kukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati Nawonso achichepere, timalongosola dziko: ndi dziko limene limati limasankha mawu omwe timagwiritsa ntchito. Dziko loterolo nthawi zonse limakhala ndi malire: chiwerengero cha mfundo za moyo wa bungwe zimakhala ndi malire. Dziko lokhudzidwa ndi chinenero ndilopanda malire ndipo ndi chinenero tikhoza kuimira dziko lililonse, chifukwa chinenero chimakhudza zomwe zingatheke, osati zomwe zilipo. Mulimonsemo, ndizomveka zomwe zimatifikitsa ku chiyambi cha semantics: ndi malingaliro omwe amati ngati wina akupereka chithandizo, ndiye kuti ndi wothandizira, popeza tikudziwa kuti utumiki ndi mtundu wa zopereka.

Ontology imatilola kuti tilekanitse magawo awiri: kuphatikiza ndi kuphatikiza komaliza. Kuphatikizika kumakhudza kubweretsa pamodzi zomwe zimatisangalatsa, ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira pakuphatikiza: ngati ndili ndi zolemba ziwiri zofanana. dati ndi kusonkhanitsa tanthauzo lake, kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwapangidwa. Kuphatikiza kwenikweni kwa mafayilo (kuphatikiza kapena kusintha) ndi gawo laling'ono.

Ndizotheka kugwirizanitsa zomwe zili mu Nawonso achichepere, komanso zolemba ndi makanema, pogwiritsa ntchito semantics. Ubwino wokhala ndi zambiri Nawonso achichepere, osati imodzi yokha, ndi yakuti tikhoza kusunga nei Nawonso achichepere chidziwitso chowunikira pamlingo wa atomiki.

Tiyenera kutha kugwirizanitsa chidziwitsocho kuti tipeze yankho lokhazikika lomwe limatilola kukulitsa mtengo ndikutsimikizira ubale wolondola ndi onse. makasitomala (kutha kuyankha chimodzimodzi).

Per capire cosa รจ correlato con cosa, consideriamo un esempio che nasce da unโ€™idea del Web: possiamo applicare dei tag alle risorse, in modo da riconoscere tutte le informazioni correlate. Il problema di questo approccio รจ che potremmo usare tag in forma diversa per rappresentare la stessa cosa (i tag sono legati alla sintassi). Una seconda soluzione รจ quella di riferirsi alla dimensione semantica, passando da un lessico (cioรจ uso delle parole per ricavare i tag) ad una semantica (ricavare i concetti e le entitร ).

Komabe, ma semantics omwe timawakonda ndi osiyana ndi a zilankhulo zachilengedwe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zolinga zazikulu kuposa zomwe zikufunsidwa. Chifukwa cha semantics titha kuwonetsa chilankhulo momwe tingafotokozere dziko lomwe tikufuna, lomwe ndi ontology.

Ontology akhoza kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo zomveka, chimodzi mwazofala kwambiri ndi OWL (Ontology Web Language).

Kupyolera mu izo, timatha kusuntha m'dziko ndikutanthauzira zenizeni. Ndi kufotokoza kwachidule, kothandiza pokhudzana ndi zomwe tikufuna kuchita.

Mu ontology maubale apakati pa mfundo amatanthauzira zomwe zingatheke ndi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi ontology yomwe ikufunsidwa, osati kunja kwake, ndipo ndi yokwanira ndi zomwe tingachite.

Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pofotokoza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo ngati kampani ina ikufuna kudziwa za kampani ina. Pankhaniyi m'pofunika kupeza njira kugwirizanitsa mfundo zosiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsa ntchito abstraction ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:

  • matenda a bungwe;
  • matenda a munthu;
  • makina kuzindikira.

Mtundu wofotokozera umatengera yankho lomwe tikufuna kupereka: matenda atatuwa ndi ogwirizana, ngakhale malingalirowa akuwoneka kuti ali m'magulu osiyanasiyana.

Lililonse la maguluwa limakhazikitsa mndandanda wa ufulu ndi ntchito mu ubale wa munthuyo ndi bungwe.

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