Kusungirako Data ndi Enterprise Resource Planning | DWH ndi ERP

WOSUNGA DATA CHApakati : HISTORY ED KUSINTHA

Mitu iwiri yayikulu yaukadaulo wamakampani muzaka za m'ma 90 inali i nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi ERP. Kwa nthawi yayitali mitsinje iwiri yamphamvu iyi yakhala mbali zamakampani a IT popanda kukhala ndi mphambano. Zinali ngati kuti zinali zotsutsana ndi zinthu. Koma kukula kwa zochitika zonse ziwirizi kwapangitsa kuti pakhale mphambano zawo. Masiku ano makampani akukumana ndi vuto la zomwe angachite ndi ERP ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mavuto omwe ali komanso momwe makampani amawathetsera.

Pachiyambi…

Poyamba panali nyumba yosungiramo deta. Malo osungira zinthu idabadwa kuti ithane ndi njira yoyendetsera ntchito. M'masiku oyambirira kuloweza dati idapangidwa kuti ingokhala yotsutsana ndi ntchito zokonza ma transaction. Koma masiku ano pali masomphenya ovuta kwambiri a zomwe a nyumba yosungiramo deta. M'masiku ano nyumba yosungiramo deta imayikidwa mkati mwa dongosolo lomwe lingatchedwe Corporate Information Factory.

Fakitole Yachidziwitso ya Corporate (CIF)

The Corporate Information Factory ili ndi zida zomanga zokhazikika: kuphatikiza ma code ndi kusanja komwe kumaphatikiza i. dati pamene ine dati amachoka kumalo ogwiritsira ntchito kupita ku chilengedwe cha nyumba yosungiramo deta a kampaniyo; a nyumba yosungiramo deta ya kampani komwe i dati mbiri mwatsatanetsatane ndi kuphatikiza. The nyumba yosungiramo deta abizinesi amagwira ntchito ngati maziko pomwe mbali zina zonse zachilengedwe zitha kumangidwa nyumba yosungiramo deta; sitolo ya data yogwira ntchito (ODS). ODS ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa womwe uli ndi mbali zina za nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi zina za chilengedwe cha OLTP; ma data marts, komwe madipatimenti osiyanasiyana amatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe awoawo nyumba yosungiramo deta; a nyumba yosungiramo deta kufufuza komwe oganiza zamakampani atha kutumiza mafunso awo a maola 72 popanda zotsatira zoyipa nyumba yosungiramo deta; ndi kukumbukira mzere wapafupi, momwemo dati wokalamba ndi dati zambiri zitha kusungidwa pamtengo wotsika mtengo.

Komwe ERP IMAKHUMBANA NDI Fakitale YOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI

ERP imalumikizana ndi Corporate Information Factory m'malo awiri. Makamaka ngati ntchito yoyambira yomwe imapereka i dati za ntchito ku nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pankhaniyi i dati, yopangidwa ngati yopangidwa ndi njira yogulitsira, imaphatikizidwa ndikulowetsedwa mu nyumba yosungiramo deta wa kampani. Ulalo wachiwiri pakati pa ERP ndi CIF ndi ODS. Zowonadi, m'malo ambiri ERP imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ODS yapamwamba.

Ngati ERP ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yoyambira, ERP yomweyi itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito mu CIF ngati ODS. Mulimonsemo, ngati ERP iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maudindo onse awiri, payenera kukhala kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa mabungwe awiriwa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pamene ERP ikugwira ntchito yoyambira ndi ODS, mabungwe awiri omanga ayenera kusiyanitsa. Ngati kukhazikitsa kumodzi kwa ERP kudzayesa kukwaniritsa maudindo onse awiri panthawi imodzi padzakhala zovuta pakupanga ndi kukhazikitsa dongosololo.

ODS ODZIWANITSA NDI NTCHITO ZOFUNIKA

Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa kugawanika kwa zigawo za zomangamanga. Mwina mfundo yodziwika kwambiri pakulekanitsa magawo osiyanasiyana a zomangamanga ndikuti gawo lililonse la zomangamanga lili ndi malingaliro ake. Ntchito yoyambira imagwira ntchito yosiyana ndi ODS. Yesani kulolerana

mawonedwe oyambira ogwiritsira ntchito pa dziko la ODS kapena mosemphanitsa si njira yabwino yogwirira ntchito.

Chotsatira chake, vuto loyamba la ERP mu CIF ndikutsimikizira ngati pali kusiyana pakati pa ntchito zoyambira ndi ODS.

ZITSANZO ZA DATA KU KONSE Fakitale YOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI

Kuti tikwaniritse mgwirizano pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za zomangamanga za CIF, payenera kukhala chitsanzo cha dati. Zitsanzo za dati amagwira ntchito ngati ulalo pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana a zomangamanga monga ntchito zoyambira ndi ODS. Zitsanzo za dati iwo amakhala "mapu amisewu aluntha" kuti apeze tanthauzo lolondola kuchokera ku zigawo zosiyana za zomangamanga za CIF.

Kuyendera limodzi ndi lingaliro ili, lingaliro ndiloti payenera kukhala chitsanzo chimodzi chachikulu ndi chimodzi dati. Mwachiwonekere payenera kukhala chitsanzo cha dati pazigawo zonse ndi kupitirira apo payenera kukhala njira yomveka yolumikiza zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana. Chigawo chilichonse cha zomangamanga - ODS, ntchito zoyambira, nyumba yosungiramo deta wa kampani, ndi zina zotero .. - akusowa chitsanzo chake cha dati. Ndipo kotero payenera kukhala tanthauzo lenileni la mmene zitsanzo zimenezi dati zimagwirizana.

YENDANI I DATA LA TSIKU LA ERP NYUMBA YOSUNGIRA

Ngati chiyambi cha dati ndi ntchito yoyambira ndi/kapena ODS, pamene ERP iyika i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta, kuyika uku kuyenera kuchitika pamlingo wotsika kwambiri wa "granularity". Kungobwereza kapena kuphatikizira i dati pamene akutuluka mu ERP yoyambira ntchito kapena ERP ODS si chinthu choyenera kuchita. THE dati zambiri zofunika mu nyumba yosungiramo deta kupanga maziko a ndondomeko ya DSS. Chotero dati adzasinthidwa m'njira zambiri ndi ma data marts ndi kufufuza nyumba yosungiramo deta.

Kusamutsidwa kwa dati kuchokera ku malo oyambira a ERP kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo deta ya kampaniyo ikuchitika m'njira yomasuka. Kusunthaku kumachitika pafupifupi maola 24 pambuyo pakusintha kapena kupangidwa kwa ERP. Choonadi chokhala ndi "ulesi" kayendedwe ka dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta ya kampani imalola dati kuchokera ku ERP kupita ku "kukhazikitsa". Kamodzi i dati amasungidwa mu zoyambira ntchito, ndiye inu mukhoza bwinobwino kusuntha ndi dati ERP mu bizinesi. Cholinga china chomwe chingapezeke chifukwa cha "ulesi" kayendedwe ka dati ndiye malire omveka bwino pakati pa njira zogwirira ntchito ndi DSS. Ndi "kufulumira" kayendedwe ka dati mzere pakati pa DSS ndi magwiridwe antchito amakhalabe osadziwika.

Kuyenda kwa dati kuchokera ku ODS ya ERP mpaka nyumba yosungiramo deta za kampaniyo zimachitika nthawi ndi nthawi, nthawi zambiri sabata kapena mwezi. Pamenepa kuyenda kwa dati zimadalira kufunika "kuyeretsa" zakale dati olemba mbiri. Mwachilengedwe, ODS ili ndi i dati zomwe ndi zatsopano kwambiri kuposa dati olemba mbiri anapeza mu nyumba yosungiramo deta.

Kusamutsidwa kwa dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta pafupifupi sichimachitidwa "wogulitsa" (m'njira yamalonda). Koperani tebulo kuchokera ku chilengedwe cha ERP kupita nyumba yosungiramo deta sizomveka. Njira yowona kwambiri ndikusuntha mayunitsi osankhidwa a dati. Only the dati zomwe zasintha kuyambira pomwe zidasinthidwa komaliza nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa mu nyumba yosungiramo deta. Njira imodzi yodziwira ziti dati zasintha popeza zosintha zomaliza ndikuyang'ana ma timestamp a dati zopezeka m'malo a ERP. Wopanga amasankha zosintha zonse zomwe zachitika kuyambira pomwe zasinthidwa komaliza. Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira kujambula dati. Ndi njira izi mitengo ndi matepi a magazini amawunikidwa kuti adziwe kuti ndi ati dati ziyenera kuchotsedwa ku chilengedwe cha ERP kupita ku cha nyumba yosungiramo deta. Njirazi ndizabwino kwambiri popeza mitengo ndi matepi amagazini amatha kuwerengedwa kuchokera pamafayilo a ERP popanda kukhudzanso zina za ERP.

ZINTHU ZINA

Limodzi mwamavuto a ERP mu CIF ndi zomwe zimachitika kuzinthu zina zamapulogalamu kapena ai dati ya ODS yomwe iyenera kuthandizira nyumba yosungiramo deta koma sali mbali ya chilengedwe cha ERP. Chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa ERP, makamaka SAP, kuyesa kuphatikiza makiyi kuchokera ku magwero akunja a dati ndi ine dati zomwe zimachokera ku ERP panthawi yosuntha i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta, ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndipo ndi kuthekera kotani komwe i dati za ntchito kapena ODS kunja kwa chilengedwe cha ERP zidzaphatikizidwa mu nyumba yosungiramo deta? Zopambana ndizokwera kwambiri.

DZIWANI DATA MBIRI ZAKALE

Vuto lina ndi dati za ERP ndizomwe zimachokera pakufunika kukhala nazo dati mbiri mkati mwa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Kawirikawiri ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta zosowa dati olemba mbiri. Ndipo ukadaulo wa ERP nthawi zambiri susunga izi dati mbiri, osachepera osati kumlingo umene kuli kofunikira mu nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pamene kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa dati mitengo imayamba kuwonjezereka m'malo a ERP, malowa ayenera kutsukidwa. Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze a nyumba yosungiramo deta iyenera kudzazidwa ndi zaka zisanu za dati mbiri pomwe ERP imasunga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ya izi dati. Malingana ngati kampaniyo ikukhuta kusonkhanitsa angapo dati mbiri monga nthawi ikupita, ndiye palibe vuto kugwiritsa ntchito ERP monga gwero la nyumba yosungiramo deta. Koma pamene nyumba yosungiramo deta ayenera kubwerera mmbuyo mu nthawi ndi kutenga milungu dati mbiri yomwe siinasonkhanitsidwe kale ndikupulumutsidwa ndi ERP, ndiye kuti chilengedwe cha ERP chimakhala chosagwira ntchito.

ERP NDI METADATA

Lingaliro lina lopanga za ERP ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi yomwe ili pa metadata yomwe ilipo mu chilengedwe cha ERP. Monga momwe metadata imasunthira kuchoka ku chilengedwe cha ERP kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo deta, metadata iyenera kusuntha chimodzimodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, metadata iyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ofunikira ndi zomangamanga nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa metadata yogwira ntchito ndi metadata ya DSS. Metadata yogwira ntchito nthawi zambiri imakhala ya oyambitsa komanso a

wopanga mapulogalamu. Metadata ya DSS ndi ya ogwiritsa ntchito. Metadata yomwe ilipo mu mapulogalamu a ERP kapena ODS iyenera kusinthidwa ndipo kutembenuka kumeneku sikophweka komanso kosavuta.

Kusunga DATA LA ERP

Ngati ERP imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wothandizira wa dati pa il nyumba yosungiramo deta payenera kukhala mawonekedwe olimba omwe amasuntha i dati kuchokera ku chilengedwe cha ERP kupita ku chilengedwe nyumba yosungiramo deta. Mawonekedwe akuyenera:

• ▪ zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito
• ▪ kulola mwayi wolowera dati wa ERP
• ▪ kupeza tanthauzo la dati zomwe zikusamutsidwirako nyumba yosungiramo deta
• ▪ dziwani malire a ERP omwe angabwere mukamalowa dati wa ERP:
• ▪ kukhulupirika
• ▪ maubwenzi olamulira
• ▪ maubwenzi omveka bwino
• ▪ msonkhano wofunsira ntchito
• ▪ zomanga zonse za dati mothandizidwa ndi ERP, ndi zina zotero ...
• ▪ kukhala aluso polowera dati, popereka:
• ▪ kusuntha kwachindunji kwa dati
• ▪ kupeza zosintha dati
• ▪ thandizani kuti mufike pa nthawi yake dati
• ▪ kumvetsetsa kalembedwe ka dati, ndi zina zotero… Kuyanjana ndi SAP Mawonekedwewa amatha kukhala amitundu iwiri, yakunyumba kapena yamalonda. Zina mwazolumikizana zazikulu zamalonda ndi izi:

• ▪ SAS
• ▪ Njira Zabwino Kwambiri
• ▪ D2k, ndi zina zotero… ZIPANGIZO ZAMBIRI ERP Kusamalira chilengedwe cha ERP ngati ukadaulo umodzi ndikulakwitsa kwakukulu. Pali matekinoloje ambiri a ERP, iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zake. Mavenda odziwika bwino pamsika ndi:

• ▪ SAP
• ▪ Oracle Financials
• ▪ PeopleSoft
• JD Edwards
• ▪ Bamba Sap SAP ndiye pulogalamu yayikulu komanso yokwanira ya ERP. Mapulogalamu a SAP amaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya ntchito m'madera ambiri. SAP imadziwika kuti:

• ▪ chachikulu kwambiri
• ▪ zovuta kwambiri komanso zodula kukhazikitsa
• ▪ Pakufunika anthu ambiri ndi alangizi kuti akwaniritse
• ▪ Ikufuna anthu apadera kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi
• ▪ imafuna nthawi yochuluka kuti ikwaniritse Komanso SAP ili ndi mbiri yoloweza pamtima dati pafupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti munthu wina kunja kwa dera la SAP awapeze. Mphamvu ya SAP ndikuti imatha kulanda ndi kusunga ndalama zambiri dati. SAP posachedwapa yalengeza cholinga chake chowonjezera ntchito zake ku nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pali zabwino zambiri komanso zoyipa zogwiritsa ntchito SAP ngati wogulitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Ubwino ndi wakuti SAP yakhazikitsidwa kale ndipo alangizi ambiri amadziwa kale SAP.
  Zoyipa zakukhala ndi SAP ngati wogulitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi ambiri: SAP alibe zinachitikira mu dziko la nyumba yosungiramo deta Ngati SAP ndi ogulitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta, ndikofunikira "kutulutsa" i dati kuchokera ku SAP al nyumba yosungiramo deta. tsiku mbiri ya SAP ya machitidwe otsekedwa, sizingatheke kuti ndipeze ine kuchokera ku SAP mmenemo (???). Pali malo ambiri omwe amathandizira SAP, monga IMS, VSAM, ADABAS, ORACLE, DB2, ndi zina zotero. SAP ikuumirira njira "yosapangidwa pano". SAP safuna kuyanjana ndi ogulitsa ena kuti agwiritse ntchito kapena kupanga nyumba yosungiramo deta. SAP imaumirira kupanga mapulogalamu ake onse.

Ngakhale SAP ndi kampani yayikulu komanso yamphamvu, kuyesa kulembanso ukadaulo wa ELT, OLAP, kasamalidwe kadongosolo komanso ngakhale maziko a code. dbms ndi wamisala basi. M'malo mochita mgwirizano ndi ogulitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta Kwa nthawi yayitali, SAP yatsatira njira yomwe "amadziwa bwino". Makhalidwe amenewa amalepheretsa kupambana komwe SAP ingakhale nayo m'dera la nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Kukana kwa SAP kulola ogulitsa akunja kuti apeze zawo mwachangu komanso mwaulemu dati. Chofunika kwambiri chogwiritsa ntchito a nyumba yosungiramo deta ndikosavuta kupeza dati. Nkhani yonse ya SAP imachokera pakupanga kukhala kovuta kupeza dati.
Kulephera kwa SAP pakuchita zambiri pamitundu yambiri ya dati; m'munda wa nyumba yosungiramo deta pali mavoliyumu a dati sindinawonepo kuchokera ku SAP ndikusamalira kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa dati muyenera kukhala ndi luso loyenera. SAP mwachiwonekere sakudziwa chotchinga chaukadaulo ichi chomwe chilipo kuti chilowe m'munda wa nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Chikhalidwe chamakampani cha SAP: SAP yapanga bizinesi popeza i dati kuchokera ku dongosolo. Koma kuti muchite izi muyenera kukhala ndi maganizo osiyana. Mwachizoloŵezi, makampani opanga mapulogalamu omwe anali okhoza kutengera deta kumalo ozungulira sanachite bwino kuti deta ipite kwina. Ngati SAP ikwanitsa kupanga mtundu uwu wa kusintha, idzakhala kampani yoyamba kuchita zimenezo.

Mwachidule, ndizokayikitsa ngati kampani iyenera kusankha SAP ngati wogulitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pali zoopsa zazikulu kumbali imodzi ndi mphotho zochepa kwambiri kumbali inayo. Koma pali chifukwa china chomwe chimalepheretsa kusankha SAP monga wogulitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Chifukwa kampani iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi zomwezo nyumba yosungiramo deta pamakampani ena onse? The nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi mtima wopindulitsa wampikisano. Ngati kampani iliyonse idatengera zomwezo nyumba yosungiramo deta zingakhale zovuta, ngakhale kuti sizingatheke, kupeza mwayi wampikisano. SAP akuwoneka kuti akuganiza kuti a nyumba yosungiramo deta ikhoza kuwonedwa ngati cookie ndipo ichi ndi chizindikiro chinanso cha malingaliro awo "kulowetsa deta mu" mapulogalamu.

Palibe wogulitsa wina wa ERP yemwe ali wamkulu ngati SAP. Mosakayikira padzakhala makampani omwe adzapita ku SAP njira yawo nyumba yosungiramo deta koma mwina awa nyumba yosungiramo deta Ma SAP adzakhala aakulu, okwera mtengo, komanso owononga nthawi kuti apange.

Maderawa akuphatikiza zinthu monga kukonza kwa owerengera ndalama ku banki, njira zosungitsa ndege, njira zodandaulira za inshuwaransi, ndi zina zotero. Kuchita bwino kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Komabe, ndi machitidwe a HR ndi ogwira ntchito, simukumana ndi zochitika zambiri. Ndipo, ndithudi, pamene munthu walembedwa ntchito kapena kusiya kampani iyi ndi mbiri ya malonda. Koma pokhudzana ndi machitidwe ena, machitidwe a HR ndi ogwira ntchito samakhala ndi zochitika zambiri. Chifukwa chake, mu machitidwe a HR ndi ogwira ntchito sizikuwonekeratu kuti pakufunika DataWarehouse. Munjira zambiri machitidwewa ndi kuphatikiza machitidwe a DSS.

Koma pali chinthu china chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa pochita ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale ndi PeopleSoft. M'magulu ambiri, i dati HR ndi zinthu zaumwini ndi zachiwiri ku bizinesi yoyamba ya kampani. Makampani ambiri akupanga, kugulitsa, kupereka ntchito ndi zina zotero. Kachitidwe ka HR ndi antchito nthawi zambiri amakhala achiwiri ku (kapena kuthandizira) bizinesi yayikulu yakampani. Chifukwa chake, ndizofanana komanso zosokoneza a nyumba yosungiramo deta zosiyana zothandizira HR ndi zothandizira anthu.

PeopleSoft ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi SAP pankhaniyi. Ndi SAP, ndizovomerezeka kuti pakhale a nyumba yosungiramo deta. Ndi PeopleSoft, sizomveka bwino. Malo osungiramo data ndi osankha ndi PeopleSoft.

Chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chinganenedwe pa dati PeopleSoft ndiye kuti nyumba yosungiramo deta angagwiritsidwe ntchito ku Archive i dati zokhudzana ndi zinthu zakale za anthu ndi zaumwini. Chifukwa chachiwiri chomwe kampani ingafune kugwiritsa ntchito a nyumba yosungiramo deta a

kuipa kwa chilengedwe cha PeopleSoft ndikulola mwayi wopeza komanso mwayi wopeza zida zowunikira, ai dati ndi PeopleSoft. Koma kupyola pazifukwa izi, pakhoza kukhala nthawi zomwe kuli bwino kusakhala ndi malo osungiramo zinthu dati AnthuSoft.

Powombetsa mkota

Pali malingaliro ambiri okhudzana ndi kupanga a nyumba yosungiramo deta mkati mwa pulogalamu ya ERP.
Zina mwa izi ndi izi:

• ▪ N’zomveka kukhala ndi a nyumba yosungiramo deta amene amafanana ndi wina aliyense mu industry?
• ▪ ERP imasinthasintha bwanji nyumba yosungiramo deta mapulogalamu?
• ▪ ERP nyumba yosungiramo deta mapulogalamu amatha kupirira kuchuluka kwa dati yomwe ili mu "nyumba yosungiramo deta bwalo "?
• ▪ Kodi wodula mitengo ya ERP amatani akakumana ndi zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo, zowononga nthawi, ai? dati? (Kodi mavenda a ERP amatsata zotani pakubweretsa deta yotsika mtengo, pa nthawi yake, yosavuta kupeza?)
• ▪ Kodi wogulitsa ERP akumvetsa bwanji za kamangidwe ka DSS ndi fakitale yazakampani?
• ▪ Ogulitsa ERP amamvetsetsa momwe angapezere dati mkati mwa chilengedwe, komanso kumvetsetsa momwe mungawatumizire kunja?
• ▪ Kodi wogulitsa ERP amatsegula bwanji zida zosungiramo deta?
  Mfundo zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha malo oti muyike nyumba yosungiramo deta yomwe izikhala ndi i dati ERP ndi ena dati. Kawirikawiri, pokhapokha ngati pali chifukwa chomveka chochitira mosiyana, kumanga kumalimbikitsidwa nyumba yosungiramo deta kunja kwa malo ogulitsa ERP. MUTU 1 Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za BI Organisation:
  Zosungira zidziwitso zimagwira ntchito mosiyana ndi zomangamanga zabizinesi (BI):
  Chikhalidwe chamakampani ndi IT zitha kuchepetsa kupambana pakumanga mabungwe a BI.

Tekinoloje sinalinso cholepheretsa mabungwe a BI. Vuto la okonza mapulani ndi okonza mapulani siloti luso lamakono lilipo, koma ngati angagwiritse ntchito bwino teknoloji yomwe ilipo.

Kwa makampani ambiri a nyumba yosungiramo deta ndizochepa pang'ono kuposa ndalama zomwe zimagawira i dati kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amafunikira. THE dati amachotsedwa ku magwero a magwero ndipo amaikidwa m'magulu omwe amawatsata ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta. ine dati amathanso kutsukidwa ndi mwayi uliwonse. Komabe palibe mtengo wowonjezera womwe wawonjezeredwa kapena kusonkhanitsidwa ndi a dati panthawiyi.

Kwenikweni, kungokhala chete dw, makamaka, kumangopereka i dati zoyera komanso zogwira ntchito kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Kupanga zidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa kowunikira kumadalira ogwiritsa ntchito. Kuyerekeza ngati DW (Malo osungira zinthu) kaya kupambana kuli koyenera. Ngati tiweruza kupambana pa luso lotolera bwino, kuphatikiza ndi kuyeretsa i dati makampani pamaziko odziwikiratu, ndiye inde, DW ndiyopambana. Kumbali ina, ngati tiyang'ana kusonkhanitsa, kugwirizanitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha bungwe lonse, ndiye kuti DW ndiyolephera. DW imapereka chidziwitso chaching'ono kapena palibe. Zotsatira zake, ogwiritsa ntchito amakakamizika kupanga, motero amapanga ma silos azidziwitso. Mutuwu ukupereka masomphenya omveka bwino okonzanso zomangamanga za BI (Business Intelligence). Timayamba ndi kufotokozera za BI kenako ndikukambitsirana za kapangidwe ka chidziwitso ndi chitukuko, m'malo mongopereka dati kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Zokambirana kenako zimayang'ana kwambiri kuwerengera mtengo wa zoyesayesa zanu za BI. Timamaliza ndi kufotokoza momwe IBM imakwaniritsira zofunikira za BI za bungwe lanu.

Kulongosola kwa kamangidwe ka bungwe la BI

Makina azidziwitso amphamvu okhudzana ndi malonda tsopano ali odziwika bwino m'makampani akuluakulu aliwonse, akuwongolera bwino malo omwe amachitira mabungwe padziko lonse lapansi.

Komabe, kuti mukhalebe opikisana, tsopano pamafunika machitidwe owunikira omwe angasinthe luso la kampani kuti lipezenso ndikugwiritsa ntchito zomwe ali nazo kale. Machitidwe a analytic awa amachokera kumvetsetsa kuchokera ku chuma cha dati kupezeka. BI ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito pazidziwitso zonse kubizinesi. Mabizinesi amatha kupititsa patsogolo maubwenzi ndi makasitomala, kupititsa patsogolo phindu la malonda ndi ntchito, kupanga mabizinesi atsopano ndi abwinoko, kuwongolera ziwopsezo, ndi zina zambiri zopindula zimachepetsa kwambiri ndalama. Ndi BI, kampani yanu imayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zamakasitomala ngati katundu wopikisana chifukwa cha mapulogalamu omwe ali ndi zolinga zamsika.

Kukhala ndi njira zoyenera zochitira bizinesi kumatanthauza kukhala ndi mayankho otsimikizika ku mafunso ofunika monga:

• ▪ Ndani mwa ife makasitomala Kodi amatipangitsa kupeza ndalama zambiri, kapena amatitayitsa ndalama?
• ▪ Kumene anthu abwino kwambiri amakhala makasitomala mogwirizana ndi shopu/ nyumba yosungiramo katundu iwo kawirikawiri?
• ▪ Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zimene tingagulitsire bwino komanso kwa ndani?
• ▪ Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zimene zingagulitsidwe bwino kwambiri ndipo kwa ndani?
• ▪ Kodi ndi malonda ati amene akuyenda bwino kwambiri ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani?
• ▪ Kodi ndi njira ziti zogulitsira zomwe zili zothandiza kwambiri pa zinthu ziti?
• ▪ Zimene tingachite kuti tizigwirizana ndi anthu abwino kwambiri makasitomala? Makampani ambiri atero dati zovuta kuyankha mafunso awa.
  Njira zogwirira ntchito zimapanga zinthu zambiri, makasitomala, ndi mtengo dati kuchokera kumalo ogulitsa, kusungitsa, ntchito zamakasitomala ndi machitidwe othandizira luso. Chovuta ndikuchotsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsochi. Makampani ambiri amangopindula ndi tizigawo ting'onoting'ono tawo dati pakuwunika koyenera.
  I dati zotsalira, nthawi zambiri zimalumikizidwa ndi i dati kupeza magwero akunja monga malipoti aboma, ndi zidziwitso zina zogulidwa, ndi mgodi wa golide womwe ukungoyembekezera kufufuzidwa, ndi dati amangofunika kuyeretsedwa pazidziwitso za bungwe lanu.

Chidziwitsochi chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zingapo, kuyambira pakupanga njira zamabizinesi mpaka kulumikizana kwanu ndi ogulitsa, kudzera m'malo oyimbira foni, ma invoice, Internet ndi mfundo zina. Mabizinesi amasiku ano akuwonetsa kuti DW ndi mayankho okhudzana ndi BI amasintha kupitilira mabizinesi achikhalidwe. dati zomwe i dati mulingo wa atomiki wokhazikika komanso "mafamu a nyenyezi / ma cube".

Chomwe chimafunika kuti mukhalebe opikisana ndikuphatikiza matekinoloje akale komanso apamwamba kwambiri poyesa kuthandizira kusanthula kozama.
Pomaliza, chilengedwe chiyenera kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso cha kampani yonse, kuwonetsetsa kuti zomwe zachitika chifukwa cha kuwunika kochitidwa ndizothandiza kuti aliyense apindule.

Mwachitsanzo, tinene kuti muli ndiudindo wanu makasitomala m'magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kapena chochepa.
Kaya chidziwitsochi chikupangidwa ndi chitsanzo cha migodi kapena njira zina, chiyenera kuikidwa mu DW ndikupangitsa kuti aliyense athe kuzipeza, pogwiritsa ntchito chida chilichonse chofikira, monga malipoti osasunthika, ma spreadsheets, matebulo, kapena ma analytical processing processing (OLAP ).

Komabe, pakali pano, zambiri zamtunduwu zimakhalabe mu silos dati za anthu kapena madipatimenti omwe akupanga kusanthula. Gulu lonse limakhala ndi zowoneka pang'ono kapena zosawoneka kuti limvetsetse. Pokhapokha pophatikiza zidziwitso zamtunduwu mubizinesi yanu DW mutha kuchotsa zidziwitso ndikukweza malo anu a DW.
Pali zopinga zazikulu ziwiri pakupanga bungwe la BI.
Choyamba, tili ndi vuto la gulu lenilenilo ndi mwambo wake.
Ngakhale sitingathe kuthandizira pakusintha mfundo za bungwe, titha kuthandiza kumvetsetsa zigawo za BI ya bungwe, kamangidwe kake, ndi momwe ukadaulo wa IBM umathandizira chitukuko chake.
Cholepheretsa chachiwiri chogonjetsa ndi kusowa kwaukadaulo wophatikizika komanso chidziwitso cha njira yomwe imayitanitsa malo onse a BI mosiyana ndi gawo laling'ono chabe.

IBM ikuyankha kusintha kwa teknoloji yophatikizira. Ndi udindo wanu kupereka mapangidwe ozindikira. Zomangamangazi ziyenera kupangidwa ndi teknoloji yosankhidwa kuti ikhale yosakanikirana, kapena osachepera, ndi teknoloji yomwe imatsatira miyezo yotseguka. Komanso, oyang'anira kampani yanu akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti bizinesi ya Bi ikuchitika panthawi yake osati kulola kupangidwa kwa zidziwitso zomwe zimachokera ku zolinga zodzifunira, kapena zolinga.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti chilengedwe cha BI sichimakhudzidwa ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana ndi zofunikira za ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana; m'malo mwake, zikutanthauza kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa zosowa ndi zofunikira za munthu aliyense payekha kumachitidwa kuti apindule ndi bungwe lonse la BI.
Kufotokozera za kamangidwe ka bungwe la BI kungapezeke pa tsamba 9 pa Chithunzi 1.1 Zomangamanga zimasonyeza kusakaniza kolemera kwa matekinoloje ndi njira.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro achikhalidwe, zomangazi zimaphatikizapo zigawo zotsatirazi zosungiramo katundu

Gulu la Atomiki.

Awa ndiye maziko, mtima wa Dw yonse ndipo chifukwa chake malipoti aukadaulo.
I dati kusungidwa pano kudzasunga mbiri yakale, malipoti a dati ndikuphatikizanso ma metrics otengedwa, komanso kutsukidwa, kuphatikizidwa, ndi kusungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zamigodi.
Ntchito zonse zotsatirazi dati ndi zambiri zokhudzana ndi izi zimachokera ku dongosololi. Ichi ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la migodi dati ndi malipoti okhala ndi mafunso a SQL

Kugwiritsa ntchito gawo la dati kapena malipoti a dati(Malo osungira zinthu (ODS) kapena malipoti Nawonso achichepere.)

Ichi ndi dongosolo la dati opangidwa makamaka kuti azipereka malipoti aukadaulo.

I dati zosungidwa ndi kufotokozedwa pamwamba pazinyumbazi zimatha kufalikira m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu kudzera m'malo osungiramo zinthu, pomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro.

Malo osunthira.

Kuyimilira koyamba kwa ambiri dati Cholinga cha malo osungiramo katundu ndi malo a bungwe.
Apa i dati amaphatikizidwa, amatsukidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala dati phindu lomwe lidzadzaza nyumba yosungiramo zinthu

Madeti apatsiku.

Gawo ili la zomangamanga likuyimira kapangidwe ka dati amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kwa OLAP. Kukhalapo kwa datamarts, ngati i dati amasungidwa mu mapulani a nyenyezi omwe amakuta dati multidimensional mu chikhalidwe chaubale, kapena m'mafayilo a dati eni ake omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndiukadaulo wina wa OLAP, monga DB2 OLAP Server, sizoyenera.

Chokhachokha ndichakuti zomangamanga zimathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito dati wazinthu zambiri.
Zomangamangazi zikuphatikizanso ukadaulo wofunikira wa Bi ndi njira zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi:

Kusanthula malo

Danga ndi chidziwitso chodziwikiratu kwa wowunika ndipo ndikofunikira kuti amalize kuthetsa. Malo amatha kuyimira zambiri za anthu omwe amakhala pamalo enaake, komanso chidziwitso cha komwe malowo ali mwakuthupi poyerekeza ndi dziko lonse lapansi.

Kuti mufufuze izi, muyenera kuyamba ndikumangirira chidziwitso chanu kumakokedwe a latitude ndi longitudo. Izi zimatchedwa "geocoding" ndipo ziyenera kukhala gawo lazochotsa, kusintha, ndi katundu (ETL) pamlingo wa atomiki wa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zanu.

Migodi yazidziwitso.

Kuchokera kwa dati amalola makampani athu kukula chiwerengero cha makasitomala, kulosera zomwe zikuchitika pakugulitsa ndikuwongolera ubale ndi i makasitomala (CRM), mwazinthu zina za BI.

Kuchokera kwa dati Chifukwa chake iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe a dati malo osungiramo zinthu komanso kuthandizidwa ndi njira zosungiramo zinthu kuti zitsimikizire kugwiritsa ntchito bwino komanso koyenera kwaukadaulo ndi njira zofananira.

Monga zikuwonetseredwa muzomangamanga za BI, mulingo wa atomiki wa Dwhouse, komanso ma datamarts, ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la dati za kuchotsa. Zomwezo ziyeneranso kukhala zolandila zotulukapo kuti zitsimikizire kupezeka kwa omvera ambiri.

Othandizira.

Pali "othandizira" osiyanasiyana kuti awone kasitomala pa mfundo iliyonse monga, machitidwe a kampani ndi dw okha. Othandizira awa amatha kukhala ma neural network ophunzitsidwa bwino kuti aphunzire za zomwe zikuchitika pamalo aliwonse, monga kufunikira kwa zinthu zamtsogolo kutengera kukwezedwa kwa malonda, injini zozikidwa pamalamulo kuti zigwirizane ndi dato mikhalidwe, kapenanso othandizira osavuta omwe amafotokoza zosiyana ndi mabwanamkubwa apamwamba. Njirazi zimachitika nthawi yeniyeni, choncho, ziyenera kugwirizana kwambiri ndi kayendetsedwe kake dati. Zomangamanga zonsezi za dati, matekinoloje ndi njira zimatsimikizira kuti simukhala ndikupanga gulu la BI yanu.

Ntchitoyi ipangidwa mowonjezereka, pazigawo zing'onozing'ono.
Gawo lirilonse ndi ntchito yodziyimira payokha, ndipo imatchedwanso kubwereza mu BI dw kapena initiative yanu. Kubwereza kungaphatikizepo kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano, kuyambira ndi njira zatsopano, kuwonjezera machitidwe atsopano dati ,kukweza i dati zowonjezera, kapena ndi kusanthula kukulitsa chilengedwe chanu. Ndimeyi yafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'mutu 3.

Kuphatikiza pa machitidwe achikhalidwe a DW ndi zida za BI, palinso zina za bungwe lanu la BI zomwe muyenera kuzipangira, monga:

Malo okhudza makasitomala (Kukhudza kwamakasitomala mfundo).

Monga momwe zilili ndi bungwe lililonse lamakono pali malo angapo okhudza makasitomala omwe amasonyeza momwe mungakhalire ndi chidziwitso chabwino kwa inu makasitomala. Pali mayendedwe azikhalidwe monga amalonda, oyendetsa ma switchboard, maimelo achindunji, ma multimedia ndi kusindikiza kutsatsa, komanso mayendedwe aposachedwa monga imelo ndi intaneti, dati Zogulitsa zomwe zili ndi malo okhudzana nazo ziyenera kugulidwa, kunyamulidwa, kutsukidwa, kukonzedwa ndikukhazikika pamalopo dati wa BI.

Maziko a dati mabungwe ogwira ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito (Ogwira ntchito

malo osungira ndi magulu ogwiritsa ntchito).
Kumapeto kwa malo olumikizirana a makasitomala mupeza zoyambira za dati kugwiritsa ntchito kampani ndi magulu ogwiritsa ntchito. THE dati zilipo dati zachikhalidwe zomwe ziyenera kuyanjananso ndikuphatikizidwa ndi dati kuyenderera kuchokera ku touchpoints kuti akwaniritse zofunikira.

Ofufuza. (Otsutsa)

Wopindula kwambiri ndi chilengedwe cha BI ndi katswiri. Ndi iye amene amapindula panopa m'zigawo za dati ntchito , kuphatikizidwa ndi magwero osiyanasiyana a dati , yowonjezeredwa ndi zinthu monga kusanthula malo (geocoding) ndi kuperekedwa mu matekinoloje a BI omwe amalola migodi, OLAP, malipoti apamwamba a SQL ndi kusanthula malo. Mawonekedwe oyambira a wowunikira kumalo operekera malipoti ndi portal ya BI.

Komabe, wowunikayo si yekhayo amene akupindula ndi kamangidwe ka BI.
Ogwira ntchito, mabungwe akuluakulu ogwiritsa ntchito, komanso anzawo, ogulitsa ndi i makasitomala ayenera kupeza zabwino pakampani BI.

Chakudya chakumbuyo.

Zomangamanga za BI ndi malo ophunzirira. Mfundo yodziwika bwino yachitukuko ndi kulola zomangira zokhazikika za dati kuti zisinthidwe ndi ukadaulo wa BI wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito adachita. Chitsanzo ndi kugoletsa makasitomala.

Ngati dipatimenti yogulitsa malonda ikuchita chitsanzo cha migodi cha chiwerengero cha makasitomala monga kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito yatsopano, ndiye kuti dipatimenti yogulitsa malonda sikuyenera kukhala gulu lokhalo lomwe likupindula ndi ntchitoyi.

M'malo mwake, migodi yachitsanzo iyenera kuchitidwa ngati gawo lachilengedwe la kayendedwe ka data mkati mwa bizinesi ndipo kuchuluka kwamakasitomala kuyenera kukhala gawo lophatikizika lachidziwitso chosungiramo zinthu, chowonekera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito onse. Bi-bI-centric IBM Suite kuphatikiza DB2 UDB, DB2 OLAP Server imaphatikizapo zida zofunika kwambiri zaukadaulo, zomwe zafotokozedwa mu chithunzi 1.1.

Timagwiritsa ntchito zomanga monga zikuwonekera pachithunzichi kuchokera m'bukuli kutipatsa kupitiliza ndikuwonetsa momwe chilichonse mwazinthu za IBM zimalumikizirana ndi dongosolo lonse la BI.

Kupereka Zambiri (Kupereka Zambiri Zazidziwitso)

Kupanga, kukulitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malo anu a BI ndi ntchito yovuta. Kapangidwe kake kamayenera kutsata zomwe bizinesi ili nazo komanso zamtsogolo. Chojambula cha zomangamanga chiyenera kukhala chokwanira kuti chiphatikizepo ziganizo zonse zomwe zimapezeka panthawi ya mapangidwe. Kupha kuyenera kukhalabe odzipereka ku cholinga chimodzi: kukulitsa kamangidwe ka BI monga momwe zafotokozedwera pamapangidwewo ndikukhazikika pazofunikira zamabizinesi.

Ndikovuta kwambiri kunena kuti chilango chimachititsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino.
Izi ndizosavuta chifukwa simupanga malo a BI nthawi imodzi, koma pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi.

Komabe, kuzindikira zigawo za BI zamamangidwe anu ndikofunikira pazifukwa ziwiri: Mudzayendetsa zisankho zonse zotsatizana ndi zomangamanga.
Mudzatha kukonzekera bwino kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wina ngakhale simungabwerezenso kufunikira kwaukadaulo kwa miyezi ingapo.

Kumvetsetsa zofunikira zabizinesi yanu mokwanira kumakhudza mtundu wazinthu zomwe mumapeza pazomanga zanu.
Mapangidwe ndi kakulidwe ka kamangidwe kanu zimatsimikizira kuti nyumba yanu yosungiramo zinthu

osati chochitika mwachisawawa, koma cholingaliridwa bwino, malonda opangidwa mwaluso kuimba zojambulajambula ngati mosaic waukadaulo wosakanikirana.

Pangani zomwe zilipo

Mapangidwe onse oyambira ayenera kuyang'ana ndikuzindikira zigawo zazikulu za BI zomwe zidzafunike ndi chilengedwe chonse pano komanso mtsogolo.
Kudziwa Zofunikira pa Bizinesi ndikofunikira.

Ngakhale dongosolo lililonse lisanayambike, wokonza polojekiti amatha kuzindikira gawo limodzi kapena ziwiri nthawi yomweyo.
Kuchuluka kwa zigawo zomwe zingafunike pamamangidwe anu, komabe, sizipezeka mosavuta. Pa gawo la mapangidwe, gawo lalikulu la zomangamanga limamanga gawo lachitukuko cha ntchito (JAD) pa kafukufuku kuti adziwe zofunikira zamabizinesi.

Nthawi zina zofunika izi zitha kuperekedwa ku zida zamafunso ndi malipoti.
Mwachitsanzo, ogwiritsa ntchito akunena kuti ngati akufuna kupanga lipoti lapano akuyenera kupanga pamanja pophatikiza malipoti awiri apano ndikuwonjezera ziwerengero zochokera kuphatikizidwe dati.
Ngakhale izi ndizosavuta, zimatanthauzira mawonekedwe ena omwe muyenera kuphatikiza mukagula zida zoperekera malipoti za bungwe lanu.

Wopangayo ayeneranso kutsata zofunikira zina kuti apeze chithunzi chonse. Kodi ogwiritsa ntchito akufuna kulembetsa ku lipotili?
Kodi ma lipoti ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa ndikutumizidwa maimelo kwa ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana? Mukufuna kuwona lipoti ili patsamba lakampani? Zofunikira zonsezi ndi gawo losavuta lofuna kusintha lipoti lamanja monga momwe amafunira ogwiritsa ntchito. Ubwino wa mitundu iyi ya zofunikira ndikuti aliyense, ogwiritsa ntchito ndi opanga, amadziwa bwino lingaliro la malipoti.

Pali mitundu ina yamabizinesi, komabe, yomwe tiyenera kukonzekera. Zofunikira zamabizinesi zikanenedwa m'mafunso abizinesi, ndikosavuta kwa wokonzekera bwino kuzindikira kukula ndi kuyeza / zowona.

Ngati ogwiritsa ntchito a JAD sakudziwa momwe angafotokozere zomwe akufuna ngati vuto labizinesi, wopanga nthawi zambiri amapereka zitsanzo kuti adumphe-kuyamba gawo losonkhanitsa zofunikira.
Katswiri wokonza mapulani angathandize ogwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa osati bizinesi yokhayo, komanso momwe angapangire.
Njira yosonkhanitsira zofunikira ikukambidwa mumutu 3; pakadali pano tikungofuna kuwonetsa kufunikira kopanga mitundu yonse ya zofunikira za BI.

Vuto labizinesi lokhazikika sikuti limangofunika bizinesi, komanso kapangidwe kake. Ngati mukuyenera kuyankha funso la multidimensional, ndiye kuti muyenera kuloweza, perekani dati miyeso, ndipo ngati mukufuna kusunga i dati multidimensional, muyenera kusankha mtundu waukadaulo kapena njira yomwe mungagwiritse ntchito.

Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito schema ya cube star yosungidwa, kapena zonse ziwiri? Monga mukuwonera, ngakhale nkhani yosavuta yamabizinesi imatha kukhudza kwambiri kapangidwe kake. Koma mitundu iyi ya zofunikira zamabizinesi ndizofala ndipo, makamaka ndi akatswiri odziwa ntchito komanso okonza.

Pakhala pali mkangano wokwanira wokhudza matekinoloje a OLAP ndi chithandizo, ndipo mayankho osiyanasiyana akupezeka. Pakadali pano takhudza kufunika kophatikiza malipoti osavuta okhala ndi zofunikira zamabizinesi, komanso momwe izi zimakhudzira zosankha zamamangidwe aukadaulo.

Koma ndi zofunika ziti zomwe sizimamveka bwino ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kapena gulu la Dw? Kodi mudzafunikanso kusanthula kwamalo (analysisi spatial)?
Mitundu ya migodi ya dati Kodi iwo adzakhala mbali yofunika ya tsogolo lanu? Angadziwe ndani?

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti matekinoloje amtunduwu samadziwika bwino ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito komanso mamembala a gulu la DW, mwa zina, izi zitha kukhala chifukwa nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa ndi akatswiri ena amkati kapena ena. Ndilo gawo lakumapeto kwa zovuta zomwe mitundu iyi yaukadaulo imapanga. Ngati ogwiritsa ntchito sangathe kufotokozera zofunikira zamabizinesi kapena kuziyika kuti zipereke chiwongolero kwa opanga, amatha kusazindikirika kapena, choyipitsitsa, kungonyalanyazidwa.

Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pamene wopanga ndi wopanga sangazindikire kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwamaukadaulo apamwambawa koma ovuta.
Monga tamva kaŵirikaŵiri Mlengi akunena kuti, “chabwino, bwanji osachisiya kufikira titapeza chinthu china ichi? “Kodi iwo amafunadi kuona zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kapena amangopeŵa zimene sakuzimvetsa? Ndilo lingaliro lomalizali. Tinene kuti gulu lanu lamalonda lalankhulana ndi zofunikira pabizinesi, monga momwe zafotokozedwera pa Chithunzi 1.3, monga mukuwonera, chofunikiracho chimapangidwa ngati vuto la bizinesi. Kusiyana pakati pa vutoli ndi vuto lomwe limawonekera ndi mtunda. Pankhaniyi, gulu lamalonda likufuna kudziwa, pamwezi, zonse zomwe zagulitsidwa kuchokera kuzinthu, malo osungiramo zinthu ndi makasitomala omwe amakhala pamtunda wa makilomita 5 kuchokera kumalo osungiramo katundu kumene amagulako.

Chomvetsa chisoni n'chakuti, okonza mapulani kapena omangamanga angangonyalanyaza gawo la malo ponena kuti, "Tili ndi kasitomala, katundu ndi katundu. dati wa deposit. Tiyeni tiyime mtunda mpaka kubwereza kwina.

"Yankho lolakwika. Vuto lamtundu uwu la bizinesi likukhudza BI. Zimayimira kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa bizinesi yathu komanso malo owunikira olimba kwa akatswiri athu. BI ndiyopitilira kufunsidwa kophweka kapena malipoti wamba, kapena OLAP. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti matekinoloje awa siwofunika kwa BI yanu, koma paokha samayimira chilengedwe cha BI.

Kapangidwe kazidziwitso (Kupanga Zambiri Zazidziwitso)

Tsopano popeza tazindikira Zofunikira Zabizinesi zomwe zimasiyanitsa zigawo zikuluzikulu zingapo, ziyenera kuphatikizidwa muzojambula zonse zomanga. Zina mwazinthu za BI ndi gawo la zoyesayesa zathu zoyamba, pomwe zina sizidzakwaniritsidwa kwa miyezi ingapo.

Komabe, zofunikira zonse zodziwika zikuwonekera m'mapangidwe kotero kuti tikafunika kugwiritsa ntchito luso linalake, timakonzekera kutero. Chinachake chokhudza ntchitoyi chidzawonetsa malingaliro achikhalidwe.

Izi za dati amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito dati zoyendetsedwa ndi bizinesi zomwe tazipeza. Monga zolemba zowonjezera zimapangidwira, monga chitukuko cha polojekiti ya dati, tiyamba ndikukhazikitsa ngati i dati amafalikira mu chilengedwe. Tazindikira kufunika koyimira i dati m'njira ya dimensional, kuwagawa (malinga ndi zosowa zenizeni) kukhala ma data.

Funso lotsatira kuti tiyankhe ndilakuti: Kodi ma data awa adzamangidwa bwanji?
Kodi mumamanga nyenyezi kuti zithandizire ma cubes, kapena ma cubes, kapena nyenyezi chabe? (kapena ma cubes kumanja, kapena nyenyezi zolondola). Pangani zomanga zama data odalira omwe amafunikira wosanjikiza wa atomiki kwa onse dati nsomba zamadzi? Lolani ma data odziyimira pawokha kuti apeze dati kuchokera kumagwiridwe antchito?

Ndiukadaulo uti wa kacube womwe mungayese kukhazikitsa?

Muli ndi milungu yambiri dati zofunikira pakuwunika kozama kapena mukufuna ma cubes a gulu lanu ogulitsa mlungu uliwonse kapena zonse ziwiri? Kodi mumamanga chinthu champhamvu ngati DB2 OLAP Server yazachuma kapena ma Cognos PowerPlay cubes agulu lanu ogulitsa kapena onse? Awa ndi zisankho zazikulu zomanga zomwe zingakhudze malo anu a BI kupita patsogolo. Inde, mwazindikira kufunikira kwa OLAP. Tsopano muchita bwanji luso ndi ukadaulo wotere?

Kodi matekinoloje ena apamwamba kwambiri amakhudza bwanji mapangidwe anu? Tiyerekeze kuti mwazindikira kufunikira kwa malo m'bungwe lanu. Tsopano muyenera kukumbukira zojambula zomangika ngakhale simukukonzekera kupanga zida zapamalo kwa miyezi ingapo. Womangayo ayenera kupanga lero kutengera zomwe zikufunika. Yembekezerani kufunikira kwa kusanthula kwa malo komwe kumapanga, kusunga, kusunga, ndi kupereka mwayi wopeza dati zapakati. Izi nazonso ziyenera kukhala ngati cholepheretsa pamtundu waukadaulo wamapulogalamu ndi mawonekedwe apulatifomu omwe mungaganizire pano. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka data base relational (RDBMS) yomwe mumasunga pasanjikiza yanu ya atomiki iyenera kukhala ndi malo olimba omwe alipo. Izi zitha kuwonetsetsa kuti mukuchita bwino mukamagwiritsa ntchito geometry ndi zinthu zapamalo pazowunikira zanu. Ngati RDBMS yanu siyitha kukwanitsa dati (spatial-centric) mkati, kotero muyenera kukhazikitsa a data base (spatial-centric) zakunja. Izi zimasokoneza kasamalidwe kazovuta ndikusokoneza magwiridwe antchito anu onse, osatchulanso zovuta zowonjezera zomwe zimadzetsa ma DBA anu, chifukwa mwina samamvetsetsa zoyambira za dati malo komanso. Kumbali ina, ngati injini yanu ya RDMBS imagwira ntchito zonse zapamalo ndipo chowonjezera chake chimadziwa zosowa zapadera (mwachitsanzo, kulondolera) zinthu zapamalo, ndiye kuti ma DBA anu amatha kuthana ndi zovuta zowongolera ndipo mutha kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito.

Komanso, muyenera kusintha malo osungiramo ndi malo a atomiki kuti muphatikizepo kuyeretsa maadiresi (a

chinthu chofunikira pakuwunika kwa malo), komanso kupulumutsa kotsatira kwa zinthu zapakati. Kutsatizana kwa mapangidwe apangidwe akupitilira tsopano popeza tayambitsa lingaliro la ukhondo wa maadiresi. Chifukwa chimodzi, pulogalamuyi ikuuzani mtundu wa pulogalamu yomwe mungafune kuti mugwiritse ntchito ETL.

Kodi mukufuna zinthu ngati Trillium kuti zikupatseni adilesi yoyera, kapena wogulitsa ETL yemwe mwasankha kuti akupatseni magwiridwewo?
Pakalipano ndikofunika kuti muyamikire mlingo wa mapangidwe omwe ayenera kumalizidwa musanayambe kukonza nyumba yanu yosungiramo katundu. Zitsanzo zomwe zili pamwambazi ziyenera kuwonetsa zisankho zambiri zamapangidwe zomwe ziyenera kutsatira chizindikiritso cha bizinesi iliyonse. Zikapangidwa moyenera, zisankho zamapangidwe awa zimalimbikitsa kudalirana pakati pa zomwe zikuchitika mdera lanu, kusankha kwaukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kufalikira kwa zidziwitso. Popanda kamangidwe kake ka BI kameneka, bungwe lanu lidzakhala ndi chipwirikiti chosakanizika cha matekinoloje omwe alipo, olumikizidwa bwino pamodzi kuti apereke bata.

Sungani zidziwitso

Kubweretsa phindu la chidziwitso ku bungwe lanu ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Popanda kumvetsetsa kokwanira ndi chidziwitso, kapena uinjiniya ndi mapangidwe oyenera, ngakhale magulu abwino kwambiri angalephere. Kumbali inayi, ngati muli ndi chidziwitso komanso mapangidwe atsatanetsatane koma mulibe chilango choti mupereke, mwangowononga ndalama ndi nthawi yanu chifukwa kuyesetsa kwanu sikulephera. Uthenga uyenera kukhala womveka bwino: Ngati mukusowa luso limodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi, kumvetsetsa / zomwe mwakumana nazo kapena kukonzekera / kupanga kapena kukhazikitsa, izi zipangitsa kuti mupundutse kapena kuwononga zomanga za bungwe la BI.

Kodi gulu lanu lakonzekera mokwanira? Kodi pali aliyense pagulu lanu la BI amene amamvetsetsa mawonekedwe akulu owunikira omwe amapezeka m'malo a BI, ndi njira ndi matekinoloje ofunikira kuti malowo akhalebe? Kodi pali aliyense pagulu lanu amene angadziwe kusiyana kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zapamwamba

malipoti osasunthika ndi OLAP, kapena kusiyana pakati pa ROLAP ndi OLAP? Kodi m'modzi wa gulu lanu amazindikira bwino momwe migodi imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe ingakhudzire nyumba yosungiramo katundu kapena momwe malo osungiramo zinthu angathandizire kuti migodi igwire ntchito? Membala wa gulu amamvetsetsa kufunikira kwa dati danga kapena ukadaulo wotengera ma agent? Kodi muli ndi wina amene amayamikira kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera zaukadaulo wa ETL vs Message Broker? Ngati mulibe, pezani imodzi. BI ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa wosanjikiza wa atomiki wokhazikika, OLAP, ma schema a nyenyezi ndi ODS.

Kukhala ndi chidziwitso komanso chidziwitso chozindikira zofunikira za BI ndi mayankho ake ndikofunikira kuti muthe kukonza bwino zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito ndikupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mayankho awo. Ngati gulu lanu la ogwiritsa ntchito likuvutika kufotokoza zofunikira, zili kwa gulu losungiramo katundu kuti likupatseni kumvetsetsa kumeneko. Koma ngati gulu la nyumba yosungiramo katundu

sichizindikira kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka BI - mwachitsanzo, migodi ya data - ndiye sikwabwino kuti malo a BI nthawi zambiri amangokhala malo osungira. Komabe, kunyalanyaza matekinolojewa sikuchepetsa kufunikira kwawo komanso momwe amakhudzira kuwonekera kwanzeru zamabizinesi a bungwe lanu, komanso chidziwitso chomwe mukufuna kulimbikitsa.

Kupanga kuyenera kuphatikizapo lingaliro la kujambula, ndipo zonsezi zimafuna munthu waluso. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonzekera kumafuna filosofi ya gulu lanyumba komanso kutsata miyezo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kampani yanu yakhazikitsa pulatifomu kapena yazindikira RDBMS inayake yomwe ikufuna kuyimilira papulatifomu, ndikofunikira kuti aliyense pagululo azitsatira mfundozo. Nthawi zambiri gulu limafotokoza kufunikira kokhazikika (kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito), koma gululo silikufuna kutsatira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa m'malo ena akampani kapenanso m'makampani ofanana. Sikuti izi ndi zachinyengo, komanso zimatsimikizira kuti kampaniyo sichitha kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zomwe zilipo komanso ndalama zomwe zilipo. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe zinthu zomwe zimayenera kukhala ndi nsanja yosakhazikika kapena ukadaulo; komabe, zoyesayesa za nyumba yosungiramo zinthu

Ayenera kuteteza mwansanje miyezo ya bizinesi mpaka zofunikira zabizinesi zitalamula kuti zichitike.

Chofunikira chachitatu chofunikira pomanga bungwe la BI ndikuwongolera.
Zimatengera zonse, mofanana ndi anthu komanso chilengedwe. Okonza mapulojekiti, othandizira, omanga mapulani, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuyamikira mwambo wofunikira kuti apange katundu wa kampani. Okonza ayenera kutsogolera zoyesayesa zawo kuti agwirizane ndi zoyesayesa zina zofunika pagulu.

Mwachitsanzo, tinene kuti kampani yanu imapanga pulogalamu ya ERP yomwe ili ndi gawo losungiramo zinthu.
Motero ndi udindo wa okonza mapulani a ERP kuti agwirizane ndi gulu loyang'anira malo osungiramo katundu kuti asapikisane kapena kubwereza ntchito yomwe yayambika kale.

Chilango ndi mutu womwe umayenera kuyankhidwa ndi bungwe lonse ndipo nthawi zambiri umakhazikitsidwa ndikupatsidwa udindo waukulu.
Kodi otsogolera akulolera kutsatira njira yokonzedwa? Njira yomwe imalonjeza kupanga zidziwitso zomwe pamapeto pake zidzapereke phindu kumadera onse abizinesi, koma mwina kusokoneza malingaliro amunthu kapena dipatimenti? Kumbukirani mawu akuti "Kuganiza za chilichonse ndikofunika kwambiri kuposa kuganizira chinthu chimodzi". Mawu awa ndi oona kwa mabungwe a BI.

Tsoka ilo, malo osungira ambiri amayang'ana zoyesayesa zawo poyesa kulunjika ndikupereka phindu ku dipatimenti inayake kapena ogwiritsa ntchito ena, osaganizira za bungwe lonse. Tiyerekeze kuti woyang'anira apempha thandizo kuchokera ku gulu la nyumba ya anthu. Gululi likuyankha ndi kuyesayesa kwamasiku 90 komwe kumaphatikizapo osati kungopereka zidziwitso zomwe zikufotokozedwa ndi wamkulu koma kuwonetsetsa kuti onse. dati maziko amasakanizidwa mu mulingo wa atomiki asanalowetsedwe muukadaulo womwe akufuna.
Kuphatikiza kwa uinjiniya uku kumatsimikizira kuti bizinesi ya werehouse idzapindula ndi dati zofunikira kwa manejala.
Komabe, mkuluyo adalankhula ndi makampani akunja omwe adaperekanso fomu yofananira ndi kutumiza pasanathe milungu inayi.

Poganiza kuti gulu lamkati la werehouse ndiloyenera, wamkulu ali ndi chisankho. Ndani angathandizire kuwongolera kowonjezera kofunikira kuti akulitse zambiri zamabizinesi kapena angasankhe kupanga yankho lawo mwachangu. Zotsirizirazi zikuwoneka kuti zimasankhidwa nthawi zambiri ndipo zimangopanga zotengera zomwe zimapindulitsa ochepa kapena munthu.

Zolinga zazifupi komanso zazitali

Omanga ndi okonza mapulani a polojekiti ayenera kupanga masomphenya anthawi yayitali a zomangamanga ndi mapulani okulitsa bungwe la BI. Kuphatikizika kwa kupindula kwakanthawi kochepa komanso kukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali ndi mbali ziwiri za zoyeserera za BI. Ndalama zazifupi ndi gawo la BI lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi kubwereza kwa nyumba yanu yosungiramo zinthu.

Apa ndi pamene okonza mapulani, omanga mapulani ndi othandizira amayang'ana kwambiri kukwaniritsa zofunikira zabizinesi. Ndi pamlingo uwu pomwe zomanga thupi zimamangidwa, ukadaulo umagulidwa ndipo njira zimakhazikitsidwa. Sanapangidwe kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zina monga momwe zimafotokozedwera ndi anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Chilichonse chimachitidwa ndi cholinga chokwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi dera linalake.
Kukonzekera kwautali, komabe, ndi mbali ina ya BI. Apa ndipamene mapulani ndi mapangidwe adatsimikizira kuti mawonekedwe aliwonse amamangidwa, matekinoloje osankhidwa ndi njira zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa ndi diso lolunjika kubizinesi. Ndikukonzekera kwa nthawi yayitali komwe kumapereka mgwirizano wofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti zopindulitsa zolimba zimachokera ku phindu lililonse lakanthawi kochepa lomwe likupezeka.

Lungamitsani khama lanu la BI

Un nyumba yosungiramo deta palokha ilibe phindu lachibadwa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, palibe phindu lachilengedwe pakati pa matekinoloje osungira katundu ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito.

Phindu la ntchito iliyonse yosungiramo zinthu zosungiramo katundu imapezeka muzochita zomwe zimachitidwa chifukwa cha malo osungiramo katundu ndi zomwe zakhala zikulimidwa pakapita nthawi. Iyi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri kuti mumvetsetse musanayese kuyerekeza mtengo wa ntchito iliyonse yanyumba.

Nthawi zambiri, omangamanga ndi okonza mapulani amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo pazinthu zakuthupi ndi zaukadaulo za nyumba yosungiramo zinthu pomwe mtengo wake umakhazikika pamabizinesi omwe amakhudzidwa ndi malo osungiramo zinthu komanso chidziwitso chojambulidwa bwino.

Apa pali vuto lokhazikitsa BI: Kodi mumalungamitsa bwanji ndalama? Ngati nyumbayo ilibe phindu lenileni, oyang'anira polojekiti ayenera kufufuza, kufotokozera, ndi kukhazikitsa mapindu kwa anthu omwe adzagwiritse ntchito malo osungiramo katundu kuti apititse patsogolo ndondomeko zamalonda kapena kufunika kwa chidziwitso chotetezedwa, kapena zonse ziwiri.

Pofuna kusokoneza zinthu, njira iliyonse yamabizinesi yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndi zoyesayesa zosungiramo katundu ikhoza kupereka phindu "lokulirapo" kapena "lochepa". Zopindulitsa zazikulu zimapereka metric yowoneka yoyezera kubweza kwa ndalama (ROI) - mwachitsanzo, tembenuzani katunduyo nthawi yowonjezerapo panthawi inayake kapena pamtengo wotsika wamayendedwe potumiza. Ndizovuta kutanthauzira maubwino osawoneka bwino, monga kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso, malinga ndi mtengo wogwirika.

Lumikizani polojekiti yanu kuti muphunzire za Zopempha zamalonda

Nthawi zambiri, okonza polojekiti amayesa kugwirizanitsa mtengo wa nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi zolinga zamabizinesi amorphous. Polengeza kuti "mtengo wa nyumba yosungiramo katundu umachokera ku luso lathu lokwaniritsa zopempha zanzeru" timatsegula zokambiranazo m'njira yosangalatsa. Koma izi zokha sizokwanira kudziwa ngati kuyika ndalama m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu kumakhala kwanzeru. Ndikwabwino kulumikiza ma reps osungiramo zinthu ndi mafunso apadera abizinesi ndi zolemba.

Yesani ROI

Kuwerengera ROI m'malo osungiramo zinthu kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Zimakhala zovuta makamaka ngati kutsogolera

kubwerezabwereza kwinakwake ndi chinthu chosagwira kapena chosavuta kuyeza. Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amawona maubwino awiri azinthu za BI:

• ▪ Limbikitsani luso lopanga zosankha
• ▪ Pangani mwayi wodziwa zambiri
  Zopindulitsa izi ndi zofewa (kapena zofatsa). Ndizosavuta kuwona momwe tingawerengere ROI potengera phindu lolimba (kapena lalikulu) monga mtengo wochepetsera katundu, koma timayesa bwanji kuthekera kopanga zisankho zabwino?
  Izi ndizovuta kwa okonza polojekiti pamene akuyesera kuti kampaniyo iwononge ndalama zina zosungiramo katundu. Kuchulukitsa kugulitsa kapena kutsika mtengo sikulinso mitu yapakati yomwe ikuyendetsa chilengedwe cha BI.
  M'malo mwake, mukuyang'ana zopempha zamabizinesi kuti mupeze chidziwitso chabwinoko kuti dipatimenti inayake ipange zisankho mwachangu. Awa ndi madalaivala anzeru omwe amakhala ofunikira kubizinesi koma osamveka bwino komanso ovutirapo kuwonekera mu metric yowoneka. Pankhaniyi, kuwerengera ROI kungakhale kosocheretsa, ngati sikuli kofunikira.
  Okonza ma projekiti ayenera kuwonetsa mtengo wowoneka bwino kwa oyang'anira kuti asankhe ngati kugulitsako kubwereza kwinakwake kuli koyenera. Komabe, sitidzapereka njira yatsopano yowerengera ROI, komanso sitidzatsutsana nayo kapena kuitsutsa.
  Pali zolemba ndi mabuku ambiri omwe amakambirana zoyambira pakuwerengera ROI. Pali malingaliro amtengo wapatali monga mtengo wamtengo wapatali (VOI), woperekedwa ndi magulu ngati Gartner, omwe mungathe kufufuza. M'malo mwake, tiyang'ana kwambiri pazofunikira za ROI iliyonse kapena malingaliro ena ofunika omwe muyenera kuwaganizira. Kugwiritsa ntchito ROI Kupitilira mkangano pazabwino "zolimba" motsutsana ndi "zofewa" zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zoyeserera za BI palinso zina zomwe muyenera kuziganizira mukamagwiritsa ntchito ROI. Mwachitsanzo:

Kupereka ndalama zambiri ku zoyesayesa za DW zomwe zingabwerebe
Tiyerekeze kuti kampani yanu idachoka ku zomangamanga zazikulu kupita ku malo ogawidwa a UNIX. Chifukwa chake ndalama zilizonse zomwe zingachitike (kapena ayi) kuchokera pazoyeserera siziyenera kuperekedwa kokha, ngati (?), ku nyumba yosungiramo zinthu.

Kusawerengera chilichonse ndikokwera mtengo. Ndipo pali zinthu zambiri zofunika kuziganizira. Ganizirani mndandandawu:

• ▪ Mtengo woyambira, kuphatikizapo zotheka.
• ▪ Mtengo wa hardware yodzipatulira yogwirizana ndi kusunga ndi mauthenga
• ▪ Mtengo wa mapulogalamu, kuphatikizapo kasamalidwe ka dati ndi zowonjezera za kasitomala/maseva, mapulogalamu a ETL, matekinoloje a DSS, zida zowonera, ndandanda ndi magwiritsidwe antchito, ndi mapulogalamu oyang'anira, .
• ▪ Mtengo wa kamangidwe kake dati, ndi kulenga, ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa
• ▪ Mtengo wokonza mapulogalamu okhudzana mwachindunji ndi kuyesayesa kwa BI
• ▪ Mtengo wa chithandizo cha kunyumba, kuphatikizapo kukhathamiritsa kwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo kuwongolera mtundu wa mapulogalamu ndi ntchito zothandizira Ikani "Big-Bang" ROI. Kumanga nyumba yosungiramo katundu ngati imodzi, kuyesayesa kwakukulu sikungalephereke, koteronso kuwerengera ROI kwa ntchito yaikulu yamalonda Zoperekazo ndizodabwitsa, komanso kuti okonza mapulani akupitirizabe kuyesa kuyerekezera mtengo wa khama lonse . Chifukwa chiyani okonza mapulani amayesa kuyika mtengo pabizinesi ngati imadziwika ndi kuvomerezedwa kuti kuyerekeza kubwereza kwachindunji ndikovuta? Zitheka bwanji? Sizingatheke kupatulapo ochepa. Musati muchite izo. Tsopano popeza takhazikitsa zomwe simuyenera kuchita powerengera ROI, nazi mfundo zingapo zomwe zingakuthandizeni kukhazikitsa njira yodalirika yowerengera phindu la zoyesayesa zanu za BI.

Kupeza chilolezo cha ROI. Mosasamala kanthu za kusankha kwanu kwaukadaulo pakuyerekeza kufunika kwa zoyesayesa zanu za BI, ziyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi magulu onse, kuphatikiza okonza mapulani, othandizira, ndi oyang'anira makampani.

Dulani ROI kukhala magawo odziwika. Gawo lofunikira pakuwerengera koyenera kwa ROI ndikuwunikira kuwerengerako pantchito inayake. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi woyerekeza mtengo kutengera zofunikira zabizinesi zomwe zikukwaniritsidwa

Fotokozani mtengo wake. Monga tanenera, ndalama zambiri ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama siziyenera kuphatikizira osati zokhazo zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi kubwereza kwamunthu payekha komanso ndalama zomwe zimayenderana ndi kuwonetsetsa kuti mabizinesi akutsatiridwa.

Fotokozani ubwino. Mwa kulumikiza momveka bwino ROI ku zofunikira zabizinesi, tiyenera kuzindikira zopindulitsa zomwe zingatsogolere kukwaniritsa zofunikira.

Chepetsani mtengo ndi zopindulitsa muzopindula zomwe zatsala pang'ono. Ndi njira yabwino yokhazikitsira kuwerengera kwanu pamtengo wapano (NPV) m'malo moyesera kulosera zamtsogolo pazopeza zamtsogolo.

Sungani nthawi yogawa ROI yanu pang'ono. Zalembedwa bwino pakapita nthawi zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu ROI yanu.

Gwiritsani ntchito njira zingapo za ROI. Pali njira zambiri zolosera ROI, ndipo muyenera kukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi kapena zingapo, kuphatikiza mtengo womwe ulipo, mtengo wamkati wobwerera (IRR), ndi kubweza.

Kufotokozera ndondomeko yobwerezabwereza. Izi ndizofunikira powerengera mtengo wanthawi yayitali. Ndondomeko imodzi yobwerezabwereza iyenera kulembedwa pazotsatira zonse zotsatila.

Mavuto omwe atchulidwa ndi omwe amapezeka kwambiri omwe amafotokozedwa ndi akatswiri a zachilengedwe. Kukakamira kwa oyang'anira popereka "Big-Bang" ROI ndikosokoneza kwambiri. Mukayamba mawerengedwe anu onse a ROI powaphwanya m'magawo odziwika, ogwirika, muli ndi mwayi woyerekeza kuyerekezera kolondola kwa ROI.

Mafunso okhudza zabwino za ROI

Kaya ubwino wanu ndi wotani, wofewa kapena wovuta, mungagwiritse ntchito mafunso ochepa kuti mudziwe phindu lake. Mwachitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo yosavuta, kuyambira 1 mpaka 10, mutha kuyeza mphamvu ya kuyesetsa kulikonse pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso awa:

• Kodi mungayese bwanji kumvetsetsa dati kutsatira polojekiti ya kampani yanuyi?
• Kodi mungatani kuti muwongolere bwino ntchito chifukwa cha polojekitiyi?
• Kodi mungayeze bwanji kuyambukira kwa zidziwitso zatsopano ndi malingaliro omwe tsopano akupezeka pobwerezabwereza
• Kodi zotulukapo za malo atsopano ndi abwinoko apakompyuta zinali zotani chifukwa cha zomwe adaphunzira? Ngati mayankho a mafunsowa ndi ochepa, ndizotheka kuti bizinesiyo siyenera kuyika ndalamazo. Mafunso apamwamba amalozera ku phindu lalikulu ndipo ayenera kukhala ngati chitsogozo cha kufufuza kwina. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kuwongolera njira kuyenera kutsogolera opanga kuti awone momwe njira zasinthira. Mutha kupeza kuti zina kapena zonse zomwe mwapeza ndi zowoneka, chifukwa chake mtengo wandalama ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta. Kupindula kwambiri ndi kuyesa koyamba kwa nyumba yosungiramo katundu Phindu lalikulu la bizinesi yanu nthawi zambiri limakhala pakubwereza koyambirira. Zoyeserera zoyambirirazi zimakhazikitsa zidziwitso zothandiza kwambiri kwa anthu ndikuthandizira kukhazikitsa maziko aukadaulo pazogwiritsa ntchito BI. Kawirikawiri aliyense wotsatira wotsatira wa dati ntchito zosungiramo katundu zimabweretsa phindu locheperako kubizinesi yonse. Izi ndi zoona makamaka ngati kubwereza sikukuwonjezera mitu yatsopano kapena kukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu atsopano.

Izi zosungirako zimagwiranso ntchito pakukula milu ya dati olemba mbiri. Monga zoyeserera zotsatira zimafuna zambiri dati ndi motani dati amatsanulidwa munyumba yosungira nthawi, ambiri a dati sizikhala zofunikira kwenikweni pakuwunika komwe kwagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi dati nthawi zambiri amatchedwa dati zogona ndipo ndizokwera mtengo kuzisunga chifukwa sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani kwa othandizira polojekiti? Kwenikweni, othandizira oyamba amagawana zambiri kuposa ndalama zogulira. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo osungiramo zinthu akhazikike ukadaulo waukadaulo komanso zida zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza organic.

Koma masitepe oyambawa amakhala ndi phindu lalikulu kwambiri motero okonza mapulani nthawi zambiri amayenera kulungamitsa ndalamazo.
Ma projekiti omwe mwachita mutatha kuchitapo kanthu kwa BI atha kukhala otsika (poyerekeza ndi oyamba) komanso mtengo wachindunji, koma amabweretsa phindu lochepa kubizinesi.

Ndipo eni mabungwe ayenera kuyamba kuganizira zoponya dati ndi matekinoloje ocheperako.

Migodi Yachidziwitso: Migodi Dati

Zigawo zambiri zomanga zimafunikira kusiyanasiyana kwaukadaulo ndi njira zopangira data-
Mwachitsanzo, "othandizira" osiyanasiyana kuti awunikire mfundo zosangalatsa za makasitomala, machitidwe a kampani ndi dw yemweyo. Othandizira awa atha kukhala maukonde otsogola ophunzitsidwa pamayendedwe amphika, monga kufunikira kwazinthu zamtsogolo kutengera kukwezedwa kwa malonda; injini zozikidwa pamalamulo kuti zigwirizane ndi seti dato za zochitika, mwachitsanzo, zachipatala ndi malangizo a chithandizo; kapenanso othandizira osavuta omwe ali ndi udindo wopereka malipoti kwa akuluakulu apamwamba. Nthawi zambiri izi m'zigawo njira dati si

kutsimikizira mu nthawi yeniyeni; Choncho, iwo ayenera kukhala ogwirizana kwathunthu ndi kayendedwe ka dati alireza.

Kusanthula Kwama intaneti

Kusanthula Kwapaintaneti

Kutha kudula, kudumpha, kugudubuza, kubowola pansi ndi kusanthula
bwanji-ngati, zili mkati mwa kukula, kukula kwa IBM technology suite. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito zapaintaneti za analytical processing (OLAP) zilipo za DB2 zomwe zimabweretsa kusanthula kwa dimensional mu injini ya Nawonso achichepere chimodzimodzi.

Ntchito zimawonjezera zofunikira ku SQL ndikukolola zabwino zonse pokhala gawo lachilengedwe la DB2. Chitsanzo china cha kuphatikiza kwa OLAP ndi chida chotsitsa, DB2 OLAP Analyzer Server. Tekinoloje iyi imalola ma cubes a DB2 OLAP Server kuti azitha kufufuzidwa mwachangu komanso kuti apeze ndikunena za mfundo za dati zachilendo kapena zosayembekezereka kwa cube iliyonse kwa katswiri wamalonda. Ndipo potsiriza, ntchito za DW Center zimapereka njira kwa omanga kuti ayang'ane, mwa zina, mbiri ya seva ya DB2 OLAP ya cube monga gawo lachilengedwe la njira za ETL.

Kusanthula Kwama Spatial Analysis

Danga likuyimira theka la anangula owunikira (machitidwe) omwe amafunikira panorama
kusanthula kwakukulu (nthawi ikuyimira theka lina). Mulingo wa atomiki wa nyumba yosungiramo katundu, woimiridwa pa Chithunzi 1.1, umaphatikizapo maziko a nthawi ndi malo. Nangula wa masitampu a nthawi amasanthula ndi nthawi ndi ma adilesi a nangula amawunikidwa ndi danga. Zidindo zanthawi zimasanthula ndi nthawi, ndipo zambiri zamaadiresi zimasanthula ndi danga. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa geocoding-njira yosinthira maadiresi kukhala malo omwe ali pamapu kapena malo omwe ali mumlengalenga kotero kuti malingaliro ngati mtunda ndi mkati/kunja atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunika-kuchitidwa pamlingo wa atomiki ndikuwunika kwa malo kuperekedwa kwa wofufuza. IBM imapereka zowonjezera zapakati, zopangidwa ndi Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), al Nawonso achichepere DB2 kotero kuti zinthu zapakati zitha kusungidwa ngati gawo labwinobwino la Nawonso achichepere wachibale. DB2

Spatial Extenders, imaperekanso zowonjezera zonse za SQL kuti muthe kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wowunikira malo. Mwachitsanzo, zowonjezera za SQL kuti mufufuze
mtunda pakati pa maadiresi kapena ngati mfundo ili mkati kapena kunja kwa dera lofotokozedwa la polygonal, ndi muyeso wowunikira ndi Spatial Extender. Onani mutu 16 kuti mudziwe zambiri.

Nawonso achichepere-Resident Zida Zida Nawonso achichepere-Wokhalamo

DB2 ili ndi zambiri za SQL BI zomwe zimathandizira pakugawa. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Ntchito zobwerezabwereza kuti mufufuze, monga "kupeza njira zonse zowulukira kuchokera San Francisco a New York".
• Ntchito zowunikira pakuyika, kuphatikizika, ma cube ndi rollup kuti zithandizire ntchito zomwe zimachitika ndiukadaulo wa OLAP tsopano ndi gawo lachilengedwe la injini ya injini. Nawonso achichepere
• Kutha kupanga matebulo omwe ali ndi zotsatira
  Ogulitsa a Nawonso achichepere atsogoleri amasakaniza zambiri za BI mu Nawonso achichepere chimodzimodzi.
  Othandizira akuluakulu a data base iwo akusakaniza zambiri za BI mu Nawonso achichepere chimodzimodzi.
  Izi zimapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso njira zambiri zopangira mayankho a BI.
  Mawonekedwe ndi ntchito za DB2 V8 zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'mitu yotsatirayi:
  Zomangamanga Zaukadaulo ndi Maziko Kasamalidwe ka Data (Mutu 5)

• Zofunikira za DB2 BI (Mutu 6)
• DB2 Materialized Query Tables (Mutu 7)
• Ntchito za DB2 OLAP (Mutu 13)
• DB2 Zowonjezereka ndi Ntchito za BI (Mutu 15) Njira Yosavuta Yoperekera Data Kutumiza kwa dati chosavuta

Zomangamanga zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1.1 zikuphatikiza zomanga zambiri dati thupi. Imodzi ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya dati ogwira ntchito. Nthawi zambiri, ODS imakhala yolunjika, yophatikizidwa komanso yamakono. Mutha kupanga ODS yothandizira, mwachitsanzo, ofesi yogulitsa. Kugulitsa kwa ODS kudzawonjezera dati kuchokera ku machitidwe osiyanasiyana koma amangosunga, mwachitsanzo, zochitika zamasiku ano. ODS imathanso kusinthidwa kangapo patsiku. Nthawi yomweyo, njira zimakankhira i dati zophatikizidwa ndi mapulogalamu ena. Kapangidwe kameneka kanapangidwa makamaka kuti kaphatikizidwe dati zamakono komanso zamphamvu ndipo atha kukhala wokonzeka kuthandizira kusanthula kwanthawi yeniyeni, monga kupereka othandizira makasitomala zambiri zamalonda zamakasitomala potengera zomwe zikuchitika muzogulitsa zomwe. Dongosolo lina lomwe likuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi 1.1 ndi boma la dw. Sikuti awa ndi malo opangira kuphatikizika kofunikira, mtundu wa dati, ndi kusintha kwa dati ya nyumba yosungiramo zinthu yomwe ikubwera, komanso ndi malo odalirika komanso osakhalitsa osungirako dati zobwereza zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito posanthula zenizeni zenizeni. Ngati mungaganize zogwiritsa ntchito ODS kapena malo ochitira masewera, chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri zodzaza nyumbazi dati kugwiritsa ntchito magwero osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito ndi funso la DB2 logawidwa mosiyanasiyana. Kuthekera kumeneku kumaperekedwa ndi chinthu chosankha cha DB2 chotchedwa DB2 Relational Connect (mafunso okha) komanso kudzera mu DB2 DataJoiner (chinthu china chomwe chimapereka mafunso, kuyika, kusintha, ndi kuchotsa kuthekera kwa ma RDBMS ogawidwa mosiyanasiyana).

Njira imeneyi imalola akatswiri opanga mapulani kuti dati kumanga dati kupanga ndi njira zowunikira. Sikuti teknoloji yokhayo ingagwirizane ndi zofuna zobwerezabwereza zomwe zingabwere ndi kusanthula zenizeni zenizeni, komanso zimatha kugwirizanitsa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. dati otchuka kwambiri, kuphatikiza DB2, Oracle, Sybase, SQL Server, Informix ndi ena. DB2 DataJoiner ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudzaza mawonekedwe dati okhazikika monga ODS kapena tebulo lokhazikika lomwe likuimiridwa m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu lomwe lakonzedwa kuti libwezeretse zosintha zanthawi yomweyo kapena kugulitsa. Zoonadi, zomanga izi zokha dati zitha kukhala ndi anthu pogwiritsa ntchito

ukadaulo wina waukulu wopangidwira kubwereza wa dati, IBM DataPropagator Relational. (DataPropagator ndi chinthu chosiyana ndi machitidwe apakati. DB2 UNIX, Linux, Windows, ndi OS/2 ikuphatikiza ntchito zobwerezabwereza za dati monga mawonekedwe wamba).
Njira ina yosunthira dati ogwira ntchito mozungulira bizinesiyo ndi chophatikiza chogwiritsa ntchito mabizinesi omwe amadziwikanso kuti broker wa mauthenga. dati kuzungulira kampaniyo. IBM ili ndi ma broker omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, MQSeries, kapena kusiyanasiyana kwazinthu zomwe zimaphatikizapo zofunikira za e-malonda, IBM WebSphere MQ.
Kuti mumve zambiri zamomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito MQ pothandizira malo osungiramo zinthu komanso malo a BI, pitani webusayiti wa bukhu. Pakadali pano, ndizokwanira kunena kuti ukadaulo uwu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yojambulira ndikusintha (pogwiritsa ntchito MQSeries Integrator) dati ogwira ntchito omwe amawalembera kuti apeze mayankho a BI. Ukadaulo wa MQ waphatikizidwa ndikuyikidwa mu UDB V8, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mizere ya mauthenga tsopano ikhoza kuyendetsedwa ngati ndi matebulo a DB2. Lingaliro la kuwotcherera mauthenga pamzere ndi chilengedwe cha Nawonso achichepere maubale amalozera ku malo amphamvu operekera dati.

Zero-Latency Zero latency

Cholinga chachikulu cha IBM ndikuwunika kwa zero-latency. Monga tafotokozera ndi
Gartner, dongosolo la BI liyenera kuwongolera, kumeza, ndikupereka zidziwitso kwa owunikira pakufunika. Chovuta, ndithudi, ndi momwe mungasakanizire dati zamakono ndi zenizeni nthawi ndi zofunika mbiri mbiri, monga i dati zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe/chitsanzo, kapena chidziwitso chotengedwa, monga mbiri yamakasitomala.

Izi zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kuzindikiritsa makasitomala chiopsezo chachikulu kapena chochepa kapena zinthu zomwe i makasitomala iwo mothekera adzagula ngati ali kale ndi tchizi m’ngolo zawo zogulira.

Kupeza zero latency kumadalira njira ziwiri zofunika:

• Mgwirizano wathunthu wa dati zomwe zimawunikidwa ndi njira zokhazikitsidwa komanso zida zopangidwa ndi BI
• Dongosolo loperekera dati zogwira mtima kuwonetsetsa kuti ma analytics a nthawi yeniyeni akupezekadi Zofunikira izi za zero latency sizosiyana ndi zolinga ziwiri zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi IBM ndikufotokozedwa pamwambapa. Kulumikizana kolimba kwa dati ndi gawo la pulogalamu ya IBM yophatikiza mosasunthika. Ndipo pangani dongosolo loperekera dati kothandiza kumadalira ukadaulo womwe ulipo womwe umathandizira njira yoperekera dati. Chifukwa chake, zolinga ziwiri mwa zitatu za IBM ndizofunikira kuti tikwaniritse chachitatu. IBM ikupanga ukadaulo wake kuti iwonetsetse kuti zero latency ndizoona pazoyeserera zosungiramo zinthu. Chidule / kaphatikizidwe Bungwe lanu la BI limakupatsirani njira yomangira malo anu
  mobwerezabwereza. Iyenera kusinthidwa kuti iwonetse zosowa za bizinesi yanu, yaposachedwa komanso yamtsogolo. Popanda masomphenya okulirapo, kubwereza kwa nyumba yosungiramo katundu sikungochitika mwachisawawa m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zomwe sizipanga zambiri kupanga bizinesi yayikulu, yodziwitsa. Chovuta choyamba kwa atsogoleri a polojekiti ndi momwe angavomerezere ndalama zomwe zikufunika kuti akulitse bungwe la BI. Ngakhale kuwerengera kwa ROI kwakhalabe chinsinsi cha zomwe zapindula, zimakhala zovuta kufotokoza ndendende. Izi zapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zina zodziwira ngati mukupeza phindu la ndalama zanu. Value on Investment2 (VOI), mwachitsanzo, imagulidwa ngati yankho. Zili m'manja mwa omanga a dati ndi okonza pulojekiti amapanga dala ndikupereka chidziwitso kwa mabungwe ogwiritsa ntchito osati kungopereka chithandizo dati. Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi. Chidziwitso ndi chinthu chomwe chimapangitsa kusiyana pakupanga zisankho komanso kuchita bwino; kwenikweni, i dati akumanga midadada yopezera chidziwitsochi.

Ngakhale ndikutsutsa gwero dati kuti athane ndi zofuna zamabizinesi, malo a BI akuyenera kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu popanga zambiri. Tiyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti tiyeretse, kuphatikizira, kusintha, kapena kupanga zidziwitso zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito atha kuchitapo kanthu, kenako tiyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti zomwe tasankhazo, ngati zili zomveka, zikuwonekera m'malo a BI. Ngati ife relegate warehouse kutumikira kokha dati, khalani otsimikiza kuti mayanjano ogwiritsa ntchito adzapanga zomwe zikufunika kuti achitepo kanthu. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti dera lawo litha kupanga zisankho zabwino, koma bizinesiyo imavutika chifukwa chosowa chidziwitso chomwe agwiritsa ntchito. tsiku kuti omanga ndi okonza projekiti amayambitsa ma projekiti apadera mdera la BI, amakhalabe oyankha kubizinesi yonse. Chitsanzo chosavuta cha mbali ziwiri za BI iterations chikupezeka mu gwero dati. Onse a dati zolandilidwa pazofunsira zenizeni zamalonda ziyenera kukhala mu gawo loyamba la atomiki. Izi zimatsimikizira kukhazikitsidwa kwazinthu zamabizinesi, komanso kuyang'anira, kuyang'anira zopempha za ogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zafotokozedwanso.

Kodi Data Warehouse ndi chiyani?

Malo osungira zinthu wakhala pakatikati pa kamangidwe ka zidziwitso kuyambira 1990 ndipo amathandizira njira zazidziwitso popereka nsanja yolimba dati mbiri yotengedwa ngati maziko a kusanthula kotsatira. THE nyumba yosungiramo deta amapereka mwayi wophatikizana ndi dziko la machitidwe osagwirizana. Malo osungira zinthu chasintha n’kukhala fad. Malo osungira zinthu amapanga ndi kusunga i dati zofunikira pazambiri ndi njira zowunikira pamaziko a mbiri yakale yanthawi yayitali. Zonsezi zimaphatikizapo kuyesetsa kwakukulu komanso kosalekeza pakumanga ndi kukonza nyumba yosungiramo deta.

Ndiye kodi a nyumba yosungiramo deta? A nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi:

• ▪ okonda nkhani
• ▪ Integrated system
• ▪ kusintha kwa nthawi
• ▪ chosasinthasintha (sichichotsa)

chopereka cha dati amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira zisankho za oyang'anira pakukhazikitsa njira.
I dati kulowetsedwa mkati nyumba yosungiramo deta amachokera nthawi zambiri kuchokera kumadera ogwirira ntchito. The nyumba yosungiramo deta amapangidwa kuchokera ku chipinda chosungiramo, chosiyana mwakuthupi ndi dongosolo lonse, lomwe liri nalo dati osinthidwa m'mbuyomu ndi mapulogalamu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chochokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito.

Kutanthauzira kwenikweni kwa a nyumba yosungiramo deta ikuyenera kufotokozedwa bwino chifukwa pali zolimbikitsa zofunika komanso matanthauzo ake omwe amafotokoza mawonekedwe a nyumba yosungiramo zinthu.

KUYAMBIRA KUKHALA KWA NKHANI ZOTSATIRA

Mbali yoyamba ya nyumba yosungiramo deta ndikuti imayang'ana pazinthu zazikulu zamakampani. Kalozera wa njira kudzera mu dati ikusiyana ndi njira yachikale kwambiri yomwe imapereka kagwiritsidwe ntchito kachitidwe kachitidwe ndi ntchito, njira yomwe imagawidwa kwambiri ndi kasamalidwe katsopano katsopano.

Malo ogwirira ntchito amapangidwa mozungulira ntchito ndi ntchito monga ngongole, ndalama, makadi aku banki ndi kudalira mabungwe azachuma. Dziko la dw limapangidwa mozungulira mitu yayikulu monga kasitomala, wogulitsa, malonda ndi ntchito. Kuyanjanitsa mozungulira mitu kumakhudza mapangidwe ndi kukhazikitsa dati zopezeka mu dw. Chofunika kwambiri, mutu waukulu umakhudza mbali yofunika kwambiri ya dongosolo lofunikira.

Dziko la ntchito limakhudzidwa ndi mapangidwe a database ndi kapangidwe kake. Dziko la dw limangoyang'ana pakupanga makanema dati ndi pa design ya Nawonso achichepere. Mapangidwe anjira (mu mawonekedwe ake apamwamba) si gawo la chilengedwe cha dw.

Kusiyana pakati pa kusankha kwa njira/ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito ndi kusankha mutu kumawululidwanso ngati kusiyana kwa zomwe zili mu dati mwatsatanetsatane. THE dati del dw samaphatikizapo i dati zomwe sizidzagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza DSS mukamagwiritsa ntchito

ntchito yoyendetsedwa ndi dati muli i dati kuti mukwaniritse nthawi yomweyo zofunikira zogwirira ntchito / kukonza zomwe zitha kapena sizingakhale ndi ntchito kwa wowunika wa DSS.
Njira inanso yofunika kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito ntchito dati kusiyana ndi dati ya dw ndi m'malipoti a dati. ine dati ogwira ntchito amakhala ndi ubale wopitilira pakati pa matebulo awiri kapena angapo kutengera lamulo labizinesi lomwe likugwira ntchito. THE dati za dw span nthawi yayitali komanso malipoti omwe akupezeka mu dw ndi ambiri. Malamulo ambiri amalonda (ndiponso, malipoti ambiri a dati ) akuimiridwa mnyumba yosungira ya dati pakati pa matebulo awiri kapena kuposerapo.

(Kuti mumve tsatanetsatane wa momwe maubwenzi apakati pa dati zimayendetsedwa mu DW, chonde onani Mutu wa Tech pankhaniyi.)
Kuchokera pamalingaliro ena kuposa a kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kusankha kogwiritsa ntchito / kachitidwe ndi kusankha mutu, kodi pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa machitidwe opangira ndi dati ndi DW.

KUKHALA KUKHALA KUKHALA

Chofunikira kwambiri mdera lachilengedwe ndikuti i dati zopezeka mkati mwa dw zimaphatikizidwa mosavuta. NTHAWI ZONSE. POPANDA KUKHALA. Chofunikira cha chilengedwe cha dw ndikuti i dati Zomwe zili mkati mwa nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndizophatikizidwa.

Kuphatikizika kumawonekera m'njira zosiyanasiyana - mumikhalidwe yodziwika bwino, muyeso wokhazikika wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, m'mapangidwe amitundu yofananira, mu mawonekedwe akuthupi. dati zogwirizana, ndi zina zotero.

Kwa zaka zambiri, opanga mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana apanga zisankho zambiri za momwe pulogalamuyo iyenera kupangidwira. Maonekedwe ndi zisankho zapayokha za okonza mapulogalamu amawululidwa m'njira zana: mosiyana ndi zolemba, kapangidwe kake, mawonekedwe akuthupi, misonkhano yozindikiritsa, ndi zina zotero. Kuthekera kophatikizana kwa opanga mapulogalamu ambiri kupanga mapulogalamu osagwirizana ndi nthano. Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa kusiyana kofunikira kwambiri momwe mapulogalamu amapangidwira.

Encoding: Encode:

Okonza mapulogalamu asankha kuyika zolemba - jenda - m'njira zingapo. Wopanga amayimira jenda ngati "m" ndi "f". Wopanga wina amayimira jenda ngati "1" ndi "0". Wopanga wina amayimira jenda ngati "x" ndi "y." Wopanga wina amayimira jenda ngati "mwamuna" ndi "mkazi." Zilibe kanthu momwe kugonana kumalowa mu DW. "M" ndi "F" mwina ndi zabwino ngati chifaniziro chilichonse.

Chofunikira ndichakuti gwero lililonse lomwe gawo logonana limachokera, gawolo lifika mu DW mumgwirizano wokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, gawolo likalowetsedwa mu DW kuchokera ku pulogalamu yomwe yayimiridwa kunja kwa "M" ndi "F", dati ziyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mtundu wa DW.

Kuyeza kwa Zizindikiro: Kuyeza kwa Zizindikiro:

Okonza mapulogalamu asankha kuyeza mapaipi m'njira zosiyanasiyana pazaka zambiri. Malo ogulitsa opanga i dati kutalika kwa mapaipi mu masentimita. Wina ntchito wopanga amasunga dati wa payipi kutengera inchi. Wina ntchito wopanga amasunga dati wa payipi mu miliyoni kiyubiki mapazi pa sekondi. Ndipo wojambula wina amasunga zidziwitso zamapaipi malinga ndi mayadi. Kaya komwe kwachokera, uthenga wa mapaipi ukafika mu DW uyenera kuyezedwa chimodzimodzi.

Monga momwe tawonetsera mu chithunzi 3, nkhani zophatikizana zimakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya polojekiti - mawonekedwe a thupi dati, vuto la kukhala ndi magwero opitilira chimodzi a dati, nkhani ya zitsanzo zosagwirizana zodziwika, mawonekedwe a dati zosagwirizana, ndi zina zotero.

Zirizonse zotsutsana zapangidwe, zotsatira zake ndi zofanana - i dati ziyenera kusungidwa mu DW m'njira yapadera komanso yovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi ngakhale makina ogwiritsira ntchito amasunga i dati.

Katswiri wa DSS akayang'ana pa DW, wowunikirayo ayenera kukhala kugwiritsa ntchito dati omwe ali mnyumba yosungira,

m'malo modera nkhawa za kudalirika kapena kusasinthika kwa dati.

NTHAWI ZOSIYANASIYANA

Zonse ine dati mu DW ndi zolondola mpaka mphindi ina yake. Izi zofunika mbali ya dati mu DW ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi dati wopezeka m'malo ogwirira ntchito. THE dati za malo ogwirira ntchito ndizolondola monga nthawi yofikira. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, m'malo ogwiritsira ntchito pamene unit ikupezeka dati, ikuyembekezeka kuwonetsa zolondola monga pa nthawi yofikira. Chifukwa i dati mu DW ndi zolondola monga nthawi ina (ie, osati "pakali pano"), i dati zopezeka mu DW ndi "kusiyana kwa nthawi".
Nthawi yosiyana ya dati DW imanenedwa m'njira zambiri.
Njira yosavuta ndiyakuti i dati a DW akuyimira dati kwa nthawi yayitali - zaka zisanu mpaka khumi. Nthawi yomwe ikuwonetsedwera kumalo ogwirira ntchito ndi yayifupi kwambiri kuposa masiku ano masiku ano mpaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi.
Mapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kuti azigwira ntchito bwino komanso akuyenera kupezeka kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ayenera kubweretsa ndalama zochepa dati ngati amalola kusinthasintha kulikonse. Chifukwa chake mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa, monga mutu wamawu omvera.
Njira yachiwiri 'kusiyana kwanthawi' kumawonekera mu DW ili m'makina ofunikira. Chigawo chilichonse chofunikira mu DW chili ndi nthawi, momveka bwino kapena momveka bwino, monga tsiku, sabata, mwezi, ndi zina. Nthawi imakhala pafupifupi nthawi zonse pansi pa kiyi yolumikizidwa yomwe imapezeka mu DW. Pazochitika izi, nthawi idzakhalapo mosabisa, monga momwe fayilo yonse imabwerezedwa kumapeto kwa mwezi kapena kotala.
Njira yachitatu yosiyanitsira nthawi ndikuwonetsa kuti i dati a DW, olembetsedwa bwino, sangathe kusinthidwa. THE dati a DW ndi, pazifukwa zonse zothandiza, mndandanda wautali wazithunzi. Zoonadi ngati chithunzicho chinatengedwa molakwika, ndiye kuti zithunzizo zikhoza kusinthidwa. Koma poganiza kuti zithunzithunzi zatengedwa molondola, sizisinthidwa zikangotengedwa. Mwa zina

Zitha kukhala zolakwika kapena zosavomerezeka kuti zithunzi za DW zisinthidwe. THE dati ntchito, pokhala yolondola monga pa nthawi yofikira, ikhoza kusinthidwa ngati pakufunika kutero.

OSATI VOLATILE

Chofunika chachinayi cha DW ndikuti siyokhazikika.
Zosintha, zoyikapo, zochotsa ndi zosintha zimasinthidwa pafupipafupi kumalo ogwirira ntchito pazolemba ndi zolemba. Koma mpheto zoyambira za dati zofunikira mu DW ndizosavuta. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya ntchito zomwe zimachitika mu DW - kutsitsa koyamba kwa dati ndi mwayi wopeza dati. Palibe zosintha za dati (mwachidziwitso chosintha) mu DW ngati ntchito yabwinobwino. Pali zotsatira zamphamvu kwambiri za kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku pakati pa kachitidwe ka ntchito ndi kukonza kwa DW. Pakapangidwe kake, kufunikira kokhala osamala pakusintha kwangozi sikuli kanthu mu DW, popeza kusinthidwa kwa dati sichikuchitidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pamlingo wopangidwira, ufulu ukhoza kutengedwa kuti ukwaniritse bwino dati, makamaka polimbana ndi nkhani za normalization ndi thupi denormalization. Chotsatira china cha kuphweka kwa ntchito ya DW ndi muukadaulo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa chilengedwe cha DW. Kukhala ndi kuthandizira zosintha zapaintaneti ndi zolemba (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi kachitidwe kogwira ntchito) zimafuna ukadaulo kukhala ndi maziko ovuta kwambiri pansi pa kuphweka koonekera.
Ukadaulo womwe umathandizira zosunga zobwezeretsera ndi kuchira, zotuluka, ndi kukhulupirika kwa fayilo dati ndipo kuzindikira kwakufa ndi kukonza ndizovuta komanso zosafunikira pakukonza kwa DW. Makhalidwe a DW, kapangidwe kake, kuphatikiza kwa dati mkati mwa DW, kusiyana kwa nthawi komanso kuwongolera kosavuta kwa dati, zonsezi zimatsogolera ku chilengedwe chomwe chiri chosiyana kwambiri ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito akale. Magwero pafupifupi onse dati DW ndi malo ogwirira ntchito. Zimakhala zokopa kuganiza kuti pali kusowa kwakukulu kwa dati pakati pa madera awiriwa.
Zowonadi, lingaliro loyamba lomwe anthu ambiri ali nalo ndi lopanda ntchito dati pakati pa malo opangira ndi

Zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi DW. Kutanthauzira kotereku ndi kwachiphamaso ndipo kukuwonetsa kusamvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika mu DW.
M'malo mwake pali kuchepa kwa kuchepa kwa dati pakati pa malo ogwirira ntchito ndi i dati wa DW. Taganizirani izi: I dati zosefedwa dato kuti musinthe kuchoka pamalo ogwirira ntchito kupita ku DW. Ambiri dati samapita kunja kwa malo ogwirira ntchito. Ndi kuti i dati zomwe zimafunikira pakukonza kwa DSS kupeza komwe akuchokera

▪ m'chizimezime cha nthawi dati nzosiyana kwambiri ndi malo ena. THE dati m'malo ogwirira ntchito ndiwatsopano kwambiri. THE dati mu DW ndi okalamba kwambiri. Kungoyang'ana nthawi, pali kuphatikizika kochepa kwambiri pakati pa malo ogwirira ntchito ndi DW.

▪ DW ili ndi dati mwachidule zomwe sizikhala m'chilengedwe

▪ Ine dati kusinthika kofunikira pamene akusintha kupita ku Chithunzi 3 akuwonetsa kuti ambiri mwa iwo dati amasinthidwa kwambiri malinga ngati asankhidwa ndikusamukira ku DW. Ikani njira ina, ambiri a dati imasinthidwa mwakuthupi komanso mozama pamene ikusunthira ku DW. Kuchokera pamalingaliro ophatikizana iwo sali ofanana dati okhala m'malo ogwirira ntchito. Popeza zinthu izi, redundancy wa dati pakati pa madera awiriwa ndizochitika kawirikawiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchepa kwa 1% pakati pa malo awiriwa. Kapangidwe ka nyumba yosungira katundu Ma DW ali ndi kapangidwe kosiyana. Pali magawo osiyanasiyana achidule ndi tsatanetsatane omwe amadula malire a DW.
Zigawo zosiyanasiyana za DW ndi izi:

• Metadata
• Dati mwatsatanetsatane
• Dati mwatsatanetsatane wakale
• Dati mwachidule pang'ono
• Dati mwachidule kwambiri

Chofunika kwambiri ndikuti i dati zambiri zamakono. Ili ndiye vuto lalikulu chifukwa:

• I dati Zambiri zamakono zikuwonetsa zochitika zaposachedwa, zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala zosangalatsa komanso
• i dati zambiri mwatsatanetsatane panopa ndi voluminous chifukwa amasungidwa pa mlingo wotsika kwambiri granularity ndi
• i dati Zambiri zamakono nthawi zonse zimasungidwa mu diski yokumbukira, yomwe imakhala yofulumira, koma yokwera mtengo komanso yovuta kuchokera ku I dati zambiri zakale ndizo dati zomwe zasungidwa pa kukumbukira kwina massa. Imafikiridwa mwapang'onopang'ono ndikusungidwa mulingo watsatanetsatane wogwirizana nawo dati zambiri zamakono. Ngakhale si kuvomerezedwa kusunga pa njira yosungirako sing'anga, chifukwa buku lalikulu la dati ogwirizana ndi kupezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa dati, kukumbukira kukumbukira kwa dati zambiri zakale sizimasungidwa pa disk. THE dati mwachidule mwachidule ali dati zomwe zimasungunulidwa kuchokera kuzomwe zapezeka mwatsatanetsatane mpaka pano zatsatanetsatane. Mulingo uwu wa DW nthawi zambiri umasungidwa mu memory memory. Mavuto a mapangidwe omwe amadziwonetsera okha kwa womanga wa dati pomanga mulingo uwu wa DW ndi:

• Ndi nthawi yanji yomwe ndifupikitsa chachitika pamwambapa
• Zomwe zili, zikhumbo zidzafotokozera mwachidule zomwe zili mu dati Gawo lotsatira la dati opezeka mu DW ndi a dati mwachidule. THE dati mwachidule kwambiri ndi yaying'ono komanso yofikirika mosavuta. THE dati Mwachidule kwambiri nthawi zina amapezeka m'malo a DW ndi milandu ina i dati zowoneka bwino zimapezeka kunja kwa makoma aukadaulo omwe akuchititsa DW. (mwanjira iliyonse, i dati mwachidule ndi mbali ya DW mosasamala kanthu komwe ine dati amakhala m'nyumba). Chigawo chomaliza cha DW ndi gawo la metadata. Munjira zambiri metadata imakhala yosiyana ndi ena dati ya DW, chifukwa metadata ilibe chilichonse dato zotengedwa mwachindunji kumalo ogwirira ntchito. Metadata ili ndi gawo lapadera komanso lofunika kwambiri mu DW. Metadata imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati:

• buku lothandizira katswiri wa DSS kupeza zomwe zili mu DW,
• kalozera wamapu dati momwe i dati zasinthidwa kuchoka kumalo ogwirira ntchito kupita ku DW chilengedwe,
• kalozera wa ma aligorivimu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokozera mwachidule pakati pa i dati zapano ei dati mwachidule pang'ono, i dati Mwachidule, Metadata imagwira ntchito yayikulu kwambiri m'malo a DW kuposa momwe idachitirapo ntchito. ZOCHITIKA ZAKALE ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSIRA Maginito tepi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira mtundu wa dati. Zowonadi pali mitundu yambiri yosungiramo zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa posungira zakale dati za tsatanetsatane. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa dati, maulendo afupipafupi, mtengo wa zida ndi mtundu wa kupeza, ndizotheka kuti zida zina zidzafunikanso tsatanetsatane wakale mu DW. KUYENDA KWA DATA Pali kuyenda koyenera komanso kodziwikiratu kwa milungu dati mkati mwa DW.
  I dati amalowa mu DW kuchokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito. (ZINDIKIRANI: Pali zopatula zina zosangalatsa kwambiri pa lamuloli. Komabe, pafupifupi onse dati lowetsani DW kuchokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito). tsiku kuti i dati amalowa mu DW kuchokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito, amasinthidwa monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa. Ngati mutalowa mu DW, i dati lowetsani zomwe zilipo mwatsatanetsatane, monga momwe zasonyezedwera. Imakhala pamenepo ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka chimodzi mwazinthu zitatu zitachitika:

• wayeretsedwa,
• kufupikitsidwa, ndi/kapena ▪Ndi ndondomeko yachikale mu DW imayenda i dati zambiri a dati mwatsatanetsatane wakale, malingana ndi zaka za dati. Njira

kufotokozera mwachidule kumagwiritsa ntchito tsatanetsatane wa dati kuwerengera i dati mwachidule pang'ono komanso mwachidule kwambiri dati. Pali zosiyanitsa pamayendedwe omwe awonetsedwa (kuti tidzakambirane pambuyo pake). Komabe, kawirikawiri, kwa ambiri dati zopezeka mkati mwa DW, mtsinje wa dati ali ngati chithunzi.

KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO DATAWAREHOUSE

Ndizosadabwitsa kuti magawo osiyanasiyana a dati mkati mwa DW samalandira magawo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito. Monga lamulo, ndipamwamba mlingo wa chidule, ndipamenenso i dati amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ntchito zambiri zimachitika mu dati chidule kwambiri, pomwe wakale dati mwatsatanetsatane pafupifupi konse ntchito. Pali zifukwa zomveka zosinthira bungwe kuti likhale paradigm yogwiritsa ntchito zinthu. More mwachidule i dati, mwachangu komanso mosavutikira ndikuyenera kufikira dati. Ngati a shopu imapeza kuti imachita zambiri mwatsatanetsatane wa DW, ndiye kuti makina ambiri amadyedwa. Ndikokomera aliyense kuti akonze chidule chapamwamba chotere posachedwa.

Kwa masitolo ambiri, wowunikira DSS mu pre-chilengedwe DW adagwiritsa ntchito dati pamlingo watsatanetsatane. Mwanjira zambiri kubwera a dati mwatsatanetsatane amawoneka ngati bulangeti lachitetezo, ngakhale milingo ina yachidule ikupezeka. Chimodzi mwazochita za womanga za dati ndikusiya wogwiritsa ntchito DSS kuti asagwiritse ntchito nthawi zonse dati pamlingo wotsika kwambiri watsatanetsatane. Pali zolimbikitsa ziwiri zomwe zimapezeka kwa wopanga dati:

• kukhazikitsa njira yobwezera, pomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amalipira ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito e
• zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti nthawi yabwino kwambiri yoyankhira ingapezeke pamene khalidwe ndi i dati ili pamlingo wapamwamba wachidule, pomwe nthawi yosayankha bwino imachokera ku khalidwe la dati pamunsi wotsika wa ZINSINSI zina Pali zina zingapo zomanga ndi kasamalidwe ka DW.
  Kuganizira koyamba ndi kwama indices. THE dati pamilingo yayikulu yachidule amatha kulembedwa momasuka, pomwe i dati

pamilingo yotsika yatsatanetsatane ndi yochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti imatha kulembedwa mochepa. Kuchokera ku chizindikiro chomwecho, i dati pamlingo waukulu wa tsatanetsatane akhoza kusinthidwa mosavuta, pamene buku la dati m'magulu apansi ndikukula kwambiri kotero kuti i dati sangathe kukonzedwanso mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, chitsanzo cha dati ndipo ntchito yokhazikika yopangidwa ndi mapangidwewo imayala maziko a DW omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi pamlingo womwe ulipo watsatanetsatane. M'mawu ena, ntchito zachitsanzo za dati sizigwira ntchito pakufupikitsa milingo, pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse. Kuganiziridwa kwina kwapangidwe ndiko kugawanika kwa dati ndi DW.

Kugawa kungachitike m'magulu awiri - pamlingo wa dbms komanso pamlingo wofunsira. Mu magawano pa mlingo dbmsiye dbms amadziwitsidwa za magawanowo ndipo amawalamulira moyenera. Pankhani ya gawo la magawo ogwiritsira ntchito, wopanga mapulogalamu okha ndi amene amadziwa za magawowa ndipo udindo wawo wotsogolera umasiyidwa kwa iye.

Pansi pa msinkhu dbms, ntchito zambiri zimangochitika zokha. Pali kusasinthasintha kwakukulu komwe kumakhudzana ndi kudzilamulira nokha magawano. Pankhani ya gawo la magawo a ntchito ya dati ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta, ntchito zambiri zimagwera pa mapulogalamu, koma zotsatira zake ndi kusinthasintha mu kayendetsedwe ka dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta

ZINTHU ZINA

Pamene zigawo za nyumba yosungiramo deta ntchito monga tafotokozera pafupifupi onse dati, pali zina zothandiza zomwe ziyenera kukambidwa. Kupatulapo ndiko dati chidule cha anthu onse (chidule cha anthu onse). Izi ndi dati mwachidule zomwe zawerengedwa kuchokera ku nyumba yosungiramo deta koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu. THE dati Zolemba zapagulu zimasungidwa ndikuyang'aniridwa mu nyumba yosungiramo deta, ngakhale monga tafotokozera pamwambapa iwo akuganiziridwa. Akauntanti ntchito kupanga kotala ngati dati monga ndalama, zowonongera kotala, phindu la kotala, ndi zina zotero. Ntchito yochitidwa ndi ma accountant ndi yakunja kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Komabe, i dati amagwiritsidwa ntchito "mkati" mkati mwa kampani - kuchokera malonda, malonda, etc. Cholakwika china, chomwe sichidzakambidwa, ndi cha dati kunja.

Mtundu wina waukulu wa dati zomwe zingapezeke mu a nyumba yosungiramo deta ndiye kuti deta yokhazikika. Izi zimapangitsa kufunikira kosunga nthawi zonse dati pamlingo watsatanetsatane pazifukwa zamakhalidwe kapena zamalamulo. Ngati kampani ikuwonetsa antchito ake kuzinthu zowopsa pakufunika dati mwatsatanetsatane ndi okhazikika. Ngati kampani ikupanga zinthu zomwe zimakhudza chitetezo cha anthu, monga mbali za ndege, pakufunika kutero dati tsatanetsatane wokhazikika, komanso ngati kampani ikuchita mapangano oopsa.

Kampaniyo singakwanitse kunyalanyaza tsatanetsatane chifukwa pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi, pakakhala mlandu, kukumbukira, kulephera kwa zomangamanga, ndi zina zambiri. Kuwonekera kwa kampaniyo kungakhale kwakukulu. Chifukwa chake pali mtundu wapadera wa dati kudziwika kuti ndi data yosatha.

SUMMARY

Un nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi chinthu chokhazikika, chophatikizika, chosinthika chanthawi yake, chophatikiza cha dati zosasunthika pothandizira pazofuna kupanga zisankho za utsogoleri. Iliyonse mwa ntchito zazikulu za a nyumba yosungiramo deta ili ndi tanthauzo lake. Kuphatikiza apo pali magawo anayi a dati ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta:

• Zambiri zakale
• Tsatanetsatane wapano
• Dati mwachidule pang'ono
• Dati mwachidule Metadata ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri la nyumba yosungiramo deta. CHIPHUNZITSO Lingaliro la kusungidwa kwa dati posachedwapa yalandira chidwi kwambiri ndipo yakhala chikhalidwe cha zaka za m'ma 90. Izi ndichifukwa cha kuthekera kwa a nyumba yosungiramo deta kuthana ndi malire a machitidwe othandizira oyang'anira monga machitidwe othandizira zisankho (DSS) ndi ma Executive Information System (EIS). Ngakhale nkhani ya nyumba yosungiramo deta zikuwoneka zolimbikitsa, tsatirani i nyumba yosungiramo deta zitha kukhala zovuta chifukwa cha njira zazikulu zosungiramo zinthu. Ngakhale zovuta za ntchito zosungiramo katundu za dati, ambiri ogulitsa ndi alangizi omwe amagulitsa dati kutsutsana kuti kusungirako kwa dati palibe vuto. Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yofufuzayi, palibe kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha, wokhwima komanso mwadongosolo yemwe adachitika. Chifukwa chake ndizovuta kunena, zomwe zimachitika m'makampani akamamangidwa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Kafukufukuyu adafufuza mchitidwe wosungira katundu wa dati amasiku ano omwe akufuna kukulitsa kumvetsetsa bwino kwa machitidwe aku Australia. Kuwunika kwa mabuku kunapereka nkhani ndi maziko a phunziro lachidziwitso. Pali zotsatira zingapo kuchokera mu kafukufukuyu. Choyamba, kafukufukuyu adawulula zomwe zidachitika pakukula kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta. M'madera ambiri, i dati anasonkhana anatsimikizira mchitidwe anafotokoza m'mabuku. Chachiwiri, zovuta ndi zovuta zomwe zingakhudze chitukuko cha nyumba yosungiramo deta adadziwika ndi kafukufukuyu. Pomaliza, zopindulitsa zomwe mabungwe aku Australia amapeza zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta zaululidwa.

Chaputala 1

Nkhani zofufuza

Lingaliro la kusungirako deta linadziwika kwambiri ndipo linakhala chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino mu 90s (McFadden 1996, TDWI 1996, Shah and Milstein 1997, Shanks et al. 1997, Eckerson 1998, Adelman and Oates 2000). Izi zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku kuchuluka kwa zolemba zokhudzana ndi kusungirako deta muzofalitsa zamalonda (Little and Gibson 1999). Zolemba zambiri (onani, mwachitsanzo, Fisher 1995, Hackathorn 1995, Morris 1995a, Bramblett ndi King 1996, Graham et al. 1996, Sakaguchi ndi Frolick 1996, Alvarez 1997, Brousell 1997, 1997, Don1997, McCarthy 1997, Don 1998, McCarthy 1999, XNUMX. Edwards XNUMX, TDWI XNUMX) apereka malipoti opindulitsa ku mabungwe omwe akwaniritsa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Iwo adathandizira chiphunzitso chawo ndi umboni wosawerengeka wa kukhazikitsidwa bwino, ziwerengero zobweza ndalama zambiri (ROI), komanso, popereka malangizo kapena njira zopangira. nyumba yosungiramo deta

(Shanks et al. 1997, Seddon ndi Benjamin 1998, Little ndi Gibson 1999). Muzovuta kwambiri, Graham et al. (1996) inanena kuti kubweza kwapakati pazaka zitatu za ndalama za 401%.

Zolemba zambiri zamakono, komabe, zanyalanyaza zovuta zomwe zimachitika pochita ntchito zoterezi. Ntchito za nyumba yosungiramo deta nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta komanso zazikulu choncho zimakhala ndi mwayi waukulu wolephera ngati sizikuyendetsedwa bwino (Shah ndi Milstein 1997, Eckerson 1997, Foley 1997b, Zimmer 1997, Bort 1998, Gibbs ndi Clymer 1998, Rao 1998). Amafuna ndalama zambiri za anthu komanso ndalama, nthawi ndi khama kuti amange (Hill 1998, Crofts 1998). Nthawi yeniyeni ndi ndalama zomwe zimafunikira ndi zaka ziwiri ndi madola mamiliyoni awiri kapena atatu, motsatira (Braly 1995, Foley 1997b, Bort 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). Nthawi ino ndi njira zachuma zimafunikira kuti ziwongolere ndikuphatikiza mbali zambiri zosungiramo deta (Cafasso 1995, Hill 1998). Pamodzi ndi hardware ndi mapulogalamu kuganizira, ntchito zina, amene amasiyana m'zigawo za dati ku njira zotsitsa za dati, mphamvu ya kukumbukira kuyang'anira zosintha ndi meta dati pophunzitsa ogwiritsa ntchito, ayenera kuganiziridwa.

Pa nthawi yomwe ntchito yofufuzayi inayamba, panali kafukufuku wochepa kwambiri wamaphunziro omwe ankachitika pa nkhani yosungiramo deta, makamaka ku Australia. Izi zinali zoonekeratu chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zolemba zomwe zidasindikizidwa m'manyuzipepala kapena zolemba zina zamaphunziro panthawiyo. Zambiri mwazolemba zamaphunziro zomwe zilipo zidafotokoza zomwe zidachitika ku US. Kuperewera kwa kafukufuku wamaphunziro pa malo osungiramo deta kwachititsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa kafukufuku wozama komanso maphunziro amphamvu (McFadden 1996, Shanks et al. 1997, Little ndi Gibson 1999). Makamaka, kafukufuku kafukufuku pa ndondomeko kukhazikitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti awonjezere chidziwitso chokhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta ndipo adzakhala ngati maziko a kafukufuku wamtsogolo (Shanks et al. 1997, Little ndi Gibson 1999).

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu, ndikufufuza zomwe zimachitika pamene mabungwe akhazikitsa ndikugwiritsa ntchito i nyumba yosungiramo deta ku Australia. Mwachindunji, phunziroli liphatikiza kusanthula kwa njira yonse yopangira a nyumba yosungiramo deta, kuyambira ndikuyambitsa ndi kupanga kudzera pakupanga ndi kukhazikitsa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito m'mabungwe aku Australia. Kuonjezera apo, phunziroli lidzathandizanso pazochitika zamakono pozindikira malo omwe machitidwe angapitirire patsogolo komanso zosayenera ndi zoopsa zingathe kuchepetsedwa kapena kupewedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, ikhala ngati maziko a maphunziro ena pa nyumba yosungiramo deta ku Australia ndipo adzadzaza kusiyana komwe kulipo m'mabuku.

Mafunso ofufuza

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikuphunzira ntchito zomwe zikukhudzidwa pokwaniritsa nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo ndi mabungwe aku Australia. Makamaka, zinthu zokhudzana ndi kukonzekera polojekiti, chitukuko, kagwiritsidwe ntchito, kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zoopsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimawerengedwa. Chifukwa chake funso la kafukufukuyu ndi:

“Kodi mchitidwe wapano wa nyumba yosungiramo deta ku Australia? "

Kuti tiyankhe funsoli mogwira mtima, pamafunika mafunso angapo owonjezera ofufuza. Makamaka, mafunso ang'onoang'ono atatu adadziwika kuchokera m'mabuku, omwe aperekedwa mumutu 2, kuti atsogolere polojekitiyi: nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi mabungwe aku Australia? Ndi mavuto ati omwe amakumana nawo?

Kodi pali maubwino otani?
Poyankha mafunso awa, kafukufuku wofufuza adagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza. Monga kafukufuku wofufuza, mayankho a mafunso omwe ali pamwambawa sali okwanira (Shanks et al. 1993, Denscombe 1998). Pamenepa, pamafunika katatu kuti tipeze mayankho a mafunsowa. Komabe, kufufuzaku kudzapereka maziko olimba a ntchito yamtsogolo yowunika mafunsowa. Kukambitsirana mwatsatanetsatane za kulungamitsidwa kwa njira ya kafukufuku ndi kamangidwe kakuperekedwa mu Mutu 3.

Kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu

Ntchito yofufuzayi yagawidwa m'magawo awiri: kafukufuku wamalingaliro osungiramo deta komanso kafukufuku wowona (onani Chithunzi 1.1), chilichonse chomwe chikufotokozedwa pansipa.

Gawo I: Kuphunzira moyenera

Gawo loyamba la kafukufukuyu linali ndi kuwunikanso kwa mabuku omwe alipo pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yosungiramo deta kuphatikiza machitidwe othandizira zisankho (DSS), ma Executive Information System (EIS), maphunziro amilandu nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi malingaliro a nyumba yosungiramo deta. Komanso, zotsatira za ma forum pa nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi magulu amisonkhano ya akatswiri ndi akatswiri otsogozedwa ndi gulu lofufuza la Monash DSS, adathandizira gawo ili la kafukufukuyu lomwe cholinga chake chinali choti adziwe bwino za kachitidwe ka kafukufukuyu. nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi kuzindikira zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pakulera anawo. Panthawi imeneyi ya phunziro lachidziwitso, kumvetsetsa kwa gawo lavutoli kunakhazikitsidwa kuti apereke maziko a chidziwitso cha kafukufuku wotsatira. Komabe, iyi inali njira yopitilira pamene kafukufuku wofufuza ankachitika.

Gawo II: Kafukufuku wa Epirical

Lingaliro latsopano la kusunga deta, makamaka ku Australia, lapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunika kwa kafukufuku kuti adziwe zambiri za momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Gawoli lidachitika pomwe dera lamavuto lidakhazikitsidwa kudzera muunikaninso wamabuku. Lingaliro la kusunga deta lomwe linapangidwa panthawi ya phunziro lachidziwitso linagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo la mafunso oyambirira a kafukufukuyu. Zitatha izi, mafunsowo adawunikidwanso. Kodi ndinu katswiri pa nyumba yosungiramo deta adachita nawo mayeso. Cholinga choyesa mafunso oyambawo chinali kuona kukwanira ndi kulondola kwa mafunso. Kutengera zotsatira za mayeso, mafunsowo adasinthidwa ndipo zosinthidwazo zidatumizidwa kwa omwe adachita nawo kafukufukuyu. Mafunso omwe adabwezedwa adawunikidwa kuti i dati m'matawuni, zithunzi ndi mawonekedwe ena. THE

kusanthula zotsatira za dati Pangani chithunzithunzi cha machitidwe osungiramo data ku Australia.

DATA YOSUNGA CHINSINSI

Lingaliro la kusunga deta lasintha ndikusintha kwaukadaulo wamakompyuta.
Cholinga chake ndi kuthana ndi mavuto omwe magulu othandizira ogwiritsira ntchito amakumana nawo monga Decision Support System (DSS) ndi Executive Information System (EIS).

M'mbuyomu chopinga chachikulu cha mapulogalamuwa chinali kulephera kwa mapulogalamuwa kupereka a data base zofunikira pakuwunika.
Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha momwe oyang'anira amagwirira ntchito. Zokonda za kasamalidwe ka kampani zimasiyana nthawi zonse kutengera dera lomwe likukhudzidwa. Chifukwa chake i dati zofunikira pa ntchitozi ziyenera kusintha mwachangu kutengera gawo lomwe likuyenera kuthandizidwa.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti i dati ziyenera kupezeka mu mawonekedwe oyenerera pazowunikira zofunikira. M'malo mwake, magulu othandizira ogwiritsira ntchito adapeza zovuta kwambiri m'mbuyomu kusonkhanitsa ndi kuphatikiza dati kuchokera kuzinthu zovuta komanso zosiyanasiyana.

Gawo lotsala la gawoli likuwonetsa mwachidule lingaliro la kusunga deta ndikukambirana momwe nyumba yosungiramo deta amatha kuthana ndi mavuto amagulu othandizira othandizira.
Mawu akuti "Nyumba yosungirako detaadatchuka ndi William Inmon mu 1990. Tanthauzo lake lomwe limatchulidwa kawirikawiri limawona Nyumba yosungirako deta monga chopereka cha dati zokhazikika pamutu, zophatikizika, zosasinthika, komanso zosinthika pakapita nthawi, pothandizira zisankho za kasamalidwe.

Kugwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo ili Inmon akuwonetsa kuti i dati okhala mu a nyumba yosungiramo deta ayenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe 4 awa:

• ▪ Zokhudza nkhani
• ▪ Zophatikizidwa
• ▪ Zosasinthasintha
• ▪ Kusinthasintha pakapita nthawi Potsata phunziro la Inmon kumatanthauza kuti i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta m'magawo akuluakulu a bungwe omwe akhalapo

kutanthauziridwa mchitsanzo dati. Mwachitsanzo onse dati zokhudzana ndi makasitomala zili mu gawo la phunziro makasitomala. Mofananamo onse dati zokhudzana ndi malonda zili mumutu wa PRODUCTS.

Mwa Integrati Inmon zikutanthauza kuti i dati kuchokera kumapulatifomu osiyanasiyana, machitidwe ndi malo amaphatikizidwa ndikusungidwa pamalo amodzi. Zotsatira zake dati zofananira ziyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe ofanana kuti awonjezedwe ndikufaniziridwa mosavuta.
Mwachitsanzo, amuna ndi akazi amaimiridwa ndi zilembo M ndi F mu dongosolo limodzi, ndi 1 ndi 0 mu lina. Kuti awaphatikize bwino, mawonekedwe amodzi kapena onse awiri ayenera kusinthidwa kuti mawonekedwewo akhale ofanana. Apa titha kusintha M kukhala 1 ndi F kukhala 0 kapena mosemphanitsa. Zokhazikika pamutu ndi Zophatikiza zikuwonetsa kuti nyumba yosungiramo deta lapangidwa kuti lipereke masomphenya ogwira ntchito komanso odutsa dati ndi kampani.

Zosasinthasintha zikutanthauza kuti i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta kukhala mosasinthasintha ndi kusintha kwa dati sikofunikira. M'malo mwake, kusintha kulikonse mu dati zoyambirira zimawonjezeredwa ku Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wolemba mbiri ya dati ili mu nyumba yosungiramo deta.

Kwa Zosintha Pakapita Nthawi Inmon akuwonetsa kuti i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta nthawi zonse mumakhala zolembera nthawi ndipo i dati amawoloka nthawi ina yake. Mwachitsanzo a
nyumba yosungiramo deta Mutha kukhala ndi zaka 5 zazikhalidwe zakale za makasitomala kuchokera ku 1993 mpaka 1997. Kupezeka kwa mbiri yakale ndi nthawi ya dati limakupatsani kupenda zochitika.

Un nyumba yosungiramo deta amatha kusonkhanitsa ake dati kuchokera ku machitidwe a OLTP; kuchokera koyambira dati kunja kwa bungwe ndi/kapena kuchokera kumapulojekiti ena apadera otchera misampha dati.
I dati zotulutsa zimatha kudutsa njira yoyeretsera, pamenepa i dati zimasinthidwa ndikuphatikizidwa zisanasungidwe mu Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta. Kenako, i dati

wokhala mkati mwa Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta amaperekedwa kuti azitha kulowa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto ndi zida zobwezeretsa. Pogwiritsa ntchito zida izi wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kupeza mawonekedwe ophatikizika a bungwe la dati.

I dati wokhala mkati mwa Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta amasungidwa mwatsatanetsatane komanso mwachidule akamagwiritsa.
Mlingo wa chidule angadalire chikhalidwe cha dati. ine dati mwatsatanetsatane atha kukhala dati zamakono ndi dati olemba mbiri
I dati zenizeni sizinaphatikizidwe mu nyumba yosungiramo deta mpaka i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta amatsitsimutsidwa.
Kuwonjezera kusunga i dati iwowo, a nyumba yosungiramo deta imathanso kusunga mtundu wina wa dato wotchedwa METADATA kufotokoza i dati kukhala kwake Nawonso achichepere.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya metadata: metadata yachitukuko ndi metadata yowunikira.
Metadata yachitukuko imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira ndikusintha njira zochotsera, kuyeretsa, kupanga mapu ndi kuyika dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Zomwe zili mu metadata yachitukuko zitha kukhala ndi tsatanetsatane wa machitidwe opangira, tsatanetsatane wazinthu zomwe zikuyenera kuchotsedwa, chitsanzo. dati ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi malamulo abizinesi osinthira deta dati.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa metadata, womwe umadziwika kuti analytics metadata umathandiza wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kuti afufuze zomwe zili mu nyumba yosungiramo deta kupeza i dati kupezeka ndi tanthauzo lake momveka bwino, osati mwaukadaulo.

Chifukwa chake metadata ya analytics imagwira ntchito ngati mlatho pakati pa nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi mapulogalamu omaliza. Metadata iyi ikhoza kukhala ndi mtundu wabizinesi, mafotokozedwe a dati mogwirizana ndi mtundu wabizinesi, mafunso ofotokozedweratu ndi malipoti, chidziwitso chofikira ogwiritsa ntchito ndi index.

Metadata yowunikira ndi chitukuko iyenera kuphatikizidwa kukhala metadata imodzi yophatikizika yokhala ndi zinthu kuti igwire bwino ntchito.

Tsoka ilo zida zambiri zomwe zilipo zili ndi metadata yawo ndipo pakadali pano palibe miyezo yomwe ilipo

lolani zida zosungiramo deta kuti ziphatikize metadata iyi. Kuti athetse vutoli mavenda ambiri a zida zotsogola zosungiramo deta adapanga Meta Data Council yomwe pambuyo pake idakhala Meta Data Coalition.

Cholinga cha mgwirizanowu ndikupanga seti ya metadata yomwe imalola zida zosiyanasiyana zosungiramo deta kuti zisinthe metadata.
Khama lawo linapangitsa kubadwa kwa Meta Data Interchange Specification (MDIS) yomwe idzalola kusinthana kwa chidziwitso pakati pa zolemba zakale za Microsoft ndi mafayilo okhudzana ndi MDIS.

Kukhalapo kwa dati zonse mwachidule / zolembedwa ndi tsatanetsatane, zimapatsa wogwiritsa ntchito mwayi wochita DRILL DROWN (kubowola) kuchokera dati zolozera ku mwatsatanetsatane komanso mosemphanitsa. Kukhalapo kwa dati mbiri yatsatanetsatane imalola kupanga kusanthula kwamayendedwe pakapita nthawi. Kuphatikiza apo, metadata yowunikira imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati del directory Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta kuthandiza omaliza kupeza i dati zofunikira.

Poyerekeza ndi machitidwe a OLTP, ndi kuthekera kwawo kuthandizira kusanthula dati ndikupanga lipoti, a nyumba yosungiramo deta ikuwoneka ngati njira yoyenera yopangira zidziwitso monga kupanga ndi kuyankha mafunso ndi kupanga malipoti. Gawo lotsatira lidzawonetsa kusiyana kwa machitidwe awiriwa mwatsatanetsatane.

NYUMBA YOSANGALATSA ZOKHUDZANA NDI OLTP ZINTHU

Zambiri mwazidziwitso m'mabungwe zimapangidwira kuti zithandizire ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku. Makinawa omwe amadziwika kuti OLTP SYSTEMS, amajambula zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimasinthidwa mosalekeza.

I dati mkati mwa machitidwewa nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa, kuwonjezeredwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, adiresi ya kasitomala imasintha pamene akuyenda kuchokera kumalo kupita kumalo. Pamenepa adilesi yatsopano idzalembetsedwa ndikusintha gawo la adilesi ya Nawonso achichepere. Cholinga chachikulu cha machitidwewa ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zogulitsira komanso nthawi yomweyo kuchepetsa nthawi yokonza. Zitsanzo za OLTP Systems zikuphatikiza zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga kulemba maoda, malipiro, ma invoice, kupanga, ntchito zamakasitomala. makasitomala.

Mosiyana ndi machitidwe a OLTP, omwe adapangidwa kuti azigulitsa ndi zochitika, i nyumba yosungiramo deta zidapangidwa kuti zipereke chithandizo chotengera ma analytics dati komanso pakupanga zisankho.

Izi zimatheka pokhapokha kuphatikiza i dati kuchokera ku machitidwe osiyanasiyana a OLTP ndi akunja mu "chotengera" chimodzi cha dati, monga momwe tafotokozera m’chigawo chapitachi.

Monash Data Njira Zosungira Zinthu

Njira yochitira nyumba yosungiramo deta Monash idapangidwa ndi ofufuza a Monash DSS Research Group ndipo idatengera zolemba za nyumba yosungiramo deta, chidziwitso m'magawo othandizira chitukuko, zokambirana ndi ogulitsa ntchito kuti agwiritse ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta, pa gulu la akatswiri pakugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta.

Magawo ndi: Kuyambitsa, Kukonzekera, Kupititsa patsogolo, Ntchito ndi Kufotokozera. Chithunzichi chikufotokoza za kubwereza kapena kusinthika kwa kupanga a nyumba yosungiramo deta ndondomeko pogwiritsa ntchito mivi yanjira ziwiri yomwe imayikidwa pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana. M'nkhaniyi "zobwerezabwereza" ndi "chisinthiko" zikutanthawuza kuti, pa sitepe iliyonse ya ndondomekoyi, ntchito zogwirira ntchito zingathe kufalikira kumbuyo ku gawo lapitalo. Izi ndichifukwa cha mtundu wa polojekiti nyumba yosungiramo deta momwe zopempha zowonjezera za wogwiritsa ntchito mapeto zimachitika nthawi iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi ya chitukuko cha ndondomeko nyumba yosungiramo detaNgati mutu watsopano kapena malo akufunsidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto, zomwe sizinali gawo la ndondomeko yoyamba, ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku dongosolo. Izi zimapangitsa kusintha kwa polojekitiyi. Chotsatira chake ndi chakuti gulu lokonzekera liyenera kusintha zofunikira za zolemba zomwe zapangidwa mpaka pano panthawi ya mapangidwe. Nthawi zambiri, momwe polojekitiyi ikuyendera imayenera kubwereranso ku gawo lokonzekera kumene zofunikira zatsopano ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi kulembedwa. Wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto ayenera kuwona zolemba zenizeni zomwe zawunikiridwa ndi zosintha zomwe zapangidwa mu gawo lachitukuko. Pamapeto pa chitukukochi, polojekitiyi iyenera kupeza mayankho abwino kuchokera kumagulu a chitukuko ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Ndemanga zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukonza pulojekiti yamtsogolo.

Kukonzekera maluso
dw imakhala yayikulu kwambiri kukula kwake ndipo imakula mwachangu (Best 1995, Rudin 1997a) chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa dati mbiri zomwe amazisunga kuyambira nthawi yawo. Kukula kungayambitsidwenso ndi dati zowonjezera zofunsidwa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kuti awonjezere mtengo wa dati zomwe ali nazo kale. Chifukwa chake, zofunikira zosungirako dati zitha kukulitsidwa kwambiri (Eckerson 1997). Choncho, n'kofunika kuonetsetsa, pochita kukonzekera mphamvu, kuti dongosolo lomangidwa likhoza kukula pamene zosowa zikukula (Best 1995, LaPlante 1996, Lang 1997, Eckerson 1997, Rudin 1997a, Foley 1997a).
Pokonzekera kukula kwa malo osungiramo zinthu, munthu ayenera kudziwa kukula kwa malo osungiramo katundu, mitundu ya mafunso omwe angapangidwe, ndi chiwerengero cha ogwiritsa ntchito mapeto omwe athandizidwa (Best 1995, Rudin 1997b, Foley 1997a). Kupanga ma scalable application kumafunika kuphatikiza kwaukadaulo wa seva ndi njira zopangira ma scalable (Best 1995, Rudin 1997b. Onsewa ndi ofunikira pakumanga ntchito yowongoka kwambiri. Ukadaulo wokhazikika wa seva ungapangitse kuti zikhale zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo kuwonjezera posungira, kukumbukira ndi CPU popanda ntchito zonyozeka (Lang 1997, Telephony 1997).

Pali njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zopangira ma seva: symmetric multiple processing (SMP) ndi massively parallel processing (MPP) ) (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Seva ya SMP nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mapurosesa angapo omwe amagawana kukumbukira, mabasi amachitidwe, ndi zinthu zina (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Mapurosesa owonjezera akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu zowerengera. Njira ina yowonjezera mphamvu kuwerengera kwa seva ya SMP, ndikuphatikiza makina ambiri a SMP. Njirayi imadziwika kuti clustering (Humphries et al. 1999). Seva ya MPP, kumbali ina, ili ndi mapurosesa angapo aliyense ali ndi kukumbukira kwake, kayendedwe ka basi, ndi zina (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Purosesa iliyonse imatchedwa node. Kuwonjezeka kwa thupi mphamvu zowerengera zitha kupezeka

kuwonjezera ma node owonjezera ku maseva a MPP (Humphries et al. 1999).

Kufooka kwa ma seva a SMP ndikuti ntchito zambiri zotulutsa (I/O) zimatha kusokoneza mabasi (IDC 1997). Vutoli silimachitika mkati mwa ma seva a MPP popeza purosesa iliyonse ili ndi mabasi ake. Komabe, kulumikizana pakati pa node iliyonse nthawi zambiri kumakhala kocheperako kuposa mabasi a SMP. Kuphatikiza apo, ma seva a MPP amatha kuwonjezera zovuta zina kwa opanga mapulogalamu (IDC 1997). Choncho, kusankha pakati pa ma seva a SMP ndi MPP kungakhudzidwe ndi zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zovuta za mapulogalamu, chiŵerengero cha mtengo / ntchito, kupititsa patsogolo kofunikira, ntchito za dw zoletsedwa komanso kukula kwa Nawonso achichepere ya dw ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto.

Njira zingapo zopangira ma scalable application zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzekera luso. Munthu amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana zochitira lipoti monga masiku, masabata, miyezi ndi zaka. Kukhala ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana zodziwitsa, ndi Nawonso achichepere akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu osankhidwa bwino (Inmon et al. 1997). Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito matebulo achidule omwe amapangidwa pofotokoza mwachidule dati da dati mwatsatanetsatane. Chifukwa chake, i dati zolembedwa ndizophatikizana kuposa zatsatanetsatane, zomwe zimafunikira malo ochepa okumbukira. Choncho a dati zambiri zitha kusungidwa ku malo osungira otsika mtengo, omwe amasunga zosungira zambiri. Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito matebulo achidule kumatha kusunga malo osungira, amafunikira khama lalikulu kuti akhalebe apano komanso mogwirizana ndi zosowa za bizinesi. Komabe, njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri molumikizana ndi njira yapitayi (Best 1995, Inmon 1996a, Chauduri ndi Dayal
1997).

KUFOTOKOZERA Nyumba yosungirako deta Zomangamanga Zaumisiri Tanthauzo la njira zamapangidwe a dw

Omwe adalandira koyambirira kosungirako deta adawona kuti malo osungiramo zinthu apakati akhazikitsidwa pomwe onse dati, kuphatikizapo i dati kunja, adalumikizidwa limodzi,
malo osungira thupi (Inmon 1996a, Bresnahan 1996, Peacock 1998).

Phindu lalikulu la njirayi ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kupeza mawonedwe onse abizinesi dati bungwe (Ovum 1998). China kuphatikiza ndi kuti amapereka standardization wa dati m'gulu lonse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali mtundu umodzi wokha kapena tanthauzo la mawu aliwonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzosunga zosungira (Flanagan ndi Safdie 1997, Ovum 1998). Kuipa kwa njirayi, kumbali ina, ndi yokwera mtengo komanso yovuta kumanga (Flanagan ndi Safdie 1997, Ovum 1998, Inmon et al. 1998). Posakhalitsa pambuyo posungirako zomangamanga dati centralized anakhala wotchuka, lingaliro la migodi timagulu ting'onoting'ono ta milungu inayamba dati kuthandizira zosowa za mapulogalamu apadera (Varney 1996, IDC 1997, Berson and Smith 1997, peacock 1998). Machitidwe ang'onoang'ono awa amachokera ku chachikulu nyumba yosungiramo deta chapakati. Amatchulidwa mayina nyumba yosungiramo deta ma data a ogwira ntchito m'dipatimenti kapena antchito. Zomangamanga zodalirika za data mart zimadziwika kuti zomangamanga zamagulu atatu pomwe gawo loyamba limapangidwa ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta chapakati, chachiwiri chimakhala ndi madipoziti a dati departmental ndipo lachitatu limakhala ndi mwayi wopeza dati ndi zida zowunikira (Demarest 1994, Inmon et al. 1997).

Ma marts amtundu nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pambuyo pa nyumba yosungiramo deta centralized inamangidwa kuti ikwaniritse zosowa za mayunitsi enieni (White 1995, Varney 1996).
Malo ogulitsa ma data i dati zogwirizana ndi zigawo zina (Inmon et al. 1997, Inmon et al. 1998, IA 1998).

Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti sipadzakhala dato osaphatikizidwa ndi kuti i dati adzakhala ocheperako m'ma data marts popeza onse dati amachokera ku gawo la dati ophatikizidwa. Ubwino wina ndikuti padzakhala maulalo ochepa pakati pa ma data onse ndi magwero ake dati chifukwa data mart iliyonse ili ndi gwero limodzi lokha dati. Kuphatikiza ndi zomangamanga zomwe zilipo, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kupezabe ma dati

mabungwe amabungwe. Njirayi imadziwika kuti njira yapamwamba-pansi, kumene ma data marts amamangidwa pambuyo pa nyumba yosungiramo deta (Peacock 1998, Goff 1998).
Kuchulukitsa kufunikira kowonetsa zotsatira msanga, mabungwe ena ayamba kupanga ma data odziyimira pawokha (Flanagan ndi Safdie 1997, White 2000). Pankhaniyi, ma data marts amapeza awo dati molunjika kuchokera pazoyambira za dati OLTP ndi osakhala OLTP kuchokera ku malo apakati komanso ophatikizika, motero amachotsa kufunikira kwa chosungira chapakati.

Dongosolo lililonse la data limafuna ulalo umodzi ku magwero ake dati. Choyipa chimodzi chokhala ndi maulalo angapo ku data mart iliyonse ndikuti, poyerekeza ndi zomanga ziwiri zam'mbuyomu, kuchuluka kwa dati imakula kwambiri.

Deta iliyonse ya deta iyenera kusunga zonse dati chofunika kwanuko kuti zisakhudze machitidwe a OLTP. Izi zimapangitsa kuti i dati amasungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana a data (Inmon et al. 1997). Choyipa china cha zomangamanga izi ndikuti zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana kovutirapo pakati pa ma data marts ndi magwero awo a data. dati zomwe ndizovuta kukhazikitsa ndikuwongolera (Inmon et al. 1997).

Choyipa china ndi chakuti ogwiritsa ntchito mapeto sangathe kupeza chidziwitso cha kampani chifukwa i dati pazosiyanasiyana zama data siziphatikizidwa (Ovum 1998).
Komabe choyipa china ndikuti pangakhale matanthauzo opitilira amodzi pa mawu aliwonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzotengera zomwe zimapanga kusagwirizana kwa data. dati mu bungwe (Ovum 1998).
Ngakhale kuti pali zovuta zomwe tafotokozazi, ma data a standalone amakopabe chidwi cha mabungwe ambiri (IDC 1997). Chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimawapangitsa kukhala okongola ndi chakuti amafulumira kukula ndipo amafuna nthawi yochepa ndi zothandizira (Bresnahan 1996, Berson and Smith 1997, Ovum 1998). Chifukwa chake, amagwira ntchito ngati zoyeserera zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikira mwachangu zopindulitsa ndi / kapena zofooka pamapangidwe (Parsaye 1995, Braly 1995, Newing 1996). Pachifukwa ichi, gawo loti ligwiritsidwe ntchito mu polojekitiyi liyenera kukhala laling'ono koma lofunika ku bungwe (Newing 1996, Mansell-Lewis 1996).

Poyang'ana mawonekedwe, ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto ndi oyang'anira amatha kusankha ngati apitilize kapena kuyimitsa ntchitoyi (Flanagan ndi Safdie 1997).
Ngati chisankho chipitirire, ma data marts a mafakitale ena ayenera kumangidwa kamodzi. Pali njira ziwiri zopangira ogwiritsa ntchito potengera zosowa zawo popanga ma data odziyimira pawokha: ophatikizika / ophatikizidwa ndi osaphatikizidwa (Ovum 1998)

Mu njira yoyamba, deta iliyonse yatsopano ya data iyenera kumangidwa potengera ma data omwe alipo komanso chitsanzo dati ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olimba (Varney 1996, Berson ndi Smith 1997, Peacock 1998). Kufunika kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo dati abizinesi amatanthauza kuti munthu ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti pali tanthauzo limodzi lokha la mawu aliwonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa data marts, komanso kuwonetsetsa kuti ma data osiyanasiyana atha kuphatikizidwa kuti apereke chidule cha zambiri zamabizinesi (Bresnahan 1996). Njirayi imatchedwa njira yapansi-mmwamba ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ngati pali cholepheretsa ndalama ndi nthawi (Flanagan ndi Safdie 1997, Ovum 1998, pikoko 1998, Goff 1998). Mu njira yachiwiri, ma data omangidwa amatha kukwaniritsa zosowa za gawo linalake. Chosiyana cha federal data mart ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta amagawidwa momwe Nawonso achichepere hub server middleware imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza ma data ambiri kukhala malo amodzi dati kugawidwa (White 1995). Pankhaniyi, i dati bizinesi imagawidwa m'ma data angapo. Zopempha za ogwiritsa ntchito zimatumizidwa kwa Nawonso achichepere server hub middleware, yomwe imatulutsa zonse dati zofunsiridwa ndi ma data marts ndikudyetsa zotsatira ku mapulogalamu a ogwiritsa ntchito. Njirayi imapereka chidziwitso cha bizinesi kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omaliza. Komabe, mavuto a ma data odziyimira pawokha samachotsedwabe. Palinso zomangamanga zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito zomwe zimatchedwa nyumba yosungiramo deta pafupifupi (White 1995). Komabe, kamangidwe kameneka, kamene kakuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2.9, si malo osungirako deta. dati zenizeni popeza sichisuntha katundu kuchokera ku machitidwe a OLTP kupita nyumba yosungiramo deta (Demarest 1994).

M'malo mwake, zopempha za dati ndi ogwiritsa ntchito amaperekedwa ku machitidwe a OLTP omwe amabweretsa zotsatira pambuyo pokonza zopempha za ogwiritsa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti zomangamanga zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito mapeto kupanga malipoti ndikupanga zopempha, sizingapereke i

dati mbiri yakale ndi mbiri yamakampani kuyambira i dati popeza machitidwe osiyanasiyana a OLTP sanaphatikizidwe. Choncho, zomangamanga sizingakwaniritse kusanthula kwa dati monga zoneneratu.

Kusankha mwayi ndi ntchito zobwezeretsa deta dati

Cholinga chomanga nyumba yosungiramo deta ndikupereka chidziwitso kwa ogwiritsa ntchito mapeto (Inmon et al. 1997, Poe 1996, McFadden 1996, Shanks et al. 1997, Hammergren 1998); imodzi kapena zingapo kupeza ndi kuchira ntchito dati ziyenera kuperekedwa. Mpaka pano, pali mitundu yambiri ya mapulogalamu otere omwe wogwiritsa ntchito angasankhe (Hammergren 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). Mapulogalamu osankhidwa amatsimikizira kupambana kwa ntchito yosungiramo katundu dati m'bungwe chifukwa mapulogalamu ndi gawo lowonekera kwambiri la nyumba yosungiramo deta kwa wogwiritsa ntchito (Inmon et al. 1997, Poe 1996). Kukhala wopambana a nyumba yosungiramo deta, iyenera kuthandizira ntchito zowunikira deta dati wa wogwiritsa ntchito (Poe 1996, Seddon ndi Benjamin 1998, Eckerson 1999). Choncho "mlingo" wa zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito mapeto akufuna ayenera kudziwika (Poe 1996, Mattison 1996, Inmon et al. 1997, Humphries et al. 1999).

Kawirikawiri, ogwiritsa ntchito mapeto akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: ogwiritsa ntchito akuluakulu, akatswiri a bizinesi ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Ogwiritsa ntchito akuluakulu amafunikira mwayi wofikira ku seti zofotokozedweratu za malipoti (Humphries et al. 1999). Malipoti awa atha kupezeka mosavuta ndikusakatula menyu (Poe 1996). Kuonjezera apo, malipoti akuyenera kuwonetsa zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zojambulajambula monga matebulo ndi ma templates kuti apereke zambiri mwamsanga (Humphries et al. 1999). Ofufuza zamalonda, omwe sangakhale ndi luso lopanga malipoti kuyambira pachiyambi pawokha, ayenera kusintha malipoti amakono kuti akwaniritse zosowa zawo (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kumbali ina, ndi mtundu wa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto omwe amatha kupanga ndi kulemba zopempha ndi malipoti kuchokera pachiyambi (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Iwo ndi amene

amamanga maubwenzi amitundu ina ya ogwiritsa ntchito (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999).

Zofuna za ogwiritsa ntchito zikatsimikiziridwa, kusankha kofikira ndi kuyambiranso ntchito ziyenera kupangidwa dati mwa onse omwe alipo (Poe 1996, Inmon et al. 1997).
Kufikira dati ndi zida zopezeranso zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu ya 4: chida cha OLAP, chida cha EIS/DSS, chida chofunsira mafunso ndi malipoti, ndi chida chamigodi cha data.

Zida za OLAP zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga mafunso ad hoc komanso omwe amapangidwa pa Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu izi zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kubowola pansi dati wamba mpaka mwatsatanetsatane.

Zida za EIS/DSS zimapereka malipoti akuluakulu monga kusanthula kwa "bwanji ngati" ndikupeza malipoti oyendetsedwa ndi menyu. Malipoti ayenera kufotokozedwatu ndikuphatikizidwa ndi mindandanda yazakudya kuti muzitha kuyenda mosavuta.
Zida zamafunso ndi malipoti zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga malipoti ofotokozedweratu komanso achindunji.

Zida zosungiramo deta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira maubwenzi omwe angapereke kuwala kwatsopano pa ntchito zomwe zaiwalika dati ya nyumba yosungira zinthu.

Pamodzi ndi kukhathamiritsa zofunikira za mtundu uliwonse wa wogwiritsa ntchito, zida zomwe zasankhidwa ziyenera kukhala zowoneka bwino, zogwira mtima komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Ayeneranso kukhala ogwirizana ndi mbali zina za zomangamanga ndikutha kugwira ntchito ndi machitidwe omwe alipo. Amalangizidwanso kuti asankhe njira zopezera deta ndi zida zopezera ndi mtengo wokwanira komanso magwiridwe antchito. Zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa ndi kudzipereka kwa wogulitsa zida pothandizira malonda awo ndi zomwe zidzakhale nawo m'tsogolomu. Kuonetsetsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito akugwiritsa ntchito malo osungiramo data, gulu lachitukuko limaphatikizapo ogwiritsa ntchito posankha zida. Pankhaniyi, kuwunika koyenera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito kuyenera kuchitika.

Kupititsa patsogolo phindu la malo osungiramo deta gulu lachitukuko lingaperekenso mwayi wopezeka pa intaneti kumalo osungiramo deta. Malo osungiramo data omwe ali ndi intaneti amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupeza dati kuchokera kumadera akutali kapena poyenda. Komanso zambiri zitha kutero

kuperekedwa pamtengo wotsika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ndalama zophunzitsira.

2.4.3 Nyumba yosungirako deta Ntchito Gawo

Gawoli lili ndi ntchito zitatu: kutanthauzira kwa njira zotsitsimutsa deta, kuyang'anira zochitika zosungiramo deta komanso kuyang'anira chitetezo chosungiramo deta.

Tanthauzo la njira zotsitsimutsa

Pambuyo poyika koyamba, i dati Mu Nawonso achichepere ya malo osungiramo data iyenera kutsitsimutsidwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti ipangitsenso zosintha zomwe zachitika pa dati zoyambirira. Chifukwa chake muyenera kusankha nthawi yotsitsimutsa, kuchuluka kwa nthawi yotsitsimutsayo komanso momwe mungatsitsire dati. Zimapangidwa kuti zitsitsimutse dati pamene dongosolo likhoza kuchotsedwa pa intaneti. Mlingo wotsitsimutsa umatsimikiziridwa ndi gulu lachitukuko kutengera zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito. Pali njira ziwiri zotsitsimutsa malo osungiramo data: kutsitsimutsa kwathunthu ndikusintha kosalekeza kosintha.

Njira yoyamba, kutsitsimutsa kwathunthu, imafuna kutsitsanso zonse dati kuyambira pachiyambi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti onse dati zofunikira ziyenera kuchotsedwa, kutsukidwa, kusinthidwa ndi kuphatikizidwa muzotsitsimula zilizonse. Njirayi iyenera kupewedwa ngati kuli kotheka chifukwa ikudya nthawi komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu.

Njira ina ndiyo kukweza zosintha mosalekeza. Izi zikuwonjezera i dati zomwe zasintha kuyambira nthawi yomaliza yotsitsimutsa malo osungiramo zinthu. Kuzindikira zolemba zatsopano kapena zosinthidwa kumachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa dati zomwe ziyenera kufalitsidwa ku malo osungiramo deta muzosintha zilizonse monga izi zokha dati zidzawonjezedwa ku Nawonso achichepere ya nyumba yosungira zinthu.

Pali njira zosachepera 5 zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa i dati zatsopano kapena zosinthidwa. Kuti mukwaniritse njira yabwino yotsitsimutsa makanema dati kusakaniza kwa njira izi zomwe zimatenga kusintha konse mu dongosolo kungakhale kothandiza.

Njira yoyamba, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za nthawi, imaganiza kuti aliyense wapatsidwa dati sinthani ndikusintha sitampu yanthawi kuti muthe kuzindikira zonse mosavuta dati zosinthidwa ndi zatsopano. Komabe, njirayi sinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'machitidwe ambiri masiku ano.
Njira yachiwiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito fayilo ya delta yopangidwa ndi ntchito yomwe ili ndi zosintha zokha ku fayilo ya dati. Kugwiritsa ntchito fayiloyi kumakulitsanso nthawi yosinthira. Komabe, ngakhale njira imeneyi sanagwiritsidwe ntchito zambiri.
Njira yachitatu ndikusanthula fayilo ya chipika, yomwe imakhala ndi chidziwitso chofanana ndi fayilo ya delta. Kusiyana kokha ndikuti fayilo ya chipika idapangidwa kuti ibwezeretsedwe ndipo imatha kukhala yovuta kumvetsetsa.
Njira yachinayi ndikusintha kachidindo ka ntchito. Komabe, malamulo ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito ndi akale komanso osalimba; Choncho njira imeneyi iyenera kupewedwa.
Njira yomaliza ndikufanizira dati magwero okhala ndi fayilo yayikulu dei dati.

Kuwongolera zochitika zosungira zinthu

Malo osungiramo data atatulutsidwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, amayenera kuyang'aniridwa pakapita nthawi. Pankhaniyi, woyang'anira malo osungiramo deta angagwiritse ntchito chida chimodzi kapena zingapo zoyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ntchito yosungiramo deta. Makamaka, zambiri zitha kusonkhanitsidwa pa anthu komanso nthawi yomwe amapeza malo osungiramo zinthu. Inu dati atatoleredwa, mbiri ya ntchito yomwe yachitika ikhoza kupangidwa yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chothandizira pakubweza kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Chargeback imalola ogwiritsa ntchito kudziwitsidwa za mtengo wosungiramo zinthu zosungiramo zinthu.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunika kosungiramo zinthu kumatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kuzindikira mitundu ya mafunso, kukula kwake, kuchuluka kwa mafunso patsiku, nthawi yoyankha mafunso, magawo omwe afikira, ndi kuchuluka kwa mafunso. dati kukonzedwa. Cholinga china chochita kafukufuku wosungiramo zinthu zosungiramo deta ndikuzindikira dati zomwe sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi dati atha kuchotsedwa m'malo osungira zinthu kuti akwaniritse nthawi

kuyankha kwamafunso ndikuwongolera kukula kwa dati amene amakhala mkati mwa data base ya nyumba yosungira zinthu.

Kuwongolera chitetezo cha malo osungiramo data

Malo osungiramo data ali dati ophatikizana, otsutsa, okhudzidwa omwe angathe kufika mosavuta. Pachifukwa ichi iyenera kutetezedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito osaloledwa. Njira imodzi yogwiritsira ntchito chitetezo ndikugwiritsa ntchito del function dbms kupereka mwayi wosiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ogwiritsa ntchito. Mwanjira iyi, mbiri yofikira iyenera kusungidwa kwa mtundu uliwonse wa wogwiritsa ntchito. Njira ina yotetezera malo osungiramo data ndikuyibisa monga momwe zalembedwera mu data base za datawarehouse. Kufikira ku dati ndi zida zobweza ziyenera decrypt the dati musanapereke zotsatira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

2.4.4 Nyumba yosungirako deta Gawo Lotumiza

Ndilo gawo lomaliza la kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka malo osungiramo zinthu. Ntchito zomwe zichitike mu gawoli zikuphatikiza kuphunzitsa ogwiritsa ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito malo osungiramo zinthu komanso kuwunikanso malo osungiramo zinthu.

Maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito

Maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito amayenera kuchitidwa musanalowe dati za malo osungiramo deta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopezera. Kawirikawiri, magawo ayenera kuyamba ndi chiyambi cha lingaliro la kusunga dati, zomwe zili mu nkhokwe ya data, meta dati ndi zofunikira za zida. Kenako, ogwiritsa ntchito apamwamba kwambiri amathanso kuphunzira matebulo akuthupi ndi mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito zopezera deta ndi zida zopezera.

Pali njira zambiri zophunzitsira ogwiritsa ntchito. Chimodzi mwa izi chimaphatikizapo kusankha kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri kapena akatswiri osankhidwa kuchokera pagulu la ogwiritsa ntchito, kutengera utsogoleri wawo ndi luso loyankhulana. Awa amaphunzitsidwa payekha pazomwe akuyenera kudziwa kuti adziwe bwino dongosololi. Atamaliza maphunziro, amabwerera kuntchito zawo ndikuyamba kuphunzitsa ena ogwiritsa ntchito momwe angagwiritsire ntchito dongosololi. Pa

Kutengera ndi zomwe aphunzira, ogwiritsa ntchito ena akhoza kuyamba kuyang'ana malo osungiramo data.
Njira ina ndiyo kuphunzitsa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri nthawi imodzi, ngati mukuphunzira m'kalasi. Njirayi ndi yoyenera pamene pali ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri omwe amafunika kuphunzitsidwa nthawi imodzi. Njira inanso ndikuphunzitsa wogwiritsa ntchito aliyense payekha, m'modzi ndi m'modzi. Njirayi ndi yoyenera pamene pali ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa.

Cholinga cha maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito ndikudziwiratu momwe mungapezere dati ndi zida zopezera komanso zomwe zili munkhokwe ya data. Komabe, ena ogwiritsa ntchito akhoza kudodometsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chomwe chaperekedwa panthawi ya maphunziro. Kenako magawo angapo otsitsimutsa ayenera kuchitidwa kuti athandizidwe mosalekeza ndikuyankha mafunso enaake. Nthawi zina, gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito limapangidwa kuti lipereke chithandizo chamtunduwu.

Kusonkhanitsa mayankho

Malo osungiramo data atatulutsidwa, ogwiritsa ntchito angagwiritse ntchito i dati kukhala m'malo osungiramo zidziwitso pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, akatswiri kapena ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito i dati mu nkhokwe ya data:

1. 1 Dziwani zomwe kampani ikuchita
2. 2 Unikani mbiri yogula ya makasitomala
3. 3 Gawani i makasitomala Mkonzi i
4. 4 Perekani ntchito zabwino kwambiri kwa makasitomala - Sinthani mautumiki
5. 5 Pangani njira malonda
6. 6 Pangani mawu ampikisano kuti muwongolere mtengo ndikuwongolera
7. 7 Kuthandizira kupanga zisankho mwanzeru
8. 8 Dziwani mipata yotulukira
9. 9 Konzani njira zamabizinesi apano
10. 10 Onani phindu

Potsatira malangizo a chitukuko cha malo osungiramo deta, ndemanga zingapo za dongosololi zikhoza kuchitidwa kuti apeze mayankho

onse ndi gulu lachitukuko komanso anthu ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto.
Zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa zitha kuganiziridwa paulendo wotsatira wachitukuko.

Popeza malo osungiramo data ali ndi njira yowonjezereka, ndikofunikira kuphunzira kuchokera pakuchita bwino ndi zolakwika zomwe zidachitika m'mbuyomu.

2.5 Chidule

M'mutu uno njira zomwe zili m'mabuku zafotokozedwa. Mu gawo 1 lingaliro la malo osungiramo deta ndi udindo wake mu sayansi ya chisankho linakambidwa. Gawo 2 linafotokoza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malo osungiramo deta ndi machitidwe a OLTP. Gawo 3 lidakambirana za Monash data rehouse model yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo 4 kufotokoza ntchito zomwe zidachitika popanga malo osungiramo data, zonenazi sizinakhazikike pakufufuza mozama. Zomwe zimachitika zenizeni zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe mabuku amalipoti, komabe zotsatirazi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga katundu wofunikira womwe umatsindika lingaliro la malo osungiramo deta pa kafukufukuyu.

Chaputala 3

Kafukufuku ndi njira zopangira

Mutuwu ukukamba za kafukufuku ndi njira zopangira kafukufukuyu. Gawo loyamba likuwonetsa malingaliro anthawi zonse a njira zofufuzira zomwe zilipo kuti atengerenso zambiri, komanso njira zopezera njira yabwino ya kafukufuku wina zikukambidwa. Mu gawo 2 njira ziwiri zosankhidwa ndi mfundo zomwe zili pamwambazi zikukambidwa; chimodzi mwa izi chidzasankhidwa ndikuvomerezedwa pazifukwa zomwe zafotokozedwa mundime 3 pomwe zifukwa zochotsera muyeso wina zafotokozedwanso. Gawo 4 likuwonetsa ntchito yofufuza ndi gawo 5 zomaliza.

3.1 Kafukufuku m'machitidwe azidziwitso

Kufufuza kwa machitidwe azidziwitso sikungokhudza luso lazopangapanga komanso kuyenera kukulitsidwa ndikuphatikiza zolinga zamakhalidwe ndi bungwe.
Tili ndi ngongole iyi ku mfundo za maphunziro osiyanasiyana kuyambira sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu mpaka zachilengedwe; izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa njira zingapo zofufuzira zomwe zikukhudza njira zochulukira komanso zabwino zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamakina a chidziwitso.
Njira zonse zofufuzira zomwe zilipo ndizofunika, makamaka ofufuza angapo monga Jenkins (1985), Nunamaker et al. (1991), ndi Galliers (1992) akunena kuti palibe njira yeniyeni yapadziko lonse yochitira kafukufuku m'madera osiyanasiyana a machitidwe a chidziwitso; kwenikweni njira ingakhale yoyenera pa kafukufuku wina koma osati kwa ena. Izi zikutifikitsa pakufunika kosankha njira yomwe ili yoyenera pulojekiti yathu yofufuza: pakusankha uku Benbasat et al. (1987) akunena kuti chikhalidwe ndi cholinga cha kafukufuku ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

3.1.1 Mtundu wa kafukufuku

Njira zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira zachilengedwe zitha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu odziwika bwino mu sayansi yazidziwitso: positivist, kutanthauzira, ndi kafukufuku wovuta.

3.1.1.1 Kafukufuku wa Positivist

Kafukufuku wa Positivist amadziwikanso ngati kafukufuku wasayansi kapena woyeserera. Ikufuna: "kufotokoza ndi kulosera zomwe zidzachitike m'dziko lachitukuko poyang'ana nthawi zonse ndi maubwenzi oyambitsa-zotsatira pakati pa zinthu zomwe zimapanga" (Shanks et al 1993).

Kafukufuku wa Positivist amadziwikanso ndi kubwerezabwereza, kuphweka komanso kutsutsa. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wa positivist amavomereza kukhalapo kwa ubale wapatsogolo pakati pa zochitika zomwe zaphunziridwa.
Malinga ndi Galliers (1992) taxonomy ndi njira yofufuzira yomwe ikuphatikizidwa mu positivist paradigm, yomwe ngakhale ilibe malire pa izi, kwenikweni pali zoyeserera za labotale, zoyeserera zakumunda, maphunziro amilandu, ziwonetsero za theorem, zolosera ndi zofananira. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi, ofufuza amavomereza kuti zochitika zomwe zimaphunziridwa zimatha kuwonedwa mwachidwi komanso mosamalitsa.

3.1.1.2 Kafukufuku wotanthauzira

Kafukufuku wotanthauzira, womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa phenomenology kapena anti-positivism, akufotokozedwa ndi Neuman (1994) ngati "kusanthula mwadongosolo tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha anthu kudzera pakuwunika mwachindunji komanso mwatsatanetsatane kwa anthu muzochitika zachilengedwe, kuti athe kumvetsetsa komanso kuzindikira. kutanthauzira momwe anthu amapangira ndi kusunga dziko lawo lachiyanjano ". Maphunziro otanthauzira amakana lingaliro loti zochitika zowoneka zimatha kuwonedwa mwachidwi. M'malo mwake iwo akhazikika pa kutanthauzira kokhazikika. Kuphatikiza apo, ofufuza otanthauzira samayika matanthauzo apamwamba pazochitika zomwe amaphunzira.

Njirayi imaphatikizapo maphunziro okhudzidwa / otsutsana, kafukufuku wochitapo kanthu, maphunziro ofotokozera / otanthauzira, kafukufuku wamtsogolo, ndi sewero. Kuphatikiza pa kafukufukuyu ndi kafukufuku wowerengeka angaphatikizidwe munjira iyi chifukwa akukhudzana ndi maphunziro a anthu kapena mabungwe omwe ali muzochitika zenizeni zenizeni.

3.1.1.3 Kafukufuku wovuta

Kusaka kofunikira ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri mu sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu koma posachedwapa yalandira chidwi cha ofufuza m'bwalo lazidziwitso. Lingaliro la filosofi kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapangidwa m'mbiri yakale ndikupangidwanso ndi anthu, komanso machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zochita zawo ndi machitidwe awo. Kukhoza kwawo, komabe, kumayendetsedwa ndi malingaliro angapo a chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi ndale.

Monga kafukufuku wotanthauzira, kafukufuku wovuta amatsutsa kuti kafukufuku wa positivist alibe chochita ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo amanyalanyaza zomwe zimakhudza zochita za anthu.
Kafukufuku wovuta, komano, amatsutsa kafukufuku wotanthauzira chifukwa chokhala wokonda kwambiri komanso osafuna kuthandiza anthu kusintha miyoyo yawo. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kafukufuku wovuta ndi njira zina ziwirizi ndikuwunika kwake. Ngakhale cholinga cha chikhalidwe cha positivist ndi kutanthauzira ndiko kulosera kapena kufotokozera momwe zinthu zilili kapena zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kufufuza mozama kumafuna kuunika mozama ndikusintha chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe akuphunzira.

Ofufuza ovuta nthawi zambiri amatsutsa momwe zinthu zilili kuti athetse kusiyana pakati pa anthu ndikuwongolera chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kafukufuku wovuta ali ndi kudzipereka ku ndondomeko ya zochitika za chidwi ndipo, motero, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zautali. Zitsanzo za njira zofufuzira ndi maphunziro a mbiri yakale komanso maphunziro a ethnographic. Kusaka kofunikira, komabe, sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pakufufuza kwamachitidwe azidziwitso

3.1.2 Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu

Pamodzi ndi momwe kafukufukuyu alili, cholinga chake chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsogolera wofufuzayo posankha njira inayake yofufuzira. Kuchuluka kwa pulojekiti yofufuza kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe kafukufukuyu alili pokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kafukufuku komwe kumakhala ndi magawo atatu: kumanga malingaliro, kuyesa malingaliro ndi kukonzanso malingaliro. Chifukwa chake, potengera kuchuluka kwa kafukufukuyu, ntchito yofufuza ikhoza kukhala ndi cholinga chofotokozera, chofotokozera, chofufuza, kapena cholosera.

3.1.2.1 Kafukufuku wofufuza

Cholinga cha kafukufuku wofufuza ndi kufufuza mutu watsopano ndi kupanga mafunso ndi zongopeka za kafukufuku wamtsogolo. Kafukufuku wamtunduwu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga malingaliro kuti apeze maumboni oyambira kudera latsopano. Kawirikawiri njira zofufuzira zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga maphunziro a zochitika kapena maphunziro a phenomenological.

Komabe, ndizothekanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochulukirachulukira monga kafukufuku wofufuza kapena kuyesa.

3.1.3.3 Kafukufuku wofotokozera

Kafukufuku wofotokozera apangidwa kuti azisanthula ndi kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zochitika zinazake kapena machitidwe a bungwe. Izi ndizoyenera kupanga malingaliro ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa zongopeka. Kafukufuku wofotokozera nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito miyeso ndi zitsanzo. Njira zoyenera zofufuzira zimaphatikizapo kufufuza ndi kusanthula mbiri.

3.1.2.3 Kafukufuku wofotokozera

Kafukufuku wofotokozera amayesa kufotokoza chifukwa chake zinthu zimachitika. Imamanga pa mfundo zimene zaphunziridwa kale ndipo imayesa kupeza zifukwa za mfundozo.
Choncho kafukufuku wofotokozera nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pamwamba pa kafukufuku wofufuza kapena wofotokozera ndipo amagwirizana ndi kuyesa ndi kukonzanso malingaliro. Kafukufuku wofotokozera nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro a zochitika kapena njira zofufuzira zofufuza.

3.1.2.4 Kafukufuku woteteza

Kufufuza koyambirira kumafuna kulosera zomwe zawonedwa ndi machitidwe omwe akuphunziridwa (Marshall ndi Rossman 1995). Kuneneratu ndiko kuyesa kwasayansi kowona. Kafukufuku wamtunduwu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku kapena kusanthula deta dati olemba mbiri. (Yemwe 1989)

Zokambirana pamwambapa zikuwonetsa kuti pali njira zingapo zofufuzira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa kafukufuku wina. Komabe, payenera kukhala njira yeniyeni yomwe ili yoyenera kuposa ina yamtundu wina wa kafukufuku. (Galliers 1987, Yin 1989, De Vaus 1991). Choncho, wofufuza aliyense ayenera kufufuza mosamala mphamvu ndi zofooka za njira zosiyanasiyana, kuti atengere njira yoyenera yofufuzira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi ntchito yofufuza. (Jenkins 1985, Pervan ndi Klass 1992, Bonomia 1985, Yin 1989, Himilton ndi Ives 1992).

3.2. Njira zofufuzira zomwe zingatheke

Cholinga cha polojekitiyi chinali kuphunzira zomwe mabungwe aku Australia adakumana nawo ndi i dati kusungidwa ndi chitukuko cha nyumba yosungiramo deta. tsiku kuti, pakali pano, palibe kafukufuku wokhudza malo osungiramo deta ku Australia, polojekitiyi idakali mu gawo lazofukufuku ndipo ili ndi cholinga chofufuza. Kuwona zomwe zachitika m'mabungwe aku Australia omwe akutengera kusungirako deta kumafuna kutanthauzira anthu enieni. Chifukwa chake, lingaliro la filosofi lomwe lili pansi pa polojekitiyi likutsatira kutanthauzira kwachikhalidwe.

Pambuyo pofufuza mozama za njira zomwe zilipo, njira ziwiri zofufuzira zomwe zingatheke zadziwika: kafukufuku ndi kafukufuku, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza kafukufuku (Shanks et al. 1993). Galliers (1992) amatsutsa kuyenerera kwa njira ziwirizi pa phunziroli mu taxonomy yake yokonzedwanso ponena kuti ndizoyenera kumangidwe kwamalingaliro. Magawo awiri otsatirawa akukambirana njira iliyonse mwatsatanetsatane.

3.2.1 Njira yofufuzira kafukufuku

Njira yofufuzira kafukufuku imachokera ku njira yakale yowerengera anthu. Kalembera ndi wokhudza kutolera zambiri kuchokera kwa anthu onse. Njira imeneyi ndi yokwera mtengo komanso yosatheka, makamaka ngati anthu ali ochuluka. Chifukwa chake, poyerekeza ndi kalembera, kafukufuku nthawi zambiri amayang'ana kwambiri kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso za anthu ochepa, kapena zitsanzo, za oyimira anthu (Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994). Chitsanzo chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu komwe amakokedwa, mosiyanasiyana molondola, kutengera chitsanzo, kukula, ndi njira yosankhidwa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito (Fowler 1988, Babbie 1982, Neuman 1994).

Njira yowunikirayi imatanthauzidwa ngati "zithunzi za machitidwe, zochitika kapena malingaliro pa nthawi inayake, yopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso kapena zoyankhulana, zomwe zingapangitse
anapanga” (Galliers 1992:153) [kujambula chithunzithunzi cha zochitika, zochitika kapena malingaliro pa nthawi inayake, zotengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso kapena zoyankhulana, zomwe zingapangidwe]. Kafukufuku akukhudzana ndi kusonkhanitsa zambiri zokhudza mbali zina za kafukufukuyu kuchokera kwa anthu angapo pofunsa mafunso (Fowler 1988). Mafunso awa ndi zoyankhulana, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyankhulana pamasom'pamaso ndi kuyankhulana patelefoni ndi zoyankhulana zokonzedwanso, ndi njira zosonkhanitsira. dati zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza (Blalock 1970, Nachmias ndi Nachmias 1976, Fowler 1988), zowunikira ndi kusanthula zingagwiritsidwe ntchito (Gable 1994). Mwa njira zonsezi zosonkhanitsira milungu dati, kugwiritsa ntchito mafunsowa ndi njira yotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa imatsimikizira kuti i dati

zosonkhanitsidwa zimakonzedwa ndi kusinthidwa, motero zimathandizira kagawidwe ka chidziwitso (Hwang 1987, de Vaus 1991).

Mu kusanthula dati, njira yofufuzira nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito njira zochulukira, monga kusanthula ziwerengero, koma njira zamakhalidwe abwino zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito (Galliers 1992, Pervan

ndi Klass 1992, Gable 1994). Nthawi zambiri, i dati Zosonkhanitsidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula magawo ndi machitidwe a mayanjano (Fowler 1988).

Ngakhale kufufuza nthawi zambiri kumakhala koyenera pakufufuza komwe kumakhudzana ndi funso loti 'chiyani?' (zotani) kapena zochokera ku izo, monga 'quanto' (mochuluka bwanji) ndi 'quant'è' (ndi zingati), akhoza kufunsidwa kudzera mu funso lakuti 'chifukwa chiyani' (Sonquist ndi Dunkelberg 1977, Yin 1989). Malinga ndi Sonquist and Dunkelberg (1977), kafukufuku wofufuza amayang'ana malingaliro olimba, mapulogalamu owunikira, kufotokoza kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kukulitsa machitidwe aumunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza malingaliro a anthu, mikhalidwe, zikhulupiriro, mikhalidwe, ziyembekezo komanso machitidwe akale kapena apano (Neuman 1994).

Kafukufuku amalola wofufuza kupeza maubwenzi a anthu ndipo zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowonjezereka kuposa njira zina (Sonquist ndi Dunkelberg 1977, Gable 1994). Mafukufuku amalola ofufuza kuti apeze malo ambiri komanso kuti afikire anthu ambiri omwe anafunsidwa (Blalock 1970, Sonquist ndi Dunkelberg 1977, Hwang ndi Lin 1987, Gable 1994, Neuman 1994). Pomaliza, kafukufuku angapereke chidziwitso chomwe sichipezeka kwina kulikonse kapena m'mawonekedwe ofunikira kuti aunike (Fowler 1988).

Komabe, pali zolepheretsa kuchita kafukufuku. Choyipa ndichakuti wofufuza sangapeze zambiri za chinthu chomwe aphunzira. Izi ndichifukwa choti kafukufukuyu amangochitika panthawi inayake ndipo, chifukwa chake, pali zosinthika zingapo komanso anthu omwe wofufuzayo atha.

kuphunzira (Yin 1989, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994, Denscombe 1998). Choyipa china ndi chakuti kuchita kafukufuku kungakhale kokwera mtengo kwambiri malinga ndi nthawi ndi chuma, makamaka ngati kumaphatikizapo kuyankhulana maso ndi maso (Fowler 1988).

3.2.2. Njira Yofufuzira

Njira yofufuzira yofufuzira imaphatikizapo kufufuza mozama za zochitika zinazake mkati mwa zochitika zenizeni pa nthawi yodziwika, popanda kulowererapo kwa wofufuza (Shanks & C. 1993, Eisenhardt 1989, Jenkins 1985). Makamaka njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza za ubale pakati pa zosintha zomwe zikuphunziridwa pazochitika zinazake (Galliers 1992). Kufufuzaku kungaphatikizepo milandu imodzi kapena zingapo, kutengera zomwe zafufuzidwa (Franz ndi Robey 1987, Eisenhardt 1989, Yin 1989).

Njira yofufuzira yofufuzira imatanthauzidwa ngati "kufufuza kwamphamvu komwe kumafufuza zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano, pogwiritsa ntchito magwero angapo otengedwa kuchokera kugulu limodzi kapena angapo monga anthu, magulu, kapena mabungwe" (Yin 1989). Palibe kulekanitsa momveka bwino pakati pa zochitikazo ndi zochitika zake ndipo palibe kulamulira kapena kuyesa kuyesa zosinthika (Yin 1989, Benbasat et al. 1987).

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zosonkhanitsira dati zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira yofunsira, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyang'ana mwachindunji, ndemanga za zolemba zakale, mafunso, ndemanga zolembera, ndi zoyankhulana zokonzedwa bwino. Kukhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zokolola dati, kafukufuku amalola ochita kafukufuku kuthana ndi zonsezi dati khalidwe ndi kachulukidwe nthawi yomweyo (Bonoma 1985, Eisenhardt 1989, Yin 1989, Gable 1994). Monga momwe zilili ndi njira yofufuzira, wofufuza kafukufuku amakhala ngati woyang'anira kapena wofufuza osati wochita nawo mbali mu bungwe lomwe likuphunziridwa.

Benbasat et al. (1987) akunena kuti njira yofunsira ndiyoyenera kwambiri pakumanga chiphunzitso, yomwe imayamba ndi funso lofufuza ndikupitilira maphunziro.

ya chiphunzitso panthawi yosonkhanitsa dati. Kukhalanso oyenera siteji

Franz ndi Robey (1987) akusonyeza kuti njira yofufuzira ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pa gawo la chiphunzitso chovuta. Pachifukwa ichi, kutengera umboni womwe wasonkhanitsidwa, chiphunzitso choperekedwa kapena malingaliro amatsimikiziridwa kapena kutsutsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunsa kulinso koyenera pa kafukufuku wokhudza mafunso a 'momwe' kapena 'chifukwa chiyani' (Yin 1989).

Poyerekeza ndi njira zina, kafukufuku amalola wofufuza kuti adziwe zambiri zofunikira mwatsatanetsatane (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku amalola wofufuzayo kumvetsetsa momwe zimakhalira komanso zovuta zomwe amaphunzira (Benbasat et al. 1987).

Pali zovuta zinayi zazikulu zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira yofunsira. Choyamba ndi kusowa kwa kuchotsedwa koyendetsedwa. Kugonjera kwa ofufuza kungasinthe zotsatira ndi zotsatira za phunziroli (Yin 1989). Choyipa chachiwiri ndi kusowa kwa kuyang'anira koyendetsedwa. Mosiyana ndi njira zoyesera, wofufuza wofufuza sangathe kuwongolera zochitika zomwe amaphunzira popeza amawunikidwa muzochitika zawo zachilengedwe (Gable 1994). Vuto lachitatu ndi kusowa kwa replicability. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti wofufuzayo sangaone zochitika zomwezo, ndipo sangathe kutsimikizira zotsatira za kafukufuku wina (Lee 1989). Pomaliza, monga chotsatira cha kusabwerezabwereza, n'kovuta kufotokoza zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku mmodzi kapena angapo (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Mavuto onsewa, komabe, sangagonjetsedwe ndipo akhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi wofufuza pogwiritsa ntchito zoyenera (Lee 1989).

3.3. Tsimikizirani njira yofufuzira kutengera

Kuchokera ku njira ziwiri zofufuzira zomwe zingatheke pa kafukufukuyu, njira yofufuzira imatengedwa kuti ndiyo yoyenera kwambiri. Wofufuzayo adakanidwa poganizira mosamalitsa zokhudzana nazo

zabwino ndi zofooka. Kuyang'ana kapena kusayenerera kwa njira iliyonse ya kafukufukuyu kukukambidwa pansipa.

3.3.1. Njira yofufuzira yosayenera wa kufunsa

Njira yofufuzira imafuna kuphunzira mozama za zochitika zinazake mkati mwa bungwe limodzi kapena angapo pakapita nthawi (Eisenhardt 1989). Pamenepa, nthawiyo ikhoza kupitirira nthawi yoperekedwa ya phunziroli. Chifukwa china chosatengera njira yofufuzira ndikuti zotsatira zake zitha kuvutika chifukwa chosowa kukhwima (Yin 1989). Kukhazikika kwa ofufuza kungakhudze zotsatira ndi ziganizo. Chifukwa china n'chakuti njira imeneyi ndi yoyenera pofufuza mafunso a mtundu wa 'momwe' kapena 'why' (Yin 1989), pamene funso la kafukufukuyu ndi la 'chiyani'. Pomaliza, ndizovuta kufotokoza zomwe zapeza kuchokera ku kafukufuku umodzi kapena ochepa (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Potengera izi, njira yofufuzira kafukufukuyo sinasankhidwe chifukwa ndiyosayenera pa kafukufukuyu.

3.3.2. Kusavuta kwa njira yofufuzira kufufuza

Pamene kafukufukuyu adachitidwa, mchitidwe wosungiramo deta sunatengedwe kwambiri ndi mabungwe aku Australia. Chifukwa chake, panalibe zambiri zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwawo m'mabungwe aku Australia. Zomwe zilipo zidachokera ku mabungwe omwe adakhazikitsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito a nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pachifukwa ichi, njira yofufuzira kafukufuku ndiyo yabwino kwambiri chifukwa imalola kupeza chidziwitso chomwe sichikupezeka kwina kulikonse kapena m'mawonekedwe ofunikira kuti aunike (Fowler 1988). Kuphatikiza apo, njira yofufuzira yofufuza imalola wofufuzayo kuti azitha kuzindikira bwino machitidwe, zochitika, kapena malingaliro pa nthawi yoperekedwa (Galliers 1992, Denscombe 1998). Kuwunikira mwachidule kudapemphedwa kuti tidziwitse anthu zaku Australia zosungiramo data.

Komanso, Sonquist ndi Dunkelberg (1977) akunena kuti zotsatira za kafukufuku wa kafukufuku ndizowonjezereka kuposa njira zina.

3.4. Survey Research Design

Dongosolo la kafukufuku wosungirako deta lidachitika mu 1999. Anthu omwe amawatsata anali mabungwe aku Australia omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi kafukufuku wosungirako deta, chifukwa mwina anali akudziwa kale za dati zomwe amasunga ndipo, motero, atha kupereka mfundo zothandiza pa kafukufukuyu. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuwafunawo chinadziwika ndi kafukufuku woyamba wa mamembala onse aku Australia a 'The Data Warehousing Institute' (Tdwi-aap). Gawoli likukamba za kamangidwe ka kafukufuku wa kafukufukuyu.

3.4.1. Njira yosonkhanitsa dati

Kuchokera ku njira zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kafukufuku (ie mafunso a makalata, kuyankhulana patelefoni ndi kuyankhulana kwaumwini) (Nachmias 1976, Fowler 1988, de Vaus 1991), mafunso amakalata adalandiridwa pa kafukufukuyu. Chifukwa choyamba chotengera chomalizachi ndikuti chikhoza kufikira anthu amwazikana (Blalock 1970, Nachmias and Nachmias 1976, Hwang and Lin 1987, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994). Kachiwiri, mafunso amakalata ndi oyenera ophunzira ophunzira kwambiri (Fowler 1988). Mafunso amakalata a kafukufukuyu adatumizidwa kwa othandizira pulojekiti yosungiramo deta, otsogolera ndi/kapena oyang'anira polojekiti. Chachitatu, mafunso a positi ndi oyenera ngati mndandanda wa ma adilesi otetezedwa ulipo (Salant and Dilman 1994). TDWI, pankhaniyi, bungwe lodalirika losungiramo zidziwitso linapereka mndandanda wamakalata wa mamembala ake aku Australia. Ubwino wina wa mafunso a makalata pamafunso a patelefoni kapena zofunsana nawo payekha ndikuti umalola oyankha kuyankha molondola, makamaka pamene ofunsidwa akufunika kufufuza zolemba kapena kukambirana mafunso ndi anthu ena (Fowler 1988).

Vuto lomwe lingakhalepo lingakhale nthawi yofunikira kuti mufunse mafunso ndi makalata. Kawirikawiri, zolemba zamakalata zimachitidwa motsatira ndondomeko iyi: makalata a makalata, kuyembekezera mayankho, ndi kutumiza chitsimikiziro (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989). Choncho, nthawi yonseyi ingakhale yotalikirapo kuposa nthawi yofunikira yofunsana pamasom’pamaso kapena patelefoni. Komabe, nthawi yonseyi imatha kudziwidwa pasadakhale (Fowler 1988, Descombe 1998). Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zoyankhulana sizingadziwike pasadakhale chifukwa zimasiyana kuchokera ku zokambirana mpaka kuyankhulana (Fowler 1988). Kuyankhulana kwa patelefoni kungakhale kofulumira kusiyana ndi mafunso a makalata ndi zoyankhulana zaumwini koma kungakhale ndi chiwongoladzanja chosayankhidwa chifukwa cha kusapezeka kwa anthu ena (Fowler 1988). Kuphatikiza apo, kuyankhulana patelefoni nthawi zambiri kumakhala mindandanda yaifupi ya mafunso (Bainbridge 1989).

Kufooka kwina kwa mafunso omwe amatumizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa osayankha (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989, Neuman 1994). Komabe, zotsutsana zidatengedwa mwa kugwirizanitsa phunziroli ndi malo odalirika osungiramo deta (ie TDWI) (Bainbridge 1989, Neuman 1994), yomwe imapereka makalata awiri okumbutsa kwa omwe sanayankhe (Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994) ndipo imaphatikizaponso kalata yowonjezera yofotokozera. Cholinga cha phunziroli (Neuman 1994).

3.4.2. Analysis unit

Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikupeza zambiri zokhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo osungiramo deta ndikugwiritsa ntchito m'mabungwe aku Australia. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuwafuna ndi mabungwe onse aku Australia omwe akhazikitsa, kapena akukwaniritsa, i nyumba yosungiramo deta. Mabungwe omwewo amalembedwa. Mafunsowa adatumizidwa ku mabungwe omwe akufuna kutengera nyumba yosungiramo deta. Njirayi imatsimikizira kuti zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa zimachokera kuzinthu zoyenera za bungwe lirilonse lomwe likuchita nawo.

3.4.3. Chitsanzo cha kafukufuku

Mndandanda wamakalata wa omwe adatenga nawo kafukufuku adapezeka ku TDWI. Kuchokera pamndandandawu, mabungwe a 3000 aku Australia adasankhidwa ngati maziko a sampuli. Kalata yotsatila yofotokoza za polojekitiyo ndi cholinga cha kafukufukuyu, pamodzi ndi fomu yoyankha ndi envulopu yolipiriratu pobweza mafunso omalizidwa anatumizidwa ku chitsanzocho. Mwa mabungwe 3000, 198 adavomera kutenga nawo gawo pa kafukufukuyu. Mayankho ochepa chotere anali kuyembekezera dato kuchuluka kwa mabungwe aku Australia omwe adalandira kapena kuvomereza njira yosungiramo deta mkati mwa mabungwe awo. Chifukwa chake, anthu omwe akufuna kuchita nawo kafukufukuyu ali ndi mabungwe 198 okha.

3.4.4. Zomwe zili m'mafunso

Mapangidwe a mafunso adatengera chitsanzo cha Monash chosungiramo data (chomwe chanenedwa kale mu gawo 2.3). Zomwe zili m'mafunsowa zinachokera ku ndemanga ya mabuku yomwe yaperekedwa m'mutu 2. Kope la mafunso omwe adatumizidwa kwa omwe adachita nawo kafukufuku angapezeke mu Zowonjezera B. Mafunsowo ali ndi zigawo zisanu ndi chimodzi, zomwe zikutsatira ndondomeko ya chitsanzo chomwe chafotokozedwa . Ndime XNUMX zotsatirazi zikufotokoza mwachidule zimene zili m’chigawo chilichonse.

Gawo A: Zambiri zokhudza bungwe
Gawoli lili ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi mbiri ya mabungwe omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Kuonjezera apo, ena mwa mafunsowa akukhudzana ndi momwe polojekiti yosungiramo deta ikuyendera. Zambiri zachinsinsi monga dzina la bungwe sizinaululidwe mu kafukufukuyu.

Gawo B: Yambani
Mafunso omwe ali muchigawo chino akhudzana ndikuyamba kusungirako deta. Mafunso anafunsidwa okhudza oyambitsa polojekiti, othandizira, luso lofunikira ndi chidziwitso, zolinga za chitukuko chosungiramo deta ndi zomwe ogwiritsira ntchito mapeto akuyembekezera.

Gawo C: Kupanga
Gawoli lili ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi ntchito zokonzekera nyumba yosungiramo deta. Makamaka, mafunso anali okhudza kukula kwa ntchito, nthawi ya polojekiti, mtengo wa polojekiti komanso kusanthula mtengo / phindu.

Gawo D: Chitukuko
Mu gawo lachitukuko muli mafunso okhudzana ndi ntchito zachitukuko za nyumba yosungiramo deta: kusonkhanitsa zofunikira za ogwiritsa ntchito, magwero a dati, chitsanzo chomveka cha dati, ma prototypes, kukonza luso, luso la zomangamanga ndi kusankha zida zosungiramo zosungiramo deta.

Gawo E: Ntchito
Mafunso okhudzana ndi magwiridwe antchito ndi kufalikira kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta, monga momwe zimakhalira mu gawo lotsatira la chitukuko. Apo khalidwe la deta, njira zotsitsimutsa za dati, granularity wa dati, scalability wa nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi nkhani zachitetezo nyumba yosungiramo deta anali m'gulu la mafunso omwe anafunsidwa.

Gawo F: Chitukuko
Gawoli lili ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto. Wofufuzayo anali ndi chidwi ndi cholinga ndi zofunikira za nyumba yosungiramo deta, kuunikanso ndi njira zophunzitsira zomwe zatengedwa ndi njira zowongolera za nyumba yosungiramo deta kutengera.

3.4.5. Mayankho

Ngakhale kuti kafukufuku wamakalata amatsutsidwa chifukwa chokhala ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha kuyankha, njira zachitidwa kuti ziwonjezeke kubweza (monga tafotokozera pamwambapa mu gawo 3.4.1). Mawu akuti 'response rate' amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali mu kafukufuku wina amene amayankha mafunso (Denscombe 1998). Njira yotsatirayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera kuchuluka kwa omwe adayankhidwa pa kafukufukuyu:

Chiwerengero cha anthu amene anayankha
Response rate =——————————————————————————— X 100 Chiwerengero cha mafunso otumizidwa

3.4.6. Mayeso oyendetsa ndege

Mafunsowo asanatumizidwe ku chitsanzocho, mafunsowo adayesedwa poyesa oyendetsa ndege, monga adanenera Luck and Rubin (1987), Jackson (1988) ndi de Vaus (1991). Cholinga cha mayesero oyendetsa ndege ndikuwulula mawu aliwonse ovuta, osamvetsetseka komanso mafunso ovuta kutanthauzira, kumveketsa matanthauzo ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuzindikira nthawi yomwe ikufunika kuti amalize mafunso (Warwick ndi Lininger 1975, Jackson 1988, Salant. ndi Dilman 1994). Mayesero oyendetsa ndege adachitidwa posankha maphunziro omwe ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi a maphunziro omaliza, monga momwe Davis e adafotokozera. Cosenza (1993). Mu kafukufukuyu, akatswiri asanu ndi limodzi osungira deta adasankhidwa ngati maphunziro oyendetsa. Pambuyo pa chiyeso chilichonse cha woyendetsa ndege, kuwongolera koyenera kunkachitika. Kuchokera pamayesero oyendetsa ndege omwe adachitidwa, otenga nawo mbali adathandizira kukonzanso ndikukonzanso mtundu womaliza wa mafunsowo.

3.4.7. Njira Zowunika Di Dati

I dati Deta ya kafukufuku yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera m'mafunso otsekedwa adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya chiwerengero yotchedwa SPSS. Mayankho ambiri adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zofotokozera. Mafunso angapo adabwezedwa osamaliza. Izi zachitidwa mosamala kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti i dati kusowa sikunali zotsatira za zolakwika zolembera deta, koma chifukwa mafunso sanali oyenera kwa olembetsa, kapena olembetsa adaganiza kuti asayankhe funso limodzi kapena angapo. Mayankho osowawa sananyalanyazidwe pogawa deta dati ndipo adalembedwa ngati '-9' kuti awonetsetse kuti sakuchotsedwa pazowunikira.

Pokonzekera mafunso, mafunso otsekedwa adasindikizidwa kale popereka nambala ku chisankho chilichonse. Nambalayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzitsa i dati pakuwunika (Denscombe 1998, Sapsford ndi Jupp 1996). Mwachitsanzo, panali zosankha zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe zalembedwa mu funso 1 la gawo B: board of directors, senior executive, IT department, business unit, consultants ndi ena. Mu fayilo ya dati ya SPSS, kusinthika kudapangidwa kwa 'woyambitsa projekiti', okhala ndi zilembo zisanu ndi chimodzi: '1' ya 'board', '2' ya 'maudindo akuluakulu', ndi zina zotero pa Street. Kugwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Likertin m'mafunso ena otsekedwa kudalolanso kuti tidziwike movutikira pogwiritsa ntchito manambala ofananira omwe adalowetsedwa mu SPSS. Pamafunso omwe anali ndi mayankho osakwanira, omwe sanali ophatikizana, njira iliyonse idawonedwa ngati mtundu umodzi wokhala ndi zilembo ziwiri: '1' ya 'checked' ndi '2' ya 'osasankhidwa'.

Mafunso otseguka adachitidwa mosiyana ndi mafunso otsekedwa. Mayankho a mafunsowa sanalowe mu SPSS. M’malomwake, ankafufuzidwa ndi manja. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa funso la mtundu uwu kumapangitsa kuti tipeze zambiri zokhudza malingaliro omasuka komanso zokumana nazo za omwe anafunsidwa (Bainbridge 1989, Denscombe 1998). Pamene kunali kotheka, magulu a mayankho anapangidwa.

Kwa kusanthula kwa datiNjira zowerengera zowerengera zosavuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga kuchuluka kwa mayankho, tanthauzo, kupatuka kokhazikika komanso apakatikati (Argyrous 1996, Denscombe 1998).
Kuyesa kwa Gamma kunali kothandiza kupeza miyeso ya kuchuluka kwa mayanjano pakati dati ordinals (Norusis 1983, Argyrous 1996). Mayeserowa anali oyenerera chifukwa masikelo a ordinal omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito analibe magulu ambiri ndipo amatha kuwonetsedwa patebulo (Norusis 1983).

3.5 Chidule

M'mutu uno, njira zofufuzira ndi kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu zidakambidwa.

Kusankha njira yoyenera yofufuzira pa phunziro linalake kumatengera
kuganizira malamulo angapo, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe ndi mtundu wa kafukufuku, komanso ubwino ndi zofooka za njira iliyonse yotheka (Jenkins 1985, Benbasat et al. 1097, Galliers and Land 1987, yin 1989, Hamilton ndi ives 1992, Galliers 1992, neuman 1994). Poganizira kusowa kwa chidziwitso ndi malingaliro omwe alipo okhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo osungiramo deta ku Australia, kafukufukuyu akufuna kuti pakhale njira yomasulira yomasulira yomwe ili ndi luso lofufuza kuti ifufuze zomwe mabungwe aku Australia adakumana nazo. Njira yofufuzira yosankhidwa idasankhidwa kuti asonkhanitse zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro lanyumba yosungiramo data ndi mabungwe aku Australia. Mafunso a positi adasankhidwa ngati njira yosonkhanitsira dati. Zomveka za njira yofufuzira ndi njira yosonkhanitsira dati zosankha zidzaperekedwa m'mutu uno. Kuonjezera apo, zokambirana zidaperekedwa pa gawo la kusanthula, chitsanzo chomwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchuluka kwa mayankho, zomwe zili mufunso, kuyesedwa koyambirira kwa mafunso ndi njira yowunikira. dati.

Kupanga a Nyumba yosungirako deta:

Kuphatikiza Ubale Wamagulu ndi Dimensional Modelling

ZOKHUDZA
Sitolo i dati ndi nkhani yaikulu panopa kwa mabungwe ambiri. Vuto lalikulu pakukula kwa malo osungira dati ndi mapangidwe ake.
Chojambulacho chiyenera kuthandizira kuzindikira zamaganizo muzojambula nyumba yosungiramo deta ku dongosolo la cholowa ndi magwero ena a dati komanso kumvetsetsa kosavuta komanso kothandiza pakukhazikitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Zambiri zosungiramo mabuku dati imalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a mgwirizano wamagulu kapena mawonekedwe am'mbali kuti aimirire kapangidwe kake nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Mu pepala ili tikuwonetsa momwe zoyimira zonsezi zingaphatikizidwe munjira yopangira mapangidwe a nyumba yosungiramo deta. Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mwadongosolo

kufufuzidwa mu phunziro lachidziwitso ndipo amadziwika ndi zofunikira zingapo ndi akatswiri.

DATA WAREHOUUS

Un nyumba yosungiramo deta nthawi zambiri amatanthauzidwa ngati "kusonkhanitsa deta yokhudzana ndi phunziro, yophatikizika, yosiyana ndi nthawi, komanso yosasinthasintha pothandizira zisankho za oyang'anira" (Inmon ndi Hackathorn, 1994). Nkhani zokhazikika komanso zophatikizika zikuwonetsa kuti nyumba yosungiramo deta lapangidwa kuti liwoloke malire a machitidwe a cholowa kuti apereke malingaliro ophatikizika a dati.
Kusintha kwa nthawi kumakhudza mbiri yakale kapena mndandanda wa nthawi dati mu un nyumba yosungiramo deta, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mayendedwe asanthulidwe. Zosasinthika zikuwonetsa kuti nyumba yosungiramo deta sichimasinthidwa mosalekeza ngati a Nawonso achichepere pa OLTP. M'malo mwake imasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi, ndi dati kuchokera mkati ndi kunja magwero. The nyumba yosungiramo deta idapangidwa makamaka kuti ifufuze m'malo mosintha umphumphu ndi magwiridwe antchito.
Lingaliro la kusunga i dati sichili chatsopano, chinali chimodzi mwa zolinga za kasamalidwe dati kuyambira 1982s (Il Martin, XNUMX).
I nyumba yosungiramo deta amapereka zomangamanga dati kwa machitidwe othandizira oyang'anira. Machitidwe othandizira oyang'anira akuphatikizapo machitidwe othandizira zisankho (DSS) ndi machitidwe akuluakulu a chidziwitso (EIS). DSS ndi makina azidziwitso apakompyuta omwe adapangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito komanso kupanga zisankho zamunthu. EIS nthawi zambiri ndi njira yobweretsera dati zomwe zimathandiza oyendetsa bizinesi kuti azitha kuwona mosavuta dati.
Kamangidwe kake ka a nyumba yosungiramo deta ikuwonetsa udindo wa nyumba yosungiramo deta mu chithandizo cha utsogoleri. Kuwonjezera kupereka zomangamanga dati kwa EIS ndi DSS, al nyumba yosungiramo deta imatha kupezeka mwachindunji kudzera mu mafunso. THE dati kuphatikizidwa mu a nyumba yosungiramo deta zimachokera ku kusanthula kwa zofunikira za kasamalidwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kabwino kake THE dati m'machitidwe amkati amkati nthawi zambiri amakhala osowa, osagwirizana, otsika, ndipo amasungidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana kotero ayenera kuyanjanitsidwa ndi kutsukidwa asanalowedwe mu

nyumba yosungiramo deta (Inmon, 1992; McFadden, 1996). THE dati kuchokera ku machitidwe osungira dati ad hoc komanso kuchokera ku magwero dati zakunja zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera (kusintha, kusintha) i dati kuchokera ku machitidwe a cholowa.

Pali zifukwa zambiri zopangira a nyumba yosungiramo deta(Ives 1995), kuthandizira kuyang'ana pazochitika zonse (Graham 1996), ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira zisankho. dati kwa EIS ndi DSS (Graham 1996, McFadden 1996).

Kafukufuku waposachedwa wapeza, pa avareji, kubweza kwa ndalama kwa i nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi 401% pambuyo pa zaka zitatu (Graham, 1996). Komabe, maphunziro ena ampirical a nyumba yosungiramo deta anapeza mavuto aakulu kuphatikizapo kuvutika kuyeza ndi kugawa zopindulitsa, kusowa kwa cholinga chomveka bwino, kupeputsa kukula ndi zovuta za kasungidwe. dati, makamaka ponena za magwero ndi ukhondo wa dati. Sitolo i dati ikhoza kuonedwa ngati njira yothetsera vuto la kasamalidwe dati pakati pa mabungwe. Kusintha kwa dati monga chithandizo cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chakhala chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu pakuwongolera machitidwe azidziwitso padziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka zambiri (Brancheau et al. 1996, Galliers et al. 1994, Niederman et al. 1990, Pervan 1993).

Njira yotchuka yoyendetsera dati m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi atatu kunali chitukuko cha chitsanzo dati chikhalidwe. Chitsanzo dati social idapangidwa kuti ipereke maziko okhazikika akupanga machitidwe atsopano ogwiritsira ntchito e Nawonso achichepere ndi kukonzanso ndi kuphatikiza machitidwe olowa (Brancheau et al.

1989, Goodhue et al. 1988: 1992, Kim ndi Everest 1994). Komabe, pali mavuto angapo ndi njira iyi, makamaka, zovuta ndi mtengo wa ntchito iliyonse, ndi nthawi yayitali yofunikira kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira zooneka (Beynon-Davies 1994, Earl 1993, Goodhue et al. 1992, Periasamy 1994, Shanks 1997) ).

Il nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi nkhokwe yosiyana yomwe imakhalapo limodzi ndi nkhokwe za mbiri yakale m'malo molowa m'malo. Choncho amakulolani kutsogolera kasamalidwe ka dati ndi kupewa kumanganso zodula za dongosolo lakale.

NJIRA ZOMWE ZINALIPO MPAKA TSIKU ZOjambula

NYUMBA YOSUNGIRA

Ndondomeko yomanga ndi kukonza a nyumba yosungiramo deta ziyenera kumveka bwino ngati njira yachisinthiko m'malo mwa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha moyo (Chikhumbo, 1995, Shanks, O'Donnell ndi Arnott 1997a). Pali njira zambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta monga kuyambitsa, kukonzekera; zidziwitso zopezedwa kuchokera ku zomwe zafunsidwa kuchokera kwa oyang'anira kampani; magwero, kusintha, kuyeretsa kwa dati ndi kulunzanitsa kuchokera ku machitidwe a cholowa ndi magwero ena dati; njira zobweretsera zomwe zikuchitika; kuwunika kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta; ndi kupanda nzeru kwa chisinthiko ndi kumanga a nyumba yosungiramo deta (Stinchi, O'Donnell ndi Arnott 1997b). M'magazini ino, timayang'ana kwambiri momwe tingajambule i dati kusungidwa munkhani ya njira zina izi. Pali njira zingapo zopangira zopangira makanema nyumba yosungiramo deta m'mabuku (Inmon 1994, Ives 1995, Kimball 1994, McFadden 1996). Iliyonse mwa njirazi ili ndi ndemanga mwachidule ndikuwunika mphamvu zawo ndi zofooka zawo.

Inmon's (1994) Njira ya Nyumba yosungirako deta Design

Inmon (1994) adapereka njira zinayi zobwerezabwereza kuti apange a nyumba yosungiramo deta (onani Chithunzi 2). Chinthu choyamba ndi kupanga template dati social kuti amvetse momwe i dati zitha kuphatikizidwa m'malo ogwirira ntchito mkati mwa bungwe pogawa i dati sitolo m'madera. Chitsanzo dati amapangidwa kuti asungidwe dati zokhudzana ndi kupanga zisankho, kuphatikiza dati mbiri, ndi kuphatikiza dati kuchotsedwa ndikuphatikizidwa. Gawo lachiwiri ndikuzindikira magawo omwe akuyenera kuchitika. Izi zimachokera pa zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe linalake. Gawo lachitatu ndi kujambula a Nawonso achichepere pa gawo la phunziroli, perekani chidwi kwambiri pakuphatikiza milingo yoyenera ya granularity. Inmon amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bungwe ndi ubale. Gawo lachinayi ndikuzindikira makina oyambira dati zofunika ndikukhazikitsa njira zosinthira kujambula, kuyeretsa ndi kupanga mawonekedwe i dati.

Mphamvu za njira ya Inmon ndizo chitsanzo dati chikhalidwe amapereka maziko a kusakanikirana kwa dati mkati mwa bungwe ndikuthandizira kukonza mapulani obwerezabwereza nyumba yosungiramo deta. Zoyipa zake ndizovuta komanso mtengo wopanga mawonekedwe dati chikhalidwe, zovuta kumvetsa zitsanzo za mabungwe ndi maubale ntchito zitsanzo zonse, kuti dati social ndi kuti dati kusungidwa ndi gawo la phunziro, ndi kuyenerera kwa dati cha kujambula kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta za kukwaniritsidwa kwa Nawonso achichepere zachibale koma osati za Nawonso achichepere multidimensional.

Ives' (1995) Njira ya Nyumba yosungirako deta Design

Ives (1995) akupereka njira zinayi zopangira chidziwitso chomwe akukhulupirira kuti chimagwira ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta (onani Chithunzi 3). Njirayi imachokera ku Information Engineering pakupanga machitidwe a chidziwitso (Martin 1990). Chinthu choyamba ndicho kudziwa zolinga zanu, kupambana ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri, ndi zizindikiro zazikulu za ntchito. Njira zazikulu zamabizinesi ndi zidziwitso zofunikira zimapangidwira kutitsogolera ku chitsanzo dati chikhalidwe. Gawo lachiwiri likukhudza kupanga kamangidwe kake dati kusungidwa ndi magawo, Nawonso achichepere di nyumba yosungiramo deta, zida zaukadaulo zomwe zimafunikira, gulu lothandizira labungwe lomwe likufunika kukhazikitsa ndikugwira ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta. Gawo lachitatu limaphatikizapo kusankha mapulogalamu ofunikira ndi zida. Gawo lachinayi ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kamangidwe ka nyumba yosungiramo deta. Ives amalemba kuti asungidwe dati ndi njira yobwerezabwereza.

Mphamvu za njira ya Ives ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chaukadaulo kuti mudziwe zofunikira za chidziwitso, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika yothandizira kuphatikiza nyumba yosungiramo deta, hardware yoyenera ndi kusankha mapulogalamu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zoimira kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Zolakwa zake ndi zachibadwa mu zovuta. Zina ndizovuta kupanga milingo yambiri Nawonso achichepere zonse'interno del nyumba yosungiramo deta pa nthawi yoyenera komanso mtengo wake.

Kimball's (1994) Njira ya Nyumba yosungirako deta Design

Kimball (1994) adapereka njira zisanu zobwerezabwereza popanga a nyumba yosungiramo deta (onani Zithunzi 4). Njira yake imaperekedwa makamaka pa kujambula kwa solo nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zowoneka bwino m'malo mwa mabungwe ndi maubwenzi. Kimball amasanthula zitsanzo zamtunduwu chifukwa ndizosavuta kuti atsogoleri amabizinesi amvetsetse bizinesi, zimakhala zogwira mtima pokambirana ndi zovuta, komanso kapangidwe kake. Nawonso achichepere thupi limagwira ntchito bwino (Kimball 1994). Kimball amavomereza kuti kupanga a nyumba yosungiramo deta ndizobwerezabwereza, ndipo izo nyumba yosungiramo deta opatukana akhoza kuphatikizidwa kupyolera mu kugawa mu matebulo a miyeso wamba.

Gawo loyamba ndikuzindikira gawo la phunziro lomwe liyenera kukonzedwa bwino. Njira yachiwiri ndi yachitatu imakhudza mawonekedwe a dimensional. Mu sitepe yachiwiri miyeso imazindikiritsa zinthu zomwe zimakonda pa phunzirolo ndikuziika mu tebulo lowona. Mwachitsanzo, mu gawo lazogulitsa zinthu zomwe zimakonda zingaphatikizepo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zogulitsidwa ndi dola ngati ndalama zogulitsa. Njira yachitatu ikukhudza kuzindikira miyeso yomwe ndi njira zomwe mfundo zingasankhidwe m'magulu. Pankhani yogulitsa, miyeso yoyenera ingaphatikizepo chinthu, malo, ndi nthawi. Tebulo lodziwikiratu lili ndi fungulo la magawo angapo kuti lilumikize ku tebulo lililonse la miyeso ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi zowona zambiri. Mosiyana ndi izi, ma dimension tables ali ndi chidziwitso chofotokozera za miyeso ndi zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mfundo. Zowona zomwe zikuphatikizidwa ndi tebulo la miyeso zimapanga zomwe zimatchedwa nyenyezi schema chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake. Gawo lachinayi likukhudza kupanga a Nawonso achichepere multidimensional kuti akwaniritse bwino chitsanzo cha nyenyezi. Gawo lomaliza ndikuzindikira makina oyambira dati zofunika ndikukhazikitsa njira zosinthira kujambula, kuyeretsa ndi kupanga mawonekedwe i dati.

Kulimba kwa njira ya Kimball kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zoimira i dati zosungidwa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzimvetsetsa ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe abwino. Chitsanzo cha dimensional chomwe chimagwiritsanso ntchito machitidwe onsewa mosavuta Nawonso achichepere mgwirizano ukhoza kukhala wangwiro kapena machitidwe Nawonso achichepere multidimensional. Zolakwika zake zimaphatikizapo kusowa kwa njira zina zothandizira kukonzekera kapena kuphatikizika kwa nyenyezi zambiri mkati mwa a nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi kuvutika kwa kupanga kuchokera ku mawonekedwe osasunthika kwambiri mu mawonekedwe a dimensional a dati m'madongosolo achilengedwe.

McFadden's (1996) Njira ya Data Warehouse Design

McFadden (1996) akupereka njira zisanu zojambulira a nyumba yosungiramo deta (onani Chithunzi 5).
Njira yake imachokera ku kaphatikizidwe ka malingaliro kuchokera m'mabuku ndipo imayang'ana pa mapangidwe amodzi nyumba yosungiramo deta. Gawo loyamba likukhudza kusanthula zofunikira. Ngakhale ukadaulo sunatchulidwe, zolemba za McFadden zimazindikira mabungwe dati mafotokozedwe ndi mawonekedwe awo, ndipo amalozera owerenga Watson ndi Frolick (1993) kuti agwire zofunikira.
Mu sitepe yachiwiri, chitsanzo cha ubale wa bungwe chikujambulidwa nyumba yosungiramo deta kenako amavomerezedwa ndi oyang'anira kampani. Gawo lachitatu likukhudza kuwunika mapu kuchokera kuzinthu zakale ndi magwero akunja a nyumba yosungiramo deta. Gawo lachinayi likukhudza njira zopangira, kutumiza ndi kuyanjanitsa dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pamapeto pake, kuperekedwa kwadongosolo kumapangidwa ndikugogomezera mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito. McFadden akunena kuti zojambulazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobwerezabwereza.

Ubwino wa njira ya McFadden ndikutenga nawo gawo kwa atsogoleri abizinesi pakuzindikira zofunikira komanso kufunikira kwa zinthu. datikuyeretsa ndi kusonkhanitsa kwawo. Zolakwika zake ndi kusowa kwa njira yogawanitsa ntchito yayikulu nyumba yosungiramo deta m'magawo ambiri ophatikizika, ndi apo

Kuvutikira kumvetsetsa za bungwe ndi maubwenzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyumba yosungiramo deta.

Sikuti ndi iwo okha omwe ali pafupi nafe omwe amatisankha.