Database Management Systems & DBMSs

Nhoroondo yeruzivo rwemichina mumasangano

Makambani anotanga kushandisa otomatism nemichina kunyangwe kusati kwasvika makomputa, semuenzaniso pakutanga kwema1900 michina yakashandiswa kuronga hofisi yekunyoresa kuburikidza nemakadhi akarairwa uye nzira dzekusarudza, kana kupfupisa ruzivo uye maakaundi, senge Tabulating. kana Accounting Machines.

International Business Machines, IBM, yakaberekerwa muchikamu ichi: pakutanga yakatengesa mabhidhiri maitiro, ayo aiitwa kane zviuru pamwedzi; saka pakanga paine masisitimu ekugadzira mainvoice, asi kwete ekutungamira: nhamba hadzina kuitwa uye pakanga pasina nzvimbo yekuchengetera mavhoriyamu makuru. dati.

A metà degli anni 30 e degli anni 40, tre gruppi di lavoro principali lavorano sui calcolatori elettronici programmabili: Alan Turing in Inghilterra, con l’obiettivo di realizzare un sistema di crittazione per scopi bellici, Konrad Zuse in Germania (da alcuni reputato il vero inventore del calcolatore elettronico) e John von Neumann con il team dell’ENIAC in America. Gli americani in particolare hanno avuto il merito, dopo la guerra, di vedere un ruolo dei calcolatori all’interno delle organizzazioni e di introdurli quindi in questi ambienti.

Pfungwa yekarukureta inorongwa, zvisinei, yakatangira nguva iyi: nechekare pakati pemakore ekuma1800 Charles Babbage akanga agadzira muchina wemuchina wekuita masvomhu, "injini yakasiyana". Muchina uyu, zvisinei, wakakanganiswa nematambudziko emuchina uye hauna kumbovakwa neBabbage (chigadzirwa zvinoenderana nemagadzirirwo ekutanga chakapedzwa muna 1991, Science Museum mu. London) Babbage yakazogadzira "analytic engine", muchina wakatonyanya kuomarara, waishandisa makadhi akabhowa, uye waikwanisa kurongedzerwa pamadiro. Yakanga iine arithmetic units, flow control uye memory: yaive yekutanga dhizaini yeTuring-yakazara komputa.

Pakupera kwema50s zvakaonekwa kuti komputa yaigona kushandiswa mubhizinesi uye hutungamiriri hwehurumende, iyo sangano iri raitambura nehuwandu hukuru hwe. dati. Nekuda kwemitengo yakakwira, masangano makuru chete uye nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa (senge nzvimbo) uye mauto aikwanisa kutenga karukureta.

Mumakore ekuma60, tekinoroji yeruzivo yakazopinda mumakambani nenzira yakapararira zvakare nekuda kwebasa reIBM, iyo yakagadzira yekutanga mainframe, iyo System/360 (1964), yakagadzirirwa kuve nekupararira kwakanyanya mumasangano epakati/makuru enguva iyoyo. .

In quell’epoca anche in Italia vi era una produzione di calcolatori elettronici per le organizzazioni, grazie ad Olivetti. Quest’azienda era composta da due gruppi di lavoro: a Pisa iyo yekufungidzira uye yemuviri dhizaini yemuchina yakaitwa, muIvrea pakanga paine nzvimbo yekutengesa yekutengesa uye kudyidzana nemutengi. Kuvandudzwa kwemakomputa, munguva ino, kwaive kunetsa uye kushanya, sezvo maitiro ebudiriro akange asati avepo ayo akavimbisa kugadzirwa kwemichina inonyanya kushandiswa.

Nekufamba kwenguva matekinoroji aya akapararira uye komputa yakava nzira yekushandisa nayo ruzivo rwese rwaigona kukodha.

Nhasi, zvichienzaniswa nemakore makumi mana apfuura, komputa yakachinja zvakanyanya. Pakave nekuvandudzwa kwakawanda kubva panguva yemakadhi akaroverwa, asi zvinosuruvarisa kwave kunewo matambudziko asingadzivisiki anokonzerwa neshanduko iyo tsvarakadenga inoda. Parizvino, pese patinounza shanduko tinofanirwa kubata nehunyanzvi huripo (nhaka), kazhinji isina kunyorwa zvakanaka kana isina kunyorwa zvachose, kufungidzira kubatanidzwa uye nguva dzekutama, kudhumhana nekushomeka kwevashandisi.

Musangano remubatanidzwa mune dhiraivha yakanangana nekuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa kwemakomputa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Inonyanya kudzvanywa ndiyo yakawanda yakawanda ye dati kubata, kazhinji isina kurongeka ruzivo, uye kudikanwa kwekuita kudzokorora kana kwakaoma kuverenga.

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