Dhatabhesi Management Sisitimu uye mubatanidzwa

Pa peji ino tinoda kutaura nezve: "Kure kure DBA pakati pemakambani nenzira yemubatanidzwa”

Nakidzwa nekuverenga.

Chikamu 1 che2

Pre-ruzivo

SOURCE : Claudio VENTURINI

MUSORO : Dhizaini nekuvandudza kwe Dhata Warehouse munzvimbo yekushandira pamwe

Mutauri: Dr. Andrea MAURINO

Mutariri: Dr. Angelo SIRONI

Zvidimbu zveClaudio Venturini's degree thesis yakapihwa Stefano Fantin naAndrea Maurino, purofesa weyunivhesiti paYunivhesiti yeStudies, anoitwa kuti awanikwe nekuda kweruzivo. Milan Bicocca, sekuverenga uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa.

Kubatana: matambudziko eIT

Muchiitiko chekushandira pamwe kune masangano maviri kana anopfuura anoshanda muutongi hwemakwikwi mukati meimwe musika, uye izvo zvakadaro zvinoda kushandira pamwe mune zvimwe zvikamu zvebhizinesi. Zvikonzero zvinogona kusiyana uye zvakakakavadzana zvakanyanya nekutsvaga mune zvehupfumi, kutungamira kwesangano uye manejimendi eruzivo.

Kazhinji, hukama hwekubatana pakati pevatambi vakasiyana hunogona kusimbiswa nekuda kwevatori vechikamu ivo pachavo, kana kuisirwa nevechitatu mapato. Muchiitiko chekutanga, vatambi vanozivisa mukubatana mukana wekuwana mabhenefiti akafanana, ayo hapana kana mumwe wavo angawana mune inokwikwidza chete mamiriro. Muenzaniso ndeyekuchinjana kweruzivo nechinangwa chekuvandudza kunaka kwezvigadzirwa kana masevhisi anopihwa vatengi. Muchiitiko chechipiri, zvisinei, mamiriro acho anotarisa mutambi wechitatu, ane simba rekumanikidza kana kukurudzira kuchinjana kwemashoko pakati pevatori vechikamu. Chiitiko chakajairika ndechekuti mamwe masangano anosungirwa nemutemo kutora chikamu muhurongwa hwekushandira pamwe.

Kubva pane maonero eIT, kubatanidzwa kunoratidzwa nechokwadi chokuti vateereri vanobatanidzwa vanofanira kuchinjana ruzivo, pasina zvakadaro kunyatsobatanidza hurongwa hwavo hwemashoko. Kutsinhana kweruzivo urwu kunofanirwa kudzorwa zvakanaka, sezvo kubatirana kunogona kubatsira chete kana chikamu chemubatanidzwa chehukama chinopa mabhenefiti kune vese vatori vechikamu, uye nekudaro hazviunze makwikwi akanakira mutambi wega. Matambudziko akanyanya kukosha kubva pakuona kwekuvandudzwa kwesoftware system inoita iyi yekubatanidza munzvimbo yemubatanidzwa saka ndeaya anotevera:

Kuzivikanwa kweruzivo runofanira kugovaniswa Kunzwisisa kuti ndeupi ruzivo rwunoda kuchinjaniswa uye nekudaro rwakabatanidzwa, kuitira kuti rubatsire kuzere kwemasangano anobatanidzwa.

Maitiro ekubatanidza anosarudza maitiro akakodzera ekuita kubatanidzwa, zvese maererano nehurongwa hunofanirwa kuteverwa uye maererano nemashandisirwo ezvivakwa uye masisitimu. Iyi nzvimbo inosanganisirawo matambudziko ane chekuita nekugadziriswa kwezvingangoitika zvisingaenderane semantic pakati peruzivo rwunobva kumasangano akasiyana.

Scalability nhamba yemasangano anobatanidzwa mumubatanidzwa anogona kunge ari muhurongwa hwemakumi mazhinji, uye anosiyana nekufamba kwenguva: saka zvinodikanwa kuti dhizaini iwedzere scalable kuitira kuti inoenderana. dati inogona kubatanidzwa muhurongwa nekureruka.

Flexibility kubatanidzwa kweakasiyana masisitimu eruzivo kunowedzera mukana wekuti kana imwe yadzo ichachinja munguva pfupi. Izvi zvingangove zvakakwirira zvakanyanya kusanganiswa kweruzivo masisitimu, uye inomiririra dambudziko pamusoro pezvese kana huwandu hweruzivo rwakagovaniswa huchikwira. Iyo sisitimu saka inofanirwa kukwanisa kuita nekukurumidza kune shanduko mune dzakasiyana siyana dzakabatanidzwa ruzivo masisitimu.

Chengetedzo inovimbisa kuchengetedzwa kweruzivo rwakaburitswa, kuburikidza neakakodzera nzira dzekutonga

Kuvanzika kunovimbisa kuvanzika kweruzivo rwakaburitswa, kuitira kudzivirira mumwe wevatambi kuti asazive ruzivo rwakadzama rwemamwe masangano, semuenzaniso kuburikidza nekurwiswa kusinganzwisisike. Kunyanya, zvinodikanwa kuwana chiyero chakakodzera pakati pekubatsira kwe dati kugovaniswa, nechinangwa chekuita ongororo yekuongorora, uye nhanho yekuvanzika inodiwa.

Properties of  dati  apo i  dati  zvinobudiswa, sangano rine ngozi yokutadza kuzvidzora. Dambudziko iri rinopesvedzerwa zvakanyanya nekuvapo kwevatatu, uye nedanho rekuvimba iro masangano anobatanidzwa

vanokudzosera. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, chokwadi, iyi yechitatu bato bato rinogona kutora chigaro chekutonga dati shared.

Kugadzirisa matambudziko aya, IT inofanira kutanga yaona zvivakwa, mapuratifomu uye matekinoroji anodiwa kubatanidza uye kuchinjana ruzivo. Chechipiri, inofanirwa kutsanangura yakaringana budiriro modhi, kunyanya maererano nezvinodiwa zvekuunganidza chikamu. Mune zvinotevera isu tichaongorora zvakadzama kuti zvinogoneka sei kugutsa zvinodiwa zvinoratidzwa mune chaiyo nyaya yekuvandudzwa kweiyo data warehousing system.

DW inowanzo shandiswa pakuwongorora kwehuwandu hwezviitiko zvinofarirwa nebhizinesi resangano, sekutengesa, kutenga kana nhanho dzenhaka. Nekuda kweizvozvo, inobata neruzivo rwemhando yenhamba, senge huwandu hwechigadzirwa kana mitengo. Kuita izvi, DW inoronga ruzivo nenzira yekuti inogona kushandiswa nemazvo kuita ongororo yezvinangwa zvekutsigira sarudzo. THE dati ivo vanotorwa kubva kune zvakasiyana-siyana mukati mesangano, uye vakabatanidzwa vachishandisa imwe yemaitiro ekubatanidza, kuitira kuti vawane maonero akabatana. Munguva yechikamu ichi vanogonawo kuita chirongwa chekuchenesa, pamagumo avo vanobatanidzwa muDW.

DW inoshandiswa nevashandisi pamatanho akasiyana. Masangano epamusoro anoishandisa kuongorora kwakaomarara kweakasiyana maficha ebhizinesi, kuitira kutsigira sarudzo dzavo.

Vamwe vashandisi vanogona kuishandisa kungoita nguva nenguva mishumo, iyo dzimwe nguva inogona kuitwa pachena kunze kwesangano.

MuDW yakagadziridzwa munzvimbo yekubatana, iyo chete masosi e dati ndeemasangano akasiyana, uye akabatanidzwa kuitira kuona zviitiko zvisingabatanidzi vanhu vamwe nevamwe asi vese vatori vechikamu. .

cooperatives Dhata Warehouse  (CDW) :

iyo system haina kushandiswa mukati mesangano chete. Pane zvinopesana, iyo system yakavhurika, uye inogona kupa ruzivo kumhando dzakasiyana dzevashandisi:

iwo masangano mamwechete anobatanidzwa mukubatana, izvo zvinokwanisa kuwana maonero akajeka emusika wavanoshanda nawo.

hutungamiri hwehurumende, iyo inogona kukumbira dati kuitira kuita mabasa ekutonga

vagari nevatengi kuitira kuti cheni yekugadzira ive pachena.

Kudyidzana, Kukwikwidzana, Kudyidzana

Mumakore achangopfuura vamwe vanyori vakasimbisa kukosha kwemaitiro ekubatana kwekugadzira kukosha mukati mebhizinesi.

Kuburikidza nedzidziso yemutambo zvinogoneka kuenzanisira nemasvomhu maitiro evatambi vebhizinesi kuti vadzidze sarudzo dzavo dzehunyanzvi. Mumutambo mukwikwidzi wega wega anoshandisa nzira dzekusarudza mafambiro ekutora padanho rega rega. Kubatsira kwekufamba kunotsanangurwa nebasa remubairo, iro rinobatanidza kukosha kwenhamba kune imwe neimwe kufamba kunoitwa neanotora chikamu. Kazhinji mubairo unomiririra kuwana kana kurasikirwa kwemari, uye nokudaro inogona kuva a

kukosha kwakashata. Chinangwa chevatambi ndechekuwedzera huwandu hwemibairo inowanikwa panguva dzakasiyana dzemitambo.

Pasina kupinda muruzivo rwekumiririrwa kwemasvomhu, iwo matatu mamiriro emakwikwi, kushandira pamwe nekubatana anogona kuratidzwa sezvizvi:

Makwikwi Muchiitiko ichi chemutambo, kuhwina kwakabhadharwa kune mumwe wevatambi kunoenderana nekurasikirwa kwakafanana kweanopikisa, uye nokudaro tinogona kutaura nezve zero-sum game. Zviri pachena kuti mumhando iyi yemutambo mabasa emubairo evatori vechikamu vakasiyana-siyana ari mukupesana kukuru kune mumwe nemumwe: saka hapana chisikwa chaicho chekukosha, asi pane kuendesa kukosha pakati pevatambi.

Kudyidzana Masangano anobatanidzwa anofambiswa nezvido zvinoshanduka, uye zvinoonekwa nemabasa anobvumiranwa anopa mibairo. Kazhinji, kudyidzana kunobva pahukama hwekuvimbana, nenzira inopesana zvachose nezvinoitika mumakwikwi. Ichi chinyorwa

inogona kumiririrwa nemutambo wakanaka wemari, umo kusikwa kwemutengo kunogoneka uye kunonyanya kuenderana kana vatambi vachitora zano rine chinangwa chekutsvaga zvinofarirwa nevakawanda: izvi zvinoumba kusarudziro yakasimba pakutora maitiro ane mukana. .

Kushandirapamwe Chirevo chekubatana inyaya yakasanganiswa umo vatori vechikamu vanotsvaga zvimwe zvinongo shandura zvido. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, zvinopesana nezvinoitika mukushandira pamwe, chinonyanya kufarirwa nesangano hachisi

yakanyatsoenderana nekufarira kwevamwe vatori vechikamu mumutambo. Naizvozvo hapana hukama hwekuvimbana kwakazara pakati pevatambi: zvakapesana zvinogoneka kuti basa remubairo revamwe vevatambi rinofarira maitiro ane mukana. Zvinhu izvi zvinoreva kuti mutambo unoratidzwa nechimiro chakanaka asi chakasiyana-siyana chemari, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kune zvakajairika pakati pevatori vechikamu, asi zvisingaite zvakaenzana. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mamiriro ekusava nechokwadi anomuka nekuda kwekuti vatambi havana nzira yekufungidzira mabhenefiti avanogona kuwana kubva mukubatana kwekutanga. Kusavimbika uku kunogona kutungamira kune mukana, zvichizoderedza kutora chikamu mukushandira pamwe.

Chero zvazvingaitika, ongororo dzinogoneka dzinofanirwa kungogumira kune ese emasangano anobatanidzwa, uye nekudaro haifanire kusanganisira i dati mumwe chete wavo.

Coopetition kubva kune IT maonero

Mutual benefit Kudyidzana pakati pevadyidzani vaviri kana kupfuura kuitira kuti muwane mabhenefiti. Mhosva chaiyo ibasa rekutenderera pasirese rinopihwa nemakambani enharembozha, ayo anokwikwidza kukwezva vatengi, asi panguva imwe chete batiranai vimbiso yekuwana nharembozha kune dzimwe nyika zvakare, tichigovanisa mihoro inowaniswa nefon traffic traffic. Vashandi vanofanira kushandisa Call Detail Rekodha nzira dzekuchinjana, uye kubatanidza masisitimu ekubhadharisa. Wechipiri muenzaniso ndeye otomatiki yekubhadhara masevhisi emota muhoro, seTelepass. Kunyangwe iyo Italian motorway network iri yemakambani akati wandei anokwikwidza, anoshandira pamwe kuitira kupa iyo Telepass sevhisi pane network yese. Zvakare kuyerera kunoramba kuripo kunodiwa dati pakati pemasangano akasiyana-siyana ekugadzirisa zvikwereti zvekadhi rechikwereti zvevatyairi.

Stakeholder con il potere di forzare la coopetizione In alcuni scenari  di  busi- ness si ha la presenza di uno stakeholder con potere a sufficienza per instaurare    un rapporto di cooperazione tra altri stakeholder in competizione tra loro. Un scenario  di  questo  tipo  si  è  creato  in  Italia  in  seguito  all’istituzione  della  Borsa Continua Nazionale del Lavoro (BCNL), un portale web con l’obiettivo di favorire l’incontro tra domanda e offerta di lavoro. In questo caso lo Stato ha imposto per legge alle varie agenzie di job placement pubbliche e private di cooperare mettendo a disposizione nel portale alcune informazioni dei profili dei richiedenti lavoro che esse gestiscono.  Un secondo esempio è quello del parallel sourcing, modello tipico    di approvvigionamento di materiale nell’industria automobilistica giapponese [?]. In questo caso un’organizzazione si rifornisce di materiale da più fornitori differen-    ti, mantenendo il rapporto con ciascuno per un lungo periodo. Questo garantisce una fornitura costante di materiale e contribuisce a creare una forte competizione tra i fornitori. Tuttavia essi sono anche obbligati a scambiare conoscenza tra loro relativamente ai problemi di produzione e alle relative soluzioni.

Statistical Information Systems Iyo Public Administration, kana makambani makuru, anogona kusarudza kubatanidza masisitimu avo eruzivo kuitira kuti ave neruzivo rwune chekuita nehuwandu hwevanhu, nechinangwa chekutsigira sarudzo uye ongororo yehuwandu.

Kubatanidzwa kwehurongwa hwemashoko evatori vechikamu kunoshandura mukuvakwa kwefederated information system, iyo inobvumira kuchinjana kwemashoko pakati pemasangano anobatanidzwa. Pakati pematambudziko makuru muzvirongwa zvekuvaka kupfuura izvi

State of the art

Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekubatana, pane zvechokwadi nyaya dzesangano. Ongororo yekutanga mupfungwa iyi yakaitwa nechinangwa chekuongorora kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokonzeresa kubudirira kana kukundikana kweprojekiti, kutsanangura nhoroondo dzevatambi vanobatanidzwa muhurongwa hwekubatanidza, kurongedza maitiro angangodaro avanogona kutora, uye pakupedzisira. kuziva zvikamu zvakakosha mukuvakwa kwegadziriro.

Mupurojekiti yekuvaka yakabatana ruzivo system, pamubatanidzwa, vatambi vanotevera vanogona kuzivikanwa:

Coopetition board committee Komiti ine basa rekusimudzira kushandira pamwe nekuita semurevereri pakati pemasangano anobatanidzwa uye kuronga chirongwa.

Mugadziri wezvisarudzo Seti yemaneja emasangano akasiyana anobatanidzwa, ane simba rekusarudza kuti ndeapi dhigirii rekukosha kugovera kupurojekiti uye nekudaro kuti vangani zviwanikwa zvekugovera.

Coopetition Process Basa Rakakosha (CPKR) Chikwata chevanhu chesangano rimwe nerimwe rine chekuita nekuyananisa sangano nekomiti yebhodhi remubatanidzwa, kuitira kuti mubatanidzwa uitwe. Ivo vanowanzova vanhu vari pasi pevanoita sarudzo, asi vane pesvedzero huru mumubatanidzwa.

Vanyori vanosimbisa kuti mune dzimwe nguva kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvepurojekiti zvingave zvakakosha kupindira pamabhizinesi esangano, kunyanya kana zvichidikanwa kugadzirisa matambudziko emhando.  dati. Kugadziridza kwavo zvakare ibasa rinodhura, uye nekudaro zvinodikanwa kuti vanoita sarudzo vanzwisise zvizere huwandu hwehuwandu hwakawedzerwa hunounzwa nekutanga kusangano. Zvikasadaro ivo havazove vanoda kuisa mari yakakwana, maererano nemari yevanhu uye yemari. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kubatanidzwa kunosimbiswa nevechitatu mapato.

Basa remaCPKR rakakosha pakubudirira kweprojekiti, sezvo vane basa rekuita kuti mubatanidzwa ugoneke nekumisa mafambisirwo anodiwa pakati pesangano nenyika dzekunze. Yakajairika nyaya yeCPKR ndivo matekiniki edhipatimendi reIT, vanofanirwa kugadzirira hardware uye mapuratifomu esoftware anodiwa kubvumidza kutaurirana kwesangano nemubatanidzwa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko maCPKR haaone bhenefiti yakananga kubva mukuunzwa kwehurongwa hutsva, uye nekudaro vangazeza kutora chikamu mumubatanidzwa. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanowanzozviwana vari munzvimbo yepasi kune vanoita sarudzo. Kana vekupedzisira vasingadi kuisa mari yakakwana mupurojekiti, zvine mukana wekuti vanongosiya chikamu chidiki chemaawa ekushanda anowanikwa kune maCPKR ekuitwa kweprojekiti.

Kure kure DBA pakati pemakambani nenzira yekubatana

Chikamu 2 che2

Basics of

Informatics yesangano

Chikamu chekutanga chekosi: zvidzidzo 1-6

Mapepa akanyorwa na:

Antonio Ceparano, Vincenzo Ferme, Monica Menoncin, Alessandro Re

Yakasimbiswa naProfessor Giorgio De Michelis kuve nechokwadi kusavapo kwekukanganisa.

MABHUKU AKAMUKURUZWA NACHIREMBA STEFANO FANTIN .

Nhoroondo yeruzivo rwemichina mumasangano

Makambani anotanga kushandisa otomatism nemichina kunyangwe kusati kwasvika makomputa, semuenzaniso pakutanga kwema1900 michina yakashandiswa kuronga hofisi yekunyoresa kuburikidza nemakadhi akarairwa uye nzira dzekusarudza, kana kupfupisa ruzivo uye maakaundi, senge Tabulating. kana Accounting Machines.

International Business Machines, IBM, yakaberekerwa muchikamu ichi: pakutanga yakatengesa mabhidhiri maitiro, ayo aiitwa kane zviuru pamwedzi; saka pakanga paine masisitimu ekugadzira mainvoice, asi kwete ekutungamira: nhamba hadzina kuitwa uye pakanga pasina nzvimbo yekuchengetera mavhoriyamu makuru. dati.

Pakati pemakore ekuma30 nema40, mapoka matatu makuru akashanda pamakombiyuta emagetsi anorongwa: Alan Turing muEngland, nechinangwa chekugadzira encryption system yezvinangwa zvehondo, Konrad Zuse mu. Germania (da alcuni reputato il vero inventore del

electronic calculator) naJohn von Neumann nechikwata cheENIAC muAmerica. MaAmerican kunyanya vaive nekwakakodzera, mushure mehondo, yekuona basa remakomputa mukati memasangano uye nekudaro kuvapinza munzvimbo idzi.

Nekudaro, pfungwa yekombuta inorongeka yakatangira nguva ino: nechepakati pemakore ekuma1800 Charles Babbage akange agadzira muchina wemuchina wekuita masvomhu, iyo "injini yakasiyana.". Nekudaro, muchina uyu wakakanganiswa nematambudziko emuchina uye hauna kumbovakwa neBabbage (chigadzirwa zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwepakutanga chakapedzwa muna 1991, Science Museum mu. London) Babbage akazogadzira “Analytical Engine", muchina wakatooma kunzwisisa, waishandisa makadhi akaboorwa, uye waikwanisa kuva zvakarongwa pamadiro. Yakanga iine arithmetic unit, kuyerera kwekudzora uye ndangariro: yaive yekutanga dhizaini yeTuring-yakazara Calculator.

Pakupera kwema50s zvakaonekwa kuti komputa yaigona kushandiswa mubhizinesi uye hutungamiriri hwehurumende, iyo sangano iri raitambura nehuwandu hukuru hwe. dati. Nekuda kwemitengo yakakwira, masangano makuru chete uye nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa (senge nzvimbo) uye mauto aikwanisa kutenga karukureta.

Muma60s, tekinoroji yeruzivo inozopinda mumakambani nenzira yakapararira zvakare nekuda kwebasa reIBM, iro rinogadzira yekutanga mainframe, iyo System/360. (1964), yakagadzirirwa kuve nekupararira kukuru mumasangano epakati / makuru enguva iyoyo.

Munguva iyoyo zvakare Italia paive nekugadzirwa kwemagetsi macalculator emasangano, nekuda kwaOlivetti. Kambani iyi yakaumbwa nemapoka maviri anoshanda: a Pisa iyo yekufungidzira uye yemuviri dhizaini yemuchina yakaitwa, muIvrea pakanga paine nzvimbo yekutengesa yekutengesa uye kudyidzana nemutengi. Kuvandudzwa kwemakomputa, munguva ino, kwaive kunetsa uye kushanya, sezvo maitiro ebudiriro akange asati avepo ayo akavimbisa kugadzirwa kwemichina inonyanya kushandiswa.

Nekufamba kwenguva matekinoroji aya akapararira uye komputa yakava nzira yekushandisa nayo ruzivo rwese rwaigona kukodha.

Nhasi, zvichienzaniswa nemakore makumi mana apfuura, komputa yakachinja zvakanyanya. Pakave nekuvandudzwa kwakawanda kubva panguva yemakadhi akaroverwa, asi zvinosuruvarisa kwave kunewo matambudziko asingadzivisiki anokonzerwa neshanduko iyo tsvarakadenga inoda. Parizvino, pese patinounza shanduko tinofanirwa kubata nehunyanzvi huripo (nhaka), kazhinji isina kunyorwa zvakanaka kana isina kunyorwa zvachose, kufungidzira kubatanidzwa uye nguva dzekutama, kudhumhana nekushomeka kwevashandisi.

Musangano remubatanidzwa mune dhiraivha yakanangana nekuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa kwemakomputa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Inonyanya kudzvanywa ndiyo yakawanda yakawanda ye dati kubata, kazhinji isina kurongeka ruzivo, uye kudikanwa kwekuita kudzokorora kana kwakaoma kuverenga.

3-mativi maonero

Mukati mesangano mune nzvimbo nhatu dzekufarira masisitimu eruzivo:

chiyero inoshanda, iyo ine chekuita nekunyoreswa kwechokwadi chekambani, chakakosha pakutonga kwayo;

chiyero kuita sarudzo, ine chekuita nekugadzirisa ruzivo kukudziridza Bhizinesi Intelligence;

chiyero pakubatsirana, ine chekuita nehutungamiri hwekutaurirana uye ruzivo runoyerera mukambani uye nevatauri vekunze, zvakakosha kuti vakwanise kubata pamuviri mutsva.

Kushanda kwemasisitimu eruzivo kunoenderana nehurongwa hwakanaka hwezviitwa uye saka mukana kune iyo wekuongorora (vangave vashandi, vadyidzani, vatengesi, nyika).

Uku kupatsanurwa kwehurongwa hweruzivo, hunodaidzwa kuti "zviso zvitatu", hwakatsanangurwa muzvinyorwa zviviri11 pakupera kwema90, neboka renyanzvi kubva kumayunivhesiti akasiyana-siyana uye mamiriro ezvinhu, akatsigira kudiwa kwekufunga nezvezvikamu zvitatu zvekusika hurongwa hunobudirira.

Zviso zvitatu zvehurongwa hazvifanirwe kunzwisiswa sezvikamu zvehurongwa, asi sezvinhu zvitatu zvekambani zvinofanirwa kutariswa mukuvandudza masisitimu matsva.

Kunyange zvazvo maitiro ekutanga emashoko akaberekwa chete kutsigira mabasa, panguva yekushanduka kwavo kuparadzaniswa kwakakodzera kwezviso zve 3 zvehurongwa hazvina kuitwa, asi zvakabatanidzwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoumba hurongwa hwose; masisitimu akagadzirwa kuti ashandise chaiwo uye imwe neimwe yadzo yaive, mukati mayo, maficha akananga kune chimwe nechimwe chezviso zvitatu. Semuenzaniso, kushanduka kwemaitiro ekutsigira masisitimu akaenderera mberi panguva yekuzvarwa nekuvandudzwa kweBusiness Intelligence system.

Izvi zvakabatsira pakusikwa kwehurongwa hunoumbwa nezvikamu zvakasiyana asi zvinodyidzana. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi chine shanduko yakasiyana kubva kune zvimwe uye kukura kwehurongwa kunosanganisira sarudzo dzine chokuita nekugadzirisa kwekubatanidzwa kwehurongwa huripo. Nekudaro, idzi sarudzo dzekubatanidza dzinounza kuomarara uye mamiriro esarudzo dzenguva yemberi: kuvandudzwa kwesoftware kunoenderera kwemakore (makore gumi kana gumi nemashanu) uye inoramba ichibvunza masystem aripo. Zvisarudzo zvakaitwa munguva yakapfuura zvine chekuita nehukama huripo pakati pezvikamu uye izvo zvakakonzera mamiriro ezvinhu aripo, kwete chete padanho rehurongwa, asiwo pamwero wekufungira: zvitendero uye tsika dzakadzika midzi mukambani, kunyanya. mumamiriro ezvinhu ekugadzikana kwepamusoro.

Zvikamu zvitatu zvataona zvinofanirwa kutariswa mativi matatu edambudziko rimwe chete kwete zvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana.

Operations rutsigiro

Tekinoroji yeruzivo yakatanga kupinda mumakambani munzvimbo dzakakosha uye dzehuwandu hwekufarira: ruzivo rwakakosha rwekambani nderwerwo rwunogona kuteverwa kumashure ehupfumi hwekambani uye zvigadzirwa. Naizvozvo nzvimbo nhatu dzekutanga kuve nemakombuta dzaive

manejimendi edura uye kuronga kwekugadzira;

accounting, manejimendi;

hutungamiri hwevashandi.

Iyo yekutanga ruzivo tekinoroji musangano saka yakabatana nekugadzirwa kweunivocal kuzivikanwa kwechokwadi chekambani iyo inogona kurondwa kumashure kune hutsika hwehupfumi. Ichi chimiro chave chakakosha nekuti chinoita kuti basa rekambani rive pachena. Mazuva ano zvakakosha kuti kujeka uku kuvepo maererano nematarenda akasiyana-siyana, saka mukati mesangano rezviyero zvakakura pane zvidikanwi zvisingakwanisi kugutsikana pasina rubatsiro rwekombiyuta yemashoko.

Iwo masisitimu anobata nekutungamira kweizvi dati yakakosha kuchiito yekambani (warehouse, vashandi, kubhadhara), i.e. vanobatsira kambani mubhizinesi rayo, vanonzi mashandiro anotsigira masisitimu.

Ngatitorei semuenzaniso kambani yekunyepedzera inogadzira matoyi: chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinogadzirwa chinotsanangurwa nebhiri rayo rezvinhu, i.e. nerondedzero yezvikamu zvayo zvese, uye kusiyanisa kwega kwega mubhiri rezvinhu kunopa chimwe chinhu chakasiyana: semuenzaniso ese maBarbies. vane maoko maviri nemakumbo maviri, asi vamwe vane bvudzi dzvuku, vamwe vane rimwe rokwe, nezvimwewo. Tinogona kuona chigadzirwa uye zvese zvakasiyana-siyana kuburikidza nekushandisa akasiyana makodhi.

Chigadzirwa chimwe nechimwe chine masheya e yokuchengetera zvinhu: tinofarira kuziva kuti tine maBarbi mangani uye kuti takagadzira mangani.

Zvigadzirwa zvinofanirwa kutengeswa: saka kambani inofanirwa kutungamira ma invoice ane chekuita nekutengesa. Iye zvino isu tinokwanisa kubatanidza mari uye zvigadzirwa uye kuona kuti imarii inopinda yechigadzirwa chimwe nechimwe kunze.

Kuburikidza nehurongwa hweruzivo saka tinogona kuve neruzivo pane zvigadzirwa uye pane denaro.

Mukuwirirana nezvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira, kuitira kuti ubudise chimwe chinhu, zvinhu zvinopinda zvinodiwa, saka tichafanirwa kurekodha zvinhu zvinouya uye mari yakabatana uye zvinyorwa.

Pakupedzisira iwe unofanirwa kuendesa iyo mushandi. Ruzivo rukuru ndeichi:

profiles (pachedu, mari);

chinzvimbo musangano;

zviratidzo zvine chekuita nehurongwa hwekugadzira mabhonasi.

Sarudzo tsigiro

Nekudaro, kuita sangano kunopfuura kutonga chokwadi chekambani: kuti ukure, kuvandudza uye kusimudzira kambani zvinodikanwa kuita sarudzo zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye matambudziko (semuenzaniso kuwedzera kana kuderera kwekudiwa kwechigadzirwa) izvo zvinomira munzira yekambani, i.e. kuita sarudzo dzakabva pane chokwadi uye hupfumi hunokosha.

Kwete izvozvo chete: kambani inogonawo kutsauka kubva munzira yayo isingazvizivi kana, semuenzaniso, nzira dzekutengesa dzakanyanya kana kushoma kwazvo (kana kumiririra kurasikirwa), kambani inogona nekusaziva kuenda munzira dzisingatarisirwe.

Saka zvinodikanwa kubvunza mibvunzo ine chekuita nezvinhu zvinounza shanduko, kana kune izvo zvinonyanya kukanganisa sarudzo dzekambani. Kuti uite izvi zvinokwanisika kuvaka mamodheru nerubatsiro rwema calculator kuti adudzire zviri nani dati chiziviso.

Saka masisitimu anodiwa anobvumira kuwana ruzivo rwese runobatsira, i.e. ine chekuita nenzvimbo yekugona kwemunhu arikukumbira uye inobatsira pakuita mabasa ehunyanzvi, kuti ugone kupa mhinduro, asi uchisiya. mwero wakanaka werusununguko kuti ugone kupindura zvine musoro.

Hurongwa hwakadai, hunobatsira mukutungamirira sangano, hunonzi hurongwa hwebhizimisi bhizimisi utariri.

Aya masisitimu anotendera iwe kuita iyo nzira dzekududzira izvo zvinobatsira mukuronga nekuita sarudzo dzenguva yemberi zvichibva pane izvo zvinogadzirwa nekugadzira-kutengesa dynamics.

Kududzirwa kwemasimba aya kunoitwa na business intelligence (BI), ndiko kuti, kubva pachirango ichocho, kana kuti seti yehunyanzvi, inoenda kunotsvaga dati iyo iyo kambani yatova nayo, asi iyo iyo (chikamu) isingazivi. Monitoring masisitimu uye masisitimu esarudzo chikamu cheBI.

Nekufamba kwenguva, masisitimu eBI akashandukawo: munguva yakapfuura, masisitimu aya aive akanangana Executive information system, kana masisitimu ekuunganidza kwe dati, asi zvido zvebhizimisi zvakachinja nekufamba kwemakore uye makambani ari kubvunza mibvunzo yakasiyana kupfuura yekare. Muchokwadi, kwete chete ivo vanoshanda kuti vagare vachivandudza kambani, nharaunda yekushanda uye chigadzirwa, asi mamiriro emusika uye eiyo chaiyo chikamu icho kambani inogadzira inopesvedzera nzira yayo yekuita munguva pfupi uye kwenguva refu.

Saka kambani inoda:

kuzvironga pachayo nemasisitimu ayo kuitira kuvimbisa dhigirii rakanaka rekuchinja shanduko;

kugadzirwa nevashandi vanogona uye vanochinjika;

manejimendi eruzivo rwakawanda uye hukama nemamwe masangano (vanhu, mamwe makambani, ...).

Business Intelligence saka inofanira kunge yakakwana kutsigira uye kufambisa sarudzo dzekambani, ichitevera zano rayo: ERP masisitimu, akaberekwa mu60s / 70s, aive akanangana nemakambani akadzikama kwazvo, asi mamiriro ezvinhu aripo akasiyana. Hazvichakwani kuti synthesize i dati pabasa remaneja, asi iwe unofanirwa kukwanisa kugadzira rumwe ruzivo, kuita ongororo dzakaoma uye dzinowanzodhura. Saka tinoda ruzivo rwakakwana rwezvido izvi.

Muenzaniso wekuti masisitimu akashanduka sei kubva kuhutungamiri hwekushanda kuenda kurutsigiro rwesarudzo ndiyo yeimba yekuchengetera zvinhu.

Kamwe manejimendi edura raisanganisira kuunganidzwa kwe dati yakakosha kune manejimendi ayo: kurongeka kwemasheya, zvigadzirwa uye zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira.

Nhasi iyo sisitimu yakawedzera uye inodzora, kuwedzera kune datikugadzira kuronga uye kuronga.

Iyi sisitimu inoenda nematanho akati wandei ekushanduka-shanduka:

basic algorithms yechirimwa seyakazara: zvichibva pamari yezviwanikwa ei

zvipingamupinyi zvekugadzira zvinotarisa zviyero uye rhythms inofanirwa kuchengetwa (Inventory dzidziso)

kunyanya kuenzanisira kwechirimwa chine zvipingamupinyi zvenguva zvakajeka: cheni yekushanda iyo inofanirwa kuitika uye kutonga kwavo (logistics + otomatiki)

muzvirimwa zvakakura kwazvo, manejimendi haigone kuve yakangoita otomatiki, uye saka zvinodikanwa kuvhura kune Bhizinesi Intelligence (chisarudzo hurongwa)

Kunyangwe manejimendi, senge imba yekuchengetera zvinhu, yakachinja nekufamba kwenguva: kana masisitimu angoita hushoma hwakakosha, saka vakapa rutsigiro mukunyora invoice nemabhajeti, asi nhasi shanduko inosundira kuronga nekugadzira, kutonga (kutarisa) kwemashandiro uye mapurojekiti.

Kubatanidzwa kweKushanda uye Sarudzo muERP masisitimu

Iko kubatanidzwa pakati pemaitiro ekutsigira masisitimu uye mabhizinesi ehungwaru masisitimu anoramba achiwedzera kusvika pakubuda kweERP masisitimu, Enterprise Resource Planning, iyo inotora basa reimwe ruzivo system yehupenyu hwekambani. Aya masisitimu, ayo akasvika pakupararira kwazvo muma90s, anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumakambani ese epakati/makuru uye ari kupararira zvakanyanya mumakambani epakati/madiki.

Chigadzirwa chinotungamira chemusika uyu ndiSAP.

Kutorwa kweERP (kwete hazvo SAP) kutanga kutsva kwekambani: kubatanidzwa kweruzivo uye nepakati asi modularized manejimendi inobvumira yakaoma kufunga logics (kudzidza kwemari mari, solvency / insolvency scenarios ...).

Saka kushandura chimiro chebhizinesi kuita modhi yeERP inzira yakanaka yekunyatsonzwisisa kuti makambani akaumbwa sei uye anoshanda sei. Zvisinei, neERPs zvakaoma kutora zvakakosha zvemakambani se "generator of knowledge", uye zvinova zvisingabviri kuvamiririra mune zvose zvavanoda.

Kutaura zvazviri, dambudziko rekumiririra kambani rinobva pakuti maitiro eERP aripo iye zvino anobva pamuenzaniso mumwe chete wekambani inoshanda yehierarchical (ARIS model), asi munyika yemazuva ano zvakajairika kuziva masangano ane matrix chimiro. , umo vanhu vasina kutsamira kamwe chete (kubva kune mukuru), asi kaviri: imwe yenzvimbo inoshanda (ruzivo rwune vanhu vega, semuenzaniso mugadziri ane "mukuru wekugadzira" wereferenzi) uye imwe yebasa (the purojekiti yavari kushanda nayo, semuenzaniso mugadziri ane "mutungamiri weprojekiti" wepurojekiti yaari kushanda parizvino).

Saka kune mamaneja akawanda emushandi mumwechete, ane mamiriro anogona kurwisana.

Uyezve, ERPs ine zvipimo zvine chekuita nekusiyana kwekambani: kambani haigone kufanotaura kuti ichashanduka sei uye kuti ichachinja sei. Iyo komputa system inofanirwa kuchinjika kune shanduko mukambani, asi dzimwe nguva ERP yakanyanya kurongeka kuti ikwanise kufambirana nekushanduka kwekambani uye chikanganiso ichi chinounza kuomarara kunomira sechipingamupinyi kushanduka kwekambani.

Pakupedzisira, kana uchifunga nezve ERP, unofanirwa kunzwisisa:

kusangana dati: ERP zviri pachena haigoni kufuratira dati yemakambani, ayo akawanda uye asina kurongeka, pane kudikanwa kwekushandisa matura edata

ndeapi matambudziko anomuka achimhanyisa kambani zvachose neERP

saka, ndeapi akasiyana hunhu hwekambani inotora imwe ERP uye ndeipi yazvo ine chekuita nematambudziko aya (semuenzaniso maitiro emakambani mune imwe nyika, semuenzaniso eItaly anosiyaniswa netsika uye mhuri manejimendi, diki kusvika pakati. saizi, kuramba kuchinja)

Kutarisira ruzivo

Kana kambani yafunga kupinda mune chimwe chikamu chemusika, haigone kutanga kubva pakutanga: pane maitiro anoenderana nezvaanofanirwa kuita uye kune ma paramita anofanirwa kunyatsoongororwa. Kudzidza kwevakwikwidzi uye musika kunodiwa kwete chete kusunungura nzira dzinogona kutorwa, asi zvakare kukwanisa kuenzanisa mhedzisiro yemaitiro ega nearipo.

Sarudzo dzakatorwa mukati mekambani saka mhedzisiro yemaitiro, ayo asina kurongeka kana ane maitiro akanyatsotsanangurwa. Nepo vamwe vakaedza kuita hurongwa uhu uye nekufunga kwevanhu, mhedzisiro ndeyekuti maitiro evanhu haawanzo zvaunotarisira.

Kazhinji, maitiro ekudzidza emusika ane zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha:

dialogic chikamukana kutaurirana pakati pevanhu. Kana vasina ruzivo rwakakwana, vanogona kubvunza mumwe munhu zvakajeka kana zvakajeka.

Mumakambani, "mugadziri wekupedzisira" anonzi Chief Executive Officer (Mukuru Mukuru) iyo ingangove inotsigirwa nekanzuru, kwairi. CEO anofanira taurirana nguva dzose nevanhu vese vanobatanidzwa muprojekti, kupanana ruzivo kutsvaga nzira dzekuunza purofiti kukambani.

documentary chikamu, kana kuchinjana uye/kana kugoverana kwemagwaro. Kwete chete pane kutaurirana pakati pevanhu, asi kunewo kuchinjana kwemagwaro anodiwa kuti ave nechikonzero chakafanana chekukurukura. Ruzivo runounganidzwa uye zvidzidzo zvinogadzirwa pamusika uyo munhu anoda kupinda, uye kuti anopinda sei mumusika.

Ruzivo uye manejimendi eruzivo chinhu chakakosha kune ese zvikamu izvo zvinofanirwa kutora imwe mhando yesarudzo, isina hukama ne dati zvimwe zvekambani, asi kazhinji zvine chekuita nazvo dati kusava nechokwadi.

Zvikamu zviviri zvakasangana nekushanduka-shanduka mupfungwa iyi mumakore achangopfuura ndee Marketing uye yekutengeserana, kunyanya iyo ye Marketing izvo zvisina kungobva pazviri dati kusava nechokwadi - sekutengeserana - asi inofanirwa kududzira maitiro evanhu.

Zvirongwa zvemashoko zve Marketing uye zvekutengesa hazvizvarirwe munzvimbo yeanoshanda masisitimu ekutsigira, asi munzvimbo yekugadziriswa kweruzivo uye kushanduka kune manejimendi ekuyerera kweruzivo, nekuti ivo vanofanirwa kutarisisa mamwe akawanda masosi eruzivo, kusanganisira ekunze.

Tekinoroji yeruzivo inofanirwa kuenderana neyakaoma sisitimu yekutaurirana uye kuchinjana ruzivo. Uye inofanirwa kutarisana nedambudziko rakaoma kuvabatanidza uye kupa mhinduro kune zvinodiwa nemakambani.

Iyo yekutaurirana system ikozvino inotevera kuyerera kunosiya kambani uye kuvhura nhevedzano yemhando yematambudziko matsva. Muchikamu chemidziyo yemumba, semuenzaniso, makambani haazive yavo vatengi chekupedzisira, nekuti chokwadi chiripo ndechekuti midziyo yemumba inotengeswa muzvitoro zvemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, uko kune murevereri, maneja wekambani. chitoroiyo inosimbisa hukama hwekuvimba nemutengi. Kunyange magadzirirwo ekugadzirisa anowanzova akawanda-mhando, uye kambani inozviona ichivharirwa mukutaura nemutengi nekuti haina kupindirana zvakananga. Vagadziri, saka, vanofanirwa kuvhura nzira dzekutaura nedzavo vatengi, asi basa iri harisi nyore kuita, sezvo kazhinji mhinduro chete iyo makambani ane kubva ku vatengi zvinoitika chete kana ini vatengi havaguti.

Kune kambani, hurukuro inoyerera nemutengi yakakosha sekutengeswa kwechigadzirwa, nekuti inoreva kuvimbika kwayo. Kusvikira makore mashoma apfuura, chiteshi chine mutengi chakarongeka chete kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzekufona. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakadaro, ICT iri kupararira zvakanyanya uye kwete chete inotora nzvimbo muhofisi yekumashure, asi inotora basa idzva mukukurukurirana kwevatengi.

Kudyidzana nemutengi uye manejimendi ekuyerera kwekukurukurirana kwaita kuti madhipatimendi akasiyana ekambani atore yavo yekutaurirana system nekufamba kwenguva. Zvakadaro, panoda kudyidzana pakati pemadhipatimendi aya, uye izvi zvinounza dambudziko maererano nekubatanidza zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa nemadhipatimendi akasiyana. Matengi ekukurukurirana kwevatengi, saka, kutyora miganhu yekambani uye kuunza dambudziko rekuti ungaisa kupi maturusi ekukwanisa kuita hurukuro iyi; kambani yega yega ine yakanyatso kusanganisa mbiri, zvinoenderana nenhoroondo yekambani pachayo.

Hurukuro inosanganisira kugadzirwa uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva saka ine maviri makuru masosi:

chitubu chekunze, chinopiwa nemaitiro emakwikwi uye zvigadzirwa zvavo uye nemaitiro e vatengi;

chitubu chemukati, chinopiwa nekuenzanisa pakati pekufanotaura kwekutengesa uye kutengesa chaiko.

Kudyidzana nemutengi kunoitikawo kuburikidza ne "operating system" (kureva masisitimu ekutsigira mabasa), ayo ari kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pachikamu chakabatana nekambani uye bhizinesi rayo rekutanga, akananga kune chikamu chiri padyo nemushandisi nekubatanidza zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya. masevhisi uye zvinopihwa kune mutengi.

Tekinoroji inotibvumira kuwedzera nguva yemaitiro ekutsigira masisitimu, tichishandura zvakanyanya kudyidzana kwatinoita nemutengi.

Semuyenzaniso, makambani ezvekufambiswa kwemashoko anhasi anodana masisitimu anodzora nharembozha kuti "operating system" uye chiito chekufona nhamba yerunhare ikudyidzana neiyo inoshanda sisitimu, kunyangwe kutaurirana uku kusingaonekwe nemushandisi sekudaro.

Kune rimwe divi, masisitimu anoshanda anoshandiswa mumakambani e e-zvokutengeserana uya Amazon, zvinoonekwa zvakanyanya kune vashandisi vanogadzira rudzi rwenhaurirano neiyi system (semuenzaniso, iyo Amazon inopa mabhuku emushandisi ayo anogona kuwana anonakidza zvichienderana nesarudzo dzevamwe vashandisi).

Kudyidzana nemushandisi kwakakosha kana kambani ichida kubatanidza chigadzirwa kuti chitengeswe neshoko rinofambiswa: kana kambani inofunga nezvekuvapo kwayo, chigadzirwa chainotengesa uye hukama hwayo nemusika, inoenzanisa iripo sezvinobvira. Izvi zvinoitwa nekushanda paruzivo rwaanarwo, rwunobva dati (kureva kubva kunhamba dzakaunganidzwa), asiwo kubva kune isiri-nhamba ruzivo iyo kambani inounganidza kubva kune vanokwikwidza e. vatengi.

Iyi nharaunda yekuziva manejimendi iri kuramba ichiwedzera kukosha mukati memasangano emazuva ano, chinhu chitsva.

Uye zvinonakidza kuona kuti mamwe makambani ane kudyidzana kwakasimba ne i vatengi e sono sempre più sensibili all’opinione pubblica e alla relazione con la clientela. Ad esempio, per la FIAT 500, è stato lanciato un website (500 giorni prima del lancio sul mercato) che raccoglieva le indicazioni dei vatengi zvinogoneka neramangwana uye zvakapesvedzera chigadzirwa chakazoiswa kumusika (semuenzaniso dhibhodhi yaive chinhu chakagadziridzwa chinorangarira icho chepakutanga 500 maererano nezviratidzo zveveruzhinji).

Kududzirwa kwemusika kunofanirwa kupfuura kuburikidza nekudyidzana nezvinogona vatengi.

Kuti tiite izvi, saka isu tinofarira ruzivo uye kubatana manejimendi maturusi (groupware). Kukurukurirana, mukati nekunze, kwakakosha pakubudirira kwekambani.

Zvishandiso zvese zvinopararira mumasangano zviri kuwedzera kunanga kune manejimendi ruzivo, kwete chete kududzira musika, asiwo kubvumira kugovana ruzivo mukati. yekambani; semuenzaniso, kambani ine mahofisi akasiyana uye ari kure (semuenzaniso Milan e Roma), inogona kushandisa ruzivo uye masisitimu ekugadzirisa kutaurirana kuunza zviitiko pedyo pedyo, kudzivirira kuvandudzwa kwenyuclei mbiri dzakasiyana uye nokudaro kupa nzvimbo nekubatanidzwa kwekuziva.24.

Ruzivo rwekutarisira masisitimu zvinobatawo avo vanofanirwa kuita sarudzo diki uye dzisina hunyanzvi, semuenzaniso sevhisi yevatengi iyo inofanirwa kupa mhinduro kune vatengi inogona kushandisa FAQs, kureva seti yemhinduro kumibvunzo yakajairika yakagadziridzwa kubva paruzivo rwakagovaniswa. Asi chero chimiro chemaitiro akagadziridzwa, chaizvo nekuti akagadzirwa, ane anosarudzika. Nehunhu hwavo, havagone kuve vakajairwa uye vamwe havagone kubviswa. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo kusarudzika kunoita basa rakakosha, senge mukutonga kweruzhinji, semuenzaniso, uko kunofungidzirwa kuti kusarudzika kunomiririra inenge hafu yemhosva.

Maitiro acho anoperekedzwa nekuyerera kweruzivo: kana iyo nzira isingatariswe zvakanaka, kunyangwe kutaurirana kweruzivo hakushande.

Kune mamwe maitiro, kuita sarudzo kana dhizaini, iyo inogona kurongwa, asi nzira iyo purojekiti yakarongeka inopesvedzera kuitika kwayo uye hazvina kunaka kuti purojekiti ive yakanyanya kuomarara. Muzviitiko izvi, munhu anogona kufunga kuti maitiro acho ndeyekuyerera kwehurukuro ine hurongwa uye matanho chaiwo mukati mayo.

Kune maitiro ekuita sarudzo uye maitiro ekugadzira ayo asingakwanise kuomarara, nekuti kuyerera kwenhaurirano kwakakosha sezvakangoita zvipingaidzo zvekugadzira kana zvakatemwa.

Kubatanidzwa kwe3 nzvimbo

Kusvikira makore mashoma apfuura, nyika dzekushanda uye sarudzo dzekutsigira masisitimu uye masisitimu ekutonga ruzivo aive akaparadzana zvachose uye asingawirirane; pakati pezvirongwa izvi, zvisinei, hapana nhambwe dzisingagoneki. Kutanga, kuwana uye kushandisa masisitimu ese ari maviri, komputa yako pachako inoshandiswa: pasati pave nemuchina wakatsaurirwa webasa rega rega, asi parizvino komputa ndeyepasirese uye masisitimu anogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo imwechete. Makomputa zvakare akapararira uye ari kuwedzera pakati pekukurukurirana: mu80s, painodiwa

"Ko kambani yangu inoda makombiyuta mangani?", Mhinduro yakapiwa "zvizhinji kana zvishoma sezvaune nhare", ichi ndicho chiratidzo chekutanga chekuti kombiyuta yave sei chinhu chinokosha chekugadzirisa kutaurirana.

Saka nekufamba kwemakore, kuwedzera kune ruzivo masisitimu ekutungamira kwe dati yekambani, masisitimu akaunzwa kune manejimendi ekambani, ruzivo nekutaurirana. Nzira yakagadzirwa dati kubva pamihoro uye hurongwa hweruzivo rwekutungamira kuenda kugroupware masisitimu ayo ane akatevedzana ehumwe uye zvishoma nezvishoma ruzivo rusina kunyatsojeka.

Ruzivo rwunoyerera uye kubatanidzwa kwegroupware nemaitiro ekutsigira mabasa zvinoreva kuti, pamusimboti, hapasisina masisitimu ane dati static. Semuyenzaniso, hapasisina masisitimu ekugadzirisa mubhadharo wevashandi, nekuti inosanganiswa kuita yakaoma basa manejimendi system. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kupa zvakawanda kune vashandi, kuwedzera kune hukama hwebasa, kuvandudza chisungo nekambani.

Shanduko yehurongwa hwemashoko, iyo inowedzera kubatanidza kurekodha kwechokwadi nekuyerera kwekukurukurirana, inogadzirisawo kushanduka kwevanhu uye kunyanya kushanduka kwenzira iyo hukama hwebasa hunoonekwa: hwava mubatanidzwa pakati pevashandi nekambani. Iyo kambani ine chido chekuongorora vashandi vayo uye kuchengetedza nhaurirano navo maererano nemamiriro ekushanda. Nechikonzero ichi, mushandi haangoongororwa kubva kumusoro chete, asiwo nevaanoshanda navo (peer-to-peer evaluation). Masisitimu eruzivo rwekambani anowedzera kunongedzera kune masisitimu ekutonga kwevashandi akavhurika kune vashandi pachavo, achivapa mukana wekutaura pamusoro penzvimbo yekushanda, pazvinangwa zvakaiswa, nezvimwe.

Tekinoroji dziripo nhasi dzekukurukurirana uye kuchinjana ruzivo dzinosanganisira:

E-mail: iyo inogamuchirwa pasi rose, umo mucherechedzo wekutaurirana uri inogadzirwa otomatiki;

Skype: inobatsira zvikuru pakukurukurirana nemashoko;

masevhisi emusangano wevhidhiyo pakati pevanhu vakati wandei: zvirinani pane skype yekukurukurirana pakati vanhu vakawanda;

foni.

Zvinyorwa zvakabatana neruzivo rwakatsinhaniswa, izvo zvakabatanidzwa, izvo zviri nyore uye zvinobatsira, asi zvinogadzira redundancy uye imwe nyonganiso nekuti yakabatana, asi haina kubatanidzwa, kuhurukuro uye saka kazhinji inowanikwa mune akati wandei mavhezheni, saka kwete akasiyana uye asina kunaka. vakarongeka kwenguva pfupi.

Kuti ukunde kushata kwezvinamatidzwa mupfungwa iyi, masisitimu chaiwo akagadzirwa: dhizaini manejimendi masisitimu. Kune akati wandei, imwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa shanduro ndeye wiki Vasai.

mari

Iko mari huru inomuka kubva mukushandiswa kwema calculator ndeiyi:

tenga

kugadzwa

rechengetedzo

kudzidzisa opareta (mirayiridzo makosi evanyanzvi vanoshanda ipapo)

Kana kambani ikatendeukira kune imwe kambani yekunze kuti iwane masevhisi. Izvo zvinodikanwa kubata zvirinani izvo kambani inoziva (musimboti bhizinesi), zvese zviri kunze zvinobatwa semutengo (outsourcing).

Outsourcing zvibvumirano zvibvumirano zvenguva refu uye zvakaoma uko kambani inokumbira masevhisi ekunze asina hukama zvakanyanya ne "core kugona", i.e. kambani inoburitsa zvese zvisina hukama kune izvo kambani inofanirwa kuwana. Isu tinoedza kufambisa iyo inyanzvi yekambani kunze, ichiita kuti idhure, asi isu tinochengetedza pane zviwanikwa zvinoshandiswa mukati mekambani.

Iwo masekete akaiswa kunze kwekutanga iICT, logistics uye, munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakare manejimendi pachayo. Imwe mukana unowanikwa ndeyekuti sangano rinorerutsirwa mimwe mitoro inobhadhariswa kumakambani ekunze semasevhisi (the utsanzi kunze), mugumisiro wakananga ndewekuti, zvisinei, kutonga kwakananga uye nguva dzose pamusoro pezvinoitwa mukutsvaga kwakarasika.

Mutengo wemitengo idambudziko guru reruzivo rwemichina, kunyanya kana wakanangana nekufungidzira mari inogona kuchengetwa ingangoitwa nekushandisa tekinoroji (Ex: nee-mail zvinonetsa kufungidzira kwauri kuchengetedza).

Nhamba inotora kukosha zvichienderana neizvi inokwanisa kuderedza mari yeruzivo rwemichina

ndiye IOC (Chief Information Officer), nekuti inoratidza kuti simba rayo haribvi pamari yainobata, asi kuti mari yainochengetedza kambani.

Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo iye zvino mumasangano ane maitiro akasiyana

tekinoroji yakarongedza uye kazhinji yakarongeka yakatenderedza ERP nekuwedzera zvidimbu. Iyo nhanho yehterogeneity inoomeswa nenyaya yekuti kune ese mabhechi masisitimu uye online masisitimu (web based, ....)

kuwana kune ese masevhisi anopihwa nemasisitimu anoitika kuburikidza nekombuta yako.

Dambudziko kune avo vanoshandisa matekinoroji uye kune avo vanoagadzira nderekuongorora zviripo uye kuita kudaro zvinodikanwa kutsvaga maitiro akaomarara.

Yakasarudzwa nyaya yekudzidza: "United Parcel Services (UPS): kuendesa mapakeji uye e-zvokutengeserana mhinduro", ad dhanzi yecentre yeruzivo masisitimu (MIT).

Introduzione

Kutenda kumapakeji ayo emamiriyoni gumi neshanu pazuva, UPS ndiyo inotungamira pasi rose mukutakura kwepasuru.

Kambani iyi, yakavambwa muna 1907 pasi pezita rekuti American Messenger Company, yakawedzera mukurumbira wayo sekambani yakavimbika uye inoshanda yekufambisa mukati mezana ramakore, kusvika pachikumbaridzo che2000 yave iyo yakakura kwazvo sangano rekutakura pasirese, iine mamirioni gumi nematatu. mapasuru anotakurwa zuva nezuva kunyika dzinopfuura mazana maviri.

Mumakore achangopfuura yakawedzera bhizinesi rayo kupfuura "zvakareruka" zvekutakura zvinhu: nekudyara mukutsvagisa uye nekushandisa mukana weIT, yakaunza huwandu hwemamwe masevhisi.

Iko kuvandudza tekinoroji yekambani yanga isiri sarudzo inotungamirwa nezvainyanya kukosha. Kuunzwa kwemasevhisi ehunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji nevakwikwidzi muma80 hakuna kumutsa mune manejimendi chero chishuwo chekutevedzera uye zvechokwadi pakanga paine kusada kushandisa inodarika 1% yebhajeti regore pane IT masisitimu. Kwaingove shanduko yehutungamiriri muna 1986 iyo yakaunza shanduko inobatsira, izvo zvakatungamira kukudyara kukuru uye kugadzirwa kwepaki yebasa rakakura. Pakati pa1986 na1996, UPS yakadurura mari inodarika mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe emadhora muIT, ichikura boka rayo renyanzvi dzeIT kubva pazana kusvika kune vanopfuura zviuru zvina.

Sarudzo iyi yakave nemhedzisiro pamasisitimu, pamasevhisi anopihwa vatengi, bhizinesi optimization, hukama hwehukama uye manejimendi evashandi.

maitiro

Mukutanga kupisa kwekudyara muIT, UPS yakabva yavaka nzvimbo muNew Jersey yakatsaurirwa kuchengetedza uye kugadzirisa data dati; iyi yakaoma yaifanira kunge yakaita basa re Database yezvese chokwadi uye ruzivo nezve sangano, ichipa imwechete yekupinda nzvimbo yemapazi ese ekambani.

Iyo yepakati dhatabhesi yaive yakakosha kupfuura zvese kuve nechokwadi chekutevera kugona, kureva ruzivo rwenzvimbo yepasuru nguva dzese. Ichi chitsva, chakaunzwa nemakwikwi, chakafarirwa zvikuru neve vatengi. UPS saka yakaona zvakakosha kuisa mari mukati

capillary network yaizobvumira kuyerera kweruzivo urwu: network, iyo yakatora zita reUPS Net, yakatangwa muna 1990.

Il Database yaifanira kunge iine kwete ruzivo chete nezve mapasuru (yatove yakawanda, yakatenderedza 200 hunhu hwechinhu chimwe nechimwe chakatumirwa) asiwo nezve zvimwe zvinhu: logistics, dati dei vatengi uye yevashandi. Management iyi ye dati yakanganisa bhizinesi reUPS, nzira dzayo dzehurongwa uye nzira dzekubatana.

Iine zvivakwa zvakasimba munzvimbo, UPS yakatanga kupinda muhunyanzvi hwebhizinesi rayo. Muna 1993 yakaunza DIAD, otomatiki parcel recognition system iyo, munguva chaiyo, inoziva pasuru uye kugadzirisa Database nemabasa akaitwa pairi (kubva, kutakura, kuunganidza, nezvimwewo). DIAD ine mini-terminal, parizvino yakavakirwa paWindows Mobile, dato inotungamirirwa nemunhu wese anobata mapasuru. Iyo terminal inoshongedzerwa ne-state-of-the-art yekubatanidza (yechina kuburitswa, ikozvino iri kushandiswa, ine Wi-Fi neGPRS, asiwo bluetooth uye infrared kuti ikwanise kubatana nemakomputa nemaprinta) uye zvechokwadi GPS, kubatsira vatyairi mukugadzirisa nzira uye kugadzirisa ikozvino chinzvimbo chepasuru. Ongororo yeruzivo rwunounzwa neDIADs inoratidza kuwanda kwe dati iyo kambani inoshandisa kuratidza i vatengi, gadzirisa mafambiro ekutumira uye kuita basa-based costing. Uyezve, huya dati chero "zvikanganiso" kana zvakasarudzika zvinobuda mukuronga kwekutakura kwe vatengi, iyo inobvumira UPS kupa mazano uye re-engineering masevhisi. Shipping optimization, yakasarudzika ndima yekutsvagisa mashandiro inoshandiswa kune tekinoroji yeruzivo, inotonga zviitiko zveUPS.

Kuputika kwedandemutande repasi rose pakati pemakore ekuma90 kwakavhura mikana mitsva, zvichikonzera kuunzwa kwemarudzi akawanda emabasa akavakirwa pa Indaneti (UPS Online Zvishandiso). Yakanga iri imwe yemakambani ekutanga kuve neyayo website uye, kare kare kusati kwaitwa theorization yezvinonzi e-zvokutengeserana, akanzwa mukana wekuzviisa pakati pevagadziri nevatengi, achicheka vatengesi nevashambadzi kubva mumaketani.

Ese macomputer masisitimu akagadzirwa mukati meUPS. Zvishandiso zvakawanda hazvina kuramba zviri izvo zvega zvekambani - semuenzaniso, yambotaurwa yekutevera kana mutengo wekufungidzira masisitimu akagadziridzwa munguva chaiyo pasirese - asi akaitwa kuti awanikwe vatengi: ani nani anoda anogona kubatanidza maapplication aya musoftware yavo, kunyangwe mumasystem eERP. UPS inopa maAPI uye zvinyorwa, ichikumbira chete chiratidzo.

Tichifunga nezve shanduko iyi yechinangwa chekushandisa - kubva mukushandiswa kwemukati kuenda kubudiriro inotungamirwa nevatengi - madhipatimendi eIT atanga kukura nenzira inodyidzana uye modular inogoneka:

kugamuchirwa kwakarongeka kwemiyero yakavhurika kwaita kuti UPS ibudirire mukutanga, uye nhasi makambani mazhinji ari nyore kubatanidza kushanda kweUPS musoftware yavo;

modularity yakagonesa kushandiswa zvakare uye kugadzirisa kodhi, kukurumidza kuvandudzwa uye kutsva kwekuita. Nehurombo, zvimhingamipinyi zvebhajeti zvinomisa nhangemutange iyi. Ichi chikamu chichaonekwa zviri nani mundima yesangano.

Chimiro chepakati chepakati chezvirongwa zvinotsanangurwa kusvika zvino chakanga chakanyanya kukanganisa kukanganisa muchiitiko chenjodzi; kambani yakaita seUPS haikwanise kubhadhara nguva. Nechikonzero ichi, muna 1996 mukuru wezveruzivo akafunga kuunza nzvimbo yedata yakafanana ne Atlanta iyo yakadzokorora mashandiro ese, kuve nechokwadi chekuenderera kwebhizinesi kunodiwa. Kusimba uye kugona kweUPS kwakakwira zvekuti kambani inogona

inovimbisa kutumira munguva pfupi kwazvo windows (kunyangwe awa imwe yemasevhisi akakosha).

Pakati peakakosha hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji yemakore achangopfuura, UPS yakaunza RFID yekumaka pamapakeji ayo akakosha, sarudzo yakamhanyisa maitiro ekuzivikanwa uye kugadzirisa dambudziko rekuverenga ma tag ekuona (senge barcode) pamapakeji asina kuumbwa. Pamusoro pezvo, hurongwa hwekucherechedzwa kwezwi (UPS Interactive VoiceResponse) hwakagadzirirwa kurerutsa basa revanhu pamafoni switchboards. Sezvinoonekwa, UPS inonyanya kutarisisa kushanduka kwemasisitimu ayo uye inogamuchira chero tekinoroji nyowani inogona kuwedzera kubereka.

Organizzazione

Sarudzo dzehungwaru kuUPS dzinoitwa pahwaro hwekuongororwa kwedata dati inounganidzwa nemhando mbiri dzekugadzirisa data dati, akarongwa mukati deta rekuchengeta uye inopihwa kuburikidza nebhizinesi ruzivo system. Nekuda kwemaitiro enguva refu, UPS inoramba ichiita zviitiko zvehungwaru uye pamusoro pese kuongororwa kwemusika. Nekutarisa nguva nenguva kupihwa kwemakwikwi, inogona kuedza kuzadza gap (yemakwikwi emulation).

Sarudzo mukati meUPS dzakatanga kuitwa chete pahwaro hwemitongo kubva kune vakuru manejimendi komiti. Kutevera maitiro emakombuta, iyo IT inotungamira komiti yakaunzwa, inoumbwa nenyanzvi ina idzo, chikamu chechina chega chega, dzinoisa gwara retekinoroji. Mugore, komisheni inounganidza mazano uye zvikumbiro kubva kuzvikamu zvakasiyana zvekambani; sezvo, sezvataurwa, madhipatimendi eIT akaungana mumahofisi maviri akafanana - uye hazvitarisirwe kuti zvikwata zvidiki zvakatsaurirwa kune zvinodiwa nemapazi ega - mapurojekiti anochinjika ane rombo rakanaka. Sezvo pasina bhajeti risingaperi, ndakasarudza kuti ndeapi mapurojekiti ekugadzira, ndichiaraira nekutanga; kukosha kunoverengerwa nekomiti inotungamira pahwaro hwemitengo inotarisirwa uye mabhenefiti: sarudzo yekutsigira system maitiro i dati, zvichibva pamatanho akadai sekudzoka kunotarisirwa pakudyara, kukanganisa kune mamwe masisitimu / maitiro, zvichingodaro. Mapurojekiti epamusoro anozokurukurwa uye pamwe akaderedzwa; pakupedzisira bhajeti uye zviwanikwa zvevanhu zvinopihwa. Chinhu chakakosha cheiyi dhizaini ndechekuti hurongwa hwekuita sarudzo hunofarira mapurojekiti enguva pfupi nekuti kana kuita kwakatora nguva inopfuura gore, UPS inotenda kuti musika unenge watochinja kusati kwapera budiriro.

Dare rinotungamira rinoda kuti zvikumbiro zvese zviratidze maitiro uye mifananidzo yekambani. Nechikonzero ichi anosarudza patafura matemplate kuti ashandiswe kune chero chidimbu chesoftware yakagadzirwa; sangano rose rinofanira kuita maererano nazvo.

Nezve zvibodzwa zvisina hukama zvakananga neIT, UPS yepamusoro manejimendi inoshandisa zvakanyanya inonzi inonzi migodhi yemanzwiro, ichitora mukana weRadian6 chikuva chinotarisisa iwo makuru masocial network (maforamu, mablogiki, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, YouTube, nezvimwewo) uye inopa pfupiso madhibhodhi emukurumbira wekambani online. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvakachengetwa pasi pekutariswa zvakanyanya pane zvakare kushandiswa kweiyo brand.

Kuti uongorore zvakanyanya mikana mitsva, UPS ine zvakare dato kutanga kwechikamu chinodaidzwa kuti e-Ventures, chinobata nekuona miganhu yebhizimusi mitsva mumunda wewebhu, zvisingakonzerwi nezviitiko zvemakwikwi uye zvinogona kuvhura kudyidzana kutsva nemamwe makambani. Chigadzirwa chekutanga che e-Ventures, chakabvumidzwa ne

manejimendi epamusoro muna 2000, yaive UPS e-Logistics, yakazara online shipping manejimendi chikuva chemakambani anoshandisa UPS semutakuri wavo wakajairwa. Pfungwa ye-e-Logistics ndeyekupa imwechete yakabatanidzwa pasuru inopa chero rubatsiro rwaungade: kubva mudura rekuchengetedza kusvika pakutevera, kurongeka manejimendi, rutsigiro rwerunhare, nezvimwe. E-Ventures inogadzira avhareji yemakumi matatu ekuvandudza mazano pagore.

Muna 1997 UPS yakagadzira homwe inodaidzwa kuti UPS Strategic Enterprise Fund, iyo inotarisisa, inoongorora nekudyara mumakambani ari kusimukira anoongorora misika mitsva uye matekinoroji ezvingangoita kufarira. Yakanga iri homwe chaiyo yakazivisa uye yakatungamira mukutorwa muna 2004 yeImpinj Inc., mugadziri wematagi eRFID.

kubatsirana

Sezvinoonekwa kubva mundima dzakapfuura, UPS ine marudzi akasiyana e vatengi:

vanhu vakazvimirira vanotumira mapasuru;

makambani anovimba nayo kuendesa mapasuru kune avo vatengi

(kutengeserana kwepamhepo pasina vamiriri vemhando ipi neipi);

makambani asingatumire mapasuru chete asiwo anotora mukana wemakombuta aanoshandisa.

Kukurukurirana ne vatengi rudzi rwekutanga rwainyanya kuburikidza nenhare dzekufona, asi nekuputika kwewebhu zvakawanda zvebasa rekutsigira rakatsaurirwa kune e-mail. Semuenzaniso, zvinokwanisika kugamuchira e-mail zviziviso zvemamiriro ekutumira, kana kutarisa zvakananga kubva panzvimbo. Kudzokororwa kwevashandi vefoni, uko kwakabatsirawo nehurongwa hwekucherechedzwa kwezwi, kwakabvumira UPS kugadzira bhizinesi idzva repamberi: kubvumidzwa kwevashandi vakadaro kumakambani anodyidzana (UPS Business Communication Services).

Masangano anoshandisa masevhisi eIT anogona zvakare kutaurirana neUPS kuburikidza nechikamu chesaiti icho chinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nehuchokwadi. Kuti udzivise kugutsa huwandu hukuru hwezvikumbiro zvinodzokororwa, UPS yakagadzira nhevedzano yeFAQ mumitauro yese uye hwaro hweruzivo maunogona kuedza kutsvaga mhinduro nekukurumidza.

Kune mhando imwe chete yekubatana inoitika pasina kubatanidzwa kwead hoc system, uye iri kune vanodyidzana vasingaratidze kufarira mamwe masevhisi. Aya makambani anosvikirwa pachezvake nemagetsi commerce account maneja anopa chero maficha kubva kuUPS portfolio ayo, zvichienderana nekutakura uye kutakura zvinhu, anogona kubatsira.

Kubatana kwemukati muUPS kunoitika nenzira dzakasiyana:

Vashandi vehurumende vanoshanda nefoni uye / kana e-mail; yakanakira webhu-yakavakirwa matikiti masevhisi maneja mafambiro ehunyanzvi nyaya; an ad hoc application, zvakare yakavakirwa pawebhu, inotarisira kuunganidza uye kuronga zvirevo zvitsva zvinozoongororwa mukupera kwegore neIT inotungamira komiti.

Vatyairi vanotaurirana nemapazi kana muzinda kuburikidza neDIAD mini-terminal, iyo inogara yakabatana. Mahofisi ekutonga anogona kuendesa ruzivo rwechimbichimbi (semuenzaniso patraffic, kuchinja kwekuenda, nezvimwewo), zvichiita kuti zvioneke pachiratidziro.

Nheyo dzeIT dzesangano

Chikamu chechipiri chekosi: zvidzidzo 7-12

Mapepa akanyorwa na:

Antonio Ceparano, Vincenzo Mira, Monica Menoncin, Alessandro Re

Yakasimbiswa naProfessor Giorgio De Michelis kuve nechokwadi kusavapo kwekukanganisa.

HANDOUTS AKAKUKUDZWA NACHIREMBA STEFANO FANTIN

Kuti tiunze hutsva mukati mekambani, chinhu chekutanga kuziva tekinoroji yatinayo. Izvo zvakakosha uye zvinoperekedza kushanduka kwehurongwa hweruzivo uye kuti shanduko iyi iitike, matekinoroji anofanirwa kuverengerwa.

utsanzi

60s/70s

Maitiro akagamuchirwaOperations manejimendi masisitimu.

Nzvimbo: mumba1/mumasevhisi.

Michina: Mainframe2

Makambani ari pakati pekuvandudzwa kwemaindasitiri, hupfumi hwenyika hwasimuka kubva muhondo uye mabhizinesi ari kukura zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, izvi hazviitike kwose kwose, asi munhamba shoma yenyika dzakabudirira. L'Italia, mukugamuchirwa kwemichina yemashoko (kwete mukugadzirwa kwavo, sezvinoratidzwa naOlivetti), yakanga iri shure kwedzimwe nyika.

80s/90s

Maitiro akagamuchirwa: bhizinesi manejimendi masisitimu.

Nzvimbo: mumba.

Michina: panzvimbo dzekushanda muLAN, VPN muzviitiko zvisingawanzo, nyeredzi network

Makambani ari mukusimudzira, asi dambudziko rekutanga remafuta rinoonekwa: inguva yekumuka, asi inoonekwa sechikamu chekupfuura. Dambudziko remafuta ndiro chipingamupinyi pakukura kwehupfumi uye rinosiya mamiriro acho nekusagadzikana kwakanyanya: munyika dzakawanda kune inflation yakanyanya, mari inoderedzwa uye simba uye mari yebasa inowedzera. Yakanga iri panguva iyi iyo pfungwa yekusimudzira mumatunhu umo vashandi vaive nemutengo wakaderera wakakura. Izvi zvinoshandura zvinhu zvakanyanya: in Italia mumakore iwayo pakanga paine shanduko yehunyanzvi mumakambani anotyaira budiriro, ayo kusvika zvino aive akatarisana nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinodhura. Naizvozvo, makambani anobuda anokodzera kunaka kwemhando yebasa ravo (micheka, fashoni, makanika, chemistry). Muzvikamu zvakasiyana, "Made in Italy" inofanana nemhando. Asi kusimukira kwehofori dzakaita seRussia, India neChina kunotungamira kumamiriro asina kufanooneswa neanozivikanwa ehupfumi mamodheru: kushandiswa kwekatatu uye nyika idzi dzinozviwana dziri mumamiriro ezvinhu asati amboitika.

90s/00s

Maitiro akagamuchirwa:ERP.

Nzvimbo: ln house / Outsource.

Michina: General Chinangwa (e.g. PC) kuburikidza Indaneti

Munguva ino hupfumi hunotungamirirwa nezvinhu zviviri zvikuru: kusagadzikana uye kuwedzera kwemakwikwi. Makambani anoedza kuzvigadzirisa, kutsvaga mamwe mabasa uye mamwe matekinoroji. Mafemu anogona kufunga kuti ane imwe horizon maererano nemafambiro awo; nepo panguva yehupfumi hwekusimudzira hupfumi hwaive hwakawanda uye pakanga paine vimbiso yekuva navo mumakore akatevera, nekudaro kuve nerusununguko rwekufambisa kune shanduko yehurongwa kunyangwe munguva pfupi, ikozvino zvakakosha kuronga zvirinani kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa kwenguva yakareba. . Kunyanya kune zvemagetsi uye zvemakomputa, kusagadzikana kwenyika yemazuva ano kunoreva kuti chigadzirwa chinokunda pane imwe nguva chinogona kusagara kwenguva refu pamusika. Izvi ndezvechokwadi munguva pfupi uye, kunyanya zvakadaro, munguva refu.

00s/10s

Tichiri mumutambo!

10s/20s

Chii chichaitika?

Tekinoroji yekutanga iripo ndiyo mainframe (IBM S/3603 ari pakati pevakatanga kupinda mukambani). Muchikamu cheITC, innovation yakakura uye kune makambani mazhinji anozvarwa, anokura nguva dzose, asi anonyangarika nekukurumidza, dzimwe nguva achibatwa (seNetscape, inozivikanwa nebrowser yezita rimwe chetero, ikozvino kupatsanurwa kweAOL) dzimwe nguva kwete. .

Chimiro chemusika wehunyanzvi hweruzivo chinoraira mitemo yakaomesesa yekuvandudza.

Nekupararira kwekubatana kwekutanga, zviteshi zvekusvika kure kune kombiyuta yepakati (stellar topology) zvakazvarwa. Zvadaro network yakagadzirwa nekuisa maseva epakati. Pave paya ndipo painosvika Internet, chivakwa chinotibvumira kubatanidza a

akawanda ezvivakwa zvakasiyana (hierarchical, peer to peer4, mutengi-server5, mhete…). In Internet zvese zviri pakati pakati pematanho maviri ekutaurirana zvakavigwa, zvimiro zvinotsanangurwa mushure mekunge network yagadzirwa. Inotipa rusununguko runotyisa: hatichadi chimiro chinotibvumira kuunza kurongeka. Internet zvirokwazvo tekinoroji yakakura (mupfungwa yechirungu yetemu, i.e. yehukuru hukuru).

Ichi chiitiko chenhoroondo chakakosha pakunzwisisa masisitimu eruzivo uye, kazhinji, matekinoroji, nekuti:

mabhizimisi, uye masanganowo zvawo, vanasikana vetsika dzavo uye ruzivo rwavo runoita mutsauko;

magariro nezvematongerwo enyika chikamu chakakomba chezvakatipoteredza;

shanduko uye chimiro chehunyanzvi zvakare basa remakwara evashandisi.

Isu tiri kuramba tichipupurira kushanduka-shanduka kwesarudzo dzekambani zvichienderana nekushanduka kwayo vatengi.

Sezvinoratidzwa naKlee mu "Angelus Novus" yake zvakafanira kuti "Ngirozi yekuvandudza yakatarisa kune yakapfuura" kana kuti zvakakosha kutarisa kune zvakapfuura kuita zvinhu zvitsva.

Iko inogoneka shanduko yeruzivo masisitimu

ERP masisitimu, anotongwa neSAP uye Oracle, vakazvarwa muma70s. Dzakagadzirirwa makambani aive nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana uye zvimiro pane zvazvino, izvo zvakagadzirirwa nharaunda umo musika wakagadzikana.

Naizvozvo zviri pachena kuti pane kudikanwa kwekuunza hutsva, asi isu tinoganhurirwa nezvimwe zvinhu, chikuru chiri kuramba kuchinjeka nevanhu vanoshandisa masisitimu aripo iye zvino, sezvo shanduko inoda kudzidza uye kudzidza chimwe chinhu chitsva (chinova kwete nguva dzose inogamuchirwa).

Maitiro ekushandisa ari kushandiswa nhasi akanyanya

Unix (makore makumi mana)

Windows (makore makumi matatu)

Linux (makore makumi maviri)

Aya masisitimu akazvarwa munguva iyo tekinoroji yeruzivo yaive yakavakirwa pamakomputa madiki-epakati. Nekufamba kwenguva masisitimu mamwe chete aya akapararira kunzvimbo dzekushandira uye maseva.

Zvinoshungurudza kuti munyika yanhasi hapachina masisitimu akaomarara kupfuura aripo: achitarisa semuenzaniso pawebhu, munhu anogona kufunga nezve kuunza itsva inoshanda sisitimu inotsigira ma tag peji rimwe chete regwaro.

Iyo "9x factor"

Kuedza kuunza hutsva, zvakakosha kuti utaure kune iyo innovation kukosha kwayo kwainogona kuve nayo pamushandisi wekupedzisira.

Kana munhu achinge agadzira hutsva, anofanirwa kuziva nezve chokwadi chekuti anozopa kune iyi innovation kukosha kwakapetwa katatu izvo zvinoonekwa nevashandisi. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mugadziri anongoona chinhu chitsva, asi haaone kukosha kwekushandura ecosystem maanogara. Vanhu vanoshandisa matekinoroji uye kune vanopihwa hunyanzvi vanozopa kukosha katatu kumashandisirwo avanoziva mashandisiro, nekuti zvakavatorera simba kuti vadzidze uye nekudaro vanopa kukosha chaiko nekuti vanoziva mashandisiro.

Naizvozvo, kuti hutsva huve nemukana wekubudirira kutsiva huripo, hunofanirwa kunge huri nani zvakapetwa kapfumbamwe ("9x factor"), kureva kuti hunofanirwa kunge huri hutsva hwakasiyana, hunonyatso shandura hupenyu hwevanhu.

Kuti tikwanise kuunza hutsva, saka zvinodikanwa kugadzira masisitimu ane mari yakaderera (yakasarudzika) yekudzidza uye inotsiva iripo, inovandudza ruzivo rwemushandisi, asi ichienderana nechisikigo mune iripo ecosystem.

COMMODITIES:

Chigadzirwa chinhu chinoshandiswa zvakajairika chine hunhu husinganyanyi kutaurwa, nekuti hunotsanangurwa uye hunotariswa kune mwero. Hazvina musoro kuti ndiani anogadzira zvakanaka, sezvo pasina mutsauko wechigadzirwa ichocho pamusika. Funga, semuenzaniso, nezve espresso kana ream yemashiti: kune mipimo yemhando iyo parizvino yakapararira uye haidi kutaurwa kana kusiyanisa.

Hunhu hwechigadzirwa hunowanzo kwira pane chigadzirwa chemutengo wakaderera, chaizvo nekuda kwekuti chinosangana neakapararira uye akavimbiswa mhando yemhando. Zvakasiyana, kunaka kwechigadzirwa che ad hoc kwakakwira kupfuura yezvigadzirwa.

Kana tekinoroji yave chinhu chekutengesa, zvinoreva kuti matambudziko aitarisana nawo apera: yakanyatsoiswa mudura rako (semupepeti wemavara, printer yemuhofisi). Munyika yemasisitimu eruzivo, kana isu tichitsvaga chikamu, asi tisina hanya zvakanyanya nezvachinofanira kuita maererano nekuita, saka tinenge tichitsvaga chinotengeswa.

Muindasitiri yeIT, kudiwa kwekuvandudza kuri kukanganisa, nekuti hutsva hwakaunzwa hushoma uye hushoma muhurongwa uye izvi zvinoisa indasitiri yese panjodzi: pasina hunyanzvi, mari inoderera.

Asi hazvisi nyore kuunza hutsva, kunyanya kune kambani huru: kana iine chigadzirwa chakapararira pamusika, chigadzirwa ichi chinoonekwa sechiyero. Kuunzwa kwehunyanzvi hutsva kunovhura ruoko mukuona kweyero, nekudaro kutanga nguva yekuchinja apo mukwikwidzi anogona kupinda mumusika uye kuvapo kwakakosha.

Kukura kwemakwikwi kunowanzo kusaburitsa hunyanzvi, asi kunowanzo kuunza zvigadzirwa kune imwe nzvimbo yekusangana. Kune makambani anotungamira muchikamu, kuunzwa kwehunyanzvi:

inogadzira kurasikirwa kwehukama hwekare nemusika;

haibudisi zvakakosha zvehupfumi;

kunowedzera kuvhiringidzika pakati pe vatengi;

inosungira kambani kune innovation pachayo: kana ikakundikana, zvingave zvakazara sezvo zvisingaite kudzokera shure.

Naizvozvo zvinodikanwa kugadzira iyo yakakwana yekutaurirana nharaunda nemutengi, kukwezva kufarira kwavo kuitira kuti vakwanise kuunza hutsva pamusika. Sezvambotaurwa, maficha anopihwa anofanirwa kuve anobatsira zvakanyanya pamari yekudzidza zero.

Nezve kambani, zviri pachena kuti zvido zvayo zvinogona kuchinja. Sarudzo dzakapfuura dzakaitwa nekambani dzakapesvedzera chimiro cheruzivo rwainoshandisa. Nenzira imwecheteyo, chimiro chakapihwa kuhurongwa hweruzivo hwekambani chinopesvedzera ramangwana rayo: chii chiripo mamiriro esarudzo uye anogadzira rusaruro (kunzwisiswa sekutenda uye maitiro nekuda kwemamiriro ekugadzikana kwepamusoro).

Semuenzaniso, kusvika kuma60/70s zvaifungidzirwa kuti elliptical mutauro (kureva umo ellipsis inoitika, i.e. kusiiwa kwemazwi) yakagadziriswa nesynchrony (kureva nekuenderera kwechinguva), asi kwete nenzvimbo yevanopindirana (kutaurirana kunogona zvakare kugadzirwa pafoni). Zvakadaro, kuuya kwee-mail kwabvisa chisungo ichi: hapana kuwiriranisa kana nharaunda kukanganisa manzwisisiro edu emutauro, izvo zvinoenderana chete nemamiriro ezvinhu. Nyika haina kuchinja semugumisiro wekunzwisisa izvi, asi kunzwisisa uku kunotibvumira kubata chimwe chinhu chitsva.

Kuti unzwisise masisitimu eruzivo anoshandiswa musangano, nyaya mbiri dzinofanirwa kuverengerwa:

nhoroondo yetekinoroji, nekuti kana kambani yakazvarwa makore angangosvika makumi matatu apfuura, matekinoroji ayo achange atora achave akakurudzirwa zvakanyanya nenhoroondo;

nhoroondo yemakambani, nekuti kumakambani mazhinji nhoroondo haina mutsara, asi zvichienderana nekubatanidzwa, spin-offs, kutora, uye nekudaro hurongwa hwavo hweruzivo huchange hwachinja navo.

Iko kushanduka kwekambani kwakakosha kune avo vanogadzira masisitimu eruzivo: masisitimu eruzivo masangano ane simba uye dzimwe nguva ari pasi penguva dzakasimba kwazvo.

Kugadzira hurongwa hweruzivo rwekambani, chekutanga pane zvese zvakakosha kuti unzwisise izvo zvinodiwa nemasangano. Danho rekutanga nderekududzira zvinodiwa nekambani uye kudzidza kunzwisisa matambudziko, kuyedza kubata zano rekuti inoshanda sei. Muchokwadi, nhasi masangano haachakwanisa kutaura zvavanoda pasina kufungidzira mhinduro yavanoda (semuenzaniso, havabvunze kuti "vagone kutungamira zvinhu", asi vanokumbira "a. Database zve logistics). Naizvozvo ibasa redu kuziva kududzira izvi zvinodiwa: kambani yega yega ine zvinangwa nezvikonzero zvakasiyana, saka isu tinofanirwa kugadzira masisitimu anopindura kune chimwe nechimwe chinodiwa.

Saka, dambudziko rekutanga nderekukwanisa:

tsvaga ruzivo rwese rwunobvira, sezvo zvisingabviri kuwana ese, sezvo pasina munhu mukati mekambani anoziva chikamu chimwe nechimwe chehurongwa chavainacho,

kukwanisa kuraira kambani mune sarudzo dzinofanirwa kuitwa, kuteerera kune zvayaida.

Ipapo isu tinoda kusiyanisa zvikamu zvitatu zvehurongwa, tichiongorora mazinga ekubatanidzwa pakati pezvinhu izvi, tichiona mapoinzi ekuomarara, matambudziko ari kubuda (vachatiratidza kwaizobva mibvunzo inozoshandura pfungwa dzekuoma kuita matambudziko. )

Tichifunga kuomarara kunoitwa matambudziko, mubvunzo hausisiri wekubatanidza a dato X pamwe a dato Y, asi ndeyekutsanangura mikana yekubatanidzwa. Mari yekubatanidza inofanirwa kuderedzwa, ichikwanisa kubvumira sangano kuti richinje chimiro chayo.

Rimwe dambudziko rinotarisana nero nderokuisa masevhisi: zvinokwanisika kushongedza kambani ne-e-mail, asi kana paine hurongwa hwekutarisira vatengi, semuenzaniso, tinogona kubatanidza e-mail nehurongwa uhu. Muchokwadi, akawanda magwaro manejimendi masisitimu nhasi anobatanidza matekinoroji akadai see-mail.

Dambudziko rekubatanidza rinomukawo munzvimbo iyi: patinonyanya kuenda kune i

groupware, ndipo patinova nematambudziko ekubatanidza maererano nemidziyo inoshandiswa uye zvikamu zvekushandisa.

Kuti tifunge zviri nani, tichaita mufananidzo wezviri mairi Italia, nekuda kwezvikonzero zviviri:

isu pamwe tichazviwana isu tichiongorora masangano eItaly;

Makambani eItaly ane maitiro akasiyana.

Makambani eItaly

Makambani ekuItaly anofanirwa kuiswa mumapoka ane hunhu hwakasiyana, asi achigara achigona kudoma kambani yega yega. Izvi zvinotitungamira mukukwanisa kugadzira ad hoc mazano ekambani yega yega, asi modular uye neyakajairwa hwaro.

L 'Italia è uno dei più importanti produttori manifatturieri del mondo ed è il 5° esportatore al mondo, in Europe è secondo solo alla Germania. A parte i beni culturali, l’industria manifatturiera è la nostra prima risorsa e ci permette di avere un buon tenore di vita.

Pamusika, isu takasimba mune mamwe maB2C zvikamu (Business To Consumer), chikuru chiri fashoni, fenicha, midziyo “yechena” (mafiriji, muchina wokuwachisa, uye izvo zvinowanzova nemavara machena). Mumidziyo midiki isu takasimba kwazvo, pakati pevatungamiriri munyika. Isu takangofananawo muchikamu chezvekudya uye mune zvekurima.

Indasitiri yemakanika yakasimba kwazvo, kwete mumotokari nemudhudhudhu chete, asiwo muB2B makanika (Bhizinesi Kune Bhizinesi): ice cream, mapepa uye michina yekugadzira huni.

Isu tiri vatungamiriri pakati pevagadziri vemataira, magirazi egirazi mafuremu, dhayi uye varnish. Hutungamiri hwatinahwo hwakasimba nekuda kwekuvandudza uye mhando yepamusoro, kwete hazvo nehuwandu hunotengeswa. Hutungamiri uhwu hahuna kuvimbiswa: vakwikwidzi vane kukurumidza kutenderera kutenderera vanogona kukandira munjodzi.

Munyika yedu kune zviuru zvemakambani anonakidza ari pasi peakasiyana profiles; izvi zvinoreva kuti isu hatina makambani makuru, kunze kweaya ayo nyika ine basa rakakosha uye maanogona kuita nekuvadzora, asi izvo zvisingashande pamusika wemahara chaiwo.

Liye makambani eItaly anogona kutsanangurwa nemamwe maitiro:

vanokwikwidza pasi rose;

madiki (kwete ese, asi isu tine akawanda epakati nepakati uye mazhinji epakati/madiki mabhizinesi);

vane hutsva;

vakadzika midzi munharaunda;

vane network structure;

vanotungamirirwa natenzi/muvambi;

vanotamburira kugara kupfuura chizvarwa chekutanga kana chechipiri;

vanokura nokukurumidza;

vane kombiyuta yakaipa.

Kuve makambani madiki asi anokwikwidza pasi rose, anonzi "pocket multinationals". Zvigadzirwa zvavo zvinonzi hazvina kugadzikana. Iwo makambani akazvarwa uye achiri kusimbiswa mu "maindasitiri ematunhu", achibatana nemamwe makambani nekudaro kugadzira network yemakambani nemasangano akasimba padanho repasirese. Kubudirira kwetiweki kunokanganisa kushanda kwemabasa avo. Dunhu remaindasitiri nokudaro rinova nzvimbo dzine mamwe makambani akanakisa pasirese.

Kudzika midzi mundima, vazhinji vevazvinabhizinesi vemakambani aya vanobatanidzwawo mukusimudzira ndima, nekuti kana mhando yendima yakakwira, kunaka kwebasa kuri nani.

Hutungamiri hwemakambani aya hunowanzo batanidzwa nemunhu mumwe chete, sabhuku kana muvambi ane hunyanzvi hwekuita bhizinesi hunoshamisa.

Ani nani anotevera mutungamiri anetsitsi haawani budiriro yakafanana kana rutsigiro rwakafanana: anofanira kuziva kutungamira nekugona kwete kufadza. Kuti atungamire makambani aya, mutungamiri anobata nezvakawanda zvinhu: hapana vanhu vane hunyanzvi Marketing, pazvisarudzo zveurongwa kana pahukama neruzhinji, asi munhu mumwe anoita zvese.

Makambani akadaro saka anonetsekana kuti agare kupfuura chizvarwa chechipiri kana chechitatu. Uyezve, dambudziko rakakura rinomuka kubva kune chimwe chizvarwa kuenda kune chinotevera: sezvo makambani mazhinji eItaly ari mhuri-anomhanya, "akaberekerwa mugaraji", kutevedzana kwekambani kunova dambudziko nekuda kwenhamba yevagari venhaka, iyo iri kuramba ichiwedzera kubva kune imwe. chizvarwa kune chinotevera. Saka dzimwe nguva zvakachipa kutengesa kambani kana yaita mari.

Makambani eItaly zvakare ane hunyanzvi: anogadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva uye anokwikwidza kugona.

Pasinei neizvi, ivo vane hunyanzvi hwekombuta maererano nezvose zvisina kunyatsobatanidzwa kune chigadzirwa uye maitiro ekugadzira, kana kuti pane ese maitiro anoshandiswa kushandura mari kuita chigadzirwa uye vice-versa. Kune vatengesi veItaly, ruzivo rwemichina chimwe chinhu chinotora gare gare, pazvinenge zvisingachakwanisi kuzvidzivirira, netariro yekusaparadza kambani nechisumo ichi. Pane kudaro, tekinoroji yeruzivo inofanirwa kuve chinhu chakakosha kubhizinesi: makambani akaita seIkea, Zara, RyanAir, ane masisitimu eruzivo akakosha kubhizinesi ravo. Iko kushanduka kweIkea, semuenzaniso, kwave kuchiperekedzwa nekushanduka kwekombuta yavo system (kunyanya kune logistics, asiwo yekutsinhana kwemirairo uye ruzivo mukati mekambani).

Nekudaro, kukura kwemakambani eItaly kunokurumidza, zvekuti maitiro avo anowanzo fanana neaya ehi-tech maindasitiri. Kutsoropodza kwakasimudzwa nevezvehupfumi kune indasitiri yedu ndeyekuti zvikamu zvaro ndezve "chinyakare" umo pasina kukura, asi nekuda kwehunyanzvi uye shanduko huru muchikamu, kukura kunoitika zvakadaro.

Semuyenzaniso, muindasitiri yezvipfeko zvemaziso, Luxottica yakakwanisa kugadziridza musika, ichitora zvese zviri zviviri chinzvimbo chemugadziri wemafuremu nebasa remutengesi, iine pfuma yakakura mukuwedzera kukosha (nekudaro ichizviwana yakanangana ne. vatengi kubva kwaanogona kugashira mhinduro yakananga zvese pazvigadzirwa zvayo uye pane zvevakwikwidzi vayo).

Innovation haigone kugara iripo: 3M yakazvipa iyo kodhi yekuvandudza, maererano iyo gore rega rega kambani inofanirwa kuvandudza kanenge 25% yemasampuli ayo. Izvi zvinorumbidzwa, asi kana iwe uchifunga nezvekambani yemafashoni iyo mugore (kana kunyange zvishoma, 4 mwedzi munyaya yeZara) inovandudza zvachose kuunganidza kwayo sampuli, inoda zvakajeka nzira yakasiyana zvikuru.

Tekinoroji yeruzivo inofanirwa kuve nebasa rinobatsira mukati mekambani, inofanirwa kugadzira kukosha kwakawedzerwa uye kwete kuvepo kweparutivi. Isu tinobata neruzivo rwemichina inotora basa iri, saka isu tinofarira kunzwisisa kuti tingabatsira sei kambani yeItaly.

zuva kuti makambani anokura nekukurumidza, tinoda evolutionary information systems: the

kukura kwebhizinesi kunoda masisitimu ekukwanisa kubata matambudziko matsva; dambudziko rekutarisana naro harisi rekukwira-chiyero chesimba remasisitimu, asi nderekuita kuti vagone kuchinjika kugadzirisa matambudziko matsva.

Kuve makambani emambure, hutongi hwavo hwakabatana zvakanyanya nekudyidzana pakati pemakambani: "akavhurika" masisitimu anodiwa, uko kuvhurika hakungotariswi nedivi rimwe chete (iyo yemakambani anodyidzana nawo), asi pazvinogoneka kugadzirisa, kuziva nzira yekudyidzana nehurongwa hwemashoko evamwe vanhu.

Pakati peseti yeakavhurika masisitimu, imwe chete ndeye logistics: kuve muhomwe nyika dzakawanda, huwandu hwenyika dzavanoshanda nadzo hwakakosha, saka zvinodikanwa kuti uzive maitirwo ekutumira nekuti zvese zvakapotsa kutengeswa kunogona kurasikirwa kutengesa. Nekuronga zvakanaka, mhedzisiro yakanaka inogona kuwanikwa.

Makambani ane hunyanzvi haakwanise kuita mari yemakore mazhinji, nekuti mainvestimenti ane hupenyu hupfupi. Nekufamba kwenguva, sarudzo dzinoitwa dzinoshanda kumhuri dzese dzechigadzirwa. Saka graduated investments.

Kugona kwemaneja kwakakosha, kuve makambani ane matambudziko ekutevedzana. Naizvozvo zvakakosha kubata zvirinani hungwaru hwebhizinesi uye ruzivo. Ruzivo rwunotsamirawo pakukosha kwekwakabva: kana munhu ane chiremera akatsinhira pane imwe pfungwa, kutaura ikoko kunotora kukosha kwakanyanya. Mugadziri mukuru weApple anopokana kuti kugadzira chigadzirwa kunotanga ne "chiratidzo" yechigadzirwa ichocho.

Kambani inotanga munzvimbo yemuno, ichiri kukura inoramba iri yemuno, asi inotanga kuve nemahofisi kana mahofisi mune dzimwe ndima/nyika. Saka network yenzvimbo inogadzirwa iyo inofanirwa kuve yakajairwa uye yakasununguka kune vanhu vanofamba mukati metiweki iyi. Muchokwadi, makambani ari kushandisa yakawanda uye yakawanda mukusimudzira nzvimbo yavari.

Iwo masisitimu anozviwana ari mumamiriro ezvinhu apo panofanirwa kubata zviitiko zvisingatarisirwi, uye zvakakosha kuti vazive kugadzirisa.

Public Administration (PA)

Masangano ehurumende akasiyana zvakasiyana kubva kune ega ega: ane hukama hwakakosha zvikuru nemitemo, nepo hukama nemusika husipo (kunyangwe hunofanira). Hutongi hweItaly hunoonekwa zvakanyanya zvekuti hatizive (zvishoma) hunhu hwatinahwo. Bazi rezvehutano, semuenzaniso, ibazi rinoshanda zvakanaka uye tine kudzoka kwehupfumi kuri nani kupfuura dzimwe nyika zhinji.

Iyo Italian PA yakabatanidza kukanganisa, makambani mazhinji haauye Italia nekuti havazive kuti vachakwanisa kushanda riini, nekuda kwekunonoka kunozivikanwa kwehutongi hwenyika ino.

Kusiyana nemakambani, iyo PA haicherechedze masevhisi asina kushandiswa: hapana kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvisina kutengeswa mudura, asi, zvakanyanya, kune vanhu vasingashande (uye kazhinji vanhu ava havanyunyuti nezvazvo), saka iyo yadeuka inova yakaoma kuwana. Hapana anoyera masevhisi ePA; mwero webasa unodiwa.

In Italia hurongwa hweshanduko hwave nemakore huchiitwa, izvo zvave "zvakavanzika" nhungamiro, imwe yacho ndeyekuisa mugari pakati - izvo zviri kuyedza kuita nemakambani. vatengi. Saka isu tinogona kufungidzira kuti PA nemabhizinesi masisitimu ane mapoinzi ekusangana.

Kutanga kwemaitiro ekuchinja kwaive dato kubva pamapoinzi emutemo unotevera wakaunza, pakati pezvimwe, 3 shanduko dzakakosha:

hutongi hwega hwega hunofanirwa kuona kuti ndeapi masevhisi aanopa, kana maitirwo ekutonga aanotarisira;

kune imwe neimwe nzira, kana inopiwa kune mugari, panofanira kuva nemutungamiriri; naizvozvo mugari anofanira kuziva kuti ndiani ane basa rebasa iroro;

kune imwe neimwe nzira yekutonga, pane nguva yakawanda iyo basa rinofanira kupiwa.

Chimwe chinhu chakanga chisipo kubva mumutemo uyu kuti chive chimurenga: hauunzi munhu ane mutoro weboka rose rekutonga maitiro. Kureva kuti, kunyangwe kana chiitiko chega chega chiine maneja kana chapihwa kumunhu akazvimiririra, hapana maneja werudzi irworwo rwemaitiro (semuenzaniso kune maneja wepasipoti yangu, asi kwete imwe yemapasipoti ese).

Kuti uite shanduko iyi, imwe inodiwa, iyo zvisinei isati yaitwa: hurumende yehurumende inofanira kubatsira mugari mune zvaanoda. Mutemo unotora nzvimbo yechipiri kune zvinodiwa nemugari, asi unofanirwa kuremekedzwa. Naizvozvo, iyo PA inofanirwa kutungamira mugari musarudzo uye maitiro anodiwa kuti awane zvaanoda, uye kwete kungoshandisa mutemo, achisiya mugari ari patsitsi dzake.

Somuenzaniso, kana mhuri ichida mvumo yekuvaka kamuri yemwana wavo, hazvina basa kuti imba iyi inogadzirwa sei: inokwana kuva nayo, nokuti pane ichi chinodiwa. Saka mugari anoda kutevedzera mitemo (iyo saka isingakoshese pane zvinodiwa), asi sezvo mugari asina kutungamirwa mukushandisa mitemo, mvumo icharambwa, nzira inofa uye mugari anenge asingagutsikane, asi panzvimbo pacho. PA anofanira kumuperekedza omuudza kuti: "kuti uwane kamuri unofanirwa kuita izvi pane izvo".

Kana zvese zvichifanirwa kutungamirwa nesevhisi, zviri pachena kuti masisitimu anofanira kunge akasiyana zvakanyanya.

Iyo system inofanirwa kuita kuti ndigare ndichiwanikwa dati hwaro (semuenzaniso ndakatenga makumi maviri emhando A screws), sezvo kubva pahwaro hweruzivo urwu zvinokwanisika kutora zvitsva (semuenzaniso ndichine mhando A screws) uye nekudaro ndinokwanisa kuita nenzira yakaoma zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye. zvinodiwa.

Kuti tive neshanduko idzi, modular masisitimu anodiwa: anotitendera kuti tirambe tichibatanidza ruzivo, sezvo vachichichengeta chakaparadzana.

Kukura kwekambani kunotungamira mukuvhiringidzika musangano rayo remukati: in Italia ongororo yevanhu vakashandirwa, mashandiro avo uye kukosha kwavanoburitsa hakuwanzo kuitwa, pfungwa yakajairika yeJapan neAnglo-Saxon nyika. Zvose zvisiri chikamu chekuwedzera kukosha kunofanira kubviswa, saka kana IT system inobvumira kuongororwa kwemashoko, kubvumira kuchengetedza, purofiti inowedzera.

Makambani eItaly ane hunyanzvi hunodiwa hunoenderana nezvikonzero zvemusika. Muhutungamiri hwehurumende, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana zvachose kubva kukambani, kune simba rakasimba kune innovation. Pane maitiro maviri ane hukama neinnovation iyi:

nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehupfumi hwehupfumi, hutsva hunodhura hunosarudzwa;

hutsva hunofanirwa kuve nechinangwa chekuvandudza mashandiro uye zvakare pakushandura mafungiro evanhu, kupa mubairo hunhu hwavo zvinoenderana nezvinangwa, asi munhu anofanira kunge aine nzira yekugona kumisa zvinangwa zvine musoro. Pasina tekinoroji yeruzivo hatizive zvinangwa zvirikuiswa.

Modular Software

Kuti tigadzire masisitimu anochinjika, anoshanduka-shanduka uye anogona scalable, isu tinofanirwa kuve ne modularity, i.e. chivakwa chinotibvumira kugadzira pasi-kumusoro system (kubva pasi kumusoro).

Kutanga iwe unofanirwa kuve nemamodule, saka iwe unoda "archive" yemamodule. Vanofanira kubva vachinjana, kureva kuti zvinogoneka kutsiva module neimwe yakaenzana module, uye izvi zvinoitwa nekubvumira kuchinjana kweruzivo pakati pemamodules kuburikidza neanotsanangurwa interfaces: kupindirana kwezvikamu hakufanirwe kusiyana nekusiyana kwemamodule. .

Modular software inowana paradigm nyowani yekubatanidzwa kwechikamu nekuvandudzwa kwemashups (hybrid web application), i.e. gadzira chimwe chinhu kubva kwakasiyana, semuenzaniso kushandisa maAPIs pakutanga akagadzirwa nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana, asi wozobatanidzwa kugadzira chigadzirwa chitsva.

Ma module anofanira kunge ari nyore sei mune modular system?

Mafomu anofanira kuitwa nyore sezvinobvira. Kambani yega yega inokwanisa kubata hukama hwakaomesesa (semuenzaniso manejimendi evashandi) nenzira yakasiyana, asi zvekutanga zvinoramba zvakafanana (semubhadharo). Madiki mamodule anobvumira kushandiswazve, kushomeka nguva yekuvandudza uye kushanduka-shanduka (semuenzaniso, kana iwe ukapatsanura mushandisi interface, unofanirwa kuve nechokwadi kuti inowirirana, semuenzaniso, iwe unofanirwa kukwanisa kushandisa kopi-namira zvisinei nehurongwa hwayo. UI yakagadzirwa).

Dambudziko rinomuka ndere, zvakajeka, nzira yekuzadzisa kudyidzana pakati pemamodule. Iyo yakakura sisitimu yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuve neruzivo rwakawanda rwakabatana kune mumwe nemumwe mukati meiyo system pachayo, yakabvumirawo ruzivo rwakanangana narwo kuti ritariswe zvakasiyana.e

kuwana mvumo, ndiine i dati dzakapararira uye nzira dzechokwadi dzinogona kunge dzakasiyana.

Kuora uku kunotipa, panguva imwe cheteyo, rusununguko rwakawanda: i dati tinogona kuaisa chero kwatinoda, tichiagovera sezvatinoda.

Kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvose, Database, modules uye interfaces, hazviitike mumhepo, asi inoitika pachikuva: ndiyo inotibvumira kuita kubatanidzwa, saka zvakakosha kuti titsanangure chikuva ichi zvakanaka.

Chii chinobvumira kusikwa kwema modular masisitimu iri pamusoro pese chiyero pamhando yeruzivo rwunotsinhaniswa nemamodules: panofanira kunge paine kunyorerana mune inokwanisika kutaurirana inoyerera pakati pemamodule. Tinogona kuva nemaitiro ekunyora akawanda anochinjika kana tiine gwaro rimwe chete chiyero, asi kusvika zvino zvakapesana chaizvo zvaitika: hurongwa hwekunyora hwakanyanya hune nhamba huru yemafomati egwaro. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya ane zvipingamupinyi zviviri:

kana chiyero chakabatana nehurongwa, iyo sisitimu inoita kunge yepasirese,

izvi zvinowanzofarira kuvharwa kwemusika, nekuti pane mwero usingagone kuburitswa nemumwe, saka iyo yakanyanya kupararira inova yakasimba kwazvo.

Iyo ajenda muenzaniso wekuchinjisa application kana ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvese zvinoshandiswa, nekuti panofanira kunge paine ajenda, saka zvine musoro kuibata padanho rehurongwa, uye kwete padanho rekushandisa. Iyo sisitimu ndiyo puratifomu yatinomhanyisa maapplication, kuburikidza yatinoita kuti vataure. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuparadzanisa dati kubva kumaapplication. Izvi zvinorerutsa zvakanyanya kusikwa kweiyo ruzivo system: tinogona kubatanidza iyo dati yemakambani maviri zviri nyore kana kushandisa akasiyana maapplication kuwana zvakafanana dati.

Kubatanidza masisitimu eruzivo kwakakosha pakubatanidzwa kwemakambani. Kuva nemafomu akareruka kunoita kuti zvive nyore kupanana ruzivo pane kutora mafomu akaoma.

Modularity inowanzove iripo maererano nemaonero ekunze: iyo yemushandisi. Muchokwadi, anoona sisitimu chidimbu chimwe panguva, i.e. anoona chete chidimbu chaanoshandisa uye anochiona seyakasiyana module kubva kune yese. Inooneka modularity ndiyo nhanho yekutanga kuenda kune chaiyo modularity.

Izvi zvinotibvumira kugadzira mitsva uye yepakati-chikamu kusangana uye masevhisi. Iyo system interface inove inotsamira pane nharaunda yemushandisi: sisitimu inopindura kana mushandisi achiida, saka nguva yekumirira inova yakakosha kuyera kushanda kwehurongwa.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti iyo interface inogadzirwa kutanga kubva kumushandisi, kubva pane zvaanoita: mushandisi anojairira maitiro, kunyangwe ari akashata uye asina mufungo.

Chekupedzisira, chikuva chinofanirwa kuziva kuve chikuva: kwete chete chinofanira kubvumidza kuitwa kwemamodule, asi chinofanirawo kunge chine mabasa ese anogona kuchinjika (eg agenda, e-mail) anogona kuwanikwa nesystem primitives. sezvakangoita necopy-paste). Kune iyo system, izvi zvinogona kuonekwa se

zvakajairika maapplication, asi akakosha kuti ukwanise kujoina zvikamu.

Platform = system + transversal services.

Iyo puratifomu haisi iyo system uye haitsive iyo, kunyanya kana uine akasiyana masisitimu (Windows, Linux, Mac…), umo iyo yepakati inotora, ichiratidza akawanda masisitimu sekunge ari mamwe.

Naizvozvo, modular masisitimu anofanirwa kunge aine 4 maitiro:

ma modules anofanira kunge ari nyore;

ma modules anofanirwa kuchinjika;

iwe unoda chikuva chizere nemasevhisi anodiwa pakubatanidzwa;

iyo interface inofanirwa kugadzirwa kugutsa mushandisi wechishandiso.

Ese aya maitiro akabatana nekushanduka-shanduka: ma modules anobvumira kushanduka kwakasiyana uye anobvumira kushanduka kwehurongwa. Iyo puratifomu uye iyo interface inofanirwa, zvakare, kukwanisa kushanduka zvinoenderana nemaprotocol uye maitiro.

Kubatanidzwa kweSystems

Masisitimu azvino, kune ruzhinji, akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvinobata nehupenyu hwesangano: dzinenge nguva dzese kutonga, bhajeti, bhavhadheti (zvehupfumi nezvemari), asiwo zvikamu zvevashandi, zvine zvese izvo. zvinoenderana nekambani. Chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi zvehurongwa chinobatanidza, nenzira yaro, zvinhu zvezvikamu zvitatu (sekutonga, module imwe neimwe inozviita nenzira yakasiyana).

Nekushanduka kwekambani, nekuwedzera uye nekuchinja kwechimiro chayo, kudiwa kunonzwika kune yakaomesesa ruzivo system, kubatanidza imwe. dati uye mamwe ma modules. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kune zvakabatanidzwa zvinonyatsoitwa, mhinduro inoshanda zvakanyanya. Kubatanidza kunonyanya kuitwa nekubatanidza zvikamu zvakasiyana padanho rechimwe chete Database: chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine a Database izvo zvinoreva zvakasiyana-siyana, uye isu tinobatanidza ruzivo rwese rweizvozvo Database.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, i Database ivo hukama uye kubatanidzwa kuri pamwero weruzivo, asi mamwe matekinoroji anoita kuti zvikwanise kubatanidza zvinhu.

Kana iwe uchida kubatanidza zvikamu zviviri nenzira yakasiyana, maitiro anowanikwa neERPs haasi nyore kushandisa. Muchokwadi, iyi mhando yekubatanidza ichiri kushaikwa muERPs: unogona kuita mamwe mabasa ekubatanidza dati da Database akawanda, asi izvi zvinoda kutorwa kweruzivo rwusati rwabatanidzwa muchikamu che data-mining.

Kubatanidza kushanda zvakanaka chinhu chakakosha chekambani, sezvo mumasangano anhasi, rimwe rematambudziko makuru nderekupindura zvakaringana uye nekukurumidza kumusika shanduko isingatarisike nyore. Semuenzaniso, kubuda kwemisika mitsva yehupfumi yakadai se

iyo Brazilian, Russian, Indian and Chinese one (inonzi "BRIC"), inokonzera matambudziko kumakambani eItaly, ayo anofanira kunzwisisa kuti angapinda sei mumisika iyoyo uye anoda ruzivo rusingawaniki pakarepo mune ERP. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, pane kudiwa deta rekuchengeta uye kuchera data. Mamaneja esangano anoda kuti ruzivo rwavanoda rupiwe nguva dzekupindura dzepakati pevhiki nemwedzi mumwe: kunze kweiyo hurongwa, kambani inoita sarudzo pasina. dati zvinodiwa uye tekinoroji yeruzivo inorasikirwa nebasa rayo, nokudaro ichionekwa semhinganidzo kana dambudziko. Paunenge uchigadzira Bhizinesi Intelligence system, saka zvakafanira kufunga nezvese mibvunzo inogona kubvunzwa nemaneja uye kugadzirira sisitimu kuti ikwanise kupa mhinduro. Tekinoroji yeruzivo inofanirwa kutevera kusimudzira kwekambani!

Kana iyo kambani isiri kutenga, asi iri kuwedzera musika wayo gore negore kutenderera pasirese, iyo system inoda kuchinjirwa kuti igone kuwedzera.

Kana iyo kambani iri kuburitsa zvese zvepakati zviwanikwa, chikuva chinofanira kukwanisa kushanduka munzira iyi. Saka panofanirwa kuve nekushanduka kwepuratifomu yekushandisa nenzira inotenderera, ine nguva iri pakati pemwedzi mitanhatu negumi nemiviri. Pamusoro pechikuva chekushandisa, zvisinei, pane iyo tekinoroji, iri yerudzi rwakasiyana, sezvo ichitsanangura nzira iyo tekinoroji yeruzivo inotungamirwa; yakakosha pakubudirira kwesarudzo padanho rekushandisa pachikuva uye kugadzirisa matambudziko. Kutenderera kwayo kwekushanduka mune iyi nyaya ndeyemakore akawanda uye inofanirwa kugara ichitariswa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti dhizaini ndiyo yakanakira zvatinoda.

Saka pane 3 mazinga ekugadzirisa kuitira kupa mhinduro dzinoshanda:

tekinoroji chikuva (makore mazhinji)

application platform (6/12 mwedzi)

nyaya imwe chete (vhiki / mwedzi)

Nekudaro, iyi kupatsanurwa mumatanho hakusi nyore kuziva: kunyangwe iripo, haina kujeka-yakatemwa. Chimbofunga nezvemuenzaniso weENI, iyo parizvino iri kugadzira hurongwa hwe gore

computing, akazvarwa zvakadaro aine pfungwa dzakasiyana kubva kune dze gore, uye zvakazochinja nekuti zvinodiwa nekambani zvakachinjawo.

Iyi kupatsanurwa inotsanangurawo chikonzero nei kushandiswa kwezvigamba kwakakunda muhurongwa hweERP, izvo zvinopa mhinduro nekukurumidza kumatambudziko matsva, asi hazvinatsiridze magadzirirwo ehurongwa, pane zvinopesana ivo vanowanzoita kuti zviwedzere.

Kubatanidza zvikamu ibasa rakakosha, nekuti zvikamu zvakabatanidzwa zvinochengetedza nguva uye kuderedza zvikanganiso nekuda kwekunyorwa kwebhuku. dati. Chokwadi chesangano chakafanana kwese kwese (kutarisira masevhisi anotengwa kana kupihwa, uchifunga nezve izvo zvinopinda nekusiya kambani, nezvimwewo) uye pahwaro hweizvi kambani inogadza zvinangwa zvayo (yakawanda sei kutenga, yakawanda sei gadzira, nezvimwewo). Tekinoroji yeruzivo inotsigira bhizinesi kwete muzvikamu izvi chete, asi zvakare kuburikidza nekushandisa maturusi akaita see-mail, intranets, vhidhiyo conferencing system, e-zvokutengeserana, Etc.

Teknolojia inokubvumira kubvisa mamwe mabasa, asi inogadzira mamwe.

Muchiitiko chesangano pane nguva dzose mabasa asina basa maererano nekugadzirwa kwemashoko anobatsira, saka zvinhu zvitatu zvinofanira kuchengetwa mupfungwa:

basa rakawandisa harigoni kubviswa pakarepo;

kana kushanda kunoramba kusina kuchinjwa, kune kuderedzwa kwebasa rinodiwa;

zvisinei, kana isu takagadzira hurongwa hwekuvandudza ruzivo rwevashandisi, vashandisi

vachada kupindira kwevanhu.

Kune rudzi rwekuenzanisa pakati pebasa ratinogona kuchengetedza uye zvido zvitsva: nekuderedza basa renguva dzose, zvinokwanisika kugadzira mhando itsva dzebasa.

Muenzaniso: Kubhadhara

Tora semuenzaniso musiyano pakati peinvoice uye kurongeka: inongowanikwa mukuseta, asi muchokwadi iwo magwaro maviri ane ruzivo rwakafanana. Kuve nesystem inogadzira invoice kutanga kubva kuodha inokubvumira kuti utore maitiro nekukurumidza uye nekukanganisa kushoma. Kusvika makore mashoma apfuura, zvakadaro, apo kambani yaitenga zvigadzirwa, magwaro akagadzirwa nehurongwa hwekambani yevatengesi aive 3:

the order;

invoice yemutengesi;

packing slip.

Saka zvaive zvakafanira kuita cheki padanho rega rega: bhiri reodha, redhi-inivhoisi, invoice-bhiri. Nzira iyoyo yaidhura zvakajeka, maererano nenguva nemari, saka matanho iwayo aifanira kubviswa.

Kuti vakwanise kuvabvisa, kambani inotenga inogona kuraira mamiriro kune mutengesi: iyo kurongeka inogamuchirwa chete kana bhiri rakafanana nekuraira. Kuti uenderane nechisungo ichi, zvakajeka, kambani yevatengesi inofanirwa kuisa miganhu pane manejimendi ehurongwa, semuenzaniso nekuramba misiyano inotevera yakafanana. Mutengi anocheka mitengo, asi basa rinobva raendeswa kukambani yevatengesi iyo inofanirwa kukwanisa kutora mutoro webasa iri.

Mhinduro yechipiri inogona kunge iri chibvumirano pakati pemutengi nemutengesi kuti aone kuti odha yakavhurika kusvika kutumirwa kwatanga: chete panguva iyoyo kurongeka hakugone kuchinjwa uye invoice yapihwa. Izvi zvinoderedza cheki dzinodiwa pakati pekurongeka uye invoice, asi ndiye muchengeti wekuchengetedza uyo, panguva ino, anotora mutoro, achipa humbowo kune maneja pazvinhu zvinouya.

Ontological Systems

Nezvirongwa zvinova zvakaoma zvishoma nezvishoma, tingashanda sei? Zvinokwanisika kuita izvi kana tikaita sarudzo yekuwedzera chiedza.

Kupa mhinduro kumubvunzo kunoda kuita tsvakiridzo pakati pemanyuko ese aripo eruzivo. Kuvhiya uku kunogona kuitwa pa-line (mupfungwa yekuti nguva dzekupindura dzinobvumira) kana kunze kwe-line (nekuzadza a. Database yemhinduro).

Kana mubvunzo wedu usina kupindurwa mukati dati inounganidzwa kuburikidza nekuchera data, tinoda kuziva kana paine dzimwe nzira dzekuunganidza dati kuti ndiwane mhinduro.

Ngatitarisei, semuenzaniso, iyo iyo kambani inofarira kupatsanura iwo makambani kana vanhu vari vese vatengi chii vatengesi. Vane kodhi yemutero kana nhamba yeVAT sechiziviso, saka kodhi imwe chete inoratidza chinhu chimwe chete. Nekubatanidza i dati dhata uye nekushandisa iyo redundancy, zvinokwanisika kuronga ruzivo nenzira itsva uye, nenzira iri nyore, kuona sangano rinova mutengi uye mutengesi.

Kuwedzera kukosha kunowanikwa kana, pane kupatsanura vatengi uye vatengesi, isu tiri kutaura pamusoro peboka rakajairwa, ivo vanopindirana, izvo zvinosanganisira zvimwe zvidzidzo (semuenzaniso PA, senge kanzuru inobhadharwa mutero). Pfungwa, mune iyi kesi, ndeye kufunga iyo pfungwa, uye kwete syntax, sedanda rekuunganidza. Izvi zvinotibvumira kuti tisafanira kubatanidza mabhesi dati uye saka itai kusanganisa kwechiedza.

Mutengi uye mutengesi mazwi akakosha anonditendera kuti ndione mamwe emasangano andine hukama nawo.

Panguva ino zvinokwanisika kugadzira chimiro chevanopindirana nesu, vari vanhu kana masangano emutemo, vanogona kunge vari makambani matsva ekuva nehukama navo, asi vasina vatengi kana vatengesi (semunisiparati, vavakidzani). Saka isu tinoona kuti isu tine kudyidzana neseti yevanhu uye seti yemasangano epamutemo.

Pane nzira yekuwana iyo Database nenzira yesungano yakanga isina kufanoona: tinowana i vatengi vanovawo vatengesi nokuti tinoreva chimiro che dati, asi, kujoina i dati uye nekuwana kuwirirana, isu tinovimba kwete chete nehunhu hwatinowana, asiwo pane redundancy uye chimiro (semuenzaniso ndinoziva sei kana Mac Donalds neMcDonald's ikambani imwe chete?).

Kuti tidzivise kushandiswa kwemazwi akakosha, kureva kuti tidzivise kuratidzira masangano ane lexical hunhu, isu tinofanirwa kushandisa ontological masisitimu: isu hatifarire masynonyms echimwe chinhu, asi isu tinofarira kunzwisisa maumbirwo enyika, kureva ontology.

L’ontologia è qualcosa di diverso da una semantica: quest’ultima è associata ai linguaggi, mentre le ontologie sono associate ai mondi. L’ontologia è lo studio dell’essere, o del “modo in cui noi stiamo nel mondo”, mentre le semantiche sono legate ai linguaggi: per poter avere un significato, deve esistere un linguaggio. Il mondo è generato da un linguaggio, che ci permette quindi di andare sempre oltre a ciò che vediamo, e l’ontologia parla di un mondo specifico.

Semuenzaniso, kana tikatsanangura izwi rekuti "skyscraper" se "chivako chakareba kupfuura X metres", mutsara we

type "Ndakaenda kumba ndine skyscraper muhomwe yangu" hazvina musoro mune ontology yatakatsanangura, nepo kana ontology inofanoona yezwi rekuti "skyscraper" zvakare zvinoreva "statuette-souvenir inobereka chivakwa", icho chirevo chaizotora pfungwa chaiyo.

Kugadzira hukama pakati Database, tinotsanangura nyika: inyika inoti inotara mazwi atinoshandisa. Nyika yakadaro inogara ine magumo: nhamba yezvokwadi muhupenyu hwesangano inopera. Nyika yakamutswa nemutauro pane isingaperi uye nemutauro tinogona kumiririra chero nyika inogoneka, sezvo mutauro unobata zvinogoneka, kwete chete zviripo. Chero zvazvingava, ipfungwa inotisvitsa kune zvakakosha semantics: uye pfungwa inotaura kuti kana mumwe munhu ari kupa sevhisi, saka ndiye mutengesi, sezvo tichiziva kuti sevhisi imhando yekugovera.

Iyo ontology inotibvumira kuparadzanisa zvikamu zviviri: kubatanidza uye pakupedzisira kubatanidzwa. Aggregation ndeyekuunza pamwe izvo zvinotifadza, uye chikamu chakakosha chekubatanidza: kana ndine zvinyorwa zviviri zvakafanana. dati uye kubatanidza zvadzinoreva, nhamburiko hurusa yakaitwa. Iko kubatanidzwa chaiko kwemafaira (kubatanidza kana kugadzirisa) chikamu chidiki.

Zvinogoneka kuwiriranisa ruzivo rwurimo Database, asiwo zvinyorwa nemavhidhiyo, uchishandisa semantics. Zvakanakira kuva nezvakawanda Database, panzvimbo peimwe chete, ndeyokuti tinogona kuchengeta nei Database ruzivo rwekuongorora pamwero weatomu.

Isu tinofanirwa kuzokwanisa kuwiriranisa ruzivo kuitira kuti tiwane mhinduro yakamisikidzwa inotibvumira kukwirisa mitengo uye kuvimbisa hukama hwakakwana nevose. vatengi (kukwanisa kupindura nenzira imwechete).

Kuti tinzwisise zvine chekuita nei, ngatitarisei muenzaniso unobva kune imwe pfungwa yeWebhu: isu tinogona kushandisa ma tag kune zviwanikwa, kuti tizive ruzivo rwese rwakabatana. Dambudziko nemaitiro aya nderekuti isu tinogona kushandisa ma tag akaumbwa akasiyana kumiririra chinhu chimwe chete (ma tag anosungwa nesyntax). Mhinduro yechipiri ndeyekureva semantic dimension, ichipfuura nemuduramazwi (kureva kushandiswa kwemazwi kutora ma tag) kune semantics (tora pfungwa uye masangano).

Zvisinei, semantics yatiri kufarira ndeyemhando yakasiyana pane yemitauro yechisikigo, iyo inowanzova nezvinangwa zvakakura kupfuura iyo yakarongwa. Kutenda kune semantics tinogona kuratidza mutauro watinogona kutsanangura nawo nyika yatinofarira, inova ontology.

Ontology inogona kutsanangurwa uchishandisa mitauro ine musoro, imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa ndeye OWL (Ontology Web Mutauro).

Kuburikidza naro, tinokwanisa kufamba munyika uye kududzira chokwadi. Itsanangudzo isinganzwisisiki, inobatsira maererano nezviito zvatinoda kuita.

Muontology hukama huri pakati penodhi hunotsanangura zvinogoneka uye zvine chekuita neontology iri mubvunzo, kwete kunze kwayo, uye yakakwana maererano nezviito zvatinogona kuita.

Inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya kurondedzera zvinhu zvakasiyana, semuenzaniso kana imwe kambani inoda kuziva chimwe chinhu nezveimwe kambani. Muchiitiko ichi, ndinofanira kutsvaga nzira dzekubatanidza ruzivo rwakasiyana. Kushandisa abstraction ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa nzira:

kuongororwa kwesangano;

kuongororwa kwemunhu;

muchina kuongororwa.

Rudzi rwekubvisa zvinoenderana nemhinduro yatinoda kupa: iwo matatu ekuongororwa ane hukama kune mumwe nemumwe, kunyangwe iwo pfungwa idzi sezviri pachena ndedzemapoka akasiyana.

Imwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi inotara seti yekodzero uye mabasa muhukama hwemunhu nesangano.

gore kadambari

Pakati pemapuratifomu etekinoroji atiinawo, iyo gore komputa inozviratidza neyakaomarara nzvimbo: kunyangwe kune rumwe rutivi ichigona kupa mikana mikuru, kune rumwe rutivi iko kunyongana kwakakura munzvimbo yainounzwa, nekudaro ichityisidzira indasitiri yechikamu.

Yatove pamabviro ayo, uye neimwe nzira yakabatanidzwa kutanga kubva kumakore gumi kusvika gumi nemashanu apfuura, tekinoroji yeruzivo yakazviratidza sesevhisi kune vashandisi, ndiko kuti, sechinhu chinodiwa kuburitsa kunze kwete mumba. Makombiyuta epakutanga akanga ari michina inodhura, mainframes, saka sangano harina kutenga muchina wose, asi rakabhadhara kuti riushandise uye rishandise purogiramu yaro yega; zvisinei, muchina wacho wakaramba uri mu "service centre" iyo yakapa kambani iyi mukana.

Neshanduko yetekinoroji ichi chinoomesera chasvika pakunyangarika: makambani saka akatamira pakugadzira software yemukati kana kutenga zvakafanana kubva kune vanehunyanzvi vatengesi. Zviri pachena kuti izvi zvakakonzera kuwandisa kwechikamu cheICT chemakambani akasiyana-siyana, zvikazoita kuti vatarisane nedambudziko rekuti sarudzo yekugadzira software yavo yaidhura zvakanyanya.

Makambani ekutanga kutarisana nedambudziko iri aive makambani makuru, ayo aive nechinangwa chekufambisa chikamu chose cheICT kunze, achiraira zvibvumirano zvekunze: network, maseva, kuchengetedza kwezuva nezuva, kuvandudzwa kwesoftware, akange asisina mabasa emukati ekambani. uye inogona kubatwa semamwe masevhisi, zvakare maererano nekutonga nekudzikisa mari.

Outsourcing yakabudirira nekuti yakakubvumidza iwe kuwana yakanyanya kunaka sevhisi

aripo pamusika. Iyo kambani haina kukwanisa kuwana iyo hunhu, nekuti maonero ayo epasirese aive akaganhurirwa kune pachayo.

Zvakadaro, kuita uku kwaida humwe hunyanzvi hwemakambani mukupa zvibvumirano zvekutengesa kunze, kuitira kuti tive nechokwadi chemhando yemabasa akaoma zvikuru akatengwa. Naizvozvo, vanhu veICT-savvy vaidiwa vaigona kudzora kunaka kwesevhisi uye, saka, muchokwadi chete zvivakwa zvakazove zvisina basa mukati mekambani. Mukutora matekinoroji kubva kune vatengesi vekunze, zvisinei, pane mhedzisiro yakaipa: hazvibviri kuchengetedza mupi ari pasi pekutonga, iyo nekufamba kwenguva inotarisa kuderedza kunaka, kuunza kuoma uye kuwedzera mari.

Aya mafungire saka anosundidzira makambani kuti adzokere kumashure, kureva kuti ave nemadhipatimendi eIT, kana kugadzira makambani akabatana nemupi wekupa kunze, kuti akwanise kuchengetedza kutonga kwakanyanya pamusoro pesevhisi inopihwa uye software yevaridzi.

Uye zviri mugadziriro iyi kuti gore komputa.

Kubva pane imwe pfungwa yemaonero, iyo gore komputa yakazvarwa kubva pane zano regrid computing, ndiko kushandisa iyo simba yekombuta yakaparadzirwa pasi rose nenzira inobudirira, ndiko kushandisa zvisina kushandiswa. Pfungwa iyi yakatanga kushandiswa pakugovera mimhanzi mafaera pamhepo, kuburikidza netiweki apo munhu wese ari mutengi uye sevha (Peer-to-Peer). Dambudziko

yeiyi dhizaini ndeyekuti hazvigoneke kuona mugove maneja, sezvo zvisingabviri kuona kuti ndeipi server iyo i dati.

Iyi mhinduro yakagoverwa yakashandiswawo mumunda wesainzi, kutsigira simba distributed computing. Nekudaro, inoda yakakwira homogeneity pakati pevashandisi, ichidzikamisa kusimudzira kwegridi komputa pachayo. Zvisinei neizvi, makambani ane nhamba huru yemasevha anotendeudzira kutarisisa kwavo kune grid, kunyangwe ichitungamirwa nezvido zvemusika zvakasununguka (funga nezve Google ed Amazon) Iyo grid computing musika parizvino iri kudzikira.

Pfungwa iri shure kwe gore computing ndeyekuti vashandisi vashandisi vemasevhisi, havaone maitirwo anoitwa sevhisi uye vanoshanda munzvimbo inoratidzwa nedhiraivha yekuona.

gore Computing VS Mainframes: Iwo akafanana mufungwa, asi akasiyana zvakanyanya maererano nehardware.

gore Computing VS Grid: Haisisiri kushandisa iyo peer-to-peer pfungwa.

gore Computing VS Outsourcing: Iyo kambani haipe yayo yeruzivo system.

Iyo Hardware ye gore inowanzogadzirwa kuitira kuti iiswe mumudziyo we100, 1000, 2000 maseva anenge atogadziridzwa uye akazvimiririra, akagadzirira kuiswa "pakutengesa".

Iyo modularization yenzvimbo dzedata inobvumira yakaparadzana uye yakareruka manejimendi muchikamu chekuchengetedza, kunyanya tichifunga kuti, kuve nemichina yakafanana, kudzoreredza kwe backup kunoderedzwa kusvika panguva yekuchinjisa dati.

Il gore komputa yakanakira kutanga, nekuti hapana chikonzero chekutarisa kutama kubva kune ekare masisitimu, ayo anowanzo kudhura zvakanyanya. The logic ye gore Komputa ndeyechokwadi yakavakirwa pane iyo pfungwa yekubhadhara-per-kushandisa, kana kuita kuti vanhu vabhadhare vatengi mari inoenzanirana nezviwanikwa zvavanoshandisa. Zvishandiso zvinopihwa ipapo neiyo zvivakwa, saka kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa kune simba uye kunoenderana chete nezvinodiwa zvenguva yacho. Izvi zvinokutendera iwe kuve nemitengo uye kukura zvine simba pamwe chete nezvinodiwa nekambani.

Kubva pakuona kwehupfumi, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kushandiswa kwe gore komputa haina kumanikidzwa, pane bhenefiti inosiyana pakati pe30% ne70% yekambani. Zvisinei, panogona kuva nezvipingamupinyi, izvo zvinounza imwe mari, yakadai sekuda kwekutsvaga i dati (nekuda kwekuvanzika kana zvikonzero zvemutemo), kana kukosha kwekugadzirisa masevhisi.

The offer of gore Computing inoratidzirwa nezvinhu zvitatu zvikuru:

Infrastructure sevhisi (Infrastructure seSevhisi, kana IaaS), uko sevhisi inopihwa nemupi we gore ndiyo gadziriro chaiyo ye "gore", inoumbwa naro simba komputa, kuchengetedza uye networking. Mutengi anogona kuzomhanyisa software yavo (kusanganisira masisitimu anoshanda) pane iyi hurongwa.

Platform seSevhisi (Platform seSevhisi, o PaaS), uko sevhisi inopihwa mukana wekuva nepuratifomu, inopihwa nemupi weiyo gore, iyo mutengi anogona kumhanyisa zvirongwa zvake.

Software seSevhisi (Software seSevhisi, kana SaaS), uko mutengesi we gore anogadzirira mutengi software uye anobhadhara chete nguva yekushandiswa chaiko kwesoftware iyoyo.

Nyaya inomutsa gore ndeyekuvanzika nekuchengetedzeka kwe dati, asi izvi zvinogona kugadziriswa chete nechinangwa chekuchinja kukuru muuzivi huri pasi pemutemo wedu.

Kuvanzika uye Muridzi we Dati

Mukutungamirira kwe dati online zvakajeka dambudziko rekuvanzika rinomuka. Dambudziko harina kunyanya kuti i dati zvinogona kuva pachena, sekuti mumwe munhu anogona kuzvishandisa zvisina kunaka. Kushungurudzwa kwe dati kunzwira tsitsi, kureva kushandiswa kwavo zvisiri pamutemo, ndiko kunofanirwa kurangwa (semuenzaniso, kana dati nezvehutano hwemushandi hwakashandiswa kuvadzinga, izvi zvingava kushandiswa kusina kunaka uye zvisiri pamutemo).

Dambudziko rechipiri nderomuridzi we dati: ndiani ari kutonga? Iyi inyaya iyo kune vazhinji vashandisi haina basa, nekuti ivo vanogovana zvirimo zvatova pachena. Zvisinei, kuva dati pamambure chete, kuva nezviri mukati memunhu hakusi kwechokwadi; zvingangove chete kana tiine kopi isina Indaneti.

Parizvino pane maviri makuru mhando dzesoftware dzinounzwa kumusika kuburikidza gore computing:

template Google, iyo inopa standard software,

template Amazon, iyo inopa mashup software kugadzira yakagadziridzwa software.

Nezvayo zvakanakira, iyo gore inounzawo zvipingamupinyi: kutanga kwezvose kutama kwemaitiro emazuva ano kune gore inodhura zvakanyanya (ndosaka yekutanga, iyo gore, inomiririra mukana), asi iwe zvakare uri panjodzi yekuve vasungwa vemutengesi, chokwadi kana iwe uchida kuchinja mutengesi iwe unofanirwawo kufambisa iyo dati, saka iwe unoda vimbiso kubva kumutengesi pane mukana wekushandisa yako dati mune software inopiwa nevatengesi vakasiyana-siyana.

Kubva pakuona kwehardware, iyo gore komputa inoita senge isina muganho sosi: mushandisi haasisina dambudziko rekukura, uyezve hapasisina chikonzero chekufanoona matambudziko, asi zvinokwanisika kutarisa chete pamasevhisi achapihwa uye mhando yavo.

Kuti uve neSoftware seSevhisi, software yacho inofanirwa kunge iine zvimwe zvinodiwa zvinoita kuti ishandiswe ne gore computing. Kunyanya, inofanira

kuva modular (uye ontologies inoshanda zvakanyanya muchikamu ichi, kunyanya iyo ontology manejimendi masevhisi padanho repuratifomu),

kuve kushoma kubatanidzwa zvichienzaniswa nesoftware yazvino,

kuparadzanisa dati uye mapurogiramu.

Nezvezvino ERP software, yakadai seSAP, uye kushandiswa kwavo pamapuratifomu gore, vanofanira kuva modular. Kuti vadaro, sisitimu inofanirwa kukamurwa kuita mamodule zvichienderana nemasevhisi anopihwa (kusanganisira iyo Database) yaunoda kubatanidza nayo

chikuva chakaitwa kuti chiwanikwe ne gore computing. Pfungwa ndeyekutsiva maitiro ekubatanidza emukati nemaitiro ekubatanidza ekunze: chete avo vanokwanisa kuita izvi vanogona kuzviratidzira ivo semaneja we. gore. Nenzira iyi software inorasikirwa nekukosha, ichipa kukurudzira kwakakosha mukuvandudzwa kweOpen Source software, nekuti zvese zvinoshandurwa kuita sevhisi inopihwa ne gore.

Muchokwadi, ndeye Open Source software ndiyo yakanakisa mumiriri weSoftware seSevhisi, sezvo chero ani anoigadzira anogona zvakare kufuratira matambudziko ekubatanidza nepuratifomu uye, zvechokwadi, ndiye maneja weiyo. gore ndiani anofanirwa kubata nechinhu ichi. Kunyanya, kuvandudzwa kweOpen Source software haina kunangana nevateereri vakawanda, asi inogona kutaurirana nevashoma vanopa masevhisi. gore komputa inogona kuzotengesa software sevhisi kune vakawanda vateereri.

Mune pfungwa yekubatanidza ma modules, chikamu chakakosha chinoitwa neontologies, nekuti kune rumwe rutivi vanovimbisa kuenderera neiyo iripo uye kune rumwe rutivi vanogona kutungamirwa neanopa gore.

UPS ndiyo inotungamira pasi rose mukutakurwa kwepasuru.

Pazasi pane tsananguro yekubatanidzwa pakati pezvakasiyana zvinhu (kubatana / sangano / masisitimu).

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti, zvichipihwa saizi yekambani, chimiro chebhizinesi rayo uye huwandu hwehunyanzvi hwaanotora, tsananguro yakakwana ingadai yakapfuura zvakanyanya miganhu yakaiswa pamushumo uyu; naizvozvo tichaedza kupa mhedziso yezvinhu zvikuru.

Kubatanidzwa

Kubatanidzwa kwekutanga pakati pezvikamu zvinogona kutaurwa nezvazvo ndezvekuti pakati pehurongwa nehurongwa. UPS ikambani hombe, asi yaive nefanoona yekugadzira yayo kubva pakutanga data base sepakati uye monolithic entity. Iyo New Jersey nzvimbo - senge mapatya ayo eGeorgia, hongu - inotambira akati wandei Database izvo zvine (pakati pemamwe ruzivo):

i dati kuhutungamiri hwevashandi;

i dati, yakagadziridzwa munguva chaiyo, pamatura uye nzira dzekufambisa dziri kushandiswa, dzakagoverwa muintermodal transport network;

ruzivo pamusoro pemakambani anodyidzana ei vatengi (iyo yekupedzisira zvakare yakagadziridza chaiyo-nguva, zvichibva paruzivo rwunouya kubva kuDIAD terminals uye saiti Indaneti);

i dati yekugadzira zvinyorwa zvemari (balance sheet, mari yekuwana, nezvimwewo).

Sezvo kambani dhanzi kunyange kunze kweUnited States, mamwe mativi akagoverwawo kunze kwenyika. Muenzaniso ndewe data base manejimendi evashandi, nemasikirwo ayo akabatanidzwa nehupfumi hwekuongorora masisitimu: vashandi uye mari yekushandisa inochengetwa mukati Database yenyika, asi ruzivo rwunopota ruchiunganidzwa uye rwunoshandurwa kumari yeUS; chero mabasa anopesana nekugadzirwa anoonekwa uye anogadziriswa munguva pfupi. Iko kudiwa kwekuita otomatiki kutevedzera mutengo kwagonesa UPS kuti iite otomatiki mamwe maitiro, kusanganisira kugadzirwa kwemubhadharo.

Iyo manejimendi yekuchinja uye nguva yekuzorora yakave zvakare semi-otomatiki: vashandi vakaiswa muchikamu. Database zvichibva parudzi rwebasa, kosi uye dunhu renzvimbo (tichaona mundima inotevera kuti izvi zvinomiririra sei zvinhu.

yeOntology); chikumbiro chezororo - icho chinofanirwa kuitwa pachine nguva - chinopinzwa musoftware inoendesa kubvumidzwa kwechirongwa kune vakuru vechikamu. Iyi nzira, inoshanda zvakanyanya pamapepa, yakakonzera kutangwa kwekirasi-chiito chekutonga kuUPS nevashandi, nekuti yanga isiri nzira "inochinjika" kune vanhu vanongoerekana vakanganisa kana kuremara).

I dati zvine chekuita nedzimba dzekuchengetera zvinhu uye zvekufambisa ndiwo musimboti wekuita kweUPS, iyo inorarama nekugona kwemabasa ayo nekusagadzira zvinhu. Yese software yakagadzirwa nekambani pachayo mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura uye yakanyatsobatanidzwa: ivo vese vanoreva zvakafanana data base uye kune kuenderera mberi kweruzivo kuenda nekubva kune maapplication.

Semuenzaniso, kana mutengi achikumbira pasuru kuti itumirwe, ruzivo rwake rwunopinzwa - kubva pakutanga kana sekuvandudzwa - (kunyanya mareferensi ekubhadhara, anosimbiswa kuburikidza neinterfacing masevhisi ane interbank system). dati yepasuru (yekunhonga uye yekuendesa nzvimbo, inogoneka imwe nzvimbo kana isiri yekuunganidza, mutengo wekutumira unoverengerwa otomatiki uye unogamuchirwa nemutengi, nezvimwewo). Chikwereti chinogadzirwa ipapo ipapo kana chatambirwa neiyo sisitimu yekusimbisa yekutumira (yakasvika kubva kuDIAD terminal).

Chizvarwa chekuraira chinokonzeresawo kusikwa kwerekodhi muhurongwa hwekutungamira kwekutakura, iyo inosanganisira chiziviso kune vashandisi vanobatanidzwa. Iyo UPS Logistic support system inotarisira kukwenenzvera kutumirwa kwepakeji, zvese maererano neiyo nzira shoma inotorwa nemavan uye mapakeji anotakurwa navo, zvakare ichifunga nezvevashandisi varipo pahwaro hwezororo rambotaurwa uye kuronga kwekuzorora. Iyi yese mienzaniso yehupamhi hwekubatanidza hunowanikwa nehurongwa hwekambani.

Sezvakatojekeswa mugwaro rapfuura, uye sekubuda kubva pane zvataurwa kusvika zvino pakuyerera kwe dati kubva kune dzimwe nyika kuenda kune Database pakati, basa guru rekuchengetedza zvinhu rinoitika. UPS ine a Database yeanoverengeka terabytes inogara iyo oparesheni ruzivo raibhurari (OIL), muunganidzwa wakakura we dati, yakarongeka pamatanho akasiyana e granularity, inopfupikisa mabasa eboka. OIL yakatanga kuberekwa kuitira kuvandudza sangano remukati pavhu reAmerica uye kuronga mazano munguva pfupi, asi kutanga kubva ku1999 inobatanidza ruzivo rwese pamusoro pekushanda kwepuraneti uye chete kubva pakutanga kwe2000s inoshandiswa pakubatanidzwa kwesoftware hungwaru uye online analytical processing.

I dati aggregates anogona kubvunzurudzwa nevatungamiriri vesangano; sezvakataurwa mune rimwe gwaro, akawanda dati ye granularity yakanaka kwazvo inoitwa kuti iwanikwe kuburikidza neAPI na vatengi, semuenzaniso ruzivo rwechimiro chechinhu chimwe chete chakatumirwa. THE vatengi ivo pachavo vanogona kubatanidza ruzivo urwu mumasisitimu avo zviri nyore nekuda kweiyo UPS yakarongeka yekugashira yakavhurika zviyero.

Sezvinotsanangurwa mune rimwe gwaro, UPS ine komisheni inoita hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji, kuunganidza mazano kubva kuvashandi. Mazano anotumirwa kuburikidza newebhu application, iyo inogona kushandiswa kuburikidza nekambani intranet.

Ontology yekubatanidza

Mukufungidzira ontology kuseri kwekubatanidzwa kweUPS, munhu anogona zvechokwadi kutanga kubva kuvatambi vanobatanidzwa mubhizinesi rayo rekutanga: parcel transport. Saka, isu tine kirasi Package, inotakurwa kubva kune imwe Nzvimbo kuenda kune imwe; kutakura kunogona kufungidzirwa nehukama huviri "transportFrom" uye "transportTo", kana imwe isingabatanidzi kubva

modelling transnational uye multimodal delivery. Parcel inogona kunge iine akati wandei madiki madiki - zvichienderana nehunhu hwayo - uye inofanirwa kuve neNzvimbo yekukurumidza, ichitevera geolocation.

Iyo package inowanzotumirwa nemutengi; tichitarisa hukuru hwemhando dzemasevhisi eUPS - ayo asingasanganisi chete kutakurwa kwemapasuru - kutarisisa kukuru kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune tsananguro yemakirasi akatorwa uye hunhu. Chero sevhisi inopihwa, yechero hunhu, inosanganisira "kuita" kweOrder yemhando dzakasiyana, seShipi.

Zvinogona kuitika kuti mutengi zvakare Mutengesi. Iyo ontology inogona kutsanangura yepamusoro-kirasi yekuunganidza CompanyPartner kana ichiziva kuti iri panguva imwe chete kambani yerudzi Mutengi uye Mutengesi, kana kana yakaita kamwechete kugovera uye kanenge odha imwe.

Big Brown, sekudanwa kwainodanwa muUPS jargon, inonyanya kuumbwa neVashandi masangano akarongwa mune yakakura uye yakasiyana-siyana hierarchical chimiro (Organization Chart). Pano zvakare, kurongeka kunofanirwa kuve kwakaringana, nekusimbisa zvakanyanya pazvinhu zvine chekuita nenzvimbo / nguva: mushandi anozoshanda muNzvimbo chaiyo, kana kuti kuunganidzwa kwenzvimbo padandemutande repasi rose, achavhara chaiyo Timetable panguva yake yeKushanda Vhiki. zvichingodaro. Ontology yerudzi urwu yaizoita kuti zvive nyore kuita otomatiki inferences muchizvarwa chekuzorora mashifiti. Nekuenzanisira zvakakwana humwe hunhu hwakadai sezvikwaniriso, mazita, marekodhi ebasa uye makore ebasa, manejimendi anopiwa mukana wehuwandu - pamwe nehunhu - kuongorora mashandiro evashandi.

Zvizhinji zveizvi dati vatovepo muUPS's legacy system, yakachengetwa mukati me Database yakatangwa mumakumi maviri emakore apfuura. Vamwe vanogona kubuda kubva pa "maonero" akakodzera pane dhatabhesi kana kuburikidza nezviitiko zvekuchera data.

arun CEO

👍Online Web Agency | Webhu Agency nyanzvi muDigital Marketing uye SEO. Webhu Agency Pamhepo iWebhu Agency. YeAgenzia Web Online kubudirira mukushandurwa kwedhijitari kunobva panheyo dzeIron SEO vhezheni 3. Hunyanzvi: Kubatanidzwa kweSystem, Enterprise Application Integration, Service Oriented Architecture, Cloud Computing, Dhata warehouse, njere dzebhizinesi, Big Data, portals, intranets, Web Application. Dhizaini uye manejimendi ehukama uye multidimensional dhatabhesi Kugadzira nzvimbo dzekupindirana dzedhijitari midhiya: usability uye Graphics. Online Web Agency inopa makambani masevhisi anotevera: -SEO paGoogle, Amazon, Bing, Yandex; -Web Analytics: Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager, Yandex Metrica; -Kushandura kwemushandisi: Google Analytics, Microsoft Clarity, Yandex Metrica; -SEM paGoogle, Bing, Amazon Ads; -Social Media Marketing (Facebook, Linkedin, Youtube, Instagram).

Ona Yakazara Bio

Digital Marketing Database DBMS Dhata Warehouse Data Science Kushambadzira Pamhepo Information Technology Webhusaiti Webhu Advertising Agency Marketing