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ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ

ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ.

ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ : ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื–ืึธื ืขืก

ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ:

ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืึธ :

ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืžืึทืจืง

ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืืฆื™ืื ืืœืข ืžืึทืจืง: ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืกื™ื˜ื™, ืœืืก ืื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก, ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืึธ, ื”ืึธื•ืกื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืึท, ืคื™ื ื™ืงืก, ืกืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืึธ, ืกืึทืŸ ื“ื™ืขื’ืึธ, Dallas, ืกืึทืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืข, ื™ื ื“ื™ืึทื ืึทืคึผืึธืœื™ืก, ืกืึทืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืกื™ืกืงืึธ, ื“ืขื˜ืจืึธื™ื˜, ืขืœืคึผืึทืกืึธ, Seattle, ื‘ืึธืกื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืึทืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืกืึทืงืจืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึธ, ืึทื˜ืœืึทื ื˜ืึท, ืจืึธืœื™, ื ื™ื• ื™ืืจืง ืกื™ื˜ื™, ืœืืก ืื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก, ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืึธ, ื”ืึธื•ืกื˜ืึธืŸ, ืคื™ืœืึทื“ืขืœืคื™ืึท, ืคื™ื ื™ืงืก, ืกืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืึธ, ืกืึทืŸ ื“ื™ืขื’ืึธ, Dallas, ืกืึทืŸ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืกืข, ื™ื ื“ื™ืึทื ืึทืคึผืึธืœื™ืก, ืกืึทืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืกื™ืกืงืึธ, ื“ืขื˜ืจืึธื™ื˜, ืขืœืคึผืึทืกืึธ, Seattle, ื‘ืึธืกื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืึทืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืกืึทืงืจืึทืžืขื ื˜ืึธ, ืึทื˜ืœืึทื ื˜ืึท, ืจืึธืœื™; ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข: ื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื˜ืึธ, ืžืึธื ื˜ืจืขืึทืœ, ืงืึทืœื’ืึทืจื™, ืึทื˜ืึทื•ื•ืึท, ืขื“ืึธืžืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืžื™ืกื™ืกืึทื•ื’ืึท, ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื™ืคึผืขื’, ื•ื•ืึทื ืงืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจ; ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช : ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ื’ืœืึทืกืงืึธื•, ืฉืขืคื™ืœื“, ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจืคึผื•ืœ, ืžืึทื ื˜ืฉืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืœ, ืœื™ื“ื–, ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ืึทื; ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข: ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“, ืจืึธืžืึท, ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜, ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึทืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ื•ื“ืึทืคึผืขืฉื˜, ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข, ื‘ืึทืจืกืขืœืึธื ืึท, ืžืึธื ืึทืงืึธ, ืžื™ืœืึทืŸ, Sofia, ืคึผืจืึทื’ืึท, ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ, ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ืึทื, ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืึท, ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœื™, ืกื˜ืึธืงื›ืึธืœื, ื˜ืึธืจื™ื ืึธ, Marseille, ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, ื–ืึทื’ืจืขื‘, ื•ื•ืึทืœืขื ืกื™ืึท, ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข, ื“ื•ืกืึทืœื“ืึธืจืฃ;
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜: ื˜ืึธืงื™ืึธ, ืฉืึทื ื’ื”ืึทื™, ื“ื–ืฉืึทืงืึทืจื˜ืึท, ื“ืขืœื™, ืกืขืึธื•ืœ, ื™ืกื˜ืึทื ื‘ื•ืœ, ืงืึทืจืึทื˜ืฉื™, ื˜ืึธืงื™ืึธ, ืงืื ื˜ืืŸ , ืžื•ืžื‘ืึทื™, ืžืึธืกืงื•ื•ืข, ืกื˜ ืคืื•ืœื•ืก, ืœืึทื”ืึธืจืข, ื“ืขืœื™, ื“ื–ืฉืึทืงืึทืจื˜ืึท, ืงื™ื ืฉืึทืกืึท, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–, Mexico City, ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, New York, ื‘ืึทื ื’ืึทืœืึธืจืข, ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ ืžื™ืŸ, ืœื™ืžืึท, ื›ืึทื ื•ื™, Bogota, ื˜ืขื”ืขืจืึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื ื’ ืงืึธื ื’, ื‘ืึทื ื’ืงืึธืง, Dhaka, ืงืึทื™ืจืึธ, ืจื™ืึธ ื“ืข ื“ื–ืฉืึทื ืขื™ืจืึธ, ืงืึทืจืึทืงืึทืก, ื‘ืึทื’ื“ืึทื“, ืกื˜. ืคืขื˜ืขืจื‘ื•ืจื’, ืจื™ืึทื“, ืงืึทืœืงื•ื˜ื˜ืึท, ืกื™ื ื’ืึทืคึผืึธืจ, ืกืึทื ื˜ื™ืึทื’ืึธ, ืกื™ื“ื ื™, Surat, ื˜ืฉืขื ื ืึทื™, ืžืขืœื‘ืขืจืŸ, ื™ืึทื ื’ืึธืŸ, ืืœืขืงืกืื ื“ืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฉืขื ื™ืึทื ื’, ื”ื™ื“ืขืจืึทื‘ืึทื“, ืœืืก ืื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืขืก, ืึทื”ืžืขื“ืึทื‘ืึทื“, ืึทื ืงืึทืจืึท, ื“ื–ืฉืึธื”ืึทื ื ืขืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื•ื•ื•ื”ืึทืŸ, ื™ืึธืงืึธื”ืึทืžืึท, ืึทื‘ื™ื“ื“ื–ืฉืึทืŸ, ืคึผื•ืกืึทืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผืข ื˜ืึทื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื‘ืึทืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืข, Jeddah, ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืงืึทืกืึทื‘ืœืึทื ืงืึท, ืคึผื™ืึธื ื’ื™ืึทื ื’, ืงืึทื ืคึผื•ืจ, ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“, ื“ื–ืฉืึทื™ืคึผื•ืจ, ื ื™ื™ืจืึธื•ื‘ื™, ืคืึทื™ืกืึทืœืึทื‘ืึทื“, ื•ืจื•ืžืงื™, ื‘ืจืึทื–ื™ืœื™ืึท, ืกืึทืœื•ื•ืึทื“ืึธืจ, ื‘ื•ืขื ืืก ืื™ื™ืจืขืก, ืจืึธืžืึท, ื˜ืฉื™ืงืึทื’ืึธ, ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’, ื˜ืฉื™ื˜ื˜ืึทื’ืึธื ื’, ื‘ืขืœืึธ ื”ืึธืจื™ื–ืึธื ื˜ืข, ื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื˜ืึธ; ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช : ืึทื‘ืขืจื“ืขืขืŸ, ื‘ืึทืกื™ื ื’ืกื˜ืึธืงืข, ื•ื•ืึทื ืข, ื‘ืขืœืคืึทืกื˜, ื‘ื™ืจืžื™ื ื’ื”ืึทื, ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืึทืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ืึธืœ, ื‘ืจืึทืžืœื™, ืงืขืžื‘ืจื™ื“ื–ืฉ, ืงืึทืจื“ื™ืฃ, ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื’ื”, ืขืงืกืขื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืึทื˜ืขืฉืขืึทื“, ื’ืœืึทืกืงืึธื•, ื’ืจื•ื™, ื’ืจืขืขื ื”ื™ื˜ื”ืข, ืงื™ื ื’ืกื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืขืžื–, ืœื™ื“ื–, ืœืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจืคึผื•ืœ, ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืžืึทื ื˜ืฉืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ืœื˜ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืก, ื ืขื•ื•ืงืึทืกื˜ืœืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคึผืœื™ืžืึธื•ื˜ื”, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฉืขืคื™ืœื“, ืกืึธืœื™ื”ื•ืœืœ, ืกืึธื•ื˜ื”ืึทืžืคึผื˜ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืคืึธืจื“; ืึทื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืึทืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื˜ืขืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืข: ืงืึทื ื‘ืขืจืึท, ื“ืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืข, ืจื•ื ื“ืœืข ืคึผืœื™ื™ืก, ื ื™ื• ื“ืจื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื– ื‘ืึธื ื“ื™, ื‘ืจืึธื“ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืงืึทืกื˜ืœืข ื˜ืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก, Charlestown, ื˜ืฉืึทืฆื•ื•ืึธืึธื“ ื™ืึธื’ืŸ, Hornsby, ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ืึท, Penrith, ืกื™ื“ื ื™, ืงื•ื•ืขืขื ืกืœืึทื ื“:ื‘ืจื™ืกื‘ืึทื ืข , ืงืึทืจื™ื ื“ืึทืœืข, ื˜ืฉืขืจืžืกื™ื“ืข, Robina, ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ืึธืจื™ืึท, ื˜ืฉืึทื“ืกื˜ืึธื ืข, ืกืึธื•ื˜ื”ืœืึทื ื“, ื“ืึธื ืงืึทืกื˜ืขืจ, ืคืึธื ื˜ืึทืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜; ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš: ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื’ื™ืข: ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ, Brazil:ื‘ืืจื ื“ื ื˜ื™ื“ื–ืฉื•ืงื, ืกืึทื• ืคึผืึทื•ืœืึธ, ืงืื ืื“ืข: ืึทืœื‘ืขืจื˜ืึท (ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข), ืงืึทืœื’ืึทืจื™, ืขื“ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืงืึทืœืึทืžื‘ื™ืึท (ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข) ื‘ื•ืจื ืึทื‘ื™,ืงืึธืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœืึทื, ืจื™ื˜ืฉืžืึธื ื“, ืกืขืจื™, ื•ื•ืึทื ืงืึธื•ื•ื•ืขืจ, ืžืึทื ื™ื˜ืึธื‘ืึท (ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข), ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื™ืคึผืขื’, ื ืึธื•ื•ืึท ืกืงืึธื˜ื™ืึท (ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข), ื”ืึทืœื™ืคืึทืงืก, ืึธื ื˜ืึทืจื™ืึธ (ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข),ื‘ื•ืจืœื™ื ื’ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืžืึทืจื›ืึทื, ืžื™ืกืกื™ืกืกืึทื•ื’ืึท, ื ืขื•ื•ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜, ืึทื˜ืึทื•ื•ืึท, ื˜ืึธืจืึธื ื˜ืึธ, ื•ื•ืึธื˜ืขืจืœื•, ืงื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืง (ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข),ื‘ืจืึธืกืกืึทืจื“, ืœืึทื•ื•ืึทืœืžืื ื˜ืจืขืืœ , Pointe-Claire, ืงื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืง ืกื™ื˜ื™; ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืึทืจืึทื‘ืขืจ ืขืžื™ืจืึทื˜ืขืก: ืื‘ื• ื“ื”ืึทื‘ื™, ื“ื•ื‘ืึทื™; ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ึทืš : ืขืงืก-ืขืŸ-ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ืขื ืกืข, ื‘ืึธืจื“ืขืึทื•ืงืก, ื“ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืขืกื ื™ื™, ืœื™ื™ื•ืกืึทื™ื ื˜, ืœื™ืœ, ืœื™ืึธืŸ, Marne-la-Vallรฉe, ืžืึทืจืกืขื™ืœืœืข, ืžืึธื ื˜ืคึผืขืœืœื™ืขืจ, ืคื™ื™ึทืŸ, ืคืืจื™ื– , Puteaux: ืœืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’, ืจืึธืกื ื™ึพืกื•ืกึพื‘ืึธื™ืก, ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืขืจื‘ืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืกื˜ืจืึทืกื‘ืึธื•ืจื’, Velizy-Villacoublay; ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“ : ืึทื•ื’ืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ืงืขืœืŸ, ื“ืจืขื–ื“ืŸ, ื“ื•ืกืึทืœื“ืึธืจืฃ, Frankfurt, ื”ืึทืžื‘ื•ืจื’, ื”ืึทื ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืจ, ืžื™ื ื›ืขืŸ, Oberhausen, Sindelfingen, ื–ื•ืœื–ื‘ืืš; ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ : ืึทืจืจื•ื™ืึธ ื“ืข ืœืึท ืขื ืงืึธืžื™ืขื ื“ืึท, ืึทืจืจื•ื™ืึธืžืึธืœื™ื ืึธืก, ื‘ืึทืจืกืขืœืึธื ืึท, ื˜ืฉื•ืจืจืึท, ืœืขื’ืึทื ืขืก, ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื“ืึทื”ืึธื ื“ืึท, Marbella, ื•ื•ืึทืœืขื ืกื™ืึท, ื–ืึทืจืึทื’ืึธื–ืึท, ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืŸ: Helsingborg, ืžืึทืœืžรถ, Tรคby; ืกื•ื•ื™ื–ื–ืขืจืึท ื‘ืึทืกืขืœ, ื’ืขื ืขื•ื•ืึท, Glattzentrum bei Wallisellen, ื–ื•ืจื™ืง. ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข. ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืึทื“ืข. ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข; ืึทืœื‘ืึทื ื™ืึท: ื˜ื™ืจืึทื ืึท; ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“: ื‘ืขืจืœื™ืŸ; Andorra: Andorra la Vella; ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ืš: ื•ื•ื™ืŸ; ื‘ืขืœื’ื™ืข: ื‘ืจื™ืกืœ; ื‘ืขืœืืจื•ืกื™ืข: ืžื™ื ืกืง; ื‘ืึธืกื ื™ืึท ื”ืขืจื–ืขื’ืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืึท: ืกืึทืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืขื•ื•ืึธ; ื‘ื•ืœื’ืึทืจื™ืึท: Sofia; ืงืจืืื˜ื™ืข: ื–ืึทื’ืจืขื‘; ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืง: ืงืึธืคึผืขื ื”ืึทื’ืขืŸ; ืกืœืึธื•ื•ืึทืงื™ืึท: ื‘ืจืึทื˜ื™ืกืœืึทื•ื•ืึท; ืกืœืึธื•ื•ืขื ื™ืึท: ืœื•ื‘ื™ืึทื ืึท; ืกืคึผืึทื™ืŸ: ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“; ืขืกื˜ืึธื ื™ืึท: ื˜ืึทืœืœื™ื ืŸ; ืคื™ื ืœืึทื ื“: ื”ืขืœืกื™ื ืงื™; ืคึฟืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ึทืš: ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–; ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืื ื“: ืื˜ืขื ืข; ื•ื ื’ื”ืขืจื™ืึท: ื‘ื•ื“ืึทืคึผืขืฉื˜; ื™ืจืขืœืึทื ื“: ื“ื•ื‘ืœื™ืŸ; ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ: ืจืขืงื™ืึทื•ื•ื™ืง; ืœืึทื˜ื•ื•ื™ืึท: ืจื™ื’ืึท; ืœื™ื›ื˜ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ: Vaduz; ืœื™ื˜ืข: ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืข; ืœื•ืงืกืขืžื‘ื•ืจื’: ืœื•ืงืกืขืžื‘ื•ืจื’; ืžืึทืœื˜ืึท: ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทืœืœืขื˜ื˜ืึท; ืžืึธืœื“ืึธื•ื•ืึท: ื˜ืฉื™ืกื™ื ืึทื•; ืžืึธื ืึทืงืึธ: ืžืึธื ืึทืงืึธ; ืžืึธื ื˜ืขื ืขื’ืจืึธ: ืคึผืึธื“ื’ืึธืจื™ืงืึท; ื ืึธืจื•ื•ื™ื™ึท: ืึธืกืœืึธ; ื ืขื˜ื”ืขืจืœืึทื ื“ืก: ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื; ืคึผืึธืœืึธื ื™ืึท: ื•ื•ืืจืฉืข; ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ: ืœื™ืกื‘ืืŸ; ืคึฟืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืžืœื›ื•ืช: ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ; ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืงืึท ืกืขืงืึท: ืคึผืจืึทื’ืึท; ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืกืขื“ืึธื ื™ืึท: ืกืงืึธืคึผื“ื–ืฉืข; ืจื•ืžืขื ื™ืข: ื‘ื•ืงืืจืขืฉื˜; ืกืึทืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืึธ: ืกืึทืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ื ืึธ; ืกืขืจื‘ื™ืข: ื‘ืขืœื’ืจืึทื“; ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ืŸ: ืกื˜ืึธืงื›ืึธืœื; ืกื•ื•ื™ื–ื–ืขืจืึท: ืœื•ื’ืึทื ืึธ, ืงืึทื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืึธ, Bellinzona, ืœืึธืงืึทืจื ืึธ, ืžืขื ื“ืจื™ืกื™ืึธ, noise, ื‘ืขืจืŸ; ื•ืงืจืึทื™ื ืึท: ืงื™ึดืขื•ื•; ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื™ืข, ืึทืคื’ื”ืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืึทืŸ: ืงืึทื‘ื•ืœ;
ืกืื•ื“ื™ืข ืืจืื‘ื™ืข : Riyadh; ืึทืจืžืขื ื™ืึท: ืขืจืขื•ื•ืึทืŸ; ืึทื–ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื“ื–ืฉืึทืŸ: ื‘ืึทืงื•; ื‘ืึทื”ืจืึทื™ืŸ: ืžืึทื ืึทืžืึท; ื‘ืึทื ื’ืœืึทื“ืขืฉ: ื“ืึทืงืึท; Bhutan: ื˜ื”ื™ืžืคื•; ื‘ื•ืจืžืึท: ื ื™ื™ึทืคึผื™ื™ื“ืึทื•ื•; ื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื™: ื‘ืึทื ื“ืึทืจ ืกืขืจื™ ื‘ืขื’ืึทื•ื•ืึทืŸ; ืงืึทืžื‘ืึธื“ื™ืึท: ืคื ืึธื ืคึผืขืŸ; ื˜ืฉื™ื™ื ืึท: ื‘ืขื™ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’; ื ืืจื˜ ืงืืจื™ืขื : ืคึผื™ืึธื ื’ื™ืึทื ื’; ื“ืจื•ื ืงืืจืขืข: ื‘ืœื•ื™ื–; ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืึทืจืึทื‘ืขืจ ืขืžื™ืจืึทื˜ืขืก: ืื‘ื• ื“ื”ืึทื‘ื™; ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ืขืŸ: ืžืึทื ื™ืœืึท; ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื–ืฉืึท: ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืกื™; ื™ืืคืืŸ: ื˜ืึธืงื™ืึธ; ื™ืืจื“ืื ื™ืข: ืึทืžืึทืŸ; ื™ื ื“ื™ืึท: ื ื™ื• ื“ืขืœื™; ืื™ื ื“ืื ืขื–ื™ืข: ื“ื–ืฉืึทืงืึทืจื˜ืึท; ืื™ืจืืŸ: ื˜ืขื”ืขืจืึทืŸ; ื™ืจืึทืง: ื‘ืึทื’ื“ืึทื“; ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื; ืงืึทื–ืึทืงืกื˜ืึทืŸ: ืึทืกื˜ืึทื ืึท; ืงื™ืจื’ื™ื–ื™ืข: ื‘ื™ืฉืงืขืง; ืงื•ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜: ืžืึทื“ื™ื ืึทื˜ ืขืœ-ืงื•ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜; ืœืึทืึธืก: ื•ื•ื™ืขื ื˜ื™ืึทื ืข; ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ: ื‘ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜; ืžืึทืœื“ื™ื•ื•ืขืก: Malรฉ; ืžืืœื™ื™ื–ื™ืข: ืงื•ืึทืœืึท ืœื•ืžืคึผื•ืจ; ืžืึธื ื’ืึธืœื™ืึท: Ulan Bator; ื ืขืคึผืึทืœ: ืงืึทื˜ื”ืžืึทื ื“ื•; ืื•ืžืืŸ: ืžืึทืกืงืึทื˜ืข; ืคึผืึทืงื™ืกื˜ืึทืŸ: ื™ืกืœืึทืžืึทื‘ืึทื“; ืคืืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข: ืžื–ืจื— ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื; ืงืึทื˜ืึทืจ: ื“ืึธื”ืึท; ืกื™ื ื’ืึทืคึผืึธืจ : ืกื™ื ื’ืึทืคึผืึธืจ; ืกื™ืจื™ืข: ื“ืžืฉืง; ืกืจื™ ืœืื ืงื : ืกืจื™ ื“ื–ืฉื™ื™ืึทื•ื•ืึทืจื“ืขื ืึทืคึผื•ืจืึท ืงืึธื˜ื˜ืข; ื˜ืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืงื™ืกื˜ืึทืŸ: ื“ื•ืฉืึทื ื‘ืข; ื˜ื™ื™ื•ื•ืึทืŸ: ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผื™ื™; ื˜ื™ื™ืœืึทื ื“: ื‘ืึทื ื’ืงืึธืง; ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™: ืึทื ืงืึทืจืึท; ื˜ื•ืจืงืžืขื ื™ืกื˜ืึทืŸ: ืึทืกื’ืึทื‘ืึทื˜; ืื•ื–ื‘ืขืงื™ืกื˜ืึทืŸ: ื˜ืึทืฉืงืขื ื˜; ื•ื•ื™ืขื˜ื ืึทื: ื›ืึทื ื•ื™; ื™ืขืžืขืŸ: ืกืึทื ืึท; ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืข, ืึทืœื“ื–ืฉื™ืจื™ืึท: ืึทืœื’ืขืจืก; ืึทื ื’ืึธืœืึท: ืœื•ืึทื ื“ืึท; ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ: ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ; ื‘ืึธืฆื•ื•ืึทื ืึท: ื’ืึทื‘ืึธืจืึธื ืข; ื‘ื•ืจืงื™ื ืึท ืคืึทืกืึธ: Ouagadougou; ื‘ื•ืจื•ื ื“ื™: ื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉื•ืžื‘ื•ืจืึท; ืงืึทืžืขืจื•ืŸ: ื™ืื•ื ื“ืข; ืงืขืค ื•ื•ืขืจื“ืข: Praia; ื˜ืฉืึทื“: ื 'ื“ื“ื–ืฉืึทืžืขื ืึท; ืงืึธืžืึธืจืึธืก: ืžืึธืจืึธื ื™; ื”ืขืœืคืึทื ื“ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื•ืกื˜: ื™ืึทืžืึธื•ืกืกืึธื•ืงืจืึธ; ืžืฆืจื™ื: ืงืึทื™ืจืึธ; ืขืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ืึท: ืึทืกืžืึทืจืึท; ืขื˜ื™ืืคื™ืข: ืึทื“ื“ื™ืก ืึทื‘ืขื‘ืึท; ื’ืึทื‘ืึธืŸ: ืœื™ื‘ืจืขื•ื•ื™ืœืœืข; ื’ืืžื‘ื™ืข: Banjul; ื’ืึทื ืึท: ืึทืงืงืจืึท; ื“ื–ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™: ื“ื–ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™; ื’ื™ื ื™: Conakry; ื’ื™ื ื™-ื‘ื™ืกืกืึทื•: ื‘ื™ืกืกืึทื•; ืขืงื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœ ื’ื™ื ื™: Malabo; ืงืขื ื™ืึท: ื ื™ื™ืจืึธื•ื‘ื™; ืœืขืกืึธื˜ื”ืึธ: ืžืึทืกืขืจื•; ืœื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืึท: ืžืึธื ืจืึธื•ื•ื™ืึท; ืœื™ื‘ื™ืข: ื˜ืจื™ืคึผืึธืœื™; ืžืึทื“ืึทื’ืึทืกืงืึทืจ: Antananarivo; ืžืืœืื•ื•ื™: ืœื™ืœืึธื ื’ื•ื•ืข; ืžืึทืœื™: ื‘ืึทืžืึทืงืึธ; ืžืึทื•ืจื™ื˜ืึทื ื™ืึท: ืžืึทื•ืจื™ื˜ืึทื ื™ืึท; ืžืึทื•ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืก: ืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืœื•ื™; ืžืึธืจืึธืงืงืึธ: ืจืึทื‘ืึทื˜; ืžืึธื–ืึทืžื‘ื™ืง: ืžืึทืคึผื•ื˜ืึธ; ื ืึทืžื™ื‘ื™ืึท: Windhoek; ื ื™ื’ืขืจ: Niamey; ื ื™ื’ืขืจื™ืข: ืึทื‘ื•ื“ื–ืฉืึท; ืกืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ ืืคืจื™ืงืื ืขืจ ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืง: ื‘ืึทื ื’ื•ื™; ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืึธ: ื‘ืจืึทื–ื–ืึทื•ื•ื™ืœืœืข; ื“ืขืžืึธืงืจืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืจืขืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื’ืึธ: ืงื™ื ืฉืึทืก.

I ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ึท ืžื™ืœืœืขื ื ื™ื•ื, ื“ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื“ืจืึทืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ ืขืก ืื™ื–. ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึทื– ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜, ืึท dato ื ื™ื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ.
ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึทื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–.

ื“ืขืคึฟื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข: ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื’ืึทื•ื•ืขืจืžืึทื ืฅ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื™ื– ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืึท ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื‘ื™ื•ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืขื ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืจื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงืฉืึทื ื–.
I ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ.
ืกืฆืขื ืึทืจ: ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืงืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื•ืึทืœ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืžืึทืคึผืก, ื’ืขื ืึธืžืขืก, ืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ืึธื•ืžื–, ื›ืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื•ื ื“ื–, ืžืึทื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœืึทืก, ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืกื™ื–, ื‘ื™ืึธืกืกื™ืขื ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืึธื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทื˜ื™. ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื’ื’ืจืขื’ืึทื˜ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืึทืงืกืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืึทื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื–, ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜. ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืงืกืขืก ืจื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงืฉืึทื ื–, ืœื™ื™ืกืึทื ืกื™ื–, ืงืึทืคึผื™ืจื™ื™ืฅ, ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทืจื“ื–ืฉื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื•ื–. ืกื•ืคึผืคึผืึธืจื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขื ื”ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงืฉืึทื ื– ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืขื›ื˜ื™ื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืจื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืงืฉืึทื ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืก. ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™ื•ื–ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืึธืŸ ืจื™ืงื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืคึผืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื•ื– (ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืง) ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธื•ืœื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื™ืฉ.
ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืึธื•ืคึผืึทื ื“ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืžืคึผืึทื•ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืก, ื”ืขืœืคึฟืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข positive ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’. ื“ื™ ืขืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื™ืžืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื’ืึทื•ื•ืขืจื ืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฆื• ืกืึธืœื•ื•ืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก.

ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ื“ื–ืฉืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข "ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ" ืžื•ื•ื•ืžืึทื ืฅ.

ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืึทืงืกืขืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืื‘ืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทืกืขืก, ื“ื™ ื–ืื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืกืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ, ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ:
- ืขืคึฟืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืื›ืŸ ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžืฆื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื™ืœืขื ืคืจื™ื™.
-ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. Open Knowledge International ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึทืงืึทืฅ ืึธื•ืคึผืึทื ื ืึทืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึท ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื– ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ืžื™ื˜ืขื“ ืฆื•, ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก, ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข, ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืึทืคึฟื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜; ืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืคื™ืœืžืก, ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ; ืงืึธื•ื•ืขืจืก ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ Open Knowledge Definition, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœื•ื“ื™ื“ ืฆื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ Science Commons ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธืงืึธืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืžืคึผืœืึทืžืขื ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜.
ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืขืคื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืจืขืคืขืจืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืœืึทืงื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืฆื• ืจื•ื‘ึฟ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืจืึทืžืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืจืžืขื ืึทืœ.
- ืขืคึฟืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ื•ืืจื’ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื™ื™ืกืึทื ืกื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœื™ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื˜ืข.
- ืขืคึฟืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืœื™ื™ืกืึทื ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื•ืฆื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืกืขืกืžืึทื ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ.
-ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ / ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ / ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ (ืคืืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜) ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ืฅ ืึท ืฆื•ื’ืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืงืึทื ืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืขืกื•ืจืกืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข, ืžืขื˜ื”ืึธื“ืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืงื ื™ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืœื™ื ื’ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคึผืขืจืึทื ื˜, ืจืขืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืกื™ื‘ืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกื“ื™ืกืกื™ืคึผืœื™ื ืึทืจื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’.

ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื˜ืจืึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ : ื dato ื ื™ื˜ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืจื™ื™ึทื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ.

In ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื“ืจืึทืกื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ื™ื“ืขืฉ.

Storia degli Open Data

ื“ื™ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืก:

Le radici degli ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท possono essere rintracciate allโ€™inizio del XX secolo, con la nascita dei primi sistemi di informazione pubblica. Tuttavia, รจ solo negli ultimi decenni che il movimento ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ha preso piede, grazie allโ€™avvento di ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืฅ e alla diffusione delle tecnologie digitali.

Le pietre miliari:

  • ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก: Nasce il Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) negli Stati Uniti, una legge che garantisce il diritto di accesso alle informazioni detenute dal governo.
  • ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก: Viene pubblicato il rapporto โ€œA Framework for Information Policyโ€ di Donald A. Dunn, che propone un modello per la gestione e lโ€™accesso alle informazioni pubbliche.
  • ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก: Tim Berners-Lee, inventore del World Wide Web, pubblica il suo articolo โ€œWeaving the Webโ€, in cui sostiene lโ€™importanza di rendere i ื“ืึทื˜ืข pubblici accessibili e interoperabili.
  • ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก: Viene lanciata la ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท Commons, unโ€™organizzazione internazionale che promuove lโ€™adozione di principi e standard per la pubblicazione di ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ.
  • ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก: Barack Obama firma il Memorandum on Open Government, che impegna il governo degli Stati Uniti a pubblicare i propri ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜.
  • ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก: Viene lanciata lโ€™iniziativa Open Government Partnership (OGP), un partenariato internazionale che riunisce governi e organizzazioni della societร  civile per promuovere la trasparenza, lโ€™accountability e la partecipazione dei cittadini.
  • ืงืกื ื•ืžืงืก: Lโ€™Unione Europea adotta la Direttiva sullโ€™accesso ai ื“ืึทื˜ืข del settore pubblico, che obbliga gli Stati membri a pubblicare i propri ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืึทื˜.

In ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข:

I benefici degli ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท:

Le sfide:

Il futuro degli ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท:

Il futuro degli ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท รจ promettente. Lโ€™avvento di nuove tecnologie, come lโ€™ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืš ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื”ื™ื ื’ืก (IoT), offrirร  nuove opportunitร  per la pubblicazione e lโ€™utilizzo di ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ.

ืžืกืงื ื:

ื“ื™ ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท sono un importante strumento per promuovere la trasparenza, lโ€™accountability, la partecipazione dei cittadini e lโ€™innovazione. Il movimento ืขืคึฟืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท รจ in continua crescita e il suo futuro รจ pieno di sfide e opportunitร .

ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ

ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืึธ | ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ

ืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื“ื–.

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    ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ

    ืึทื‘ืึธื ื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš E- ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•.

    ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึทืจ
    ืึทื“ืžื™ืŸ ืกืขืึธ
    ๐Ÿ‘ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ | ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขืึธ. ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ. ืคึฟืึทืจ Agenzia ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื˜ืจืึทื ืกืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ Iron SEO ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ืข 3. ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ: ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื™ื ื˜ืขื’ืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ, ืขื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจื™ื™ื– ืึทืคึผืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื ื˜ืขื’ืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ, ืกืขืจื•ื•ื™ืก ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื™ื“ ืึทืจื˜ืฉื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืจืข, ืงืœืึธื•ื“ ืงืึทืžืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’, ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื›ืึทื•ืก, ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืกื™ื™ื›ืœ, ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท, ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืึทืœืก, ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทื ืฅ, ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทืคึผืคึผืœื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ืœื™ื™ืฉืึทื ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ื“ื™ืžืขื ืกื™ืึธื ืึทืœ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ื™ื™ืกื™ื– ื“ื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคื™ื™ืกื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืžืขื“ื™ืข: ื•ืกืึทื‘ื™ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืงืก. ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ืกื™ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืก ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืก: -ืกืขืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ Google, ืึทืžืึทื–ืึธืŸ, ื‘ื™ื ื’, ื™ืึทื ื“ืขืงืก; - ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืก: Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager, Yandex Metrica; - ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฆืขืจ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ืขืจื–ืฉืึทื ื–: Google Analytics, Microsoft Clarity, Yandex Metrica; -SEM ืื•ื™ืฃ Google, Bing, Amazon Ads; - ืกืืฆื™ืืœ ืžืขื“ื™ืข ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’ (ืคืึทืกืขื‘ืึธืึธืง, ืœื™ื ืงืขื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืึธื•ื˜ื•ื‘ืข, ื™ื ืกื˜ืึทื’ืจืึทื).
    ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ื™ืึธ
    ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืžืึทืจืงืขื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืกืข DBMS ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื•ื•ืึทืจืขื”ืึธื•ืกืข ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืื™ื ืคืืจืžืืฆื™ืข ื˜ืขื›ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื‘ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ื•ืจ ืึธืคึผื–ืขืฆืขืจื™ื™ึท
    ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื ืขืฅ ื™ื™ืงืึทืŸ
    ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื ืง ืคึผืจื™ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜
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    ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื ื™ืฆื˜ ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš. ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš. ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผื•ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ X, ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธืคื™ืœื™ื ื’ ืงื™ื›ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืึทืงื˜ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜.
    ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืขืงืฉืึทืŸ ืืงื˜ (LPD), ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืขืจ ืคืขื“ืขืจืืœืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 25 ืกืขืคื˜ืขืžื‘ืขืจ 2020, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ GDPR, EU ืจืขื’ื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ 2016/679, ืจื™ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ.
    ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸืงืึทืกื˜ืึทืžื™ื™ื–