Ukugcinwa Kwedatha Nokuhlelwa Kwezinsiza Zebhizinisi | I-DWH ne-ERP

UMGCINI IDATHA OKUPHAKATHI : UMLANDO ED UKUZENZAKALELAYO

Izindikimba ezimbili eziphambili zobuchwepheshe bezinkampani ngeminyaka yawo-90 zaziyi indawo yokugcina idatha kanye ne-ERP. Isikhathi eside lokhu kusakazwa okubili okunamandla bekuyizingxenye ze-IT yebhizinisi ngaphandle kokuthola umgwaqo. Kwaba sengathi ziyindaba futhi ziphikisana nodaba. Kodwa ukukhula kwazo zombili lezi zimo kuye kwaholela ngokungagwemeki ekuhlanganeni kwazo. Namuhla izinkampani zibhekene nenkinga yokuthi kufanele zenzeni nge-ERP kanye indawo yokugcina idatha. Lesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga nokuthi zilungiswa kanjani yizinkampani.

EKUQALENI…

Ekuqaleni kwakukhona indawo yokugcina idatha. Indawo yokugcina imininingwane yazalelwa ukulwa nohlelo lwesicelo sokucubungula ukuthengiselana. Ezinsukwini zokuqala ngekhanda idatha bekushiwo ukuthi kube nje indawo ephikisayo ekucubunguleni izinhlelo zokusebenza. Kodwa namuhla kunemibono eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokuthi yini a indawo yokugcina idatha. Emhlabeni wanamuhla indawo yokugcina idatha ifakwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esingabizwa ngokuthi i-Corporate Information Factory.

IFEKITI LOLWAZI LWEZINKAMPANI (I-CIF)

I-Corporate Information Factory inezingxenye zezakhiwo ezijwayelekile: ukuhlanganiswa kwekhodi kanye nosendlalelo soguquko oluhlanganisa i- idatha ngenkathi mina idatha bayasuka endaweni yesicelo baye endaweni ye- indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani; a indawo yokugcina idatha wenkampani lapho i idatha imilando enemininingwane nedidiyelwe. I indawo yokugcina idatha yebhizinisi isebenza njengesisekelo lapho zonke ezinye izingxenye zemvelo zingakhelwa khona indawo yokugcina idatha; isitolo sedatha esisebenzayo (ODS). I-ODS iyisakhiwo esiyingxubevange esiqukethe isici esithile se- indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nezinye izici zemvelo ye-OLTP; ama-data mats, lapho iminyango ehlukene ingaba nenguqulo yayo ye- indawo yokugcina idatha; a indawo yokugcina idatha ukuhlola lapho ongqondongqondo benkampani bengathumela imibuzo yabo yamahora angama-72 ngaphandle komphumela olimazayo indawo yokugcina idatha; kanye nenkumbulo yomugqa oseduze, lapho idatha okudala futhi idatha imininingwane eyinqwaba ingagcinwa endaweni eshibhile.

LAPHO I-ERP IHLANGANA NE- IFEKITI LOLWAZI LWEZINKAMPANI

I-ERP ihlangana ne-Corporate Information Factory ezindaweni ezimbili. Ikakhulukazi njengesicelo sokuqala esihlinzeka nge-i idatha yohlelo lokusebenza ku indawo yokugcina idatha. Kulokhu i idatha, ekhiqizwe njengomkhiqizo wenqubo yokwenziwe, ihlanganiswe futhi ilayishwe ku indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani. Isixhumanisi sesibili phakathi kwe-ERP ne-CIF yi-ODS. Ngempela, ezindaweni eziningi i-ERP isetshenziswa njenge-ODS yakudala.

Uma kwenzeka i-ERP isetshenziswa njengohlelo oluyisisekelo, i-ERP efanayo ingasetshenziswa futhi ku-CIF njenge-ODS. Kunoma ikuphi, uma i-ERP izosetshenziswa kuzo zombili izindima, kufanele kube nomehluko ocacile phakathi kwamabhizinisi amabili. Ngamanye amazwi, uma i-ERP idlala indima yokusetshenziswa kwesisekelo kanye ne-ODS, izinhlangano ezimbili zezakhiwo kufanele zihlukaniswe. Uma ukuqaliswa okukodwa kwe-ERP kuzama ukufeza zombili izindima ngesikhathi esisodwa nakanjani kuzoba nezinkinga ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwalolo hlaka.

IZICELO EZIHLUKANISIWEYO NE-ODS NEZISEKO

Kunezizathu eziningi eziholela ekuhlukaniseni izingxenye zezakhiwo. Mhlawumbe iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni izingxenye ezihlukene zesakhiwo ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye yezakhiwo inombono wayo. Uhlelo lokusebenza oluyisisekelo lufeza inhloso ehlukile kune-ODS. Zama ukugqagqana

umbono wohlelo lokusebenza oluyisisekelo emhlabeni we-ODS noma okuphambene nalokho akuyona indlela efanelekile yokusebenza.

Ngenxa yalokho, inkinga yokuqala ye-ERP ku-CIF iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhona yini umehluko phakathi kwezicelo eziyisisekelo kanye ne-ODS.

AMAMODI EMODATA ENKAMPANI IFEKITI LOLWAZI

Ukuze kuzuzwe ukubumbana phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene ze-architecture ye-CIF, kufanele kube nemodeli ye idatha. Amamodeli we idatha zisebenza njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zezakhiwo ezifana nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziyisisekelo kanye ne-ODS. Amamodeli we idatha baba “imephu yomgwaqo yobuhlakani” ukuze bathole incazelo efanele ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zezakhiwo ze-CIF.

Ukuhambisana nalo mbono, umqondo wukuthi kufanele kube nephethini eyodwa enkulu neyodwa idatha. Ngokusobala kufanele kube nephethini ye idatha engxenyeni ngayinye futhi ngaphezu kwalokho kufanele kube nendlela enengqondo ehlanganisa amamodeli ahlukene. Ingxenye ngayinye yezakhiwo - i-ODS, izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyisisekelo, indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani, nokunye.. - idinga imodeli yayo ye idatha. Futhi ngakho-ke kufanele kube nencazelo enembile yokuthi lezi zibonelo ze idatha ziyahlangana zodwa.

HAMBA I IDATHA YOSUKU LWE-ERP I-WAREHOUSE

Uma umsuka we idatha kuwuhlelo oluyisisekelo kanye/noma i-ODS, lapho i-ERP ifaka i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha, lokhu kufakwa kufanele kwenzeke ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu elithi "granularity". Vele ubuyekeze noma uhlanganise i idatha njengoba bephuma kuhlelo lokuqala lwe-ERP noma i-ERP ODS akuyona into elungile ongayenza. THE idatha imininingwane iyadingeka ku indawo yokugcina idatha ukwakha isisekelo senqubo ye-DSS. Enjalo idatha zizobunjwa kabusha ngezindlela eziningi ngama-data mart nokuhlola indawo yokugcina idatha.

Ukufuduswa kwe- idatha kusukela kusizinda sesicelo se-ERP kuya ku- indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani yenziwa ngendlela ekhululekile. Lokhu kunyakaza kwenzeka cishe emahoreni angama-24 ngemva kokubuyekezwa noma ukudalwa ku-ERP. Iqiniso lokuba nokunyakaza "kwevila" kwe idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani ivumela i- idatha kusuka ku-ERP kuya "kuxazulula". Kanye i idatha zigcinwa kuhlelo lokusebenza oluyisisekelo, khona-ke ungakwazi ukuhambisa ngokuphepha idatha ye-ERP enkampanini. Omunye umgomo ongafinyelelwa ngenxa yokunyakaza "kwevila" kwe idatha ukunqunywa okucacile phakathi kwezinqubo zokusebenza kanye ne-DSS. Ngokunyakaza "okusheshayo" kwe- idatha umugqa phakathi kwe-DSS nokusebenza uhlala ungacacile.

Ukunyakaza kwe- idatha kusuka ku-ODS ye-ERP kuya indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani yenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokuvamile masonto onke noma nyanga zonke. Kulokhu ukunyakaza kwe idatha kusekelwe isidingo 'sokuhlanza' okudala idatha izazi-mlando. Ngokwemvelo, i-ODS iqukethe i idatha ezintsha kakhulu kune idatha osomlando abatholakala ku indawo yokugcina idatha.

Ukufuduswa kwe- idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha cishe akukaze kwenziwe "i-wholesale" (ngendlela yokuthengisa). Kopisha ithebula endaweni ye-ERP ukuze indawo yokugcina idatha akwenzi mqondo. Indlela enengqondo kakhulu ukuhambisa amayunithi akhethiwe we idatha. Kuphela idatha ezishintshile kusukela ekubuyekezweni kokugcina kwe indawo yokugcina idatha yizo okufanele zithuthelwe ku indawo yokugcina idatha. Enye indlela yokwazi ukuthi yiziphi idatha zishintshile njengoba isibuyekezo sokugcina siwukubheka izitembu zesikhathi ze idatha kutholakala endaweni ye-ERP. Umklami ukhetha zonke izinguquko ezenzeke kusukela ekuvuselelweni kokugcina. Enye indlela ukusebenzisa amasu okuthwebula ushintsho idatha. Ngalezi zindlela izingodo namatheyipu ejenali ayahlaziywa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yimaphi idatha kumele isuswe endaweni ye-ERP iye kuleya indawo yokugcina idatha. Lezi zindlela zingcono kakhulu njengoba izingodo namatheyipu ejenali angafundwa kumafayela e-ERP ngaphandle komphumela kwezinye izinsiza ze-ERP.

EZINYE IZINKINGA

Enye yezinkinga ze-ERP ku-CIF ukuthi kwenzekani kweminye imithombo yohlelo lokusebenza noma i-ai idatha ye-ODS okumele ibambe iqhaza indawo yokugcina idatha kodwa abayona ingxenye yemvelo ye-ERP. Uma kubhekwa uhlobo oluvaliwe lwe-ERP, ikakhulukazi i-SAP, ezama ukuhlanganisa okhiye abavela emithonjeni yangaphandle ye idatha nami idatha ezivela ku-ERP ngesikhathi sokuthutha i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha, kuyinselele enkulu. Futhi yimaphi ngempela amathuba okuthi i idatha yezicelo noma i-ODS ngaphandle kwemvelo ye-ERP izohlanganiswa ku indawo yokugcina idatha? Amathuba empeleni aphezulu kakhulu.

THOLA IDATHA IZIMLANDO EZIVELA KWI-ERP

Enye inkinga nge idatha ye-ERP yilokho okuvela esidingweni sokuba idatha zomlando ngaphakathi kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Ngokuvamile i- indawo yokugcina idatha izidingo idatha izazi-mlando. Futhi ubuchwepheshe be-ERP ngokuvamile abugcini lezi idatha zomlando, okungenani hhayi ngezinga elidingekayo ku indawo yokugcina idatha. Lapho inani elikhulu idatha izingodo ziqala ukuhlangana endaweni ye-ERP, leyo ndawo idinga ukuhlanzwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi a indawo yokugcina idatha kufanele ilayishwe ngeminyaka emihlanu ye idatha zomlando kuyilapho i-ERP igcina ubuningi bezinyanga eziyisithupha zalezi idatha. Inqobo nje uma inkampani inelisekile ukuqoqa inani idatha zomlando njengoba isikhathi sihamba, ke akukho nkinga usebenzisa ERP njengomthombo for the indawo yokugcina idatha. Kodwa lapho indawo yokugcina idatha kufanele abuyele emuva futhi athathe onkulunkulu idatha umlando ongakaze uqoqwe futhi ulondolozwe yi-ERP, khona-ke imvelo ye-ERP iba ​​engasebenzi kahle.

ERP KANYE METADATA

Okunye okumele kucatshangelwe mayelana ne-ERP kanye indawo yokugcina idatha yileyo ekumethadatha ekhona endaweni ye-ERP. Njengoba nje imethadatha isuka endaweni ye-ERP iye ku- indawo yokugcina idatha, imethadatha kufanele ihanjiswe ngendlela efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imethadatha kufanele iguqulwe ibe ifomethi kanye nesakhiwo esidingwa nengqalasizinda indawo yokugcina idatha. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemethadatha yokusebenza kanye nemethadatha ye-DSS. Imethadatha yokusebenza kakhulu ngeyonjiniyela kanye neye

umhleli. Imethadatha ye-DSS ngokuyinhloko ngeyomsebenzisi wokugcina. Imethadatha ekhona ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ze-ERP noma ama-ODS idinga ukuguqulwa futhi lokhu kuguqulwa akuhlali kulula futhi kuqondile.

UKUGCINA IDATHA LE-ERP

Uma i-ERP isetshenziswa njengomhlinzeki we idatha nge-il indawo yokugcina idatha kufanele kube nesixhumi esibonakalayo esiqinile esinyakazayo i idatha kusuka endaweni ye-ERP kuya kwezemvelo indawo yokugcina idatha. I-interface kufanele:

• ▪ kube lula ukuyisebenzisa
• ▪ vumela ukufinyelela ku idatha we-ERP
• ▪ thola incazelo ye idatha ezithuthelwa kuzo indawo yokugcina idatha
• ▪ ukwazi ukulinganiselwa kwe-ERP okungavela uma ufinyelela idatha we-ERP:
• ▪ ubuqotho obuyinkomba
• ▪ Ubudlelwano bezikhundla
• ▪ ubudlelwano obucacile obunengqondo
• ▪ umhlangano wokufaka izicelo
• ▪ zonke izinhlaka ze idatha kusekelwa yi-ERP, njalonjalo ...
• ▪ kube nempumelelo ekufinyeleleni idatha, ngokunikeza:
• ▪ ukunyakaza okuqondile kwe idatha
• ▪ ukutholwa koshintsho idatha
• ▪ ukusekela ukufinyelela ngesikhathi idatha
• ▪ baqonde indlela yokwakheka kwe idatha, njalo njalo… I-INTERFACE NE-SAP I-interface ingaba yezinhlobo ezimbili, ezasekhaya noma ezentengiso. Ezinye zezixhumanisi ezinkulu zezentengiselwano zihlanganisa:

• ▪ SAS
• ▪ Izixazululo Eziyinhloko
• ▪ D2k, njalo njalo... AMAKHONO AMANINGI E-ERP Ukuphatha imvelo ye-ERP njengokungathi ubuchwepheshe obubodwa kuyiphutha elikhulu. Kunobuchwepheshe obuningi be-ERP, ngayinye inamandla ayo. Abathengisi abaziwa kakhulu emakethe yilaba:

• ▪ I-SAP
• ▪ I-Oracle Financials
• ▪ PeopleSoft
• JD Edwards
• ▪ Baans SAP I-SAP isofthiwe ye-ERP enkulu kunazo zonke futhi ebanzi. Izicelo ze-SAP zifaka izinhlobo eziningi zezicelo ezindaweni eziningi. I-SAP inedumela lokuba:

• ▪ enkulu kakhulu
• ▪ okunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza ukukusebenzisa
• ▪ idinga abantu abaningi kanye nabeluleki ukuze iqalise
• ▪ idinga abantu abakhethekile ukuze iqalise
• ▪ Idinga isikhathi esiningi ukuze iqalise Futhi iSAP inedumela lokukhumbula ngekhanda yayo idatha eduze, okwenza kube nzima kumuntu ongaphandle kwendawo ye-SAP ukufinyelela kuzo. Amandla e-SAP ukuthi iyakwazi ukuthumba nokugcina inani elikhulu idatha. I-SAP isanda kumemezela inhloso yayo yokwelula izicelo zayo indawo yokugcina idatha. Kuningi okuhle nokubi ekusebenziseni i-SAP njengomthengisi indawo yokugcina idatha. Inzuzo ukuthi i-SAP isivele ifakiwe futhi ochwepheshe abaningi sebeyazi kakade i-SAP.
  Ububi bokuba ne-SAP njengomphakeli we indawo yokugcina idatha ziningi: SAP akanalo ulwazi emhlabeni indawo yokugcina idatha Uma i-SAP ingumphakeli we indawo yokugcina idatha, kuyadingeka ukuthi "ukhiphe" i idatha kusuka ku-SAP al indawo yokugcina idatha. Idatha irekhodi le-SAP lesistimu evaliwe, akunakwenzeka ukuthi kube lula ukuyithola ku-SAP kuyo (???). Kunezindawo eziningi zefa ezinikeza amandla i-SAP, njenge-IMS, VSAM, ADABAS, ORACLE, DB2, njalonjalo. I-SAP igcizelela indlela “engasungulwanga lapha”. I-SAP ayifuni ukusebenzisana nabanye abathengisi ukuze basebenzise noma badale indawo yokugcina idatha. I-SAP iphikelela ekukhiqizeni yonke isofthiwe yayo ngokwayo.

Nakuba i-SAP iyinkampani enkulu futhi enamandla, iqiniso lokuzama ukubhala kabusha ubuchwepheshe be-ELT, i-OLAP, ukuphathwa kwesistimu ngisho nesisekelo sekhodi dbms kuyahlanya nje. Esikhundleni sokuthatha isimo sokubambisana nabahlinzeki indawo yokugcina idatha Isikhathi eside, i-SAP ilandele indlela “abayazi kangcono”. Lesi simo sengqondo sibuyisela emuva impumelelo iSAP engaba nayo endaweni indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ukwenqaba kwe-SAP ukuvumela abathengisi bangaphandle ukuthi bafinyelele ezabo ngokushesha nangomusa idatha. Ingqikithi yokusebenzisa a indawo yokugcina idatha kulula ukufinyelela kuyo idatha. Yonke indaba ye-SAP isekelwe ekwenzeni kube nzima ukufinyelela idatha.
Ukuntuleka kwesipiliyoni kwe-SAP ekubhekaneni nemithamo emikhulu ye idatha; emkhakheni we indawo yokugcina idatha kukhona imiqulu ye idatha angikaze ngimbone kwa-SAP kanye nokusingatha lezi zibalo ezinkulu idatha udinga ukuba nobuchwepheshe obufanele. I-SAP ngokusobala ayinalwazi ngalo mgoqo wezobuchwepheshe okhona ukuze ungene emkhakheni we indawo yokugcina idatha.
Isiko lebhizinisi le-SAP: I-SAP yakhe ibhizinisi ekutholeni i idatha kusuka ohlelweni. Kodwa ukuze wenze lokhu udinga ukuba nesimo sengqondo esihlukile. Ngokwesiko, izinkampani zesofthiwe ebezisebenza kahle ekungeniseni idatha endaweni azibanga zinhle ekutholeni imininingwane ukuthi ihambe ngenye indlela. Uma i-SAP ikwazi ukwenza lolu hlobo lokushintsha, kuyoba inkampani yokuqala ukwenza kanjalo.

Ngamafuphi, kuyangabazeka ukuthi inkampani kufanele ikhethe i-SAP njengomphakeli wayo indawo yokugcina idatha. Kukhona izingozi ezimbi kakhulu ngakolunye uhlangothi kanye nemivuzo embalwa kakhulu ngakolunye. Kodwa kunesinye isizathu esidikibalisa ukukhetha i-SAP njengomphakeli indawo yokugcina idatha. Ngoba zonke izinkampani kufanele zibe okufanayo indawo yokugcina idatha kuzo zonke ezinye izinkampani? I indawo yokugcina idatha iyinhliziyo yenzuzo yokuncintisana. Uma zonke izinkampani zamukele okufanayo indawo yokugcina idatha kungaba nzima, nakuba kungenakwenzeka, ukuzuza inzuzo yokuncintisana. I-SAP ibonakala icabanga ukuthi a indawo yokugcina idatha ingabonwa njengekhukhi futhi lokhu kungolunye uphawu lwengqondo yabo "yokufaka idatha" kuzinhlelo zokusebenza.

Akekho omunye umthengisi we-ERP onamandla njenge-SAP. Ngokungangabazeki kuzoba nezinkampani ezizohamba ngendlela yamaSAP kwezazo indawo yokugcina idatha kodwa mhlawumbe lezi indawo yokugcina idatha Ama-SAP azoba makhulu, abize, futhi adle isikhathi ukuwakha.

Lezi zindawo zihlanganisa imisebenzi efana nokucubungula imali yasebhange, izinqubo zokubhukha zezindiza, izinqubo zezikhalazo zomshwalense, nokunye. Ukwenza kangcono uhlelo lokuthengiselana, okusobala kakhulu kwaba isidingo sokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwenqubo yokusebenza kanye ne-DSS (Uhlelo Lokusekela Izinqumo). Kodwa-ke, ngezinhlelo zakwa-HR nezabasebenzi, awukaze ubhekane nenani elikhulu lemisebenzi. Futhi-ke, uma umuntu eqashwa noma eshiya inkampani leli irekhodi lomsebenzi. Kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlelo, izinhlelo ze-HR kanye nezabasebenzi azinakho ukuthengiselana okuningi. Ngakho-ke, ku-HR kanye nezinhlelo zabasebenzi akubonakali ngokuphelele ukuthi kunesidingo se-DataWarehouse. Ngezindlela eziningi lezi zinhlelo ziyinhlanganisela yezinhlelo ze-DSS.

Kodwa kunesinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe lapho usebenzisana ne-datawarehouse kanye ne-PeopleSoft. Emibuthanweni eminingi, i idatha Izinsizakusebenza zakwa-HR kanye nezomuntu siqu ziyingxenye yebhizinisi eliyinhloko lenkampani. Iningi lezinkampani likhiqiza, liyadayisa, lihlinzeka ngemisebenzi nokunye. I-HR kanye nezinhlelo zabasebenzi ngokuvamile zilandela (noma zisekela) umugqa oyinhloko webhizinisi wenkampani. Ngakho-ke, kuyalingana futhi akusizi a indawo yokugcina idatha ehlukene ku-HR kanye nokwesekwa kwezinsiza zomuntu siqu.

I-PeopleSoft ihluke kakhulu ku-SAP kulokhu. Nge-SAP, kuyimpoqo ukuthi kube khona a indawo yokugcina idatha. NgePeopleSoft, akucacile kangako. I-warehouse yedatha ingakhethwa nge-PeopleSoft.

Into enhle kakhulu engashiwo nge- idatha I-PeopleSoft yilokho indawo yokugcina idatha ingasetshenziswa ukugcina ingobo yomlando i idatha eziphathelene nezinsiza zabantu ezindala kanye nezabantu. Isizathu sesibili sokuthi kungani inkampani ingafuna ukusebenzisa a indawo yokugcina idatha a

ububi bemvelo yePeopleSoft ukuvumela ukufinyelela nokufinyelela mahhala kumathuluzi okuhlaziya, ai idatha nguPeopleSoft. Kodwa ngale kwalezi zizathu, kungase kube nezimo lapho kungakuhle ukuthi kungabi khona indawo yokugcina idatha idatha AbantuSoft.

Ngokufigqiwe

Kunemibono eminingi ehlobene nokwakhiwa kwe-a indawo yokugcina idatha ngaphakathi kwesoftware ye-ERP.
Ezinye zazo yilezi:

• ▪ Kunengqondo ukuba ne indawo yokugcina idatha ubani ofana nabanye embonini?
• ▪ Ivumelana nezimo kangakanani i-ERP indawo yokugcina idatha isoftware?
• ▪ I-ERP indawo yokugcina idatha isofthiwe ingaphatha ivolumu ye idatha etholakala endaweni"indawo yokugcina idatha enkundleni"?
• ▪ Ikuphi ukugawulwa kwemithi umthengisi we-ERP akwenzayo lapho ebhekene nokulula nokungabizi, kudla isikhathi, ai idatha? (iyini irekhodi labathengisi be-ERP ekulethweni kwedatha engabizi, ngesikhathi, ukufinyelela okulula?)
• ▪ Ikuphi ukuqonda komthengisi we-ERP ngesakhiwo se-DSS kanye nemboni yolwazi yenkampani?
• ▪ Abathengisi be-ERP bayayiqonda indlela yokuthola idatha ngaphakathi kwemvelo, kodwa futhi uqonde ukuthi zithunyelwa kanjani ngaphandle?
• ▪ Uvuleleke kangakanani umdayisi we-ERP kumathuluzi okugcina idatha?
  Konke lokhu kucatshangelwa kufanele kubhekwe lapho kunqunywa ukuthi kubekwa kuphi indawo yokugcina idatha ezosingatha i idatha ERP nabanye idatha. Ngokuvamile, ngaphandle uma kunesizathu esicindezelayo sokwenza okuhlukile, kunconywa ukwakha indawo yokugcina idatha ngaphandle kwemvelo yomthengisi we-ERP. ISAHLUKO 1 Ukubuka konke kwe-BI Organization Amaphuzu abalulekile:
  Izinqolobane zolwazi zisebenza ngendlela ephambene nezakhiwo zezobunhloli bebhizinisi (BI):
  Isiko lebhizinisi kanye ne-IT kungakhawulela impumelelo yokwakha izinhlangano ze-BI.

Ubuchwepheshe ayiseyona into ekhawulela izinhlangano ze-BI. Inkinga yabaklami bezakhiwo nabahleli bephrojekthi akukhona ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bukhona yini, kodwa ukuthi bangasebenzisa ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe obutholakalayo.

Ezinkampanini eziningi a indawo yokugcina idatha ingaphezulu kancane kwediphozi yokwenziwa esabalalisa i idatha kubasebenzisi abayidingayo. THE idatha akhishwa ezinhlelweni zomthombo futhi ahlaliswa ezakhiweni eziqondiwe ngu indawo yokugcina idatha. I idatha zingabuye zihlanzwe nganoma iyiphi inhlanhla. Nokho alikho inani elengeziwe elengeziwe noma eliqoqwa yi- idatha ngale nqubo.

Empeleni, i-passive dw, okungcono kakhulu, inikeza kuphela i idatha ihlanzekile futhi isebenza ezinhlanganweni zabasebenzisi. Ukudalwa kolwazi nokuqonda kokuhlaziya kuncike ngokuphelele kubasebenzisi. Ukubheka ukuthi ngabe i-DW (Indawo yokugcina imininingwane) noma ngabe impumelelo incike. Uma sahlulela impumelelo ekhonweni lokuqoqa kahle, ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanza i idatha inkampani ngokwesisekelo esibikezelwe, khona-ke yebo, i-DW iyimpumelelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sibheka ukuqoqwa, ukuhlanganiswa kanye nokuxhashazwa kolwazi inhlangano iyonke, kusho ukuthi i-DW isehluleki. I-DW inikeza inani elincane lolwazi noma alinalo nhlobo. Ngenxa yalokho, abasebenzisi baphoqeleka ukuthi benze, ngaleyo ndlela badale ama-silos olwazi. Lesi sahluko sethula umbono ophelele wokuphinda ubuyekeze ukwakheka kwebhizinisi le-BI(Business Intelligence). Siqala ngencazelo ye-BI bese singena ezingxoxweni zokuklama nokuthuthukiswa kolwazi, esikhundleni sokunikeza nje idatha kubasebenzisi. Izingxoxo zibe sezigxila ekubaleni inani lemizamo yakho ye-BI. Siphetha ngokuchaza ukuthi i-IBM ibhekana kanjani nezidingo ze-BI zenhlangano yakho.

Incazelo yokwakhiwa kwe inhlangano ye-BI

Amasistimu olwazi agxile ekuhwebeni anamandla manje asewuhlelo lwansuku zonke kuwo wonke amabhizinisi amakhulu, enza kahle inkundla yokudlala yezinkampani emhlabeni jikelele.

Nokho, ukuhlala unokuncintisana, manje kudinga amasistimu agxile ekuhlaziyeni angaguqula ikhono lenkampani lokuthola kabusha nokusebenzisa ulwazi esivele inalo. Lezi zinhlelo zokuhlaziya zisuka ekuqondeni engcebweni ye idatha etholakalayo. I-BI ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kulo lonke ulwazi kulo lonke ibhizinisi. Izinkampani zingathuthukisa ubudlelwano bamakhasimende nabaphakeli, zithuthukise umkhiqizo kanye nenzuzo yesevisi, zikhiqize amadili amasha nangcono, zilawule ubungozi, futhi phakathi kwezinye izinzuzo zehlise izindleko kakhulu. Nge-BI, inkampani yakho ekugcineni iqala ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwekhasimende njengempahla yokuncintisana ngenxa yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinezinjongo zemakethe.

Ukuba nezindlela ezifanele zebhizinisi kusho ukuba nezimpendulo eziqondile zemibuzo ebalulekile efana nalena:

• ▪ Okwethu amakhasimende Ingabe zisenza sihole kakhulu, noma zisenza silahlekelwe yimali?
• ▪ Lapho kuhlala khona abangcono kakhulu amakhasimende maqondana ne- esitolo/ ishede bavame?
• ▪ Yimuphi imikhiqizo namasevisi ethu engathengiswa ngempumelelo kakhulu futhi kubani?
• ▪ Imiphi imikhiqizo engadayiselwa ngokuphumelelayo futhi kubani?
• ▪ Yimuphi umkhankaso wokuthengisa ophumelela kakhulu futhi ngani?
• ▪ Yiziphi iziteshi zokuthengisa ezisebenza kahle kakhulu emikhiqizweni?
• ▪ Indlela esingabuthuthukisa ngayo ubuhlobo bethu nabangcono kakhulu amakhasimende? Izinkampani eziningi zine idatha kunzima ukuphendula le mibuzo.
  Amasistimu okusebenza akhiqiza inani elikhulu lomkhiqizo, ikhasimende, kanye nezindleko idatha kusukela kumaphuzu okuthengisa, ukubhuka, isevisi yamakhasimende kanye nezinhlelo zokusekela lobuchwepheshe. Inselele iwukukhipha nokusebenzisa lolu lwazi. Izinkampani eziningi zenza inzuzo kuphela ngezingxenyana ezincane zazo idatha ukuhlaziywa kwamasu.
  I idatha esele, evame ukuhlanganiswa ne-i idatha ukuthola imithombo yangaphandle njengemibiko kahulumeni, kanye nolunye ulwazi oluthengiwe, imayini yegolide elinde ukubhekwa, futhi idatha zidinga nje ukucolisiswa kumongo wolwazi wenhlangano yakho.

Lolu lwazi lungasetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekuklameni isu lonke lebhizinisi kuya ekuxhumaneni komuntu siqu nabahlinzeki, ngokusebenzisa izikhungo zezingcingo, ama-invoyisi, Internet namanye amaphuzu. Isimo sebhizinisi sanamuhla sibeka ukuthi i-DW nezisombululo ze-BI ezihlobene ziguqukela ngale kokuphatha izakhiwo zebhizinisi ezivamile. idatha engi idatha izinga le-athomu elejwayelekile kanye “namapulazi enkanyezi/amakhyubhu”.

Okudingekayo ukuze uhlale unokuncintisana inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe bendabuko nobuthuthukile emzamweni wokusekela indawo ebanzi yokuhlaziya.
Okokugcina, indawo evamile kufanele ithuthukise ulwazi lwenkampani iyonke, iqinisekise ukuthi izenzo ezithathwe ngenxa yokuhlaziya okwenziwe ziwusizo ukuze wonke umuntu azuze.

Isibonelo, ake sithi ulinganisa eyakho amakhasimende ezigabeni zobungozi obuphezulu noma obuphansi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lolu lwazi lwenziwa imodeli yezimayini noma ezinye izindlela, kufanele lufakwe ku-DW futhi lwenziwe lufinyeleleke kunoma ubani, nganoma yiliphi ithuluzi lokufinyelela, njengemibiko engashintshi, amaspredishithi, amathebula, noma ukucubungula kokuhlaziya ku-inthanethi (OLAP ).

Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, okuningi kwalolu hlobo lolwazi luhlala kuma-silos idatha kwabantu noma iminyango ekhiqiza ukuhlaziya. Inhlangano iyonke inokubonakala okuncane noma akukho nhlobo ukuze iqondwe. Kuphela ngokuhlanganisa lolu hlobo lokuqukethwe kolwazi ebhizinisini lakho i-DW lapho ungasusa khona izisele zolwazi futhi uphakamise indawo yakho ye-DW.
Kunezithiyo ezimbili ezinkulu zokuthuthukisa inhlangano ye-BI.
Okokuqala, sinenkinga yenhlangano ngokwayo kanye nokuziphatha kwayo.
Yize singeke sikwazi ukusiza ngezinguquko zenqubomgomo yenhlangano, singasiza ukuqonda izingxenye ze-BI yenhlangano, ukwakheka kwayo, kanye nokuthi ubuchwepheshe be-IBM busiza kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kwayo.
Isithiyo sesibili sokunqoba ukuntuleka kobuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe nolwazi lwendlela ebiza yonke indawo ye-BI ngokuphambene nengxenye encane nje.

I-IBM iphendula izinguquko ekuhlanganiseni ubuchwepheshe. Kuyisibopho sakho ukuhlinzeka ngomklamo oqaphelayo. Lesi sakhiwo kufanele sithuthukiswe ngobuchwepheshe obukhethelwe ukuhlanganiswa okungavinjelwe, noma okungenani, ngobuchwepheshe obuhambisana nezindinganiso ezivulekile. Futhi, abaphathi benkampani yakho kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi ibhizinisi le-Bi lenziwa ngesikhathi esimisiwe hhayi elokuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezisele zolwazi ezivela ezinhlelweni zokuzisebenzela, noma izinhloso.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi imvelo ye-BI ayizweli ekuphenduleni izidingo nezidingo ezahlukene zabasebenzisi abahlukene; esikhundleni salokho, kusho ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwalezo zidingo kanye nezimfuneko zomuntu ngamunye kwenziwa ukuze kuzuze yonke inhlangano ye-BI.
Incazelo yesakhiwo senhlangano ye-BI ingatholakala ekhasini lesi-9 kuMfanekiso 1.1 Izakhiwo zibonisa ingxubevange enothile yobuchwepheshe namasu.
Ngokombono wendabuko, i-architecture ihlanganisa izingxenye ezilandelayo ze-warehouse

Ungqimba lwe-Atomic.

Lesi yisisekelo, inhliziyo ye-Dw yonke ngakho-ke yokubika okunesu.
I idatha okugcinwe lapha kuzogcina ubuqotho bomlando, imibiko ye- idatha futhi ifake amamethrikhi atholiwe, kanye nokuhlanzwa, ukuhlanganiswa, nokugcinwa kusetshenziswa amamodeli wezimayini.
Konke ukusetshenziswa okulandelayo kwalokhu idatha kanye nolwazi oluhlobene lutholakala kulesi sakhiwo. Lona umthombo omuhle kakhulu wezimayini idatha kanye nemibiko enemibuzo ehlelekile ye-SQL

Idiphozithi yokusebenza ye idatha noma isisekelo sokubika se- idatha(Isitolo sedatha yokusebenza (i-ODS) noma ukubika database.)

Lesi isakhiwo se- idatha yakhelwe ngokuqondile ukubika kobuchwepheshe.

I idatha ezigcinwe futhi zibikwe ngenhla kwalezi zakhiwo zingagcina zisakazekele endaweni yokugcina izinto ngendawo yesiteji, lapho zingase zisetshenziselwe ukusayinda amasu.

Indawo yesiteji.

Ukuma kokuqala kwabaningi idatha okuhloselwe indawo yokugcina impahla yindawo yenhlangano.
Lapha i idatha ahlanganiswe, ahlanze futhi aguqulwa abe idatha inzuzo ezogcwala isakhiwo se-warehouse

Usuku lokumasha.

Le ngxenye yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo imelela ukwakheka kwe- idatha esetshenziselwa ngokuqondile i-OLAP. Ukuba khona kwama-datamarts, uma i idatha zigcinwa kuma-schema enkanyezi azimboze idatha multidimensional endaweni yobudlelwano, noma kumafayela we idatha ubunikazi obusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthile be-OLAP, njengeseva ye-DB2 OLAP, abubalulekile.

Okuwukuphela komkhawulo ukuthi ukwakhiwa kusiza ukusetshenziswa kwe- idatha multidimensional.
Isakhiwo sihlanganisa nobuchwepheshe obubucayi be-Bi kanye namasu ahlukaniswa ngokuthi:

Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo

Isikhala siwubufakazi bolwazi bomhlaziyi futhi sibalulekile ukuze siqedele ukuxazulula. Isikhala singamela ulwazi olumayelana nabantu abahlala endaweni ethile, kanye nolwazi olumayelana nokuthi leyo ndawo ikuphi ngokoqobo ngokuphathelene nomhlaba wonke.

Ukuze wenze lokhu kuhlaziya, kufanele uqale ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi lwakho kuma-latitude ne-longitude. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “i-geocoding” futhi kufanele kube yingxenye yenqubo yokukhipha, ukuguqula, kanye nokulayisha (ETL) ezingeni le-athomu lendlu yakho yokugcina izinto.

Ukumbiwa kwedatha.

Ukukhishwa kwe- idatha ivumela izinkampani zethu ukuthi zikhulise inani le amakhasimende, ukubikezela amathrendi okuthengisa futhi unike amandla ukuphathwa kobudlelwano ne amakhasimende (CRM), phakathi kwezinye izinhlelo ze-BI.

Ukukhishwa kwe- idatha ngakho-ke kufanele ihlanganiswe nezinhlaka ze- idatha ishede futhi isekelwe izinqubo ze-warehouse ukuze kutholakale kokubili ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo nokuphumelelayo kobuchwepheshe kanye namasu ahlobene.

Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ekwakhiweni kwe-BI, izinga le-athomu i-Dwhouse, kanye nama-datamarts, umthombo omuhle kakhulu idatha ukuze kukhishwe. Lezo zakhiwo ezifanayo kufanele futhi zibe abamukeli bemiphumela yokukhipha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala kubabukeli ababanzi.

Abenzeli.

Kukhona "ama-ejenti" ahlukahlukene ukuhlola ikhasimende nganoma yiliphi iphuzu elifana nezinhlelo zokusebenza zenkampani kanye ne-dw ngokwayo. Lawa ma-ejenti angaba amanethiwekhi e-neural athuthukile aqeqeshelwe ukufunda mayelana namathrendi endaweni ngayinye, njengesidingo somkhiqizo wesikhathi esizayo esisuselwe kumaphromoshini okuthengisa, izinjini ezisekelwe emthethweni zokusabela ku- idatha isethi yezimo, noma ama-ejenti alula abika okuhlukile kubaphathi abaphezulu. Lezi zinqubo ngokuvamile zenzeka ngesikhathi sangempela futhi, ngakho-ke, kufanele zihlanganiswe ngokuqinile nokunyakaza kwezinqubo idatha. Zonke lezi zakhiwo ze idatha, ubuchwepheshe namasu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngeke uchithe ubusuku ukhiqiza inhlangano ye-BI yakho.

Lo msebenzi uzothuthukiswa ngezinyathelo ezikhuphukayo, kumaphuzu amancane.
Isinyathelo ngasinye siwumzamo wephrojekthi ozimele, futhi kubhekiselwa kuso njengokuphindaphinda ku-BI dw noma isinyathelo sakho. Ukuphindaphinda kungase kuhlanganise ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukuqala ngamasu amasha, ukwengeza izinhlaka ezintsha kuzo idatha , iyalayisha i idatha eyengeziwe , noma ngokunwetshwa kokuhlaziywa kwendawo yakho. Lesi sigaba sixoxwa kabanzi esahlukweni sesi-3.

Ngaphezu kwezinhlaka zendabuko ze-DW namathuluzi e-BI kunezinye izici zenhlangano yakho ye-BI okudingeka uziklamele, njenge:

Amaphuzu okuthinta amakhasimende (Ukuthinta kwamakhasimende amaphuzu).

Njenganoma iyiphi inhlangano yesimanje kunezinombolo zokuthintwa kwekhasimende ezibonisa ukuthi ungaba nakho kanjani okuhle kweyakho amakhasimende. Kuneziteshi zendabuko ezifana nabathengisi, ama-switchboard operators, i-direct mail, i-multimedia nokuphrinta ukukhangisa, kanye neziteshi zamanje ezifana ne-imeyili newebhu, idatha imikhiqizo enendawo ethile yokuxhumana kufanele ithengwe, ithuthwe, ihlanzwe, icutshungulwe bese igcwaliswa ezikhungweni idatha we-BI.

Izisekelo ze idatha izinhlangano ezisebenzayo nezabasebenzisi (i-Operational

yolwazi kanye nemiphakathi yabasebenzisi).
Ekupheleni kwezindawo zokuxhumana ze amakhasimende izisekelo ze idatha ukusetshenziswa kwenkampani kanye nemiphakathi engabasebenzisi. THE idatha ezikhona zikhona idatha yendabuko okufanele ihlanganiswe futhi ihlanganiswe ne idatha ukugeleza kusuka ezindaweni zokuthinta ukuhlangabezana nolwazi oludingekayo.

Abahlaziyi. (Abahlaziyi)

Umhlomuli oyinhloko wemvelo ye-BI ngumhlaziyi. Nguye ozuzayo ekukhishweni kwamanje kwe idatha ukusebenza, kuhlanganiswe nemithombo ehlukene ye idatha , ingezwe ngezici ezifana nokuhlaziya indawo (i-geocoding) futhi yethulwa ngobuchwepheshe be-BI obuvumela ukumbiwa kwezimayini, i-OLAP, ukubika kwe-SQL okuthuthukisiwe nokuhlaziywa kwendawo. Isixhumi esibonakalayo esiyinhloko somhlaziyi wemvelo yokubika iphothali ye-BI.

Kodwa-ke, umhlaziyi akuyena yedwa ohlomula ekwakhiweni kwe-BI.
Abaphathi, izinhlangano ezinkulu zabasebenzisi, ngisho nabalingani, abahlinzeki kanye nami amakhasimende kufanele bathole izinzuzo ebhizinisini le-BI.

I-back-feed loop.

I-BI Architecture iyindawo yokufunda. Umgomo wesici sokuthuthukiswa ukuvumela izakhiwo eziqhubekayo ze idatha ukuze ibuyekezwe ubuchwepheshe be-BI obusetshenziswa kanye nezenzo zabasebenzisi ezithathiwe. Isibonelo amagoli ekhasimende.

Uma umnyango wezokuthengisa wenza imodeli yezimayini yezikolo zamakhasimende ezifana nokusebenzisa isevisi entsha, umnyango wezokuthengisa akufanele kube yiwona wodwa iqembu elizuzayo kule sevisi.

Kunalokho, ukumbiwa kwemodeli kufanele kwenziwe njengengxenye yemvelo yokugeleza kwedatha ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi futhi amaphuzu ekhasimende kufanele abe yingxenye ehlanganisiwe yolwazi lwendawo yokugcina impahla, ebonakala kubo bonke abasebenzisi. I-Bi-bI-centric IBM Suite ehlanganisa i-DB2 UDB, i-DB2 OLAP Server ihlanganisa izingxenye zobuchwepheshe ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezichazwe kumfanekiso 1.1.

Sisebenzisa i-architecture njengoba ivela kulesi sibalo esivela encwadini ukuze sisinike izinga lokuqhubeka siphinde sibonise ukuthi umkhiqizo ngamunye we-IBM ungena kanjani esikimini se-BI sisonke.

Ukunikezela ngokuqukethwe kolwazi (Ukunikezela Okuqukethwe kolwazi)

Ukuklama, ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa indawo yakho ye-BI kuwumsebenzi onzima. Umklamo kufanele uhlanganise kokubili izidingo zebhizinisi zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Umdwebo wezakhiwo kufanele uphelele ukuze ufake zonke iziphetho ezitholakala phakathi nesigaba sokuklama. Ukwenza kufanele kuhlale kuzibophezele enjongweni eyodwa: ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwe-BI njengoba kwethulwe ngokusemthethweni ekwakhiweni futhi kusekelwe ezidingweni zebhizinisi.

Kunzima kakhulu ukuphikisa ngokuthi isiyalo sizoqinisekisa impumelelo elinganiselwe.
Lokhu kulula ngoba awuthuthukisi indawo ye-BI ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa ngezinyathelo ezincane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Kodwa-ke, ukukhomba izingxenye ze-BI zokwakheka kwakho kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: Uzoshayela zonke izinqumo ezilandelayo zezakhiwo zobuchwepheshe.
Uzokwazi ukuhlela ngokucophelela ukusetshenziswa okuthile kobuchwepheshe nakuba ungase ungatholi impinda udinga ubuchwepheshe izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Ukuqonda izidingo zebhizinisi lakho ngokwanele kuzoba nomthelela ohlotsheni lwemikhiqizo oyitholela isakhiwo sakho.
Ukuklanywa nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zakho kuqinisekisa ukuthi inqolobane yakho injalo

hhayi isigameko esingahleliwe, kodwa kunalokho isikhangiso esicatshangelwe kahle, esakhiwe ngokucophelela opera yobuciko njenge-mosaic yobuchwepheshe obuxubile.

Yakha okuqukethwe kolwazi

Wonke amadizayini okuqala kufanele agxile futhi akhombe izingxenye ezinkulu ze-BI ezizodingeka endaweni yonke manje nasesikhathini esizayo.
Ukwazi Izidingo Zebhizinisi kubalulekile.

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kuqale noma yikuphi ukuhlela okusemthethweni, umhleli wephrojekthi angakwazi ukuhlonza ingxenye eyodwa noma ezimbili ngokushesha.
Ibhalansi yezingxenye ezingadingeka ekwakhiweni kwakho, noma kunjalo, ayikwazi ukutholakala kalula. Phakathi nesigaba sokuklama, ingxenye eyinhloko yezakhiwo ibophezela iseshini yokuthuthukiswa kwesicelo (i-JAD) ocwaningweni lokuhlonza izidingo zebhizinisi.

Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zidingo zingaphathiswa amathuluzi okubuza nawokubika.
Isibonelo, abasebenzisi bathi uma befuna ukwenza umbiko wamanje ngokuzenzakalelayo kumele bazenzele ngokuhlanganisa imibiko emibili yamanje bese bengeza izibalo ezisuselwe ekuhlanganiseni idatha.
Yize le mfuneko ilula, ichaza isici esithile sokusebenza okufanele usifake lapho uthenga amathuluzi okubika enhlangano yakho.

Umklami kufanele futhi aphishekele izidingo ezengeziwe ukuze athole isithombe esiphelele. Ingabe abasebenzisi bafuna ukubhalisa kulo mbiko?
Ingabe amasethi angaphansi ombiko akhiqizwa futhi athunyelwa nge-imeyili kubasebenzisi abahlukahlukene? Ufuna ukubona lo mbiko kuphothali yenkampani? Zonke lezi zidingo ziyingxenye yesidingo esilula sokushintsha umbiko owenziwe ngesandla njengoba kudingwa abasebenzisi. Inzuzo yalezi zinhlobo zezimfuneko ukuthi wonke umuntu, abasebenzisi nabaklami, bawazi umqondo wemibiko.

Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zamabhizinisi, nokho, okudingeka siwahlelele. Uma izidingo zebhizinisi zishiwo ngendlela yesu lemibuzo yebhizinisi, kulula kumhleli onolwazi ukuthi abone izidingo zobukhulu nezilinganiso/zeqiniso.

Uma abasebenzisi be-JAD bengazi ukuthi basho kanjani izidingo zabo ngendlela yenkinga yebhizinisi, umklami uzovame ukunikeza izibonelo zokweqa isikhathi sokuqoqa izidingo.
Umhleli onguchwepheshe angasiza abasebenzisi ukuthi baqonde hhayi kuphela ibhizinisi lamasu, kodwa nokuthi lilolongwa kanjani.
Indlela yokuqoqa izidingo ixoxwa esahlukweni 3; okwamanje sifuna ukuveza isidingo sokuklama zonke izinhlobo zezidingo ze-BI.

Inkinga yebhizinisi yamasu ayiyona nje imfuneko yebhizinisi, kodwa futhi iyinkomba yokuklama. Uma kufanele uphendule umbuzo we-multidimensional, kuzomele uwubambe ngekhanda, wethule idatha ubukhulu, futhi uma udinga ukugcina i idatha multidimensional, udinga ukunquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lobuchwepheshe noma isu ozolisebenzisa.

Ingabe usebenzisa i-schema yenkanyezi egodliwe, noma kokubili? Njengoba ubona, ngisho nenkinga yebhizinisi elula ingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuklanyweni. Kodwa lezi zinhlobo zezidingo zebhizinisi zivamile futhi kunjalo, okungenani ngabahleli bephrojekthi abanolwazi nabaqambi.

Kube nenkulumompikiswano eyanele mayelana nobuchwepheshe be-OLAP nokwesekwa, futhi kunezinhlobonhlobo zezixazululo ezitholakalayo. Kuze kube manje sithinte isidingo sokuhlanganisa ukubika okulula okunezidingo zebhizinisi ezinobukhulu, nokuthi lezi zidingo zinethonya kanjani izinqumo zezakhiwo zobuchwepheshe.

Kodwa yiziphi izidingo ezingaqondwa kalula ngabasebenzisi noma ithimba le-Dw? Ingabe uzodinga ukuhlaziywa kwendawo (i-analysisi spatial)?
Izinhlobo zezimayini ze idatha Ingabe bayoba ingxenye edingekayo yekusasa lakho? Kwazi bani?

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe akwaziwa kahle imiphakathi yabasebenzisi abajwayelekile kanye namalungu eqembu le-DW, ngokwengxenye, lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile zisingathwa ochwepheshe abathile bomsebenzi bangaphakathi noma bezinkampani zangaphandle. Kuyicala eliphambili lezinkinga ezikhiqizwa yilezi zinhlobo zobuchwepheshe. Uma abasebenzisi bengakwazi ukuchaza izimfuneko zebhizinisi noma bazimele ukuze banikeze isiqondiso kubaklami, bangase bangaqashelwa noma, okubi nakakhulu, bamane banganakwa.

Kuba yinkinga kakhulu lapho umklami nonjiniyela bengakwazi ukubona ukusetshenziswa kobunye balobu buchwepheshe obuphambili kodwa obubucayi.
Njengoba sivame ukuzwa abaklami bethi, “awu, kungani singayibeki phansi size sithole lena enye? “Ingabe banesithakazelo ngempela ezintweni eziza kuqala, noma bamane bagweme izimfuneko abangaziqondi? Cishe kuwumcabango wakamuva. Ake sithi ithimba lakho labadayisi likhulume ngemfuneko yebhizinisi, njengoba kushiwo kuMfanekiso 1.3, njengoba ubona, imfuneko ifakwe kuhlaka lwendaba yebhizinisi. Umehluko phakathi kwale nkinga nenkinga yobukhulu obujwayelekile ibanga. Kulokhu, ithimba labadayisi lifuna ukwazi, nyanga zonke, inani eliphelele lokuthengisa okuvela emikhiqizweni, ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla kanye amakhasimende abahlala endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-5 ukusuka endaweni lapho bethenga khona.

Ngokudabukisayo, abaklami noma abaklami bangakwazi ukumane banganaki ingxenye yendawo ngokuthi, "Sinekhasimende, umkhiqizo kanye idatha yediphozithi. Asibambe ibanga kuze kube enye impinda.

"Impendulo engalungile. Lolu hlobo lwenkinga yebhizinisi lumayelana ne-BI. Imele ukuqonda okujulile kwebhizinisi lethu kanye nesikhala sokuhlaziya esiqinile sabahlaziyi bethu. I-BI ingaphezu kokubuza kalula noma ukubika okujwayelekile, noma i-OLAP. Lokho akusho ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe abubalulekile ku-BI yakho, kodwa bona ngokwabo azimele imvelo ye-BI.

Idizayini yomongo wolwazi (Ukuklama Okuqukethwe Kwemininingwane)

Manje njengoba sesihlonze Izidingo Zebhizinisi ezihlukanisa izingxenye ezihlukahlukene eziyinhloko, zidinga ukufakwa emdwebeni wezakhiwo jikelele. Ezinye zezingxenye ze-BI ziyingxenye yemizamo yethu yokuqala, kuyilapho ezinye ngeke zisetshenziswe izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Nokho, zonke izidingo ezaziwayo zibonakala ekwakhiweni ukuze kuthi lapho sidinga ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthile, sikulungele ukwenza kanjalo. Okuthile mayelana nephrojekthi kuzobonisa ukucabanga kwendabuko.

Lesi setha se idatha isetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ukusetshenziswa kamuva kwe- idatha ubukhulu obuqhutshwa yizinkinga zebhizinisi esizihlonzile. Njengoba kukhiqizwa imibhalo eyengeziwe, njengokuthuthukiswa kwephrojekthi ye idatha, sizoqala ngokusemthethweni njenge idatha basakazeka endaweni. Sisitholile isidingo sokumela i idatha ngendlela yobukhulu, ukuwahlukanisa (ngokuvumelana nezidingo ezithile) kuma-data marts.

Umbuzo olandelayo okumele uphenduleke uthi: Azokwakhiwa kanjani la madata mart?
Ingabe uyazakha izinkanyezi ukuze usekele ama-cubes, noma ama-cubes nje, noma izinkanyezi nje? (noma ama-cubes angakwesokudla, noma izinkanyezi ezifanele). Khiqiza i-architecture yamathegi edatha ancikeyo adinga isendlalelo se-athomu kubo bonke idatha utholile? Vumela amamashi wedatha azimele ukuthola idatha ngqo kusuka kumasistimu wokusebenza?

Yibuphi ubuchwepheshe be-cube ozozama ukubulinganisa?

Unenqwaba yonkulunkulu idatha edingekayo ekuhlaziyweni kobukhulu noma udinga ama-cubes wamandla akho okuthengisa kazwelonke masonto onke noma kokubili? Ingabe uyakha into enamandla njengeseva ye-DB2 OLAP yezezimali noma amakhyubhu e-Cognos PowerPlay enhlangano yakho yokuthengisa noma kokubili? Lezi izinqumo ezinkulu zezakhiwo ezizoba nomthelela endaweni yakho ye-BI ukuya phambili. Yebo, usihlonze isidingo se-OLAP. Manje uzolwenza kanjani lolu hlobo lwesu nobuchwepheshe?

Ingabe obunye ubuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu buyithinta kanjani imiklamo yakho? Ake sicabange ukuthi uhlonze isidingo sendawo enhlanganweni yakho. Manje kufanele ukhumbule izinhlelo zemidwebo yezakhiwo ngisho noma ungahlelile ukwenza izingxenye zendawo izinyanga ezimbalwa. Umakhi kufanele aklame namuhla ngokusekelwe kulokho okudingekayo. Lindela isidingo sokuhlaziya indawo ekhiqizayo, egcina, egcinayo, futhi enikeza ukufinyelela kukho idatha indawo. Lokhu kufanele kube yisithiyo mayelana nohlobo lobuchwepheshe besofthiwe kanye nokucaciswa kweplathifomu ongayicabangela njengamanje. Isibonelo, uhlelo lokuphatha lwe isisekelo sedatha relational (RDBMS) oyigcinayo kungqimba lwe-athomu yakho kufanele ibe nezinga eliqinile lendawo elitholakalayo. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu uma usebenzisa i-geometry nezinto ze-spatial ezinhlelweni zakho zokuhlaziya. Uma i-RDBMS yakho ingakwazi ukusingatha le idatha (spatial-centric) ngaphakathi, ngakho-ke kuzodingeka usungule i- isisekelo sedatha (spatial-centric) yangaphandle. Lokhu kwenza ukulawulwa kwezinkinga kube nzima futhi kubeke engcupheni ukusebenza kwakho konke, ingasaphathwa eyezinkinga ezidalelwe ama-DBA akho, njengoba kungenzeka abe nokuqonda okuncane kwezinto eziyisisekelo. idatha nendawo kanye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma injini yakho ye-RDMBS iphatha zonke izingxenye zendawo futhi isilungiseleli sayo sizazi izidingo ezikhethekile (isibonelo, ukukhomba) zezinto ze-space, khona-ke ama-DBA akho angakwazi ukuzisingatha kalula izinkinga zokuphatha futhi ungakwazi ukwandisa ukusebenza.

Futhi, udinga ukulungisa indawo yesiteji kanye nongqimba lwendawo ye-athomu ukuze ufake ukuhlanzwa kwamakheli (a

isici esibalulekile ekuhlaziyweni kwendawo), kanye nokulondolozwa kwezinto eziphathelene nendawo. Ukulandelana kwezinhlelo zokuklama kuyaqhubeka manje njengoba sesethule umbono wokuhlanzeka kwamakheli. Okokuqala, lolu hlelo lokusebenza luzosho uhlobo lwesofthiwe oyidingayo ngomzamo wakho we-ETL.

Ingabe udinga imikhiqizo efana ne-Trillium ukuze ikunikeze ikheli elihlanzekile, noma umdayisi we-ETL ozikhethele wona ukuze akunikeze lokho kusebenza?
Okwamanje kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele izinga lokuklama okufanele liqedwe ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukunakekela inqolobane yakho. Izibonelo ezingenhla kufanele zibonise inqwaba yezinqumo zokuklama okufanele zilandele ukuhlonzwa kwanoma iyiphi imfuneko ethile yebhizinisi. Uma zenziwe ngendlela efanele, lezi zinqumo zedizayini zikhuthaza ukuncika phakathi kwezakhiwo ezibonakalayo zendawo yakho, ukukhethwa kobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswayo, kanye nokugeleza kokusakazwa kokuqukethwe kolwazi. Ngaphandle kwalesi sakhiwo esivamile se-BI, inhlangano yakho izoba ngaphansi kwengxube yesiphithiphithi yobuchwepheshe obukhona, obuhlanganiswe ngokukhululekile ndawonye ukuze inikeze ukuzinza okubonakalayo.

Gcina okuqukethwe kolwazi

Ukuletha ukubaluleka kolwazi enhlanganweni yakho kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuqonda okwanele nolwazi, noma ubunjiniyela nokuklama okufanele, ngisho namaqembu angcono kakhulu angahluleka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma unokuqonda okuhle nokuklama okuningiliziwe kodwa ungenalo isiyalo okufanele usikhiphe, usanda kumosha imali nesikhathi sakho ngoba umzamo wakho uzohluleka. Umlayezo kufanele ucace: Uma untula elilodwa noma amaningi kulawa makhono, ukuqonda/isipiliyoni noma ukuhlela/ukuklama noma isiyalo sokusebenzisa, lokhu kuzoholela ekukhubazeni noma ekubhidlizeni ukwakhiwa kwenhlangano ye-BI.

Ingabe iqembu lakho lizilungiselele ngokwanele? Ingabe kukhona oseqenjini lakho le-BI oqondayo indawo enkulu yokuhlaziya etholakala ezindaweni ze-BI, namasu nobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze kugcinwe leyo ndawo? Ingabe ukhona eqenjini lakho ongasho umehluko ekusebenziseni okuthuthukile

ukubika okungashintshi kanye ne-OLAP, noma umehluko phakathi kwe-ROLAP ne-OLAP? Ingabe elinye lamalungu ethimba lakho liyibona ngokucacile indlela yezimayini nokuthi ingaba nomthelela kanjani endaweni yokugcina izinto noma ukuthi inqolobane ingasekela kanjani ukusebenza kwezimayini? Ilungu leqembu liyaliqonda inani idatha isikhala noma ubuchwepheshe obusekelwe kumenzeli? Ingabe unaye othile okwazisa ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi ahlukile kobuchwepheshe be-ETL vs Message Broker? Uma ungenayo, yithole. I-BI inkulu kakhulu kunesendlalelo se-athomu esijwayelekile, i-OLAP, izikimu zenkanyezi kanye ne-ODS.

Ukuba nokuqonda nolwazi lokubona izidingo ze-BI nezisombululo zazo kubalulekile ekhonweni lakho lokwenza ngokusemthethweni izidingo zabasebenzisi kanye nokuklama nokusebenzisa izisombululo zabo. Uma umphakathi wabasebenzisi bakho unobunzima bokuchaza izidingo, kuphuma eqenjini le-warehouse ukunikeza lokho kuqonda. Kodwa uma iqembu warehouse

ayiboni ukusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwe-BI - isibonelo, ukumbiwa kwedatha - ngakho-ke akungcono ukuthi izindawo ze-BI zivame ukukhawulelwa ekubeni amakhosombe angenzi lutho. Kodwa-ke, ukuziba lobu buchwepheshe akukwehlisi ukubaluleka kwabo kanye nomthelela ezinawo ekuveleni kwamakhono obuhlakani bebhizinisi enhlangano yakho, kanye nempahla yolwazi ohlela ukuyiphromotha.

Idizayini kufanele ifake nomqondo wokudweba, futhi kokubili kudinga umuntu onekhono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlela kudinga ifilosofi yeqembu le-warehouse kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso. Isibonelo, uma inkampani yakho isungule izinga leplathifomu noma ihlonze i-RDBMS ethile efisa ukuyimisa endaweni yonke, kubalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu eqenjini ahambisane nalawo mazinga. Ngokuvamile ithimba lizwakalisa isidingo sokumiswa (emiphakathini yabasebenzisi), kodwa ithimba ngokwalo alizimisele ukuhambisana namazinga amiswe kwezinye izindawo zenkampani noma mhlawumbe ezinkampanini ezifanayo. Akukhona nje ukuthi lokhu kuwukuzenzisa, kodwa kubonisa ukuthi inkampani ayikwazi ukuxhaphaza izinsiza ezikhona kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Akusho ukuthi azikho izimo ezigunyaza inkundla noma ubuchwepheshe obungajwayelekile; nokho, imizamo yendawo yokugcina impahla

kufanele bawagade ngomona amazinga ebhizinisi kuze kube yilapho izidingo zebhizinisi zisho okuhlukile.

Ingxenye yesithathu ebalulekile edingekayo ukwakha inhlangano ye-BI isiyalo.
Kuncike ngokuphelele, ngokulinganayo kubantu ngabanye nasendaweni ezungezile. Abahleli bephrojekthi, abaxhasi, abaklami bezakhiwo, nabasebenzisi kufanele bajabulele isiyalo esidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe impahla yolwazi yenkampani. Abaqambi kufanele baqondise imizamo yabo yokuklama ukuze bagcwalise eminye imizamo edingekayo emphakathini.

Isibonelo, ake sithi inkampani yakho yakha uhlelo lwe-ERP olunengxenye yendlu yokugcina impahla.
Ngakho kuwumthwalo wabaklami be-ERP ukubambisana nethimba lendawo yokugcina izimpahla ukuze bangaqhudelani noma baphindaphinde umsebenzi osuqalile.

Isiyalo sibuye sibe yisihloko okudingeka sidingidwe yiyo yonke inhlangano futhi ngokuvamile sisungulwa futhi sigunyazwe ezingeni eliphezulu.
Ingabe abaphathi bazimisele ukunamathela endleleni eklanyelwe? Indlela ethembisa ukudala okuqukethwe kolwazi ekugcineni okuzoletha inani kuzo zonke izindawo zebhizinisi, kodwa mhlawumbe kubeke engcupheni i-ajenda yomuntu ngamunye noma yomnyango? Khumbula isisho esithi “Ukucabanga ngakho konke kubaluleke kakhulu kunokucabanga into eyodwa”. Lesi sisho siyiqiniso ezinhlanganweni ze-BI.

Ngeshwa, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziningi zigxila emizamweni yazo yokuzama ukukhomba nokuletha inani kumnyango othile noma kubasebenzisi abathile, ngokunganaki inhlangano iyonke. Ake sithi umphathi ucela usizo eqenjini lezindlu zangasese. Ithimba liphendula ngomzamo wezinsuku ezingama-90 ongahlanganisi nje kuphela ukulethwa kwezidingo zesaziso ezichazwe yisiphathimandla kodwa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi konke idatha isisekelo sixutshwa ezingeni le-athomu ngaphambi kokuthi zethulwe kubuchwepheshe be-cube obuhlongozwayo.
Lokhu okungeziwe kobunjiniyela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhizinisi le-warehouse lizohlomula kulokhu idatha kudingekile kumphathi.
Kodwa-ke, isikhulu sikhulume namafemu okubonisana angaphandle aphakamise isicelo esifanayo nokulethwa esikhathini esingaphansi kwamaviki ama-4.

Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi ithimba langaphakathi le-warehouse linekhono, isikhulu sinokukhetha. Ubani ongasekela isiyalo sobunjiniyela esengeziwe esidingekayo ukuze kukhule impahla yolwazi lwebhizinisi noma ongakhetha ukwakha esakhe isixazululo ngokushesha. Lesi sakamuva sibonakala sikhethwa kaningi kakhulu futhi sisebenza kuphela ekwakheni iziqukathi zolwazi ezizuzisa abambalwa noma umuntu ngamunye.

Imigomo yesikhathi esifushane neside

Abaklami bezakhiwo kanye nabahleli bephrojekthi kumele benze ngokusemthethweni umbono wesikhathi eside wezakhiwo kanye nezinhlelo zokukhulisa inhlangano ye-BI. Le nhlanganisela yenzuzo yesikhathi esifushane kanye nokuhlelwa kwesikhathi eside yizinhlangothi ezimbili zemizamo ye-BI. Imali engenayo yesikhathi esifushane iyingxenye ye-BI ehlotshaniswa nokuphindaphinda kwe-warehouse yakho.

Yilapho abahleli, abaklami bezakhiwo nabaxhasi begxila khona ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo ezithile zebhizinisi. Kuleli zinga lapho izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zakhiwe, ubuchwepheshe buthengwa futhi kusetshenziswe amasu. Azenzelwe neze ukubhekana nezidingo ezithile njengoba kuchazwe imiphakathi ethile yabasebenzisi. Konke kwenziwa ngenhloso yokubhekana nezidingo ezithile ezichazwe umphakathi othile.
Ukuhlela ibanga elide, nokho, kungolunye uhlangothi lwe-BI. Yilapho amasu nemiklamo eqinisekisa ukuthi noma yisiphi isakhiwo esibonakalayo sakhiwa, ubuchwepheshe obukhethiwe kanye namasu afeziwe enziwe ngeso elibheke ebhizinisini. Ukuhlelwa kwesikhathi eside okunikeza ukuhlangana okudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinzuzo eziqinile zitholakala kunoma yiziphi izinzuzo zesikhashana ezitholakalayo.

Qinisekisa umzamo wakho we-BI

Un indawo yokugcina idatha ngokwalo akunalo inani lemvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, alikho inani elingokwemvelo phakathi kobuchwepheshe be-warehouse kanye namasu okusebenzisa.

Inani lanoma yimuphi umzamo we-warehouse litholakala ezenzweni ezenziwa ngenxa yendawo yokugcina impahla kanye nokuqukethwe kolwazi okutshalwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Leli yiphuzu elibalulekile okufanele uliqonde ngaphambi kokuthi uzame ukulinganisa inani lanoma yiluphi uhlelo lwendlu.

Ezikhathini eziningi, abaklami bezakhiwo nabahleli bazama ukusebenzisa inani ezingxenyeni ezingokoqobo nezobuchwepheshe zendlu yokugcina izinto kuyilapho empeleni inani lisekelwe ezinqubweni zebhizinisi ezithintwa kahle indawo yokugcina impahla kanye nolwazi oluthathwe kahle.

Nansi inselelo ekusungulweni kwe-BI: Uthethelela kanjani ukutshalwa kwezimali? Uma i-warehouse ngokwayo ingenalo inani langaphakathi, abahleli bephrojekthi kufanele baphenye, bachaze, futhi benze izinzuzo zibe semthethweni kulabo bantu abazosebenzisa indawo yokugcina impahla ukuze bathuthukise izinqubo zebhizinisi ezithile noma inani lolwazi oluvikelwe, noma kokubili.

Ukwenza izinto zibe nzima, noma iyiphi inqubo yebhizinisi ethintwa imizamo ye-warehouse ingase inikeze izinzuzo "ezinkulu" noma "ezincane". Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zinikeza imethrikhi ephathekayo yokulinganisa imbuyiselo ku-investimenti (i-ROI) - isibonelo, phendula uhlu lwempahla isikhathi esengeziwe phakathi nenkathi ethile noma ngezindleko eziphansi zokuthutha ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye. Kunzima kakhulu ukuchaza izinzuzo ezicashile, njengokufinyelela okuthuthukisiwe olwazini, ngokwenani eliphathekayo.

Xhumanisa iphrojekthi yakho ukuze ufunde mayelana ne Izicelo zebhizinisi

Ezikhathini eziningi, abahleli bephrojekthi bazama ukuxhumanisa inani le-warehouse nemigomo yebhizinisi e-amorphous. Ngokumemezela ukuthi "inani le-warehouse lisekelwe emandleni ethu okwanelisa izicelo zamasu" sivula ingxoxo ngendlela ejabulisayo. Kodwa lokho kukodwa akwanele ukunquma ukuthi ukutshala imali endaweni yokugcina impahla kunengqondo. Kungcono ukuxhuma ama-warehouse reps nemibuzo ethile yebhizinisi namanothi.

Linganisa i-ROI

Ukubala i-ROI endaweni yokugcina impahla kungaba nzima kakhulu. Kunzima ikakhulukazi uma ukuhola

yokuphindaphinda okuthile kuyinto engabambeki noma okulula ukuyikala. Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi abasebenzisi babona izinzuzo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinhlelo ze-BI:

•  Yenza ikhono lokwenza izinqumo
• ▪ Dala ukufinyelela olwazini
  Lezi zinzuzo ziyizinzuzo ezithambile (noma ezithambile). Kulula ukubona ukuthi singabala kanjani i-ROI ngokusekelwe enzuzweni enzima (noma enkulu) njengezindleko ezincishisiwe zempahla, kodwa silikala kanjani ikhono lokwenza izinqumo ezingcono?
  Lokhu kuyinselele impela kubahleli bephrojekthi lapho bezama ukwenza inkampani ukuthi itshale imali ethile emzamweni othile wokugcinwa kwempahla. Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zokuthengisa noma ukwehla akusezona amatimu amaphakathi aqhuba imvelo ye-BI.
  Kunalokho, ubheke izicelo zebhizinisi zokufinyelela okungcono kulwazi ukuze umnyango othile ukwazi ukwenza izinqumo ngokushesha. Laba bangabashayeli bamasu okungenzeka babaluleke ngokulinganayo ebhizinisini kodwa abangacacile futhi okunzima ukuzibonakalisa kumethrikhi ephathekayo. Kulokhu, ukubala i-ROI kungadukisa, uma kungenamsebenzi.
  Abaklami bephrojekthi kumele bakwazi ukukhombisa inani eliphathekayo kubaphathi ukuze banqume ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali ekuphindaphindweni okuthile kuyakufanelekela yini. Kodwa-ke, ngeke siphakamise indlela entsha yokubala i-ROI, futhi ngeke senze izingxabano zayo noma ezimelene nayo.
  Kunezindatshana eziningi nezincwadi ezitholakalayo ezixoxa ngezisekelo zokubala i-ROI. Kuneziphakamiso zenani elikhethekile njengevelu ekutshalweni kwezimali (VOI), ezinikezwa amaqembu afana no-Gartner, ongazicwaninga. Kunalokho, sizogxila ezicini ezibalulekile zanoma iyiphi i-ROI noma ezinye iziphakamiso zenani okudingeka uzicabangele. Isebenzisa i-ROI Ngale kwempikiswano mayelana nezinzuzo "eziqinile" ngokumelene "ezithambile" ezihlotshaniswa nemizamo ye-BI kunezinye izinkinga okufanele zicatshangelwe uma usebenzisa i-ROI. Ngokwesibonelo:

Ukufaka ukonga okuningi kakhulu emizamweni ye-DW engenzeka noma kunjalo
Ake sithi inkampani yakho isuke ekwakhiweni kozimele oyinhloko yaya endaweni ye-UNIX esabalalisiwe. Ngakho-ke noma yikuphi ukonga okungase (noma kungenzeki) kutholakale kulowo mzamo akufanele kufakwe kuphela, uma kunjalo (?), endaweni yokugcina izinto.

Ukungabali yonke into kuyabiza. Futhi kunezinto eziningi okufanele zicatshangelwe. Cabangela uhlu olulandelayo:

• ▪ Izindleko zokuqalisa, okuhlanganisa nokungenzeka.
• ▪ Izindleko zehardware ezinikele enendawo yokugcina nokuxhumana
• ▪ Izindleko zesofthiwe, okuhlanganisa nokuphathwa kwe idatha kanye nezandiso zeklayenti/zeseva, isofthiwe ye-ETL, ubuchwepheshe be-DSS, amathuluzi okubona ngeso lengqondo, izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuhlela nokugeleza komsebenzi, nesofthiwe yokuqapha, .
• ▪ Izindleko zokuklama isakhiwo idatha, ngokudalwa, kanye nokwenza kahle kwe
• ▪ Izindleko zokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware ezihlobene ngqo nomzamo we-BI
• ▪ Izindleko zokwesekwa kwasekhaya, okuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, okuhlanganisa nokulawula inguqulo yesofthiwe nemisebenzi yosizo Faka isicelo se-"Big-Bang" ROI. Ukwakha indawo yokugcina impahla njengomzamo owodwa, omkhulu ngeke uphumelele, ngakho-ke phinda ubale i-ROI ngohlelo olukhulu lwebhizinisi Okunikezwayo kuyamangaza, nokuthi abahleli bayaqhubeka nokwenza imizamo ebuthaka yokulinganisa inani lawo wonke umzamo . Kungani abahleli bezama ukubeka inani lemali ezinhlelweni zebhizinisi uma kwaziwa kabanzi futhi kwamukelwe ukuthi ukulinganisa ukuphindaphinda okuthile kunzima? Kungenzeka kanjani? Akwenzeki ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezimbalwa. Ungakwenzi. Manje njengoba sesithole lokho okungafanele ukwenze lapho ubala i-ROI, nanka amaphuzu ambalwa azokusiza usungule inqubo ethembekile yokulinganisa inani lemizamo yakho ye-BI.

Ukuthola imvume ye-ROI. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi ukhetha luphi uhlobo lokulinganisa lokulinganisa inani lemizamo yakho ye-BI, kufanele kuvunyelwane ngayo yizo zonke izinhlangothi, okuhlanganisa abahleli bephrojekthi, abaxhasi, nabaphathi bezinkampani.

Hlukanisa i-ROI ibe izingxenye ezibonakalayo. Isinyathelo esidingekayo esibalweni se-ROI esiphusile ukugxilisa leso sibalo kuphrojekthi ethile. Lokhu bese kukuvumela ukuthi ulinganisele inani ngokusekelwe ezimfuneko ezithile zebhizinisi ezihlangatshezwana nazo

Chaza izindleko. Njengoba sekushiwo, izindleko eziningi zidinga ukucatshangelwa. Ukwengeza, izindleko akumele zibandakanye kuphela lezo ezihlotshaniswa nokuphindaphinda ngakunye kodwa nezindleko ezihlobene nokuqinisekisa ukuthobelana nezindinganiso zebhizinisi.

Chaza izinzuzo. Ngokuxhumanisa ngokucacile i-ROI nezimfuneko ezithile zebhizinisi, kufanele sikwazi ukuhlonza izinzuzo ezizoholela ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo.

Yehlisa izindleko nezinzuzo ezinzuzweni eziseduze. Kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokusekela izilinganiso zakho enanini lamanje (i-NPV) esikhundleni sokuzama ukubikezela inani lesikhathi esizayo emalini eyinzuzo ezayo.

Gcina isikhathi sokuhlukanisa i-ROI yakho sibe sincane. Ibhalwe kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi isetshenziswe ku-ROI yakho.

Sebenzisa ifomula ye-ROI engaphezu kweyodwa. Ziningi izindlela zokubikezela i-ROI, futhi kufanele uhlele ukusebenzisa eyodwa noma eziningi zazo, okuhlanganisa nengqikithi yenani lamanje, izinga langaphakathi lembuyiselo (IRR), kanye nenkokhelo.

Chaza inqubo ephindaphindwayo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekubaleni noma yiliphi inani lesikhathi eside. Inqubo eyodwa ephindaphindwayo kufanele ibhalwe kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi alandelayo alandelanayo.

Izinkinga ezibaliwe yizona ezivame kakhulu ezichazwe ngochwepheshe bendawo yase-warehouse. Ukuphikelela kwabaphathi ekuletheni i-"Big-Bang" ROI kuyadida kakhulu. Uma uqala zonke izibalo zakho ze-ROI ngokuzihlukanisa zibe izingxenye ezibonakalayo, ezibambekayo, unethuba elihle lokulinganisa isilinganiso esinembile se-ROI.

Imibuzo mayelana nezinzuzo ze-ROI

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izinzuzo zakho, ezithambile noma ezinzima, ungasebenzisa imibuzo embalwa eyisisekelo ukuze unqume ukubaluleka kwayo. Isibonelo usebenzisa isistimu yesikali elula, ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-10, ungakala umthelela wanoma yimuphi umzamo usebenzisa le mibuzo elandelayo:

• Ungakukala kanjani ukuqonda kwakho idatha ulandela le phrojekthi yenkampani yakho?
• Ungalinganisa kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo njengomphumela wale phrojekthi?
• Ungawukala kanjani umthelela wemininingwane emisha kanye nokucatshangwayo manje okwenziwe kutholakale ngalokhu kuphindaphinda
• Waba yini umthelela wezindawo ezintsha nezingcono zamakhompiyutha ngenxa yalokho okufundiwe? Uma izimpendulo zale mibuzo zimbalwa, kungenzeka ukuthi ibhizinisi alikufanele ukutshalwa kwezimali okwenziwe. Imibuzo enamaphuzu aphezulu ikhomba izinzuzo ezibalulekile futhi kufanele isebenze njengemihlahlandlela yophenyo olwengeziwe. Isibonelo, amaphuzu aphezulu okuthuthukiswa kwenqubo kufanele aholele abaklami ukuthi bahlole ukuthi izinqubo zithuthukiswe kanjani. Ungathola ukuthi ezinye noma zonke izinzuzo ezenziwe ziyabonakala ngakho-ke inani lemali lingasetshenziswa kalula. Ukuthola okuningi ekuphindaphindweni kokuqala kwe- igumbi lokugcina impahla Inzuzo enkulu kakhulu yomzamo wakho webhizinisi imvamisa iseziphindaphindweni ezimbalwa zokuqala. Le mizamo yangaphambi kwesikhathi isungula ulwazi oluwusizo kakhulu emphakathini futhi isiza ukusungula isisekelo sobuchwepheshe sezinhlelo zokusebenza ezilandelayo ze-BI. Ngokuvamile okulandelanayo ngakunye kwe idatha amaphrojekthi e-warehouse aletha inani elincane nelincane elengeziwe ebhizinisini lilonke. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma ukuphindaphinda kungangezi izihloko ezintsha noma kuhlangabezani nezidingo zomphakathi omusha wabasebenzisi.

Lesi sici sokugcina sisebenza nasekukhuleni kwezitaki ze idatha izazi-mlando. Njengoba imizamo elandelayo idinga okwengeziwe idatha futhi kanjani ngaphezulu idatha zithelwa endlini yokugcina impahla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iningi idatha kuba nzima kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni okusetshenzisiwe. Lezi idatha bavame ukubizwa idatha zilele futhi kubiza njalo ukuwagcina ngoba awakaze asetshenziswe.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu kubaxhasi bephrojekthi? Empeleni, abaxhasi bokuqala babelana ngaphezu kwezindleko zokutshala imali. Lokhu kuyinhloko ngoba angumfutho wokusungula ubuchwepheshe obubanzi bendawo yokugcina impahla kanye nongqimba lwendawo yezinsiza, okuhlanganisa ne-organic.

Kodwa lezi zinyathelo zokuqala zinenani elikhulu kakhulu ngakho-ke abahleli bephrojekthi ngokuvamile kufanele bathethelele ukutshalwa kwezimali.
Amaphrojekthi enziwe ngemuva kwesinyathelo sakho se-BI angase abe nezindleko eziphansi (uma kuqhathaniswa neyokuqala) kanye nezindleko eziqondile, kodwa alethe inani elincane ebhizinisini.

Futhi abanikazi benhlangano kudingeka baqale ukucabangela ukuphonsa i-buildup idatha kanye nobuchwepheshe obungabalulekile kangako.

Imayini Yedatha: Imayini Dati

Izingxenye eziningi zezakhiwo zidinga ukuhlukahluka kobuchwepheshe nezindlela zokumbiwa kwedatha—
isibonelo, "ama-ejenti" ahlukene okuhlolwa kwamaphuzu okuthakaselayo kwe amakhasimende, izinhlelo zokusebenza zenkampani kanye ne-dw efanayo. Lawa ma-ejenti angaba amanethiwekhi e-neural athuthukile aqeqeshelwe amathrendi ebhodweni, njengesidingo somkhiqizo wesikhathi esizayo esisuselwe kumaphromoshini okuthengisa; izinjini ezisekelwe emithethweni zokusabela kusethi idatha yezimo, isibonelo, ukuxilongwa kwezokwelapha kanye nezincomo zokwelashwa; noma ama-ejenti alula anendima yokubika okuhlukile kubaphathi abaphezulu. Ngokuvamile lezi zinqubo zokukhipha idatha si

qinisekisa ngesikhathi sangempela; ngakho-ke, kufanele bahlanganiswe ngokuphelele nokunyakaza kwe idatha i-stessi.

I-Online Analytic Processing Processing

Izibalo eziku-inthanethi

Amandla okusika, amadayisi, ukugoqa, ukubhola phansi nokwenza ukuhlaziya
kuthiwani-uma, kungaphakathi kobubanzi, ububanzi besuite yobuchwepheshe be-IBM. Isibonelo, imisebenzi ye-online analytical processing (OLAP) ikhona ku-DB2 eletha ukuhlaziywa kwe-dimensional injini ye- database okufanayo .

Imisebenzi yengeza insiza enobukhulu ku-SQL ngenkathi ivuna zonke izinzuzo zokuba yingxenye yemvelo ye-DB2. Esinye isibonelo sokuhlanganiswa kwe-OLAP ithuluzi lokusikhipha, i-DB2 OLAP Analyzer Server. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ama-cubes e-DB2 OLAP Server ukuthi askenwe ngokushesha futhi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze athole futhi abike ngamavelu idatha okungajwayelekile noma okungalindelekile kunoma iyiphi ikhiyubhu kumhlaziyi wokuhweba. Futhi ekugcineni, imisebenzi Yesikhungo se-DW ihlinzeka ngezindlela zokuthi abaklami bezakhiwo bahlole, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iphrofayili yesiphakeli sekhiyubhu ye-DB2 OLAP njengengxenye yemvelo yezinqubo ze-ETL.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwendawo Ukuhlaziywa Kwendawo

Isikhala simelela uhhafu wamahange okuhlaziya (ama-conduction) adingekayo ku-panorama
ukuhlaziya okubanzi (isikhathi simelela enye ingxenye). Izinga le-athomu lendlu yokugcina izinto, elimelwe kuMfanekiso 1.1, lihlanganisa izisekelo zakho kokubili isikhathi nendawo. Izitembu zesikhathi Ihange lihlaziya ngesikhathi kanye nekheli lehange lemininingwane lihlaziya ngesikhala. Izitembu zesikhathi zenza ukuhlaziya ngesikhathi, futhi imininingwane yekheli yenza ukuhlaziya ngendawo. Umdwebo ubonisa i-geocoding–inqubo yokuguqula amakheli abe amaphuzu kumephu noma amaphuzu emkhathini ukuze imiqondo efana nebanga nangaphakathi/ngaphandle ingasetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni-okwenziwa ezingeni le-athomu kanye nokuhlaziywa kwendawo kwenziwe kutholakale kumhlaziyi. I-IBM inikeza izandiso zendawo, ezithuthukiswe ne-Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), al database DB2 ukuze izinto zendawo zingagcinwa njengengxenye evamile ye database esihlobene. DB2

I-Spatial Extenders, futhi ihlinzeka ngazo zonke izandiso ze-SQL ukuze zisebenzise ukuhlaziya kwendawo. Isibonelo, izandiso ze-SQL ongabuza ngazo
ibanga phakathi kwamakheli noma ukuthi iphoyinti lingaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwendawo ene-polygonal echaziwe, izinga lokuhlaziya ne-Spatial Extender. Bheka isahluko 16 ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.

Database-Amathuluzi Esakhamuzi Database- Umhlali

I-DB2 inezici eziningi ezihlala ku-SQL BI ezisiza esenzweni sokwehlukanisa. Lokhu kubandakanya:

• Imisebenzi ye-recursion yokwenza ukuhlaziya, njengokuthi “thola zonke izindlela zendiza ezingaba khona ukusuka i-San Francisco a I-New York".
• Imisebenzi yokuhlaziya yokukala, ukuqongelela, i-cube kanye nemisebenzi yokugoqa ukuze kube lula imisebenzi evamise ukwenzeka kuphela ngobuchwepheshe be-OLAP, manje isiyingxenye yemvelo yenjini database
• Ikhono lokudala amathebula aqukethe imiphumela
  Abathengisi be database Abaholi bahlanganisa izici eziningi ze-BI ku- database i-stesso.
  Abahlinzeki abakhulu be isisekelo sedatha bahlanganisa izici eziningi ze-BI ku- database i-stesso.
  Lokhu kunikeza ukusebenza okungcono nezinketho eziningi zokwenza zezixazululo ze-BI.
  Izici nemisebenzi ye-DB2 V8 kuxoxwa ngayo ngokuningiliziwe ezahlukweni ezilandelayo:
  I-Technical Architecture kanye Nezisekelo Zokuphathwa Kwedatha (Isahluko 5)

• Okubalulekile kwe-DB2 BI (Isahluko 6)
• I-DB2 Amathebula Ombuzo Obalulekile (Isahluko 7)
• Imisebenzi ye-DB2 OLAP (Isahluko 13)
• Izici Nemisebenzi Ye-BI Ethuthukisiwe ye-DB2 (Isahluko 15) Isistimu Yokulethwa Kwedatha Eyenziwe Lula Uhlelo lokulethwa kwe idatha yenziwe lula

Izakhiwo ezivezwe kuMfanekiso 1.1 zihlanganisa izakhiwo eziningi idatha ngokomzimba. Enye yi-warehouse ye idatha ukusebenza. Ngokuvamile, i-ODS iqondiswe entweni, ihlanganiswe futhi yamanje. Ungakha i-ODS ukuze usekele, isibonelo, ihhovisi lokuthengisa. Ukuthengiswa kwe-ODS kuzokwengeza idatha kusuka kumasistimu amaningi ahlukene kodwa ingagcina kuphela, isibonelo, ukuthengiselana kwanamuhla. I-ODS ingabuyekezwa izikhathi eziningi ngosuku. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinqubo ziyaphusha i idatha kuhlanganiswe kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Lesi sakhiwo siklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlanganisa idatha yamanje nenamandla futhi kungaba ikhandidethi okungenzeka lisekele ukuhlaziya kwesikhathi sangempela, njengokuhlinzeka ngama-ejenti wesevisi amakhasimende ulwazi lwamanje lokuthengisa lwekhasimende ngokukhipha ulwazi lwethrendi yokuthengisa ku-inventory ngokwayo. Esinye isakhiwo esiboniswe emfanekisweni 1.1 yisimo esisemthethweni se-dw. Akukhona nje ukuthi lena indawo yokwenziwa kokuhlanganiswa okudingekayo, kwekhwalithi ye idatha, kanye nokuguqulwa kwe idatha ye-warehouse engenayo, kodwa futhi iyindawo yokugcina ethembekile neyesikhashana idatha okuphindaphindwayo okungasetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni kwesikhathi sangempela. Uma unquma ukusebenzisa i-ODS noma indawo yesiteji, elinye lamathuluzi angcono kakhulu wokugcwalisa lezi zakhiwo idatha usebenzisa imithombo yokusebenza ehlukene umbuzo osabalalisiwe we-DB2. Lawa mandla alethwa isici esingakhethwa se-DB2 esibizwa ngokuthi i-DB2 Relational Connect (imibuzo kuphela) nange-DB2 DataJoiner (umkhiqizo ohlukile oletha umbuzo, uwufake, ubuyekeze, futhi usule amandla kuma-RDBMS asakazwe ngendlela ehlukahlukene).

Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela abaklami bezakhiwo ukuthi idatha ukubopha idatha yokukhiqiza ngezinqubo zokuhlaziya. Ubuchwepheshe abukwazi nje ukuzivumelanisa cishe nanoma yiziphi izimfuno zokuphindaphinda ezingase zivele ngezibalo zesikhathi sangempela, kodwa futhi bungaxhumeka ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi. idatha ethandwa kakhulu, kuhlanganise DB2, Oracle, Sybase, SQL Server, Informix nabanye. I-DB2 DataJoiner ingasetshenziswa ukugcwalisa isakhiwo idatha okusemthethweni njenge-ODS noma ithebula elihlala njalo elimelwe endaweni yokugcina impahla elakhelwe ukutholwa ngokushesha kwezibuyekezo ezisheshayo noma ukudayiswa. Yiqiniso, lezi zakhiwo ngokwazo idatha ingagcwaliswa kusetshenziswa

obunye ubuchwepheshe obukhulu obenzelwe ukuphindaphinda kwe idatha, I-IBM DataPropagator Relational. (I-DataPropagator iwumkhiqizo ohlukile wamasistimu amaphakathi. I-DB2 UNIX, Linux, Windows, ne-OS/2 ihlanganisa izinsiza zokuphindaphinda ze idatha njengesici esijwayelekile).
Enye indlela yokuhambisa i- idatha ukusebenza endaweni yonke yebhizinisi kungumhlanganisi wohlelo lwebhizinisi owaziwa nangokuthi umthengisi womlayezo. Lobu buchwepheshe obuhlukile buvumela ukulawula okungenakuqhathaniswa kokukhomba nokuhambisa idatha eduze kwenkampani. I-IBM inomthengisi wemiyalezo osetshenziswa kakhulu, i-MQSeries, noma okuhlukile komkhiqizo okubandakanya izidingo e-commerce, IBM WebSphere MQ.
Ukuze uthole ingxoxo eyengeziwe mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa i-MQ ukuze usekele indawo yokugcina impahla kanye nemvelo ye-BI, vakashela iwebhusayithi yencwadi. Okwamanje, kwanele ukusho ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe buyindlela enhle kakhulu yokuthwebula nokuguqula (usebenzisa i-MQSeries Integrator) idatha izisebenzi ezihlosiwe ezibuthelwe izixazululo ze-BI. Ubuchwepheshe be-MQ buye bahlanganiswa futhi bahlanganiswa ku-UDB V8, okusho ukuthi imigqa yemilayezo manje ingaphathwa njengokungathi amathebula e-DB2. Umqondo wokushisela imilayezo yolayini nendawo yonke ye database ubudlelwano buqondise endaweni enamandla yokulethwa kwezidingo idatha.

I-Zero-Latency Zero Ukubambezeleka

Umgomo wamasu wokugcina we-IBM ukuhlaziya i-zero-latency. Njengoba kuchazwe ngu
Gartner, isistimu ye-BI kufanele ikwazi ukucabangela, ingenise, futhi inikeze ulwazi kubahlaziyi uma kudingeka. Inselele, yebo, indlela yokuxuba idatha yamanje kanye nesikhathi sangempela ngolwazi oludingekayo lomlando, njengokuthi i idatha ithrendi/iphethini ehlobene, noma imininingwane ekhishiwe, efana nokwenza iphrofayela yekhasimende.

Ulwazi olunjalo luhlanganisa, isibonelo, ukuhlonza amakhasimende ingozi ephezulu noma ephansi noma yimiphi imikhiqizo i amakhasimende cishe bazothenga uma sebevele benoshizi ezinqoleni zabo zokuthenga.

Ukuthola i-zero latency empeleni kuncike ezindleleni ezimbili ezibalulekile:

• Inyunyana ephelele ye idatha ezihlaziywa ngamasu amisiwe nangamathuluzi adalwe yi-BI
• Uhlelo lokulethwa kwe idatha ngempumelelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izibalo zesikhathi sangempela ziyatholakala ngempela Lezi zimfuneko ze-zero latency azihlukile kunemigomo emibili esungulwe i-IBM futhi echazwe ngenhla. Ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile kwe- idatha iyingxenye yohlelo lokuhlanganisa olungenamthungo lwe-IBM. Futhi udale uhlelo lokulethwa kwe idatha ukusebenza kahle kuncike ngokuphelele kubuchwepheshe obutholakalayo obenza inqubo yokulethwa ibe lula idatha. Ngakho-ke, izinhloso ezimbili kwezintathu ze-IBM zibalulekile ekufezeni eyesithathu. I-IBM ithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-zero latency iyenzeka ngemizamo ye-warehouse. Isifinyezo / Ukuhlanganiswa Inhlangano yakho ye-BI ihlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela wokwakha indawo yakho
  ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kufanele ilungiswe ukuze ibonise izidingo zebhizinisi lakho, ezamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Ngaphandle kombono obanzi wezakhiwo, ukuphindaphindwa kwendlu yokugcina impahla kungaphezu nje kokusetshenziswa okungahleliwe kwendawo yokugcina impahla okwenza okuncane ukudala ibhizinisi elikhulu, elifundisayo. Isithiyo sokuqala sabaholi bephrojekthi ukuthi bangathethelela kanjani ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo ukuze kukhule inhlangano ye-BI. Nakuba izibalo ze-ROI zihlale ziyinsika yezimpumelelo ze-inventory, kuba nzima kakhulu ukubikezela ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuye kwaholela kwezinye izindlela zokunquma ukuthi uyayithola yini imali yakho. I-Value on Investment2 (VOI), isibonelo, ithengwa njengesixazululo. Kusemahlombe abakhi be idatha futhi abahleli bephrojekthi bakhiqiza futhi banikeze ulwazi kuzinhlangano zabasebenzisi hhayi nje ukunikeza isevisi idatha. Kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalokhu okubili. Ulwazi luyinto eyenza umehluko ekuthathweni kwezinqumo nokusebenza ngempumelelo; ngokuqhathanisa, i idatha bangamabhulokhi wokuthola lolo lwazi.

Nakuba egxeka umthombo idatha ukubhekana nezidingo zebhizinisi, indawo ye-BI kufanele ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekudaleni okuqukethwe kolwazi. Kufanele sithathe izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuhlanza, ukuhlanganisa, ukuguqula, noma ukudala okuqukethwe kolwazi abasebenzisi abangathatha isinyathelo kukho, bese kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi lezo zenzo nezinqumo, lapho zinengqondo, zibonakala endaweni ye-BI. Uma sehlisa i-warehouse ukuthi isebenze kuphela idatha, qiniseka ukuthi izinhlangano zabasebenzisi zizodala okuqukethwe kolwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuthathwe isinyathelo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi wabo uzokwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezingcono, kodwa ibhizinisi lihlushwa ukuntula ulwazi olulusebenzisile. Idatha ukuthi abaklami bezakhiwo nabahleli bephrojekthi baqale amaphrojekthi athile endaweni ye-BI, bahlala benesibopho sebhizinisi lilonke. Isibonelo esilula salesi sici esinezinhlangothi ezimbili zokuphindaphinda kwe-BI sitholakala kumthombo idatha. Zonke idatha eyamukelwe ngezicelo ezithile zezentengiselwano kufanele igcwaliswe kungqimba lokuqala lwe-athomu. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kwempahla yolwazi lwebhizinisi, kanye nokuphatha, ukubhekana nezicelo ezithile zomsebenzisi ezichazwe ekuphindaphindweni.

Iyini i-Data Warehouse?

Indawo yokugcina imininingwane bekuyinhliziyo yokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zolwazi kusukela ngo-1990 futhi isekela izinqubo zolwazi ngokunikeza inkundla eqinile edidiyelwe idatha umlando othathwe njengesisekelo sokuhlaziya okwalandela. THE indawo yokugcina idatha zinikeza kalula ukuhlanganiswa ezweni lamasistimu ohlelo lokusebenza angahambelani. Indawo yokugcina imininingwane isiphenduke imfashini. Indawo yokugcina imininingwane uhlela futhi agcine i idatha okudingekayo olwazini nasezinqubweni zokuhlaziya ngesisekelo sombono wesikhashana womlando omude. Konke lokhu kuhilela umzamo omkhulu futhi oqhubekayo ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kwesakhiwo indawo yokugcina idatha.

Ngakho yini a indawo yokugcina idatha? A indawo yokugcina idatha ngu:

• ▪ okugxile esihlokweni
• ▪ Uhlelo oludidiyelwe
• ▪ ukushintsha kwesikhathi
• ▪ engaguquki (ayikhanseli)

iqoqo le idatha esetshenziswa ukweseka izinqumo zokuphatha ekuqalisweni kwezinqubo.
I idatha kufakwe phakathi indawo yokugcina idatha zitholakala ezimweni eziningi ezindaweni zokusebenza. I indawo yokugcina idatha yenziwe ngeyunithi yokugcina, ehlukene ngokomzimba naso sonke isistimu, equkethe idatha iguqulwe ngaphambilini izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kulwazi oluphuma endaweni yokusebenza.

Incazelo eqondile ye-a indawo yokugcina idatha idinga incazelo ephelele njengoba kunezisusa ezibalulekile nezincazelo ezicashile ezichaza izici zendlu yokugcina izinto.

UKUJWAYISWA KWESIHLOKO THEMATIC

Isici sokuqala se-a indawo yokugcina idatha ukuthi iqondiswe ezifundweni ezinkulu zenkampani. Umhlahlandlela wezinqubo ngokusebenzisa i idatha kuphambene nendlela yakudala ehlinzekela ukuqondiswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kuzinqubo nemisebenzi, indlela evame ukwabiwa iningi lezinhlelo zokuphatha zakamuva.

Umhlaba osebenzayo uklanywe uzungeze izinhlelo zokusebenza nemisebenzi efana nemalimboleko, ukonga, amakhadi asebhange nokwethenjwa kwesikhungo sezezimali. Umhlaba we-dw uhlelwe ngezihloko ezibalulekile njengekhasimende, umthengisi, umkhiqizo kanye nomsebenzi. Ukuqondanisa ezihlokweni kuthinta ukwakheka nokusebenza kwe idatha etholakala ku-dw. Okubaluleke kakhulu, isihloko esiyinhloko sithinta ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesakhiwo esiyinhloko.

Izwe lezinhlelo zokusebenza lithonywa kokubili ukwakheka kwesizindalwazi kanye nokwakheka kwenqubo. Umhlaba we-dw ugxile kuphela ekumodeleni amavidiyo idatha kanye nomklamo we database. Idizayini yenqubo (ngendlela yayo yakudala) ayiyona ingxenye yemvelo ye-dw.

Umehluko phakathi kokukhethwa kwenqubo/uhlelo lokusebenza kanye nokukhethwa kwesifundo nakho kuvezwa njengomehluko kokuqukethwe idatha ezingeni elinemininingwane. THE idatha del dw ayifaki i idatha engeke isetshenziselwe ukucubungula i-DSS ngenkathi kufakwa izicelo

ukusebenza okuqondiswe ku idatha ziqukethe i idatha ukwanelisa ngokushesha izidingo zokusebenza/ukucubungula okungenzeka noma kungabi nakho ukusetshenziswa komhlaziyi we-DSS.
Enye indlela ebalulekile izicelo ezigxile ekusebenzeni kwayo idatha zihluke idatha ye-dw isemibikweni ye idatha. I idatha ama-operatives agcina ubudlelwano obuqhubekayo phakathi kwamathebula amabili noma ngaphezulu ngokusekelwe kumthetho webhizinisi osebenzayo. THE idatha ye-dw span inhlobo yesikhathi futhi imibiko etholakala ku-dw miningi. Imithetho eminingi yokuhweba (futhi ngokufanayo, imibiko eminingi ye idatha ) amelwe endaweni yokugcina izimpahla idatha phakathi kwamatafula amabili noma ngaphezulu.

(Ukuze uthole incazelo enemininingwane yokuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwe idatha aphethwe ku-DW, sicela ubheke Isihloko Sobuchwepheshe ngalolo daba.)
Ngokungekho omunye umbono ngaphandle kwalowo womehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwesicelo esisebenzayo/inqubo nokukhetha isihloko, ingabe ukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kanye idatha kanye ne-DW.

UKUHLANGANISA

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu semvelo ye-dw ukuthi i idatha ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwe-dw zihlanganiswe kalula. NJALO. NGAPHANDLE KWEZIMALI. Ingqikithi yemvelo ye-dw ukuthi i idatha okuqukethwe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yendawo yokugcina impahla kuhlanganisiwe.

Ukuhlanganiswa kuzibonakalisa ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene - ngezimiso ezihlonziwe ezingaguquguquki, esilinganisweni esingaguquki sokuguquguquka, ezakhiweni ezinamakhodi angaguquki, ezicini ezibonakalayo ze idatha okungaguquki, njalonjalo.

Ngokuhamba kweminyaka abaklami bezinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene benze izinqumo eziningi mayelana nokuthi isicelo kufanele sithuthukiswe kanjani. Isitayela kanye nezinqumo zokuklama komuntu ngamunye zezicelo zabaklami zembulwa ngezindlela eziyikhulu: ngokungafani nekhodi, isakhiwo esiyinhloko, izici zomzimba, izivumelwano zokuhlonza, njalonjalo. Ikhono elihlangene labaklami bohlelo lokusebenza ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaguquki liyinganekwane. Umfanekiso wesi-3 uveza umehluko obaluleke kakhulu endleleni izinhlelo zokusebenza eziklanywa ngayo.

Ukufaka ikhodi: Faka ikhodi:

Abaqambi bohlelo lokusebenza bakhethe ukufaka amakhodi emkhakheni - ubulili - ngezindlela eziningi. Umklami umele ubulili njengo-"m" kanye no-"f". Omunye umklami umele ubulili njengokuthi "1" kanye "no-"0". Omunye umklami umele ubulili njengokuthi "x" kanye "y." Omunye umklami umelela ubulili njengokuthi "owesilisa" kanye "nowesifazane." Akukhathalekile ukuthi ucansi lungena kanjani ku-DW. U-“M” kanye no-“F” cishe mahle njenganoma yikuphi ukumelwa.

Okubalulekile ukuthi noma yimuphi umthombo umkhakha wezocansi uvela kuwo, lowo mkhakha ufika ku-DW usesimweni esihlanganisiwe esingaguquki. Ngakho-ke uma inkambu ilayishwa ku-DW isuka kuhlelo lokusebenza lapho imelelwe khona ngaphandle ngefomethi ethi “M” kanye “F”, idatha kufanele iguqulelwe kufomethi ye-DW.

Ukukalwa Kwezimfanelo: Ukulinganiswa kwe Izibaluli:

Abaklami bezicelo bakhethe ukukala ipayipi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene phakathi neminyaka. Izitolo zomklami i idatha wepayipi ngamasentimitha. Omunye umklami wohlelo lokusebenza ugcina i idatha wepayipi ngokuya ngamayintshi. Omunye umklami wohlelo lokusebenza ugcina i idatha wepayipi ngama-cubic feet ayisigidi ngomzuzwana. Futhi omunye umklami ugcina ulwazi lwamapayipi ngokuya ngamayadi. Noma ngabe imuphi umthombo, uma ulwazi lwamapayipi lufika ku-DW kufanele lukalwe ngendlela efanayo.

Njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso wesi-3, izinkinga zokuhlanganisa zithinta cishe zonke izici zephrojekthi - izici ezibonakalayo ze- idatha, inkinga yokuba nemithombo engaphezu kowodwa idatha, ukukhishwa kwamasampula akhonjiwe angahambisani, amafomethi we idatha okungaguquki, njalonjalo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingxabano yokuklama ikuphi, umphumela uyafana - i idatha kufanele igcinwe ku-DW ngendlela eyingqayizivele neyamukelekayo emhlabeni wonke ngisho nalapho amasistimu okusebenza ayisisekelo egcina i idatha.

Uma umhlaziyi we-DSS ebheka i-DW, umhlaziyi kufanele agxile ekuxhashazweni idatha abasendlini yokugcina izimpahla,

kunokuba uzibuze ngokwethembeka noma ukungaguquguquki kwe idatha.

UKUHLUKA KWESIKHATHI

Konke i idatha ku-DW anembile kuze kube isikhathi esithile. Lesi sici esiyisisekelo se- idatha ku-DW yehluke kakhulu idatha etholakala endaweni yokusebenza. THE idatha yendawo yokusebenza inembe njengangesikhathi sokufinyelela. Ngamanye amazwi, endaweni yokusebenza lapho iyunithi ifinyelelwa idatha, kulindeleke ukuthi ibonise amanani anembile njengangesikhathi sokufinyelela. Kungani ngi idatha ku-DW zinembile njengesikhathi esithile (okungukuthi, hhayi "okwamanje"), i idatha okutholakala ku-DW “ukwehluka kwesikhathi”.
Ukuhluka kwesikhathi kwe idatha I-DW kubhekiselwa kuyo ngezindlela eziningi.
Indlela elula ukuthi i idatha abamele i-DW idatha isikhathi eside - iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi. Umkhathizwe ovezwe wendawo yokusebenza mfishane kakhulu kunamanani anamuhla afika kwamashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye.
Izicelo ezidinga ukusebenza kahle futhi ezidinga ukutholakala ukuze zicutshungulwe zidinga ukuletha inani elincane le idatha uma bevumela noma yiliphi izinga lokuguquguquka. Ngakho-ke izinhlelo zokusebenza zinesikhathi esifushane, njengesihloko somklamo wohlelo lokusebenza lomsindo.
Indlela yesibili 'ukwehluka kwesikhathi' okuvela ngayo ku-DW isesakhiwo esiyinhloko. Isakhiwo ngasinye esingukhiye ku-DW siqukethe, ngokungagunci noma ngokusobala, isici sesikhathi, esifana nosuku, isonto, inyanga, njll. Isici sesikhathi cishe sihlala siphansi kokhiye ohlanganisiwe otholakala ku-DW. Kulezi zikhathi, isici sesikhathi sizoba khona ngokungaguquki, njengokuthi lapho ifayela liphindwe kabili ekupheleni kwenyanga noma ikota.
Indlela yesithathu ukuhluka kwesikhathi okuboniswa ngayo ukuthi i idatha ye-DW, ebhaliswe kahle nje, ayikwazi ukubuyekezwa. THE idatha we-DW, ngazo zonke izinjongo ezingokoqobo, uchungechunge olude lwezithombe ezifinyeziwe. Kunjalo uma isifinyezo sithathwe ngokungalungile, khona-ke izifinyezo zingashintshwa. Kodwa uma kucatshangwa ukuthi izifinyezo zithathwe ngendlela efanele, azishintshwa ngokushesha nje lapho zithathwa. Kwezinye

izimo kungase kungabi nezimiso ezinhle noma okungavumelekile ukuthi izifinyezo ku-DW zilungiswe. THE idatha ukusebenza, njengoba kunembe njengangesikhathi sokufinyelela, kungabuyekezwa njengoba kuphakama isidingo.

AKUVUMI

Isici sesine esibalulekile se-DW ukuthi ayiguquguquki.
Ukubuyekezwa, ukufakwa, ukususwa kanye nezinguquko zenziwa njalo ezindaweni zokusebenza ngesisekelo serekhodi nerekhodi. Kodwa ukukhohlisa okuyisisekelo kwe- idatha okudingekayo ku-DW kulula kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zokusebenza ezenzeka ku-DW - ukulayishwa kokuqala kwe- idatha kanye nokufinyelela ku idatha. Asikho isibuyekezo se idatha (ngomqondo ojwayelekile wokubuyekeza) ku-DW njengomsebenzi ojwayelekile wokucubungula. Kunemiphumela enamandla kakhulu yalo mehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kokucutshungulwa kokusebenza kanye nokucubungula kwe-DW. Ezingeni lokuklama, isidingo sokuqapha mayelana nokubuyekezwa kokuphahlazeka akusona isici ku-DW, njengoba ukubuyekezwa kwe idatha akwenziwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezingeni elibonakalayo ledizayini, inkululeko ingathathwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufinyelela kuyo idatha, ikakhulukazi ekubhekaneni nezihloko zokujwayelekile kanye nokuncipha komzimba. Omunye umphumela wokusebenza okulula kwe-DW kusebuchwephesha obuyisisekelo obusetshenziswa ukuqhuba imvelo ye-DW. Ukusekela ukubuyekezwa kwerekhodi ngerekhodi ku-inthanethi (njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo ngekhompyutha yokusebenza) kudinga ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bube nesisekelo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngaphansi kokulula okusobala.
Ubuchwepheshe obusekela ukwenza ikhophi yasenqolobaneni nokuthola kabusha, ukuthengiselana, nobuqotho bedatha idatha kanye nokutholwa kwe-deadlock kanye nekhambi kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi akudingekile ekucubunguleni i-DW. Izici ze-DW, umumo wokuklama, ukuhlanganiswa kwe idatha ngaphakathi kwe-DW, ukwehluka kwesikhathi kanye nokuphathwa kalula kwe idatha, konke kuholela endaweni ehluke kakhulu kuneyakudala yokusebenza. Umthombo cishe zonke idatha ye-DW iyindawo yokusebenza. Kuyamangaza ukucabanga ukuthi kukhona ukuphindaphinda okukhulu idatha phakathi kwezimo ezimbili.
Ngempela umbono wokuqala abantu abaningi abanawo ngowokuswelakala okukhulu idatha phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kanye ne

Isandiso se-DW. Ukuhumusha okunjalo kukha phezulu futhi kukhombisa ukuntula ukuqonda okwenzeka ku-DW.
Eqinisweni kukhona ubuncane bokungadingeki idatha phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kanye i idatha kwe-DW. Cabangela lokhu okulandelayo: I idatha ziyahlungwa idatha ukuthi ushintshe usuke endaweni yokusebenza uye endaweni ye-DW. Abaningi idatha abalokothi baphumele ngaphandle kwendawo yokusebenza. Kuphela ukuthi i idatha okudingekayo ukuze kucutshungulwe i-DSS thola isiqondiso sazo endaweni

▪ umkhathizwe we idatha ihluke kakhulu endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye. THE idatha endaweni yokusebenza basha kakhulu. THE idatha ku-DW sebekhulile kakhulu. Ngokubuka nje komkhathizwe wesikhathi, kuncane kakhulu ukunqwabelana phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kanye ne-DW.

▪ I-DW iqukethe idatha isifinyezo esingakaze sibe semvelweni

▪ I idatha benza uguquko olubalulekile njengoba bedlulela kuMdwebo 3 ukhombisa ukuthi iningi le idatha zilungiswa ngokuphawulekayo inqobo nje uma zikhethiwe futhi ziyiswa ku-DW. Beka enye indlela, iningi le idatha ishintsha ngokomzimba nangokweqile njengoba iyiswa ku-DW. Ngokombono wokuhlanganisa awafani idatha abahlala endaweni yokusebenza. Njengoba kunikezwe lezi zici, ukuphindaphindeka kwe idatha phakathi kwalezizimo ezimbili kuyisenzakalo esiyivelakancane, esiholela ekudidekeni okungaphansi kuka-1% phakathi kwezimo ezimbili. ISAKHIWO SE-WAREHOUSE Ama-DW anesakhiwo esihlukile. Kunamazinga ahlukene esifinyezo kanye nemininingwane ehlukanisa ama-DW.
Izingxenye ezehlukene ze-DW yilezi:

• Metadata
• Dati yemininingwane yamanje
• Dati imininingwane endala
• Dati kufinyezwe kancane
• Dati kufingqiwe kakhulu

Kuze kube manje ukukhathazeka okukhulu kungokwa i idatha imininingwane yamanje. Kuwukukhathazeka okuyinhloko ngoba:

• I idatha Imininingwane yamanje ibonisa izehlakalo zakamuva, ezihlale zinentshisekelo enkulu futhi
• i idatha idatha yemininingwane yamanje inkulu ngoba igcinwa ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lobumbudumbudu kanye
• i idatha yemininingwane yamanje cishe ihlale igcinwa kumemori yediski, eshesha ukuyifinyelela, kodwa ebizayo futhi eyinkimbinkimbi evela ku-I idatha imininingwane emidala yile idatha ezigcinwe kwenye inkumbulo ye mass. Ifinyelelwa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi igcinwe ezingeni lemininingwane ehambisanayo idatha imininingwane yamanje. Nakuba kungaphoqelekile ukugcina kwenye indawo yokugcina, ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu we idatha ihlangene nokufinyelela okungavamile kwe idatha, inkumbulo medium for idatha yemininingwane emidala ngokuvamile ayigcinwa kudiski. THE idatha kufinyezwa kalula idatha ezihlanjululwa kusuka ezingeni eliphansi lemininingwane elitholiwe kuya ezingeni lamanje lemininingwane. Leli zinga le-DW cishe lihlala ligcinwe kumemori yediski. Izinkinga zokuklama ezethula kumakhi we idatha ekwakhiweni kwaleli zinga le-DW yilezi:

• Iyiphi iyunithi yesikhathi isifinyezo esenziwe ngenhla
• Yikuphi okuqukethwe, izimfanelo zizofingqa kancane okuqukethwe kwe idatha Izinga elilandelayo le idatha okutholakala ku-DW yileso sika idatha kufingqiwe kakhulu. THE idatha okufingqiwe kakhulu kuhlangene futhi kufinyeleleka kalula. THE idatha okufingqiwe kakhulu kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala endaweni ye-DW nakwamanye amacala i idatha okucatshangelwe kakhulu kutholakala ngaphandle kwezindonga eziseduze zobuchwepheshe obusingatha i-DW. (noma yikuphi, i idatha okufingqiwe kakhulu kuyingxenye ye-DW kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngikuphi idatha bahlaliswe ngokomzimba). Ingxenye yokugcina ye-DW ingxenye yemethadatha. Ezicini eziningi imethadatha ihlala endaweni ehlukile kunezinye idatha ye-DW, ngoba imethadatha ayiqukethe noma iyiphi idatha ethathwe ngqo endaweni yokusebenza. Imethadatha inendima ekhethekile nebaluleke kakhulu ku-DW. Imethadatha isetshenziswa njenge:

• uhla lwemibhalo ukusiza umhlaziyi we-DSS athole okuqukethwe yi-DW,
• umhlahlandlela wemephu idatha kanjani i idatha zishintshiwe zisuka endaweni yokusebenza zaya endaweni ye-DW,
• umhlahlandlela wama-algorithms asetshenziselwa ukufingqa phakathi kwe-i idatha imininingwane yamanje ei idatha kufinyezwe kancane, i idatha ngokufingqiwe kakhulu, i-Metadata idlala indima enkulu kakhulu endaweni ye-DW kunangaphambili endaweni yokusebenza. ISITOREJI SEMINININGWANE ENDALA I-Magnetic tape ingasetshenziswa ukugcina lolo hlobo lwe idatha. Ngempela kunenhlobonhlobo yemidiya yokugcina okufanele icatshangelwe ukugcina ezindala idatha imininingwane. Kuye ngevolumu ye idatha, imvamisa yokufinyelela, izindleko zamathuluzi kanye nohlobo lokufinyelela, kungenzeka ngokuphelele ukuthi amanye amathuluzi azodinga izinga elidala lemininingwane ku-DW. UKUHAMBA KWEDATHA Kukhona ukugeleza okuvamile nokubikezelwa konkulunkulu idatha ngaphakathi kwe-DW.
  I idatha bangena ku-DW besuka endaweni yokusebenza. (QAPHELA: Kukhona okuhlukile okuthakazelisa kakhulu kulo mthetho. Nokho, cishe zonke idatha faka i-DW usuka endaweni yokusebenza). Idatha ukuthi i idatha bangena ku-DW besuka endaweni yokusebenza, iguqulwa njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla. Inqobo nje uma ufaka i-DW, i idatha faka ileveli yamanje yemininingwane, njengoba kukhonjisiwe. Ihlala lapho futhi isetshenziswa kuze kube yilapho kwenzeka umcimbi owodwa kwezintathu:

• uyahlanzwa,
• kufinyezwa, kanye/noma ▪kuyinqubo ephelelwe yisikhathi ngaphakathi kwe-DW ihamba i idatha imininingwane yamanje a idatha imininingwane yakudala, ngokweminyaka ye idatha. Inqubo

isifinyezo sisebenzisa imininingwane ye idatha ukubala i idatha amazinga afingqiwe kancane futhi afingqiwe kakhulu idatha. Kukhona okuhlukile ekugelezeni okubonisiwe (kuzoxoxwa kamuva). Nokho, ngokuvamile, ngoba iningi idatha kutholakala ngaphakathi kwe-DW, umfudlana we idatha kunjengoba kuboniswe esithombeni.

UKUSEBENZISA I-DATAWAREHOUSE

Akumangazi ukuthi amazinga ahlukahlukene we idatha ngaphakathi kwe-DW awatholi amazinga ahlukene okusetshenziswa. Njengomthetho, izinga eliphezulu lokufingqa, kulapho i idatha ziyasetshenziswa.
Ukusetshenziswa okuningi kuyatholakala idatha ngokufingqiwe kakhulu, kuyilapho endala idatha imininingwane cishe awakaze asetshenziswe. Kunesizathu esihle sokushintshela inhlangano kumbono wokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza. Okunye okufingqiwe i idatha, kushesha nangempumelelo kakhulu ukufika ku- idatha. Uma a esitolo ithola ukuthi yenza ukucubungula okuningi kweleveli yemininingwane ye-DW, bese kusetshenziswa inani elikhulu ngokulinganayo lezinsiza zomshini. Kuzuzisa wonke umuntu ukucubungula izinga eliphezulu kangaka lesifinyezo ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ezitolo eziningi, kusetshenziswe umhlaziyi we-DSS ku-DW yangaphambi kwemvelo idatha ezingeni lemininingwane. Ezicini eziningi ukufika a idatha okuningiliziwe kubukeka njengengubo yokuvikela, nanoma amanye amazinga okufingqa etholakala. Omunye wemisebenzi yomakhi we idatha ukwesula umsebenzisi we-DSS ekusebenziseni njalo idatha ezingeni eliphansi lemininingwane. Kunezisusa ezimbili ezitholakala kumakhi idatha:

• ukufaka isistimu yokubuyisela emuva, lapho umsebenzisi wokugcina ekhokhela izinsiza ezisetshenzisiwe e
• okubonisa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphendula esihle kakhulu singatholakala lapho ukuziphatha nge i idatha isezingeni eliphezulu lokufingqa, kuyilapho isikhathi sokuphendula esingesihle sivela ekuziphatheni kwe- idatha ezingeni eliphansi le OLUNYE IZIMBONO Kukhona okunye okucatshangelwayo kokwakhiwa nokuphatha kwe-DW.
  Ukucatshangelwa kokuqala yilokho kwama-indices. THE idatha emazingeni aphezulu okufingqa zingakhonjwa ngokukhululekile, kuyilapho i idatha

emazingeni aphansi emininingwane makhulu kangangokuba angakhonjwa kancane. Kusukela kuphawu olufanayo, i idatha emazingeni aphezulu imininingwane ingahlelwa kabusha kalula, kuyilapho umthamo idatha emazingeni aphansi inkulu kangangokuthi i idatha azikwazi ukuvuselelwa kalula. Ngakho-ke, imodeli ye- idatha futhi umsebenzi osemthethweni owenziwe umklamo ubeka isisekelo se-DW esisetshenziswa cishe kuphela ezingeni lamanje lemininingwane. Ngamanye amazwi, imisebenzi yokumodela ye- idatha awasebenzi emazingeni okufingqa, cishe kuzo zonke izimo. Okunye okucatshangelwayo kwesakhiwo yilokho kokuhlukaniswa iziqephu kwe idatha ngu-DW.

Ukuhlukaniswa kungenziwa emazingeni amabili - ezingeni le dbms nasezingeni lesicelo. Esigabeni esisezingeni dbmsit dbms uyaziswa ngezigaba futhi uzilawula ngendlela efanele. Endabeni yokuhlukaniswa kwezinga lesicelo, ngumhleli kuphela owaziyo ngezigaba futhi umthwalo wabo wokuphatha ushiywe kuye.

Ngaphansi kwezinga dbms, umsebenzi omningi wenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kuningi ukungaguquguquki okuhambisana nokuzilawula kwezigaba. Endabeni yokusetshenziswa kwezinga lokuhlukaniswa kwe- idatha i-del indawo yokugcina idatha, umsebenzi omningi uwela kumklami, kodwa umphumela uwukuguquguquka ekulawuleni uhlelo idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha

NJALO ANOMALIE

Ngenkathi izingxenye ze- indawo yokugcina idatha sebenza njengoba kuchazwe cishe kubo bonke idatha, kukhona okuhlukile okuwusizo okudingeka kuxoxwe ngakho. Okuhlukile yilokho kwe idatha izifinyezo zomphakathi (idatha yesifinyezo somphakathi). Lezi izi idatha izifinyezo ezibalwe ngaphandle kwe indawo yokugcina idatha kodwa asetshenziswa umphakathi. THE idatha izifinyezo zomphakathi zigcinwa futhi ziphathwe ku indawo yokugcina idatha, nakuba njengoba kushiwo ngenhla zicatshangelwe. Ama-accountant asebenzela ukukhiqiza njalo ngekota idatha njengemali engenayo, izindleko zekota, inzuzo yekota, nokunye. Umsebenzi owenziwe ngababalisi ungaphandle kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Nokho, i idatha asetshenziswa “ngaphakathi” enkampanini - kusuka marketing, ukuthengisa, njll. Okunye okudidayo, okungeke kukhulunywe ngakho, yileso sika idatha ngaphandle.

Olunye uhlobo oluvelele lwe idatha engatholakala ku-a indawo yokugcina idatha yileyo yedatha yemininingwane engapheli. Lokhu kubangela isidingo sokugcina unomphela idatha ezingeni elinemininingwane ngezizathu zokuziphatha noma zomthetho. Uma inkampani iveza abasebenzi bayo ezintweni eziyingozi kunesidingo sayo idatha enemininingwane futhi unomphela. Uma inkampani ikhiqiza umkhiqizo obandakanya ukuphepha komphakathi, njengezingxenye zendiza, kunesidingo sokuba idatha imininingwane engapheli, kanye nokuthi inkampani ingena ezinkontilekeni eziyingozi.

Inkampani ayikwazi ukukhokhela ukungayinaki imininingwane ngoba eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, uma kwenzeka icala, ukukhumbula, iphutha lokwakha ingxabano, njll. ukuchayeka kwenkampani kungaba kukhulu. Ngenxa yalokho kukhona uhlobo oluyingqayizivele idatha eyaziwa njengedatha yemininingwane engapheli.

ISIFUNDO

Un indawo yokugcina idatha kuwukuhluka okuqondiswe entweni, okudidiyelwe, kwenkathi, iqoqo le idatha ezingaguquguquki ekusekeleni izidingo zokwenza izinqumo zokuphatha. Umsebenzi ngamunye obalulekile we-a indawo yokugcina idatha kunemiphumela yako. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona amazinga amane idatha i-del indawo yokugcina idatha:

• Imininingwane endala
• Imininingwane yamanje
• Dati kufinyezwe kancane
• Dati Imethadatha efingqiwe kakhulu nayo iyingxenye ebalulekile ye indawo yokugcina idatha. ABSTRACT Umqondo wokugcina we idatha isanda kuthola ukunakwa okukhulu futhi isiphenduke inkambiso yama-90s. Lokhu kungenxa yekhono le- indawo yokugcina idatha ukunqoba imikhawulo yezinhlelo zokusekela abaphathi njengezinhlelo zokusekela izinqumo (DSS) kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi oluphezulu (EIS). Nakuba umqondo we indawo yokugcina idatha kubukeka kuthembisa, sebenzisa i indawo yokugcina idatha kungaba yinkinga ngenxa yezinqubo ezinkulu zokugcinwa kwempahla. Naphezu kobunzima bemiklamo yokugcina impahla ye idatha, abahlinzeki abaningi nabeluleki abagcina isitoko idatha phikisa ukuthi ukugcinwa kwe idatha akukho nkinga. Kodwa-ke, ekuqaleni kwalo msebenzi wocwaningo, akukho ucwaningo oluzimele, oluqinile noluhlelekile olwake lwenziwa. Ngenxa yalokho kunzima ukusho ukuthi empeleni kwenzekani embonini uma zakhiwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Lolu cwaningo luhlole umkhuba wokugcinwa kwempahla we idatha Contemporaries okuhlose ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okucebile komkhuba wase-Australia. Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kunikeze umongo kanye nesisekelo socwaningo lwamaqiniso. Kunemiphumela eminingi evela kulolu cwaningo. Okokuqala, lolu cwaningo lwembula imisebenzi eyenzeka ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kocwaningo indawo yokugcina idatha. Ezindaweni eziningi, i idatha abaqoqiwe baqinisekisa umkhuba obikwa ezincwadini. Okwesibili, izingqinamba nezinkinga ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwe indawo yokugcina idatha bahlonzwe yilolu cwaningo. Ekugcineni, izinzuzo ezitholwe izinhlangano zase-Australia ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe indawo yokugcina idatha sembulwe.

Isahluko 1

Sesha umongo

Umqondo wokugcinwa kwedatha uthole ukuchayeka okusabalele futhi waba yinkambiso evelayo ngeminyaka yawo-90 (McFadden 1996, TDWI 1996, Shah and Milstein 1997, Shanks et al. 1997, Eckerson 1998, Adelman and Oates 2000). Lokhu kungabonakala enanini elikhulayo lama-athikili mayelana nokugcinwa kwedatha ekushicilelweni kwezohwebo (Little and Gibson 1999). Izihloko eziningi (bona, isibonelo, uFisher 1995, Hackathon 1995, Morris 1995a, Bramblett kanye neKing 1996, Graham et al. 1996, Sakaguchi noFrolick 1996, Alvarez 1997, Brousell 1997, 1997, Clarke1997, McCarthy 1997, McCarthy 1998, 1999 Donna, McCarthy Edwards XNUMX, TDWI XNUMX) babike izinzuzo ezibalulekile ezinhlanganweni ezisebenzisayo indawo yokugcina idatha. Basekele ithiyori yabo ngobufakazi obungajwayelekile bokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo, izibalo zembuyiselo ephezulu ku-investimenti (ROI), futhi, ngokunikeza imihlahlandlela noma izindlela zokuthuthukisa. indawo yokugcina idatha

(Shanks et al. 1997, Seddon and Benjamin 1998, Little and Gibson 1999). Esimweni esibi kakhulu, uGraham et al. (1996) ibike imbuyiselo eyisilinganiso ekutshalweni kwezimali kweminyaka emithathu kwama-401%.

Iningi lezincwadi zamanje, nokho, lishaye indiva ubunzima obuhilelekile ekwenzeni amaphrojekthi anjalo. Amaphrojekthi we indawo yokugcina idatha ngokuvamile ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinkulu ngakho-ke zithwala amathuba aphezulu okuhluleka uma zingalawulwa ngokucophelela (Shah and Milstein 1997, Eckerson 1997, Foley 1997b, Zimmer 1997, Bort 1998, Gibbs and Clymer 1998, Rao 1998). Zidinga inani elikhulu lakho kokubili izinsiza zabantu kanye nezezimali, isikhathi nomzamo wokuzakha (Hill 1998, Crofts 1998). Isikhathi esijwayelekile kanye nezindlela zezimali ezidingekayo cishe iminyaka emibili kanye nezigidi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu zamadola, ngokulandelana (Braly 1995, Foley 1997b, Bort 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). Lesi sikhathi kanye nezindlela zezimali ziyadingeka ukuze kulawulwe futhi kuhlanganiswe izici eziningi ezahlukene zokugcinwa kwedatha (Cafasso 1995, Hill 1998). Eceleni kwezingxenyekazi zekhompiyutha kanye nokucatshangelwa kwesoftware, eminye imisebenzi, ehluka ekukhishweni kwe idatha ezinqubweni zokulayisha ze idatha, umthamo wememori wokuphatha izibuyekezo kanye nemeta idatha ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi, kufanele kucatshangelwe.

Ngesikhathi iqala le phrojekthi yocwaningo, lwaluncane kakhulu ucwaningo lwezemfundo olwaluqhutshwa emkhakheni wokugcinwa kwedatha, ikakhulukazi e-Australia. Lokhu kubonakale ngokushoda kwama-athikili ashicilelwe mayelana nokugcinwa kwedatha ngamajenali noma eminye imibhalo yezemfundo yangaleso sikhathi. Iningi lemibhalo yezemfundo etholakalayo ichaze ulwazi lwase-US. Ukuntuleka kocwaningo lwezemfundo endaweni yokugcina idatha kubangele isidingo socwaningo oluqinile kanye nezifundo ezinobuhlakani (McFadden 1996, Shanks et al. 1997, Little and Gibson 1999). Ikakhulukazi, izifundo zocwaningo mayelana nenqubo yokuqaliswa indawo yokugcina idatha okudingeka kwenziwe ukuze kunwetshwe ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana nokuqaliswa indawo yokugcina idatha futhi izosebenza njengesisekelo socwaningo lwangomuso (Shanks et al. 1997, Little and Gibson 1999).

Ngakho-ke, inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuphenya ukuthi yini ngempela eyenzekayo uma izinhlangano zisebenzisa futhi zisebenzisa i indawo yokugcina idatha e-Australia. Ngokuqondile, lolu cwaningo luzobandakanya ukuhlaziya yonke inqubo yokuthuthukisa a indawo yokugcina idatha, kuqala ngokuqalisa nokuklama ngokuklama nokusebenzisa kanye nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano zase-Australia. Ukwengeza, ucwaningo luzophinde lube nomthelela ekwenzeni kwamanje ngokukhomba izindawo lapho ukuzijwayeza kungathuthukiswa khona futhi ukungasebenzi kanye nezingozi kungancishiswa noma kugwenywe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izosebenza njengesisekelo kwezinye izifundo ku indawo yokugcina idatha e-Australia futhi izovala igebe elikhona njengamanje ezincwadini.

Imibuzo yocwaningo

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukufunda imisebenzi ehilelekile ekuqalisweni kokusebenza indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo yizinhlangano zase-Australia. Ikakhulukazi, kucutshungulwa izici eziphathelene nokuhlelwa kwephrojekthi, ukuthuthukiswa, ukusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kanye nobungozi obuhilelekile. Ngakho umbuzo walolu cwaningo uthi:

“Unjani umkhuba wamanje we indawo yokugcina idatha e-Australia?"

Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo ngempumelelo, inqwaba yemibuzo yocwaningo engaphansi iyadingeka. Ikakhulukazi, kuhlonzwe imibuzo emincane emithathu emibhalweni eyethulwe esahlukweni sesi-2 ukuze kuqondiswe kulo msebenzi wocwaningo: indawo yokugcina idatha yizinhlangano zase-Australia? Yiziphi izinkinga okuhlangatshezwane nazo?

Yiziphi izinzuzo ezitholwayo?
Ekuphenduleni le mibuzo, kusetshenziswe idizayini yocwaningo lokuhlola esebenzisa inhlolovo. Njengocwaningo lokuhlola, izimpendulo zemibuzo engenhla aziphelele (Shanks et al. 1993, Denscombe 1998). Kulokhu, unxantathu othile uyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimpendulo zale mibuzo. Kodwa-ke, inhlolovo izohlinzeka ngesisekelo esiqinile somsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo wokuhlola le mibuzo. Ingxoxo eningiliziwe yokulungiswa kwendlela yocwaningo nokuklanywa kwethulwe esahlukweni sesi-3.

Isakhiwo sephrojekthi yocwaningo

Le phrojekthi yocwaningo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: ucwaningo lwesimo somqondo wokugcinwa kwedatha kanye nocwaningo olunamandla (bheka uMdwebo 1.1), ngayinye exoxwa ngayo ngezansi.

Ingxenye I: Isifundo somongo

Ingxenye yokuqala yocwaningo ibihlanganisa ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi zamanje ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokugcinwa kwedatha okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokusekela izinqumo (DSS), amasistimu olwazi oluphezulu (EIS), izifundo zecala indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nemiqondo ye indawo yokugcina idatha. Futhi, imiphumela izinkundla on indawo yokugcina idatha kanye namaqembu emihlangano yongoti nabasebenzi aholwa yiqembu le-Monash DSS locwaningo, aba nesandla kulesi sigaba socwaningo obekuhloswe ngaso ukuthola ukuqonda mayelana nokusebenza indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nokuhlonza izingozi ezihilelekile ekuthathweni kwabo. Ngalesi sikhathi socwaningo lwesimo, ukuqondwa kwendawo yenkinga kwasungulwa ukuze kuhlinzekwe isisekelo solwazi sophenyo lwakamuva. Nokho, lokhu bekuyinqubo eqhubekayo njengoba kwenziwa ucwaningo.

Ingxenye II: Ucwaningo lwe-Empical

Umqondo omusha ngokuqhathaniswa wokugcinwa kwedatha, ikakhulukazi e-Australia, udale isidingo senhlolovo ukuze uthole isithombe esibanzi solwazi lokusebenzisa. Le ngxenye yenziwa lapho isizinda senkinga sesisungulwe ngokubuyekezwa okubanzi kwezincwadi. Umqondo wokugcinwa kwedatha owakhiwe phakathi nesigaba socwaningo lwesimo wasetshenziswa njengokufakwa kuhlu lwemibuzo lokuqala lwalolu cwaningo. Ngemva kwalokhu, uhlu lwemibuzo lwabuyekezwa. Ingabe uchwepheshe ku indawo yokugcina idatha wahlanganyela esivivinyweni. Inhloso yokuhlola uhlu lwemibuzo lokuqala kwakuwukuhlola ukuphelela nokunemba kwemibuzo. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa, uhlu lwemibuzo lushintshiwe futhi inguqulo elungisiwe yathunyelwa nge-imeyili kubahlanganyeli benhlolovo. Uhlu lwemibuzo olubuyisiwe lwabe seluhlaziywa ukuze i idatha kumathebula, imidwebo, nezinye izakhiwo. THE

ukuhlaziya imiphumela ye idatha yenza isifinyezo somkhuba wokugcina idatha e-Australia.

UKUBUKEZWA KOKUGCINA IDATHA

Umqondo wokugcinwa kwedatha uthuthuke ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.
Kuhloswe ngayo ukunqoba izinkinga ezihlangatshezwana namaqembu okusekela izicelo ezifana ne-Decision Support System (DSS) kanye ne-Executive Information System (EIS).

Esikhathini esedlule isithiyo esikhulu salezi zinhlelo zokusebenza kube ukungakwazi kwalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ukunikeza a isisekelo sedatha okudingekayo ekuhlaziyeni.
Lokhu kudalwa ikakhulukazi uhlobo lomsebenzi wabaphathi. Izintshisekelo zabaphathi benkampani ziyahlukahluka njalo kuye ngendawo ekhavwe. Ngakho-ke i idatha okuyisisekelo kulezi zicelo kumele ikwazi ukushintsha ngokushesha kuye ngengxenye okufanele ilashwe.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi i idatha kufanele itholakale ngendlela efanele ukuze kuhlaziywe okudingekile. Eqinisweni, amaqembu okusekela izinhlelo zokusebenza akuthola kunzima kakhulu esikhathini esidlule ukuqoqa nokuhlanganisa idatha kusuka emithonjeni eyinkimbinkimbi nehlukahlukene.

Ingxenye esele yalesi sigaba iveza isifinyezo somqondo wokugcinwa kwedatha futhi idingida ukuthi kanjani indawo yokugcina idatha inganqoba izinkinga zamaqembu okusekela izicelo.
Igama elithi “Indawo Yokugcina imininingwaneyathandwa nguWilliam Inmon ngo-1990. Incazelo yakhe evame ukucashunwa ibona Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane njengeqoqo le idatha okugxile esifundweni, okudidiyelwe, okungaguquki, nokuguquguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ekusekeleni izinqumo zokuphatha.

Ngokusebenzisa le ncazelo u-Inmon uveza ukuthi i idatha uhlala e indawo yokugcina idatha kumele ibe nalezi zimpawu ezi-4 ezilandelayo:

• ▪ Igxile esihlokweni
• ▪ Kuhlanganiswe
• ▪ Ayiguquki
• ▪ Ukuguquguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi Nge-Inmon egxile esihlokweni kusho ukuthi i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha ezindaweni ezinkulu zenhlangano ezike zaba khona

kuchazwe kumodeli idatha. Isibonelo konke idatha mayelana ne amakhasimende aqukethwe endaweni yesifundo Amakhasimende. Ngokufanayo bonke idatha okuhlobene nemikhiqizo kuqukethwe endaweni yesihloko PRODUCTS.

Nge-Integrated Inmon kusho ukuthi i idatha kusuka kumapulatifomu ahlukene, amasistimu nezindawo kuhlanganiswe futhi kugcinwe endaweni eyodwa. Ngenxa yalokho idatha ezifanayo kufanele ziguqulwe zibe amafomethi angaguquki ukuze zengezwe futhi ziqhathaniswe kalula.
Isibonelo, ubulili besilisa nobesifazane bumelwe ngezinhlamvu u-M no-F ohlelweni olulodwa, futhi ngo-1 no-0 kwenye. Ukuze uwahlanganise kahle, ifomethi eyodwa noma womabili kufanele aguqulwe ukuze amafomethi amabili alingane. Kulokhu singashintsha u-M siye ku-1 futhi F siye ku-0 noma ngokuphambene nalokho. Okugxile esihlokweni futhi Okudidiyelwe kukhombisa ukuthi i indawo yokugcina idatha yakhelwe ukuhlinzeka ngombono osebenzayo novundlayo we idatha ngenkampani.

Ngokungaguquguquki usho ukuthi i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha uhlale uvumelana futhi ubuyekeze idatha akudingekile. Kunalokho, noma yiluphi ushintsho ku- idatha okwangempela kwengezwe kuyo database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isazi somlando we idatha iqukethwe ku indawo yokugcina idatha.

Eziguquguqukayo ngesikhathi i-Inmon ikhombisa ukuthi i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha njalo iqukethe izinkomba ze-tempo ei idatha ngokuvamile bawela umkhathizwe wesikhathi esithile. Ngokwesibonelo a
indawo yokugcina idatha ingaqukatha iminyaka emi-5 yamagugu omlando we amakhasimende kusukela ngo-1993 kuya ku-1997. Ukutholakala komlando kanye nochungechunge lwesikhathi lwe idatha ikuvumela ukuthi uhlaziye amathrendi.

Un indawo yokugcina idatha angakwazi ukuqoqa okwakhe idatha kusuka kumasistimu we-OLTP; kusuka kwimvelaphi idatha ngaphandle kwenhlangano kanye/noma kwamanye amaphrojekthi wesistimu yokucupha akhethekile idatha.
I idatha okukhishwe kungadlula inqubo yokuhlanza, kulokhu i idatha ziyaguqulwa futhi zihlanganiswe ngaphambi kokugcinwa ku database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha. Bese, i idatha

abahlala ngaphakathi database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha zenziwa zitholakale ekungeneni komsebenzisi wokugcina namathuluzi okuthola kabusha. Ngokusebenzisa la mathuluzi umsebenzisi wokugcina angafinyelela umbono ohlanganisiwe wenhlangano ye idatha.

I idatha abahlala ngaphakathi database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha zigcinwa kuzo zombili izakhiwo ezinemininingwane kanye nezifinyezo.
Izinga lesifinyezo lingancika kuhlobo lwe idatha. I idatha okuningiliziwe kungase kuhlanganise idatha zamanje kanye idatha izazi-mlando
I idatha real azifakiwe ku indawo yokugcina idatha kuze kube i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha ziyabuyekezwa.
Ngaphezu kokugcina i- idatha ngokwabo, a indawo yokugcina idatha futhi ingagcina uhlobo oluhlukile lwe idatha ebizwa nge-METADATA echaza i idatha ehlala endlini yakhe database.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemethadatha: imethadatha yokuthuthukiswa kanye nemethadatha yokuhlaziya.
Imethadatha yokuthuthukisa isetshenziselwa ukuphatha nokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo izinqubo zokukhipha, ukuhlanza, ukudwetshwa kwemephu nokulayisha idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ulwazi oluqukethwe kumethadatha yokuthuthukiswa lungaqukatha imininingwane yezinhlelo zokusebenza, imininingwane yezinto okufanele zikhishwe, imodeli idatha i-del indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nemithetho yebhizinisi yokuguqula idatha idatha.

Uhlobo lwesibili lwemethadatha, olwaziwa ngokuthi imethadatha yezibalo luvumela umsebenzisi wokugcina ukuthi ahlole okuqukethwe kwe- indawo yokugcina idatha ukuthola i idatha ezitholakalayo nencazelo yazo ngamagama acacile, angewona awobuchwepheshe.

Ngakho-ke imethadatha yezibalo isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwe- indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zabasebenzisi bokugcina. Le metadata ingaqukatha imodeli yebhizinisi, izincazelo ze idatha okuhambisana nemodeli yebhizinisi, imibuzo echazwe ngaphambilini nemibiko, ulwazi lokufinyelela komsebenzisi kanye nenkomba.

Imethadatha yokuhlaziya nentuthuko kufanele ihlanganiswe ibe imethadatha eyodwa ehlanganisiwe yokuqukatha ukuze isebenze kahle.

Ngeshwa amathuluzi amaningi akhona anemethadatha yawo futhi okwamanje awekho amazinga akhona alokho

vumela amathuluzi okugcina idatha ukuze ahlanganise le methadatha. Ukuze kulungiswe lesi simo abathengisi abaningi bamathuluzi okugcina idatha ahamba phambili bakha i-Meta Data Council kamuva eyaba i-Meta Data Coalition.

Umgomo wale mfelandawonye uwukwakha isethi evamile yemethadatha evumela amathuluzi ahlukene okugcina idatha ukuze aguqule imethadatha.
Imizamo yabo yaholela ekuzalweni kwe-Meta Data Interchange Specification (MDIS) ezovumela ukushintshaniswa kolwazi phakathi kwezingobo zomlando ze-Microsoft namafayela e-MDIS ahlobene.

Ubukhona be idatha kokubili okufingqiwe/okunenkomba futhi kunemininingwane, kunikeza umsebenzisi ithuba lokwenza i-DRILL DROWN (ukugaya) kusuka idatha kukhonjiswe kwenemininingwane futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ubukhona be idatha umlando onemininingwane uvumela ukudalwa kokuhlaziywa kwethrendi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho imethadatha yokuhlaziya ingasetshenziswa njengohlu lwemibhalo database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha ukusiza abasebenzisi bokugcina bathole i idatha okudingekayo.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ze-OLTP, namandla azo okusekela ukuhlaziywa kwe idatha kanye nokubika, i indawo yokugcina idatha kubonakala njengohlelo olufaneleka kakhulu lwezinqubo zolwazi olunjengokwenza nokuphendula imibuzo nokukhiqiza imibiko. Isigaba esilandelayo sizogqamisa umehluko wezinhlelo ezimbili ngokuningiliziwe.

I-DATA WAREHOUSE NGOKUPHAMBENE NE-OLTP SYSTEMS

Iningi lezinhlelo zolwazi ezinhlanganweni zenzelwe ukusekela imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Lawa masistimu aziwa ngokuthi OLTP SYSTEMS, athwebula okwenziwayo kwansuku zonke okubuyekezwa ngokuqhubekayo.

I idatha ngaphakathi kwalezi zinhlelo zivame ukuguqulwa, zengezwe noma zisuswe. Isibonelo, ikheli lekhasimende liyashintsha njengoba lisuka endaweni liya kwenye. Kulokhu ikheli elisha lizobhaliswa ngokulungisa inkambu yekheli elithi database. Inhloso eyinhloko yalezi zinhlelo ukunciphisa izindleko zokuthengiselana futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunciphisa izikhathi zokucubungula. Izibonelo Zezinhlelo ze-OLTP zifaka phakathi izenzo ezibucayi ezifana nokubhalwa kwe-oda, ukukhokhelwa, ama-invoyisi, ukukhiqiza, isevisi yamakhasimende. amakhasimende.

Ngokungafani nezinhlelo ze-OLTP, ezidalelwe ukuthengiselana kanye nezinqubo ezisuselwe kumcimbi, i indawo yokugcina idatha zakhiwe ukuze zinikeze ukwesekwa kwenqubo okusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni idatha nangezinqubo zokuthatha izinqumo.

Lokhu kuvame ukufezwa ngokuhlanganisa i idatha kusuka kumasistimu ahlukahlukene we-OLTP nangaphandle “kusitsha” esisodwa se idatha, njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho esigabeni esandulele.

Imodeli Yenqubo Yokugcinwa Kwedatha ye-Monash

Imodeli yenqubo ye indawo yokugcina idatha I-Monash yathuthukiswa abacwaningi eMonash DSS Research Group futhi isekelwe ezincwadini ze indawo yokugcina idatha, ulwazi lwezinhlelo zokusekela zokuthuthukisa izinkambu, izingxoxo nabathengisi bezicelo ezizosetshenziswa indawo yokugcina idatha, eqenjini lochwepheshe ekusetshenzisweni kwe indawo yokugcina idatha.

Izigaba yilezi: UkuQalisa, Ukuhlela, Ukuthuthukiswa, Ukusebenza kanye Nencazelo. Umdwebo uchaza imvelo ephindaphindayo noma yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yokwakha a indawo yokugcina idatha inqubo usebenzisa imicibisholo yezindlela ezimbili ezibekwe phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene. Kulo mongo "okuphindaphindayo" kanye "nokuguquguquka" kusho ukuthi, esinyathelweni ngasinye senqubo, imisebenzi yokuqaliswa ingaqhubekela phambili emuva esigabeni sangaphambilini. Lokhu kungenxa yemvelo yephrojekthi indawo yokugcina idatha lapho izicelo ezingeziwe zomsebenzisi wokugcina zenzeka noma kunini. Isibonelo, phakathi nesigaba sokuthuthukisa senqubo indawo yokugcina idathaUma usayizi wesihloko omusha noma indawo iceliwe umsebenzisi wokugcina, ebingeyona ingxenye yohlelo lwangempela, kufanele yengezwe ohlelweni. Lokhu kubangela ushintsho kuphrojekthi. Umphumela wukuthi ithimba lokuklama kufanele liguqule izidingo zemibhalo edalwe kuze kube manje phakathi nesigaba sokuklama. Ezimweni eziningi, isimo samanje sephrojekthi kufanele sibuyele esigabeni sokuklama lapho imfuneko entsha kufanele yengezwe futhi ibhalwe phansi. Umsebenzisi wokugcina kufanele akwazi ukubona imibhalo ethile ebuyekeziwe kanye nezinguquko ezenziwe esigabeni sokuthuthukisa. Ekupheleni kwalo mjikelezo wokuthuthukisa, iphrojekthi idinga ukuthola impendulo enhle kuwo womabili amaqembu okuthuthukisa kanye nabasebenzisi. Impendulo ibe isisetshenziswa kabusha ukuze kuthuthukiswe iphrojekthi yesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuhlela amandla
I-dw ijwayele ukuba nkulu kakhulu ngosayizi futhi ikhule ngokushesha okukhulu (Okungcono kakhulu 1995, Rudin 1997a) ngenxa yenani le idatha umlando abawugcina kusukela esikhathini sabo. Ukukhula kungabangelwa futhi idatha izengezo ezicelwe abasebenzisi ukukhulisa inani lazo idatha ukuthi asebenawo. Ngenxa yalokho, izimfuneko zokugcina ze idatha ingathuthukiswa kakhulu (Eckerson 1997). Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa, ngokuqhuba ukuhlelwa kwamandla, ukuthi uhlelo oluzokwakhiwa lungakhula njengoba izidingo zikhula (Best 1995, LaPlante 1996, Lang 1997, Eckerson 1997, Rudin 1997a, Foley 1997a).
Ekuhleleni ukulinganisa kwe-warehouse yedatha, umuntu kufanele azi ukukhula okulindelekile kusayizi we-warehouse, izinhlobo zemibuzo okungenzeka yenziwe, kanye nenani labasebenzisi bokugcina abasekelwayo (Okuhle kakhulu 1995, Rudin 1997b, Foley 1997a). Ukwakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaka kudinga inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe beseva obunokwethenjelwa kanye namasu okuklama uhlelo lokusebenza (Okungcono kakhulu 1995, Rudin 1997b. Kokubili kuyadingeka ekwakheni uhlelo lokusebenza olungaka kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe beseva esheshayo bungenza kube lula futhi kubize ngempumelelo ukwengeza isitoreji, inkumbulo ne-CPU ngaphandle ukusebenza okwehlisa isithunzi (Lang 1997, Telephony 1997).

Kunobuchwepheshe beseva obubili obuyinhloko: ukucutshungulwa okuningi kwe-symmetric (SMP) kanye nokucubungula okuhambisanayo okukhulu (MPP) (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Iseva ye-SMP ngokuvamile inamaphrosesa amaningi abelana ngenkumbulo, amabhasi esistimu, nezinye izinsiza (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Amaphrosesa engeziwe angengezwa ukuze athuthukise amandla okokubala. Enye indlela yokwandisa ivolumu amandla Ukubalwa kweseva ye-SMP, ukuhlanganisa imishini eminingi ye-SMP. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi i-clustering (Humphries et al. 1999). Iseva ye-MPP, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inamaphrosesa amaningi ngayinye enenkumbulo yayo, isistimu yebhasi, nezinye izinsiza (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Iprosesa ngayinye ibizwa ngokuthi i-node. Ukwanda kwe- amandla computational ingatholakala

ukwengeza ama-node engeziwe kumaseva e-MPP (Humphries et al. 1999).

Ubuthaka bamaseva e-SMP ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi ye-Input-output (I/O) ingaminyanisa isistimu yebhasi (IDC 1997). Le nkinga ayenzeki phakathi kwamaseva e-MPP njengoba iphrosesa ngayinye inesistimu yayo yamabhasi. Kodwa-ke, ukuxhumana phakathi kwenodi ngayinye ngokuvamile kuhamba kancane kunesistimu yebhasi ye-SMP. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaseva e-MPP angangeza isendlalelo esengeziwe sobunzima kubathuthukisi bohlelo lokusebenza (IDC 1997). Ngakho-ke, ukukhetha phakathi kwamaseva e-SMP kanye ne-MPP kungathonywa izici eziningi, okuhlanganisa ubunkimbinkimbi bezinhlelo zokusebenza, isilinganiso senani/ukusebenza, ukuphuma okudingekayo, izinhlelo ze-dw ezivinjiwe kanye nokwenyuka kosayizi wezinhlelo zokusebenza. database ye-dw kanye nenani labasebenzisi bokugcina.

Kungasetshenziswa izindlela eziningi zokuklama izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinhlelweni zamandla. Umuntu usebenzisa izikhathi ezahlukene zokubika njengezinsuku, amasonto, izinyanga neminyaka. Ukuba nezikhathi zezaziso ezahlukahlukene, i database zingahlukaniswa zibe izingcezu ezihlelwe kahle (Inmon et al. 1997). Enye indlela ukusebenzisa amathebula esifinyezo akhiwa ngokufingqa idatha da idatha okuningiliziwe. Ngakho, i idatha izifinyezo zihlangene kakhulu kunemininingwane, edinga isikhala esincane sememori. Ngakho i idatha imininingwane ingafakwa kungobo yomlando endaweni yokugcina engabizi kakhulu, egcina isitoreji esengeziwe. Nakuba ukusebenzisa amathebula esifinyezo kungagcina indawo yokugcina, adinga umzamo omkhulu ukuze uwagcine ekhona futhi ehambisana nezidingo zebhizinisi. Kodwa-ke, le nqubo isetshenziswa kabanzi futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nendlela yangaphambilini (Okungcono Kakhulu 1995, Inmon 1996a, Chauduri kanye noDayal.
1997).

Ukuchaza Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane I-Technical Architectures Incazelo yamasu ezakhiwo ze-dw

Abamukela kuqala ukugcinwa kwedatha bacabange ngokuyinhloko ukuqaliswa kwe-warehouse yedatha okumaphakathi lapho konke idatha, kuhlanganise i idatha zangaphandle, zahlanganiswa zaba yinye,
inqolobane ebonakalayo (Inmon 1996a, Bresnahan 1996, Peacock 1998).

Inzuzo enkulu yale ndlela ukuthi abasebenzisi bokugcina bayakwazi ukufinyelela ukubuka okubanzi kwebhizinisi kwe idatha inhlangano (Ovum 1998). Okunye okuhlanganisayo ukuthi inikeza ukujwayelekile kwe idatha kuyo yonke inhlangano, okusho ukuthi kunenguqulo eyodwa kuphela noma incazelo yetemu ngalinye elisetshenziswa kumethadatha yenqolobane (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998). Ububi bale ndlela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi iyabiza futhi kunzima ukuyakha (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998, Inmon et al. 1998). Kungekudala ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwesitoreji idatha i-centralized yaduma, umqondo wokumbiwa kwezingxenye ezincane zonkulunkulu wavela idatha ukusekela izidingo zezicelo ezithile (Varney 1996, IDC 1997, Berson and Smith 1997, peacock 1998). Lezi zinhlelo ezincane zithathwe kwenkulu indawo yokugcina idatha emaphakathi. Aqanjwe ngamagama indawo yokugcina idatha amamaki edatha womnyango noma wesisebenzi. I-data mart architecture encikile yaziwa ngokuthi i-architecture enezigaba ezintathu lapho isigaba sokuqala siqukethe indawo yokugcina idatha emaphakathi, eyesibili iqukethe amadiphozithi we idatha yomnyango kanti eyesithathu ihlanganisa ukufinyelela idatha nangamathuluzi okuhlaziya (Demarest 1994, Inmon et al. 1997).

Ama-data marts ngokuvamile akhiwa ngemva kwe- indawo yokugcina idatha i-centralized yakhiwe ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo zamayunithi athile (White 1995, Varney 1996).
Isitolo sedatha yemakethe i idatha efanele kumayunithi athile (Inmon et al. 1997, Inmon et al. 1998, IA 1998).

Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi ngeke kube khona idatha akuhlanganisiwe nokuthi i idatha izoba ncane kakhulu phakathi kwama-data marts kusukela kuzo zonke idatha zivela kwidiphozithi ye idatha kuhlanganisiwe. Enye inzuzo ukuthi kuzoba nezixhumanisi ezimbalwa phakathi kwe-data mart ngayinye nemithombo yayo idatha ngoba i-data mart ngayinye inomthombo owodwa kuphela idatha. Kanye nalesi sakhiwo esisendaweni, abasebenzisi bokugcina basengakwazi ukufinyelela i- idatha

izinhlangano zezinkampani. Le ndlela yaziwa ngokuthi indlela ephezulu-phansi, lapho ama-data marts akhiwa khona ngemva kwe- indawo yokugcina idatha (ipigogo 1998, Goff 1998).
Ukwandisa isidingo sokubonisa imiphumela kusenesikhathi, ezinye izinhlangano seziqalile ukwakha ama-data marts ezimele (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, White 2000). Kulokhu, ama-data mart athola awabo idatha iqonde kusukela kwezisekelo ze idatha I-OLTP kanye ne-non-OLTP kusuka endaweni yokugcina izinto emaphakathi nedidiyelwe, ngaleyo ndlela kuqedwe isidingo senqolobane emaphakathi endaweni.

I-data mart ngayinye idinga okungenani isixhumanisi esisodwa semithombo yayo idatha. Okubi okukodwa kokuba nezixhumanisi eziningi kudatha yedatha ngayinye ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo ezimbili zangaphambilini, ukuchichima kwe idatha ukwanda kakhulu.

Yonke i-data mart kufanele igcine zonke idatha okudingekayo endaweni ukuthi kungabi nomthelela ezinhlelweni ze-OLTP. Lokhu kubangela i idatha agcinwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zedatha (Inmon et al. 1997). Okunye okungalungile kwalesi sakhiwo ukuthi kuholela ekudalweni kokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwama-data mart kanye nemithombo yawo yedatha. idatha okunzima ukukusebenzisa nokulawula (Inmon et al. 1997).

Okunye okungalungile ukuthi abasebenzisi bokugcina bangase bangakwazi ukufinyelela uhlolojikelele lwemininingwane yenkampani ngoba i idatha amamathe edatha ahlukene awahlanganisiwe (Ovum 1998).
Okunye futhi okungalungile ukuthi kungase kube nencazelo engaphezu kweyodwa yegama ngalinye elisetshenziswa kuma-data marts akhiqiza ukungqubuzana kwedatha. idatha enhlanganweni (Ovum 1998).
Naphezu kokungalungi okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, ama-data marts azimele asadonsa intshisekelo yezinhlangano eziningi (IDC 1997). Esinye isici esibenza bathandeke ukuthi bayashesha ukukhula futhi badinga isikhathi esincane nezinsiza (Bresnahan 1996, Berson and Smith 1997, Ovum 1998). Ngenxa yalokho, zisebenza ngokuyinhloko njengemiklamo yokuhlola engasetshenziswa ukuhlonza ngokushesha izinzuzo kanye/noma amaphutha ekwakhiweni (Parsaye 1995, Braly 1995, Newing 1996). Kulokhu, ingxenye ezosetshenziswa kuphrojekthi yokuhlola kufanele ibe yincane kodwa ibaluleke enhlanganweni (Newing 1996, Mansell-Lewis 1996).

Ngokuhlola i-prototype, abasebenzisi bokugcina nabaphathi banganquma ukuthi baqhubeke noma bamise iphrojekthi (Flanagan noSafdie 1997).
Uma isinqumo sizoqhubeka, izimakethe zedatha zezinye izimboni kufanele zakhiwe eyodwa ngesikhathi. Kunezinketho ezimbili zabasebenzisi bokugcina ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zabo ekwakheni ama-data matrs azimele: okuhlanganisiwe/okuhlanganisiwe nokungahlanganisiwe (Ovum 1998)

Ngendlela yokuqala, i-data mart ngayinye entsha kufanele yakhiwe ngokusekelwe kumathethi wedatha wamanje kanye nemodeli idatha esetshenziswa yifemu (Varney 1996, Berson and Smith 1997, Peacock 1998). Isidingo sokusebenzisa imodeli idatha yebhizinisi kusho ukuthi umuntu kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi kunencazelo eyodwa kuphela yegama ngalinye elisetshenziswa kuwo wonke ama-data mart, futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-data marts ahlukene angahlanganiswa ukuze anikeze isifinyezo solwazi lwebhizinisi (Bresnahan 1996). Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuya phezulu futhi isetshenziswa kangcono uma kunezingqinamba ezindleleni zezezimali nesikhathi (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998, peacock 1998, Goff 1998). Endleleni yesibili, ama-mart data akhiwe anganelisa kuphela izidingo zeyunithi ethile. Okuhlukile kwe-federated data mart yi indawo yokugcina idatha isatshalaliswa lapho i database i-hub server middleware isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa ama-data marts amaningi endaweni yokugcina eyodwa idatha kusatshalaliswa (White 1995). Kulokhu, i idatha amabhizinisi asatshalaliswa kuma-data mart amaningana. Izicelo zomsebenzisi wokugcina zidluliselwa ku database hub server middleware, ekhipha konke idatha ecelwe ama-data mart futhi ubuyisele imiphumela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zabasebenzisi bokugcina. Le ndlela inikeza ulwazi lwebhizinisi kubasebenzisi bokugcina. Nokho, izinkinga zama-data mart ezimele azikaqedwa. Kukhona enye i-architecture engasetshenziswa ebizwa ngokuthi indawo yokugcina idatha virtual (White 1995). Kodwa-ke, lesi sakhiwo, esivezwe kuMfanekiso 2.9, akusona isakhiwo sokugcina idatha. idatha okwangempela njengoba ingawususi umthwalo usuka kumasistimu we-OLTP uye indawo yokugcina idatha (Demarest 1994).

Eqinisweni, izicelo ze idatha ngabasebenzisi bokugcina badluliselwa kumasistimu e-OLTP abuyisela imiphumela ngemva kokucubungula izicelo zabasebenzisi. Nakuba lesi sakhiwo sivumela abasebenzisi bokugcina ukuthi bakhiqize imibiko futhi benze izicelo, ngeke bakwazi ukunikeza i

idatha umlando kanye nesifinyezo solwazi lwenkampani kusukela i idatha njengoba amasistimu e-OLTP ahlukene awahlanganisiwe. Ngakho-ke, lesi sakhiwo asikwazi ukwanelisa ukuhlaziywa kwe idatha njengezibikezelo.

Ukukhethwa kokufinyelela kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthola idatha idatha

Inhloso yokwakha a indawo yokugcina idatha iwukudlulisa ulwazi kubasebenzisi bokugcina (Inmon et al. 1997, Poe 1996, McFadden 1996, Shanks et al. 1997, Hammergren 1998); isicelo esisodwa noma eziningi zokufinyelela nokuthola idatha kumele ihlinzekwe. Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ezinjalo umsebenzisi angakhetha kuzo (Hammergren 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethiwe zinquma impumelelo yomzamo wokugcinwa kwempahla idatha enhlanganweni ngoba izicelo ziyingxenye ebonakalayo kakhulu ye indawo yokugcina idatha kumsebenzisi wokugcina (Inmon et al. 1997, Poe 1996). Ukuphumelela a indawo yokugcina idatha, kufanele ikwazi ukusekela imisebenzi yokuhlaziya idatha idatha yomsebenzisi wokugcina (Poe 1996, Seddon and Benjamin 1998, Eckerson 1999). Ngakho-ke "izinga" lalokho umsebenzisi wokugcina akufunayo kufanele likhonjwe (Poe 1996, Mattison 1996, Inmon et al. 1997, Humphries et al. 1999).

Ngokuvamile, abasebenzisi bokugcina bangahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu: abasebenzisi abakhulu, abahlaziyi bebhizinisi kanye nabasebenzisi bamandla (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Abasebenzisi abakhulu badinga ukufinyelela okulula kumasethi achazwe ngaphambilini emibiko (Humphries et al. 1999). Le mibiko ingafinyelelwa kalula ngokuzulazula kwemenyu (Poe 1996). Ukwengeza, imibiko kufanele yethule ulwazi kusetshenziswa ukumelwa okunemifanekiso njengamathebula nezifanekiso ukuze kudluliselwe ulwazi ngokushesha (Humphries et al. 1999). Abahlaziyi bebhizinisi, okungenzeka bangabi nawo amakhono obuchwepheshe okwenza imibiko kusukela ekuqaleni bebodwa, kudingeka bakwazi ukulungisa imibiko yamanje ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zabo ezithile (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Abasebenzisi bamandla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bawuhlobo lomsebenzisi wokugcina onekhono lokukhiqiza nokubhala izicelo nemibiko kusukela ekuqaleni (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Yibo labo

bakha ubudlelwano kwezinye izinhlobo zabasebenzisi (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999).

Uma izidingo zomsebenzisi wokugcina sezinqunyiwe, ukukhethwa kokufinyelela nokuthola izicelo kufanele kwenziwe idatha phakathi kwazo zonke ezitholakalayo (Poe 1996, Inmon et al. 1997).
Ukufinyelela ku idatha namathuluzi okubuyisa angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezi-4: ithuluzi le-OLAP, ithuluzi le-EIS/DSS, ithuluzi lokubuza nelokubika, kanye nethuluzi lokumba idatha.

Amathuluzi e-OLAP avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhe imibuzo yesikhangiso kanye naleyo eyenziwe kukhompyutha database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha. Ukwengeza, le mikhiqizo ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baphume idatha jikelele kuya enemininingwane.

Amathuluzi e-EIS/DSS ahlinzeka ngokubika okuphezulu njengokuthi “kuthiwani uma” ukuhlaziya kanye nokufinyelela kumibiko eqhutshwa yimenyu. Imibiko kufanele ichazwe kusengaphambili futhi ihlanganiswe namamenyu ukuze kube lula ukuzulazula.
Amathuluzi ombuzo nokubika avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhiqize imibiko echazwe ngaphambilini neqondile.

Amathuluzi okumbiwa kwedatha asetshenziselwa ukukhomba ubudlelwano obunganikeza ukukhanya okusha emisebenzini ekhohliwe idatha we-warehouse yedatha.

Ngokuhambisana nokuthuthukisa izidingo zohlobo ngalunye lomsebenzisi, amathuluzi akhethiwe kufanele abe enembile, asebenze kahle futhi kube lula ukuwasebenzisa. Badinga futhi ukuhambisana nezinye izingxenye zezakhiwo futhi bakwazi ukusebenza nezinhlelo ezikhona. Kuphinde kuphakanyiswe ukukhetha ukufinyelela kwedatha namathuluzi okubuyisa anenani elifanele nokusebenza. Ezinye izimo okufanele zicatshangelwe zihlanganisa ukuzibophezela komthengisi ekusekeleni umkhiqizo wabo kanye nentuthuko ezoba nayo ekukhishweni okuzayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzibandakanya komsebenzisi ekusebenziseni inqolobane yedatha, ithimba lokuthuthukisa libandakanya abasebenzisi kunqubo yokukhetha amathuluzi. Kulokhu, ukuhlolwa okungokoqobo komsebenzisi kufanele kwenziwe.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe inani lenqolobane yedatha ithimba labathuthukisi linganikeza ukufinyelela kwewebhu ezindaweni zabo zokugcina idatha. I-warehouse yedatha enikwe amandla kuwebhu ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele idatha ezindaweni ezikude noma ngenkathi usohambweni. Futhi ulwazi can

zihlinzekwe ngezindleko eziphansi ngokuncipha kwezindleko zokuqeqesha.

2.4.3 Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane Isigaba sokuSebenza

Lesi sigaba siqukethe imisebenzi emithathu: incazelo yamasu okuvuselela idatha, ukulawulwa kwemisebenzi yenqolobane yedatha kanye nokuphathwa kokuphepha kwenqolobane yedatha.

Incazelo yamasu okuvuselela idatha

Ngemva komthwalo wokuqala, i idatha e database ye-warehouse yedatha kufanele ivuselelwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze ikhiqize kabusha izinguquko ezenziwe ku idatha okwangempela. Ngakho-ke kufanele unqume ukuthi uzovuselela nini, ukuthi ukuvuselela kufanele kuhlelwe kangaki nokuthi ukuvuselela kanjani idatha. Kuphakanyiswa ukuvuselela i- idatha lapho uhlelo lungathathwa lungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Izinga lokuvuselela linqunywa ithimba lokuthuthukisa ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zomsebenzisi. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuvuselela i-warehouse yedatha: ukuvuselela okugcwele kanye nokulayisha okuqhubekayo kwezinguquko.

Indlela yokuqala, ukuvuselela ngokugcwele, idinga ukulayisha kabusha konke idatha zoqala phansi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke idatha okudingekayo kufanele kukhishwe, kuhlanzwe, kuguqulwe futhi kuhlanganiswe ekuvuseleleni ngakunye. Le ndlela kufanele igwenywe noma nini lapho kungenzeka ngoba idla isikhathi futhi idla izinsiza.

Enye indlela ukulayisha izinguquko ngokuqhubekayo. Lokhu kwengeza i idatha ezishintshile kusukela emjikelezweni wokugcina wokuvuselela indawo yokugcina idatha. Ukuhlonza amarekhodi amasha noma ashintshiwe kunciphisa kakhulu inani idatha okumele kusakazwe endaweni yokugcina idatha kusibuyekezo ngasinye njengalezi kuphela idatha izongezwa ku database we-warehouse yedatha.

Kunezindlela okungenani ezi-5 ezingasetshenziswa ukuhoxisa i idatha okusha noma okushintshiwe. Ukuze kuzuzwe isu elisebenzayo lokuvuselela ividiyo idatha ingxube yalezi zindlela ezilanda zonke izinguquko ohlelweni ingase ibe usizo.

Indlela yokuqala, esebenzisa izitembu zesikhathi, ithatha ukuthi wonke umuntu wabelwe idatha uhlele futhi wabuyekeza isitembu sesikhathi ukuze ukwazi ukuhlonza kalula konke idatha ishintshiwe futhi entsha. Nokho, le ndlela ayikasetshenziswa kabanzi kumasistimu amaningi wokusebenza namuhla.
Indlela yesibili ukusebenzisa ifayela le-delta elakhiwe uhlelo lokusebenza eliqukethe kuphela izinguquko ezenziwe ku- idatha. Ukusebenzisa leli fayela futhi kukhulisa umjikelezo wokubuyekeza. Nokho, ngisho le ndlela ayizange isetshenziswe ezinhlelweni eziningi.
Indlela yesithathu ukuskena ifayela lokungena, eliqukethe ulwazi olufana nefayela le-delta. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi ifayela lokungena lenzelwe inqubo yokutakula futhi kungaba nzima ukuliqonda.
Indlela yesine iwukushintsha ikhodi yesicelo. Kodwa-ke, iningi lekhodi yohlelo lokusebenza lidala futhi liqinile; ngakho-ke le nqubo kufanele igwenywe.
Indlela yokugcina ukuqhathanisa i idatha imithombo enefayela elikhulu dei idatha.

Ukuqapha imisebenzi yokugcina idatha

Uma indawo yokugcina idatha isikhishelwe abasebenzisi, idinga ukugadwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulokhu, umlawuli we-warehouse data angasebenzisa ithuluzi elilodwa noma amaningi okuphatha nokulawula ukuze agade ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina idatha. Ikakhulukazi, ulwazi lungaqoqwa kubantu nangesikhathi abafinyelela ngaso endaweni yokugcina idatha. Woza idatha kuqoqiwe, iphrofayili yomsebenzi owenziwe ingadalwa engasetshenziswa njengokufakwayo ekusetshenzisweni kokukhokhiswa emuva komsebenzisi. I-Chargeback ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baziswe ngezindleko zokucubungula i-warehouse.

Ukwengeza, ukuhlolwa kwe-warehouse yedatha kungase futhi kusetshenziselwe ukukhomba izinhlobo zemibuzo, ubukhulu bazo, inombolo yemibuzo ngosuku, izikhathi zokuphendula imibuzo, imikhakha okufinyelelwe kuyo, kanye nenani lemibuzo. idatha kusetshenziwe. Enye inhloso yokwenza ucwaningo lwe-data warehouse ukukhomba idatha ezingasetshenziswa. Lezi idatha zingasuswa endaweni yokugcina idatha ukuze kuthuthukiswe isikhathi

yempendulo yombuzo kanye nokulawula ukukhula kwe idatha abahlala ngaphakathi isisekelo sedatha we-warehouse yedatha.

Ukuphathwa kwezokuphepha kwe-warehouse

I-warehouse yedatha iqukethe idatha okuhlanganisiwe, okubucayi, okubucayi okungafinyelelwa kalula. Ngalesi sizathu kufanele ivikelwe kubasebenzisi abangagunyaziwe. Enye indlela yokusebenzisa ukuphepha ukusebenzisa umsebenzi we-del I-DBMS ukunikeza amalungelo ahlukene ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zabasebenzisi. Ngale ndlela, iphrofayili yokufinyelela kufanele igcinwe kuhlobo ngalunye lomsebenzisi. Enye indlela yokuvikela i-warehouse yedatha ukubethela njengoba kubhalwe ku- isisekelo sedatha we-warehouse yedatha. Ukufinyelela ku idatha futhi amathuluzi okubuyisa kufanele asuse ukubethela kwe idatha ngaphambi kokwethula imiphumela kubasebenzisi.

2.4.4 Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane Isigaba Sokuthunyelwa

Yisigaba sokugcina somjikelezo wokusetshenziswa kwe-warehouse. Imisebenzi ezokwenziwa kulesi sigaba ihlanganisa ukuqeqesha abasebenzisi ukuthi basebenzise inqolobane yedatha kanye nokwenza ukubuyekezwa kwendawo yokugcina imininingwane.

Ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi

Ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokufinyelela idatha yenqolobane yedatha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okubuyisa. Ngokuvamile, amaseshini kufanele aqale ngesethulo somqondo wokulondoloza idatha, okuqukethwe kwendawo yokugcina idatha, imetha idatha kanye nezici eziyisisekelo zamathuluzi. Bese, abasebenzisi abathuthuke kakhulu bangase futhi bafunde amathebula aphathekayo nezici zabasebenzisi bokufinyelela idatha namathuluzi okubuyisa.

Ziningi izindlela zokwenza ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzisi. Okunye kwalokhu kubandakanya ukukhethwa kwabasebenzisi abaningi noma abahlaziyi abakhethwe eqenjini labasebenzisi, ngokusekelwe ebuholini babo namakhono okuxhumana. Laba baqeqeshwe mathupha kukho konke abadinga ukukwazi ukuze bajwayele uhlelo. Ngemva kokuqeqeshwa, babuyela emisebenzini yabo futhi baqale ukufundisa abanye abasebenzisi indlela yokusebenzisa uhlelo. Use

Ngokusekelwe kulokho abakufundile, abanye abasebenzisi bangaqala ukuhlola inqolobane yedatha.
Enye indlela ukuqeqesha abasebenzisi abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa, njengokungathi uqeqeshelwa ekilasini. Le ndlela ifaneleka uma kunabasebenzisi abaningi abadinga ukuqeqeshwa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Nokho enye indlela ukuqeqesha umsebenzisi ngamunye ngamunye, ngamunye. Le ndlela ifanelekile uma kukhona abasebenzisi abambalwa.

Inhloso yokuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi ukuzijwayeza nokufinyelela idatha namathuluzi okubuyisa kanye nokuqukethwe yi-warehouse yedatha. Nokho, abanye abasebenzisi bangase bakhungathekiswe yinani lolwazi olunikeziwe phakathi neseshini yokuqeqeshwa. Khona-ke inani lezikhathi zokuvuselela kudingeka zenziwe ukuze uthole ukwesekwa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuphendula imibuzo ethile. Kwezinye izimo, iqembu labasebenzisi liyakhiwa ukuze linikeze lolu hlobo losekelo.

Ukuqoqa impendulo

Uma i-warehouse yedatha isikhishiwe, abasebenzisi bangasebenzisa i idatha ehlala endaweni yokugcina idatha ngezinjongo ezahlukahlukene. Ikakhulukazi, abahlaziyi noma abasebenzisi basebenzisa i idatha endaweni yokugcina idatha yokuthi:

1. 1 Khomba izitayela zenkampani
2. 2 Hlaziya amaphrofayili okuthenga we amakhasimende
3. 3 Hlukanisa i amakhasimende kanye ne
4. 4 Nikeza izinsiza ezingcono kakhulu amakhasimende - hlela amasevisi
5. 5 Yakha amasu marketing
6. 6 Yenza izingcaphuno ezincintisanayo zokuhlaziya izindleko nokulawula usizo
7. 7 Sekela ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ngamasu
8. 8 Thola amathuba okuvela
9. 9 Ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezinqubo zamanje zebhizinisi
10. 10 Hlola inzuzo

Ngokulandela isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwendawo yokugcina idatha, uchungechunge lokubuyekezwa kwesistimu lungenziwa ukuze kutholwe impendulo

kokubili ithimba lokuthuthukisa kanye nomphakathi wabasebenzisi bokugcina.
Imiphumela etholiwe ingacatshangelwa kumjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa olandelayo.

Njengoba inqolobane yedatha inendlela yokukhula, kubalulekile ukufunda ezimpumelelweni nasemaphutheni entuthuko yangaphambilini.

2.5 Isifinyezo

Kulesi sahluko kuxoxiwe ngezindlela ezikhona ezincwadini. Esigabeni soku-1 kwaxoxwa ngomqondo wenqolobane yedatha kanye nendima yawo kwisayensi yesinqumo. Isigaba sesi-2 sichaze umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezindawo zokugcina idatha nezinhlelo ze-OLTP. Isigaba sesi-3 sixoxe ngemodeli yenqolobane yedatha ye-Monash eyasetshenziswa esigabeni sesi-4 ukuchaza imisebenzi ehilelekile ohlelweni lokwakhiwa kwendawo yokugcina idatha, lezi zimangalo azisekelwe ocwaningweni oluqinile. Okwenzeka empeleni kungase kuhluke kakhulu kulokho okushiwo izincwadi, nokho le miphumela ingasetshenziswa ukwakha umthwalo oyisisekelo ogcizelela umqondo wendawo yokugcina idatha yalolu cwaningo.

Isahluko 3

Ucwaningo nezindlela zokuklama

Lesi sahluko sikhuluma ngocwaningo nezindlela zokuklama zalolu cwaningo. Ingxenye yokuqala ikhombisa umbono ojwayelekile wezindlela zocwaningo ezitholakalayo zokuthola ulwazi, ngaphezu kwalokho kuxoxiswane ngemibandela yokukhetha indlela engcono kakhulu yocwaningo oluthile. Esigabeni sesi-2 kusuke kuxoxwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezikhethwe ngalezi zindlela ezingenhla; eyodwa yalezi izokhethwa futhi yamukelwe ngenxa yezizathu ezibekwe esigabeni 3 lapho nezizathu zokushiywa ngaphandle komunye umbandela nazo zibekiwe. Isigaba sesi-4 sethula iphrojekthi yocwaningo bese isigaba sesi-5 sethula iziphetho.

3.1 Ucwaningo ezinhlelweni zolwazi

Ucwaningo lwezinhlelo zolwazi alugcini nje kuphela endaweni yezobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi kufanele lunwetshwe ukuze lubandakanye imigomo yokuziphatha nenhlangano.
Lokhu sikweleta emibhalweni yemikhakha eyahlukene kusukela kweyesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu kuya kweyemvelo; lokhu kuholela esidingweni sohlu oluthile lwezindlela zocwaningo ezibandakanya izindlela zobuningi nekhwalithi ezizosetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zolwazi.
Zonke izindlela zocwaningo ezitholakalayo zibalulekile, empeleni abacwaningi abaningana abafana noJenkins (1985), uNunamaker et al. (1991), kanye noGalliers (1992) bathi ayikho indlela eqondile yomhlaba wonke yokwenza ucwaningo emikhakheni eyahlukene yezinhlelo zolwazi; empeleni indlela ingase ilungele ucwaningo oluthile kodwa hhayi kwabanye. Lokhu kusiholela esidingweni sokukhetha indlela efanele iphrojekthi yethu ethile yocwaningo: kulokhu kukhetha u-Benbasat et al. (1987) uthi kufanele kubhekwe uhlobo nenjongo yocwaningo.

3.1.1 Uhlobo locwaningo

Izindlela zocwaningo ezehlukene ezisekelwe emvelweni zingahlukaniswa zibe amasiko amathathu aziwa kabanzi kwisayensi yolwazi: i-positivist, i-tolika, kanye nocwaningo olubucayi.

3.1.1.1 Ucwaningo lwe-Positivist

Ucwaningo lwe-Positivist lwaziwa nangokuthi ucwaningo lwesayensi noma olusebenzayo. Ifuna: "ukuchaza nokubikezela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani emhlabeni wenhlalo ngokubheka okujwayelekile kanye nobudlelwano bembangela phakathi kwezakhi ezakhayo" (Shanks et al 1993).

Ucwaningo lwe-Positivist luphinde lubonakale ngokuphindaphinda, ukwenza lula kanye nokuphikiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwe-positivist luvuma ukuba khona kobudlelwane obuphambili phakathi kwezinto ezifundwayo.
Ngokuka-Galliers (1992) i-taxonomy iyindlela yocwaningo efakwe ku-positivist paradigm, kodwa engagcini nje kulokhu, empeleni kukhona izivivinyo zaselabhorethri, ukuhlolwa kwenkundla, ucwaningo lwezehlakalo, imiboniso yethiyori, izibikezelo nezifaniso. Besebenzisa lezi zindlela, abacwaningi bayavuma ukuthi izenzakalo ezifundwayo zingabhekwa ngendlela eqondile futhi eqinile.

3.1.1.2 Ucwaningo oluchazayo

Ucwaningo olutolikayo, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-phenomenology noma i-anti-positivism, luchazwa nguNeuman (1994) ngokuthi “ukuhlaziywa okuhlelekile kwencazelo yesenzo senhlalo ngokubheka okuqondile nokunemininingwane kwabantu abasezimweni zemvelo, ukuze kufinyelelwe ekuqondeni nasekuqondeni. incazelo yokuthi abantu badala futhi bawugcine kanjani umhlaba wabo wezenhlalo”. Izifundo ezitolikayo ziyakwenqaba umcabango wokuthi izehlakalo eziphawuliwe zingabonwa ngobuqotho. Eqinisweni zisekelwe ekuchazeni okuzimele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi abatolikayo abafaki izincazelo ezibalulekile ezimweni abazifundayo.

Le ndlela ihlanganisa izifundo ezicabangelayo/eziphikisanayo, ucwaningo lwesenzo, izifundo ezichazayo/ezitolikayo, ucwaningo lwangomuso, nokulingisa indima ethile. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlolovo kanye nezifundo eziyizimo kungase kufakwe kule ndlela njengoba ziphathelene nocwaningo lwabantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano ngaphakathi kwezimo zomhlaba wangempela eziyinkimbinkimbi.

3.1.1.3 Ucwaningo olubucayi

Ukusesha okubalulekile kuyindlela eyaziwa kancane kwisayensi yezenhlalo kodwa muva nje kuthole ukunakwa kwabacwaningi kunkundla yezinhlelo zolwazi. Umcabango wefilosofi wokuthi iqiniso lezenhlalakahle likhiqizwa ngokomlando futhi likhiqizwa abantu, kanye nezinhlelo zenhlalo ngezenzo zabo nokusebenzisana kwabo. Ikhono labo, nokho, lilamula ngenani lenhlalo, amasiko nepolitiki.

Njengocwaningo oluchazayo, ucwaningo olubucayi luphikisa ukuthi ucwaningo lwe-positivist aluhlangene nesimo senhlalo futhi alinaki ithonya lalo ezenzweni zomuntu.
Ucwaningo olubucayi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lugxeka ucwaningo lokuhumusha ngokuthi luzicabangela kakhulu futhi aluzimisele ukusiza abantu ukuba bathuthukise izimpilo zabo. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kocwaningo olubucayi kanye nezinye izindlela ezimbili ubukhulu balo bokuhlola. Nakuba injongo ye-positivist kanye namasiko achazayo kuwukubikezela noma ukuchaza isimo samanje noma iqiniso lezenhlalo, ucwaningo olubucayi luhlose ukuhlola ngokujulile nokuguqula iqiniso lenhlalo elingaphansi kocwaningo.

Abacwaningi ababucayi ngokuvamile baphikisana nesimo esikhona ukuze basuse ukuhlukana komphakathi futhi bathuthukise izimo zomphakathi. Ucwaningo olubalulekile luzibophezele ekubukeni kwenqubo yezenzakalo zentshisekelo, ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile luyi-longitudinal. Izibonelo zezindlela zocwaningo izifundo zomlando zesikhathi eside kanye nezifundo ze-ethnographic. Ukusesha okubalulekile, nokho, akuzange kusetshenziswe kabanzi ocwaningweni lwezinhlelo zolwazi

3.1.2 Inhloso yocwaningo

Ngokuhambisana nohlobo locwaningo, inhloso yalo ingasetshenziswa ukuqondisa umcwaningi ekukhetheni indlela ethile yocwaningo. Ububanzi bephrojekthi yocwaningo buhlobene eduze nendawo yocwaningo mayelana nomjikelezo wocwaningo oqukethe izigaba ezintathu: ukwakhiwa kwethiyori, ukuhlolwa kwethiyori kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori. Ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe kumfutho maqondana nomjikelezo wocwaningo, iphrojekthi yocwaningo ingaba nenhloso echazayo, echazayo, yokuhlola, noma yokubikezela.

3.1.2.1 Ucwaningo lokuhlola

Ucwaningo lokuhlola luhloselwe ukuphenya isihloko esisha ngokuphelele futhi kwakhiwe imibuzo kanye nemibono yocwaningo lwangomuso. Lolu hlobo locwaningo lusetshenziswa ekwakheni ithiyori ukuthola izinkomba zokuqala endaweni entsha. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izindlela zocwaningo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, njengezifundo zezehlakalo noma izifundo ze-phenomenological.

Kodwa-ke, kuyenzeka futhi kusetshenziswe amasu obuningi afana nezinhlolovo zokuhlola noma ukuhlola.

3.1.3.3 Ukusesha okuchazayo

Ucwaningo oluchazayo lwenzelwe ukuhlaziya nokuchaza ngokuningiliziwe isimo esithile noma inkambiso yenhlangano. Lokhu kulungele ukwakha amathiyori futhi kungasetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa noma ukubekela inselele imibono eqanjiwe. Ucwaningo oluchazayo ngokuvamile lubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezilinganiso namasampula. Izindlela zocwaningo ezifanele zihlanganisa izinhlolovo kanye nokuhlaziya isizinda.

3.1.2.3 Ucwaningo oluchazayo

Ucwaningo oluchazayo luzama ukuchaza ukuthi kungani izinto zenzeka. Yakha emaqinisweni asehloliwe futhi izama ukuthola izizathu zalawo maqiniso.
Ngakho ucwaningo oluchazayo luvamise ukwakhelwa phezu kocwaningo lokuhlola noma oluchazayo futhi luhambisana nokuhlola kanye nokucwengisiswa kwemibono. Ucwaningo oluchazayo ngokuvamile lusebenzisa izifundo eziyizimo noma izindlela zocwaningo ezisekelwe kuhlolo.

3.1.2.4 Ucwaningo lokuqala

Ucwaningo lokuqala luhlose ukubikezela izehlakalo ezibhekiwe kanye nokuziphatha okufundwayo (uMarshall noRossman 1995). Ukubikezela ukuhlolwa kweqiniso okujwayelekile kwesayensi. Lolu hlobo locwaningo ngokuvamile lusebenzisa izinhlolovo noma ukuhlaziya idatha idatha izazi-mlando. (Yin 1989)

Le ngxoxo engenhla ikhombisa ukuthi kunenqwaba yezindlela zocwaningo ezingase zisetshenziswe ocwaningweni oluthile. Nokho, kufanele kube nendlela ethile efaneleka kakhulu kunezinye zohlobo oluthile lwephrojekthi yocwaningo. (Galliers 1987, Yin 1989, De Vaus 1991). Ngakho-ke, wonke umcwaningi udinga ukuhlola ngokucophelela amandla kanye nobuthakathaka bezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ukuze asebenzise indlela yocwaningo efaneleke kakhulu ehambisana nephrojekthi yocwaningo. (Jenkins 1985, Pervan and Klass 1992, Bonomia 1985, Yin 1989, Himilton and Ives 1992).

3.2. Izindlela zokusesha ezingenzeka

Inhloso yale phrojekthi bekuwukufunda ulwazi lwezinhlangano zase-Australia nge-i idatha egcinwe ngentuthuko ye indawo yokugcina idatha. Idatha ukuthi, okwamanje, kukhona ukuntuleka kocwaningo endaweni yokugcina idatha e-Australia, le phrojekthi yocwaningo isesigabeni sethiyori somjikelezo wocwaningo futhi inenjongo yokuhlola. Ukuhlola ulwazi ezinhlanganweni zase-Australia ezisebenzisa ukugcinwa kwedatha kudinga ukutolika umphakathi wangempela. Ngakho-ke, ukuqagela kwefilosofi okungaphansi kwephrojekthi yocwaningo kulandela ukuchazwa kwendabuko.

Ngemva kokuhlolwa okuqinile kwezindlela ezitholakalayo, izindlela ezimbili zocwaningo ezingase zihlonzwe: izinhlolovo kanye nezifundo eziyisibonelo, ezingase zisetshenziselwe ucwaningo lokuhlola (Shanks et al. 1993). UGalliers (1992) uphikisa ukufaneleka kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kulolu cwaningo encwadini yakhe ebuyekeziwe ye-taxonomy ngokuthi zifanele ukwakhiwa kwethiyori. Izigatshana ezimbili ezilandelayo zixoxa ngendlela ngayinye ngokuningiliziwe.

3.2.1 Indlela yocwaningo locwaningo

Indlela yocwaningo locwaningo ivela endleleni yokubalwa kwabantu yasendulo. Ukubalwa kwabantu kumayelana nokuqoqa ulwazi esizweni sonke. Le ndlela iyabiza futhi ayisebenzi, ikakhulukazi uma inani labantu lilikhulu. Ngakho, uma kuqhathaniswa nokubalwa kwabantu, inhlolovo ivamise ukugxila ekuqoqeni ulwazi lwenani elincane, noma isampula, labamele abantu (Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994). Isampula libonisa inani labantu elithathwa kulo, elinamazinga ahlukahlukene okunemba, kuye ngesakhiwo sesampula, usayizi, nendlela yokukhetha esetshenzisiwe (Fowler 1988, Babbie 1982, Neuman 1994).

Indlela yenhlolovo ichazwa ngokuthi "izifinyezo zezinqubo, izimo noma ukubukwa ngesikhathi esithile, okwenziwa kusetshenziswa uhlu lwemibuzo noma izingxoxo, lapho okungase kuvele khona.
ezenziwe” (Galliers 1992:153) [ukuthwebula izithombe zemikhuba, izimo noma imibono ngesikhathi esithile, kuthathwe kusetshenziswa imibuzo noma inhlolokhono, okungacatshangwa ngakho]. Ucwaningo luphathelene nokuqoqa ulwazi mayelana nezici ezithile zocwaningo kubahlanganyeli abambalwa ngokubuza imibuzo (Fowler 1988). Lolu hlu lwemibuzo kanye nezingxoxo, ezihlanganisa izingxoxo zocingo zobuso nobuso kanye nezingxoxo ezihlelekile, nazo zingamasu okuqoqa. idatha esetshenziswa ocwaningweni (Blalock 1970, Nachmias and Nachmias 1976, Fowler 1988), observations and analyses ingasetshenziswa (Gable 1994). Kuzo zonke lezi zindlela zokuqoqa onkulunkulu idatha, ukusetshenziswa kohlu lwemibuzo kuyindlela ethandwa kakhulu, njengoba kuqinisekisa ukuthi i idatha

okuqoqiwe kuyahlelwa futhi kufomethwe, ngaleyo ndlela kube lula ukuhlukaniswa kolwazi (Hwang 1987, de Vaus 1991).

Ekuhlaziyeni i idatha, isu lenhlolovo livamise ukusebenzisa amasu okulinganisa, njengokuhlaziya izibalo, kodwa amasu ekhwalithi nawo angaqashwa (Galliers 1992, Pervan

kanye neKlass 1992, Gable 1994). Ngokuvamile, i idatha okuqoqiwe kusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukusabalalisa kanye namaphethini ezinhlangano (Fowler 1988).

Nakuba izinhlolovo ngokuvamile zifanele ukusesha okuphathelene nombuzo othi 'ini?' (yini) noma etholakala kuyo, njengokuthi 'quanto' (kangakanani) kanye 'quant'è' (mangaki), angabuzwa ngombuzo othi 'kungani' (Sonquist noDunkelberg 1977, Yin 1989). NgokukaSonquist noDunkelberg (1977), uphenyo locwaningo luhlose ukuqagela okuqinile, izinhlelo zokuhlola, ukuchaza inani labantu kanye nokuthuthukisa amamodeli okuziphatha komuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlolovo zingasetshenziswa ukuhlola umbono wabantu abathile, izimo, izinkolelo, izici, okulindelekile kanye nokuziphatha kwesikhathi esidlule noma samanje (Neuman 1994).

Inhlolovo ivumela umcwaningi ukuthi athole ubudlelwano babantu futhi imiphumela ivamise ukuba ijwayelekile kunezinye izindlela (Sonquist and Dunkelberg 1977, Gable 1994). Ucwaningo luvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlanganise indawo ebanzi futhi bafinyelele isibalo esikhulu sabaphenduli (Blalock 1970, Sonquist and Dunkelberg 1977, Hwang and Lin 1987, Gable 1994, Neuman 1994). Okokugcina, izinhlolovo zinganikeza ulwazi olungatholakali kwenye indawo noma ngendlela edingekayo ukuze kuhlaziywe (Fowler 1988).

Kukhona, nokho, ukulinganiselwa okuthile ekwenzeni ucwaningo. Ububi ukuthi umcwaningi akakwazi ukuthola ulwazi oluningi mayelana nento efundwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlolovo zenziwa ngesikhathi esithile kuphela, ngakho-ke, kunenani elilinganiselwe lezinto eziguquguqukayo kanye nabantu umcwaningi angaba khona.

funda (Yin 1989, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994, Denscombe 1998). Okunye okungalungile ukuthi ukwenza ucwaningo kungabiza kakhulu ngokwesikhathi nezinsiza, ikakhulukazi uma kubandakanya izingxoxo zobuso nobuso (Fowler 1988).

3.2.2. Indlela Yokucwaninga Yokubuza

Indlela yocwaningo yophenyo ibandakanya ukucwaninga okujulile kwesimo esithile ngaphakathi komongo waso wangempela esikhathini esinqunyiwe, ngaphandle kokungenelela komcwaningi (Shanks & C. 1993, Eisenhardt 1989, Jenkins 1985). Ikakhulukazi le ndlela isetshenziswa ukuchaza ubudlelwano phakathi kweziguquko ezifundwayo esimweni esithile (Galliers 1992). Uphenyo lungabandakanya icala elilodwa noma amaningi, kuye ngokuthi kwenzekani esihlaziywe (uFranz noRobey 1987, Eisenhardt 1989, Yin 1989).

Indlela yokucwaninga yophenyo ichazwa ngokuthi "uphenyo olunamandla oluphenya isigameko sakamuva ngaphakathi komongo wayo wangempela, kusetshenziswa imithombo eminingi eqoqwe enhlanganweni eyodwa noma ngaphezulu njengabantu, amaqembu, noma izinhlangano" (Yin 1989). Akukho ukuhlukana okucacile phakathi kwesenzakalo nomongo waso futhi akukho ukulawula noma ukukhohlisa kokuhlola kokuguquguqukayo (Yin 1989, Benbasat et al. 1987).

Kunezinhlobonhlobo zamasu okuqoqa onkulunkulu idatha ezingase zisetshenziswe endleleni yophenyo, okuhlanganisa ukubhekwa okuqondile, ukubuyekezwa kwamarekhodi agciniwe, imibuzo, ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo, kanye nezingxoxo ezihlelekile. Ukuba nezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokuvuna idatha, izinhlolovo zivumela abacwaningi ukuthi babhekane nakho kokubili idatha qualitative and quantitative ngesikhathi esifanayo (Bonoma 1985, Eisenhardt 1989, Yin 1989, Gable 1994). Njengoba kunjalo ngendlela yocwaningo, umcwaningi wocwaningo usebenza njengesibukeli noma umcwaningi hhayi njengomhlanganyeli okhuthele enhlanganweni ecwaningwayo.

U-Benbasat et al. (1987) ugomela ngokuthi indlela yophenyo ifaneleka kakhulu ekwakheni ithiyori, eqala ngombuzo wocwaningo futhi iqhubeke nokuqeqeshwa.

yethiyori ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa idatha. Ukufaneleka futhi esiteji

uFranz noRobey (1987) baphakamisa ukuthi indlela yophenyo ingase isetshenziselwe isigaba sethiyori eyinkimbinkimbi. Kulesi simo, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obuqoqiwe, ithiyori enikeziwe noma i-hypothesis iyaqinisekiswa noma iphikiswe. Ukwengeza, uphenyo lulungele ucwaningo olubhekene nemibuzo ethi 'kanjani' noma 'kungani' (Yin 1989).

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela, ucwaningo luvumela umcwaningi ukuthi athwebule ulwazi olubalulekile ngokuningiliziwe (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphenyo luvumela umcwaningi ukuthi aqonde ubunjalo nobunkimbinkimbi bezinqubo ezifundwayo (Benbasat et al. 1987).

Kunobubi obune abakhulu obuhlobene nendlela yokubuza. Okokuqala ukushoda kwezimali ezibanjwayo ezilawulwayo. Ukuzithoba komcwaningi kungashintsha imiphumela neziphetho zocwaningo (Yin 1989). Ububi besibili ukuntuleka kokubuka okulawulwayo. Ngokungafani nezindlela zokuhlola, umcwaningi wophenyo akakwazi ukulawula izinto ezifundwayo njengoba zihlolwa esimweni sazo semvelo (Gable 1994). Ububi besithathu ukuntuleka kokuphindaphindeka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umcwaningi mancane amathuba okuthi abone izehlakalo ezifanayo, futhi akakwazi ukuqinisekisa imiphumela yocwaningo oluthile (Lee 1989). Okokugcina, njengomphumela wokungaphindaphindeki, kunzima ukuhlanganisa imiphumela etholwe ocwaningweni olulodwa noma ngaphezulu (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Zonke lezi zinkinga, nokho, azinakuxazululeka futhi empeleni, zingancishiswa umcwaningi ngokusebenzisa izenzo ezifanele (Lee 1989).

3.3. Qinisekisa indlela yocwaningo kwamukelwe

Ezindleleni ezimbili zocwaningo ezingaba khona zalolu cwaningo, indlela yocwaningo ithathwa njengefaneleka kakhulu. Umseshi wenqatshiwe kulandela ukucutshungulwa ngokucophelela okuhlobene

ukufaneleka kanye nobuthakathaka. Ukuba lula noma ukungafaneleki kwendlela ngayinye yalolu cwaningo kuxoxwa ngayo ngezansi.

3.3.1. Indlela yocwaningo engalungile yophenyo

Indlela yophenyo idinga ukucwaninga okujulile kwesimo esithile ngaphakathi kwenhlangano eyodwa noma ngaphezulu esikhathini esithile (Eisenhardt 1989). Kulokhu, isikhathi singase seqe isikhathi esibekiwe salolu cwaningo. Esinye isizathu sokungayisebenzisi indlela yokubuza ukuthi imiphumela ingase ihlupheke ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuqina (Yin 1989). I-subjectivity yomcwaningi ingaba nomthelela emiphumeleni naseziphethweni. Esinye isizathu ukuthi le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu emibuzweni yocwaningo yohlobo 'kanjani' noma 'kungani' (Yin 1989), kanti umbuzo wocwaningo walolu cwaningo uwuhlobo luka-'yini'. Okokugcina, kunzima ukuhlanganisa okutholakele ocwaningweni olulodwa noma ezimbalwa (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Ngokusekelwe kulesi sizathu, indlela yocwaningo locwaningo ayikhethwanga njengoba yayingafaneleki kulolu cwaningo.

3.3.2. Ukunethezeka kwendlela yokusesha ye uphenyo

Ngenkathi lolu cwaningo lwenziwa, umkhuba wokugcinwa kwedatha wawungakamukelwa kabanzi yizinhlangano zase-Australia. Ngakho-ke, kwakungekho ulwazi oluningi mayelana nokuqaliswa kwazo ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano zase-Australia. Ulwazi olukhona luvela ezinhlanganweni ezisebenzise noma ezisebenzise a indawo yokugcina idatha. Kulokhu, indlela yocwaningo locwaningo iyona efaneleke kakhulu njengoba ivumela ukuthola ulwazi olungatholakali kwenye indawo noma ngendlela edingekayo ukuze luhlaziywe (Fowler 1988). Ukwengeza, indlela yocwaningo lophenyo ivumela umcwaningi ukuthi athole ukuqonda okuhle ngemikhuba, izimo, noma imibono ngesikhathi esithile (Galliers 1992, Denscombe 1998). Kucelwe ukubuka konke ukuze kuqwashiswe ngolwazi lwase-Australia lokugcina idatha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uSonquist kanye noDunkelberg (1977) bathi imiphumela yocwaningo yocwaningo ijwayelekile kunezinye izindlela.

3.4. Idizayini yocwaningo locwaningo

Inhlolovo yomkhuba wokugcinwa kwedatha yenziwa ngo-1999. Inani labantu okuhlosiwe lalihlanganisa izinhlangano zase-Australia ezinentshisekelo ocwaningweni lokugcinwa kwedatha, njengoba cishe zazazi kakade idatha abalugcinayo, ngakho-ke, banganikeza ulwazi oluwusizo lwalolu cwaningo. Inani labantu okuhlosiwe likhonjwe ngocwaningo lokuqala lwawo wonke amalungu ase-Australia e-The Data Warehousing Institute (Tdwi-aap). Lesi sigaba sidingida ukuklanywa kwesigaba socwaningo olunolwazi lwalolu cwaningo.

3.4.1. Indlela yokuqoqa idatha

Kusukela kumasu amathathu avame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwenhlolovo (okungukuthi, uhlu lwemibuzo, inhlolokhono yocingo kanye nengxoxo yomuntu siqu) (Nachmias 1976, Fowler 1988, de Vaus 1991), uhlu lwemibuzo lwemeyili lwamukelwa kulolu cwaningo. Isizathu sokuqala sokwamukela lesi sakamuva ukuthi singafinyelela kubantu abahlakazekile ngokwendawo (Blalock 1970, Nachmias and Nachmias 1976, Hwang and Lin 1987, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994). Okwesibili, uhlu lwemibuzo lwemeyili lufanele ababambiqhaza abafundise kakhulu (Fowler 1988). Uhlu lwemibuzo lwalolu cwaningo lwaluqondiswe kubaxhasi bephrojekthi yokugcina idatha, abaqondisi kanye/noma abaphathi bephrojekthi. Okwesithathu, uhlu lwemibuzo lokuposa lufanelekile uma uhlu lwamakheli oluvikelekile lutholakala (Salant and Dilman 1994). I-TDWI, kulesi simo, inhlangano ethembekile yokugcina idatha inikeze uhlu lwamakheli lwamalungu ayo ase-Australia. Enye inzuzo yohlu lwemibuzo yemeyili phezu kwemibuzo yocingo noma izingxoxo zomuntu siqu ukuthi ivumela abaphendulayo ukuthi baphendule ngokunembe kakhudlwana, ikakhulukazi lapho abaphendulayo kudingeka babheke amarekhodi noma baxoxe ngemibuzo nabanye abantu (Fowler 1988).

Okungase kube kubi kungase kube isikhathi esidingekayo sokwenza uhlu lwemibuzo ngeposi. Ngokuvamile, uhlu lwemibuzo lwemeyili lwenziwa ngalolu chungechunge: izincwadi zemeyili, linda izimpendulo, futhi uthumele isiqinisekiso (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989). Ngakho, isikhathi esiphelele singase sibe side kunesikhathi esidingekayo sezingxoxo zobuso nobuso noma izingxoxo zocingo. Nokho, isikhathi esiphelele singaziwa kusengaphambili (Fowler 1988, Denscombe 1998). Isikhathi esichithwe ukwenza izingxoxo zomuntu siqu asikwazi ukwaziwa kusengaphambili njengoba sihluka kusuka ku-interview kuya ku-interview (Fowler 1988). Izingxoxo zocingo zingashesha kunohlu lwemibuzo lwemeyili kanye nezingxoxo zomuntu siqu kodwa zingaba nezinga eliphezulu elingaphendulwanga ngenxa yokungatholakali kwabanye abantu (Fowler 1988). Ukwengeza, izingxoxo zocingo ngokuvamile zilinganiselwe ohlwini olufushane lwemibuzo (Bainbridge 1989).

Obunye ubuthakathaka bohlu lwemibuzo oluthunyelwe yizinga eliphezulu lokungaphenduli (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989, Neuman 1994). Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo zokuphikisa zathathwa ngokuhlobanisa lolu cwaningo nesikhungo esithembekile sokugcinwa kwedatha (okungukuthi i-TDWI) (Bainbridge 1989, Neuman 1994), esikhipha izincwadi ezimbili zokukhumbuza abangaphenduli (Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994) futhi sihlanganisa nenye incwadi echazayo. inhloso yocwaningo (Neuman 1994).

3.4.2. Iyunithi yokuhlaziya

Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kokugcinwa kwedatha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano zase-Australia. Inani labantu okuhlosiwe kuzo zonke izinhlangano zase-Australia ezisebenzise, ​​noma eziqalisayo, i indawo yokugcina idatha. Izinhlangano ngazinye zibe sezibhaliswa. Uhlu lwemibuzo lwathunyelwa ngeposi ezinhlanganweni ezinentshisekelo yokulwamukela indawo yokugcina idatha. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi oluqoqiwe luvela ezinsizeni ezifanele kakhulu zenhlangano ngayinye ebamba iqhaza.

3.4.3. Isampula yenhlolovo

Uhlu lwamakheli lwabahlanganyeli benhlolovo lutholwe kwa-TDWI. Kulolu hlu, izinhlangano zase-Australia ezingu-3000 zikhethiwe njengesisekelo sokuthatha amasampula. Incwadi yokulandelela echaza iphrojekthi kanye nenjongo yocwaningo, kanye nefomu lokuphendula kanye nemvilophu ekhokhelwa kusengaphambili yokubuyisela uhlu lwemibuzo olugcwalisiwe kwathunyelwa kusampula. Ezinhlanganweni ezingu-3000, ezingu-198 zavuma ukubamba iqhaza ocwaningweni. Inani elincane kangaka lezimpendulo bekulindelekile idatha inani elikhulu lezinhlangano zase-Australia ezase zamukele noma zamukela isu lokugcina idatha phakathi kwezinhlangano zazo. Ngakho, inani labantu okuhloswe ngalo kulolu cwaningo linezinhlangano eziyi-198 kuphela.

3.4.4. Okuqukethwe kuhlu lwemibuzo

Umklamo wohlu lwemibuzo wawusekelwe kumodeli yokugcina idatha ye-Monash (okuxoxwe ngayo ekuqaleni kwengxenye 2.3). Okuqukethwe kuhlu lwemibuzo bekusekelwe ekubuyekezweni kwezincwadi okuvezwe esahlukweni 2. Ikhophi yohlu lwemibuzo ethunyelwe kubahlanganyeli bocwaningo ingatholakala kuSithasiselo B. Uhlu lwemibuzo lwakhiwe izigaba eziyisithupha, ezilandela izinyathelo zemodeli ehlanganisiwe . Izigaba eziyisithupha ezilandelayo zifingqa kafushane okuqukethwe yisigaba ngasinye.

Isigaba A: Ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nenhlangano
Lesi sigaba siqukethe imibuzo ephathelene nephrofayili yezinhlangano ezibambe iqhaza. Ukwengeza, eminye yemibuzo ihlobene nesimo sephrojekthi yombambi qhaza yokugcina idatha. Ulwazi oluyimfihlo olufana negama lenhlangano aludalulwanga ekuhlaziyweni kwenhlolovo.

Isigaba B: Qala
Imibuzo ekulesi sigaba ihlobene nokuqalisa ukugcinwa kwedatha. Imibuzo yabuzwa mayelana nabaqalisi bephrojekthi, abaxhasi, amakhono nolwazi oludingekayo, izinjongo zokuthuthukiswa kokugcinwa kwedatha kanye nokulindelwe ngabasebenzisi bokugcina.

Isigaba C: Idizayini
Lesi sigaba siqukethe imibuzo ehlobene nemisebenzi yokuhlela ye indawo yokugcina idatha. Ikakhulukazi, imibuzo yayimayelana nobubanzi bokuqaliswa, ubude besikhathi sephrojekthi, izindleko zephrojekthi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezindleko/izinzuzo.

Isigaba D: Intuthuko
Esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa kunemibuzo ehlobene nemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa indawo yokugcina idatha: iqoqo lezidingo zomsebenzisi wokugcina, imithombo ye idatha, imodeli enengqondo ye idatha, ama-prototypes, ukuhlelwa kwamandla, izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhethwa kwamathuluzi okuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwedatha.

Isigaba E: Ukusebenza
Imibuzo yokusebenza ehlobene nokusebenza kanye nokwandiswa kwe- indawo yokugcina idatha, njengoba ithuthuka esigabeni esilandelayo sokuthuthuka. Lapho ikhwalithi yedatha, amasu okuvuselela we idatha, ubumbudumbudu be idatha, ukukala kwe indawo yokugcina idatha nezindaba zokuphepha indawo yokugcina idatha zaziphakathi kwezinhlobo zemibuzo ebuzwayo.

Isigaba F: Intuthuko
Lesi sigaba siqukethe imibuzo ehlobene nokusebenzisa i- indawo yokugcina idatha ngabasebenzisi bokugcina. Umcwaningi ubenentshisekelo enjongweni nasekusebenziseni kwe indawo yokugcina idatha, ukubuyekezwa kanye namasu okuqeqesha amukelwa kanye nesu lokulawula le indawo yokugcina idatha kwamukelwe.

3.4.5. Izinga lokuphendula

Ngisho noma izinhlolovo zemeyili zigxekwa ngokuba nezinga lokuphendula eliphansi, izinyathelo zithathiwe ukuze kunyuswe izinga lembuyiselo (njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ngenhla esigabeni 3.4.1). Igama elithi 'izinga lokuphendula' libhekisela kumaphesenti abantu kwisampula ethile yocwaningo abaphendula kuhlu lwemibuzo (Denscombe 1998). Kusetshenziswe ifomula elandelayo ukubala izinga lokuphendula kulolu cwaningo:

Inani labantu abaphendulile
Izinga lokuphendula = ——————————————————————————— X 100 Isamba senani lemibuzo ethunyelwe

3.4.6. Test Pilot

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlu lwemibuzo luthunyelwe kusampula, imibuzo yahlolwa ngokwenza izivivinyo zokuhlola, njengoba kuphakanyiswe uLuck and Rubin (1987), Jackson (1988), kanye no-de Vaus (1991). Inhloso yovivinyo lokuhlola ukuveza noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezixakile, ezingacacile nemibuzo okunzima ukuyichaza, ukucacisa noma yiziphi izincazelo namagama asetshenzisiwe, kanye nokukhomba cishe isikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kugcwaliswe uhlu lwemibuzo (Warwick and Lininger 1975, Jackson 1988, Salant kanye no-Dilman 1994). Izivivinyo zokuhlola zenziwa ngokukhetha izifundo ezinezici ezifana nalezo zezifundo zokugcina, njengoba kuphakanyiswe uDavis e. Cosenza (1993). Kulolu cwaningo, ochwepheshe abayisithupha bokugcinwa kwedatha bakhethwa njengezifundo zokulinga. Ngemva kokuhlolwa ngakunye komshayeli, kwenziwa izilungiso ezidingekayo. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuhlola okwenziwe, ababambiqhaza babambe iqhaza ekulungiseni kabusha nasekusetheni kabusha inguqulo yokugcina yohlu lwemibuzo.

3.4.7. Izindlela Zokuhlaziya Of Dati

I idatha Idatha yocwaningo eqoqwe kuhlu lwemibuzo evaliwe yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa iphakheji yesofthiwe yezibalo ebizwa ngokuthi i-SPSS. Izimpendulo eziningi zahlaziywa kusetshenziswa izibalo ezichazayo. Inani lemibuzo elibuyiswe lingaphelele. Lezi ziphathwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi i idatha ukulahleka kwakungewona umphumela wamaphutha okufakwa kwedatha, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi imibuzo yayingamfanele obhalisiwe, noma obhalisiwe wanquma ukungaphenduli umbuzo owodwa noma eminingi eqondile. Lezi zimpendulo ezingekho azitshwanga ngenkathi kucozululwa idatha idatha futhi zafakwa amakhodi njengokuthi '-9' ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhishelwa ngaphandle ohlelweni lokuhlaziya.

Ekulungiseni uhlu lwemibuzo, imibuzo evaliwe ifakwe ikhodi ngaphambilini ngokunikeza inombolo kunketho ngayinye. Inombolo yabe isisetshenziswa ukuqeqesha i idatha ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya (Denscombe 1998, Sapsford and Jupp 1996). Isibonelo, bekukhona izinketho eziyisithupha ezibalwe embuzweni woku-1 wesigaba B: ibhodi yabaqondisi, isikhulu esiphezulu, umnyango we-IT, uphiko lwebhizinisi, abaxhumanisi nabanye. Efayelini le idatha ye-SPSS, okuguquguqukayo kwakhiqizelwa 'umqali wephrojekthi', okunamalebula amanani ayisithupha: '1' 'yebhodi yabaqondisi', '2' 'yesikhulu esiphezulu' nokunye ku-Street. Ukusetshenziswa kwesikali se-Likertin kweminye yemibuzo evaliwe kuphinde kwavumela ukukhonjwa okungenamsebenzi ngokusebenzisa amanani ezinombolo ahambisanayo afakwe ku-SPSS. Emibuzweni enezimpendulo ezingaphelele, ebezingakhethi ndawo zonke, inketho ngayinye ithathwe njengokuguquguquka okukodwa okunamalebula enani amabili: '1' yokuthi 'kuhloliwe' kanye nokuthi '2' 'okungahloliwe'.

Imibuzo evuliwe iphathwe ngendlela ehlukile emibuzweni evaliwe. Izimpendulo zale mibuzo azifakwanga ku-SPSS. Kunalokho, zahlaziywa ngesandla. Ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lombuzo kuvumela ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nemibono evezwe ngokukhululekile kanye nolwazi lomuntu siqu kubaphenduli (Bainbridge 1989, Denscombe 1998). Lapho kwenzeka khona, kwenziwa izigaba zezimpendulo.

Ukuze kuhlaziywe idathakusetshenziswa izindlela zokuhlaziya izibalo ezilula, njengokuvama kwezimpendulo, incazelo, ukuchezuka okujwayelekile kanye ne-median (Argyrous 1996, Denscombe 1998).
Uhlolo lwe-Gamma lwenzekile ukuze kutholwe izilinganiso zobuningi bezinhlangano phakathi idatha ordinals (Norusis 1983, Argyrous 1996). Lezi zivivinyo bezifanelekile ngoba izikali ze-ordinal ezisetshenzisiwe zazingenazo izigaba eziningi futhi zingaboniswa kuthebula (Norusis 1983).

3.5 Isifinyezo

Kulesi sahluko, kuxoxiwe ngendlela yocwaningo kanye nomklamo okwamukelwe lolu cwaningo.

Ukukhetha indlela yocwaningo efanele kakhulu yocwaningo oluthile kuthatha
ukucatshangelwa kwenani lemithetho, okuhlanganisa uhlobo nohlobo locwaningo, kanye nokufaneleka kanye nobuthakathaka bendlela ngayinye engenzeka (Jenkins 1985, Benbasat et al. 1097, Galliers and Land 1987, yin 1989, Hamilton kanye neves 1992, Galliers 1992, neuman 1994). Uma kubhekwa ukuntula ulwazi olukhona kanye nethiyori mayelana nokwamukelwa kokugcinwa kwedatha e-Australia, lolu cwaningo locwaningo ludinga indlela yocwaningo yokuhumusha enekhono lokuhlola lokuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kwezinhlangano zase-Australia. Indlela yocwaningo ekhethiwe yakhethwa ukuze kuqoqwe ulwazi olumayelana nokwamukelwa komqondo wokwakhiwa kwempahla yedatha yizinhlangano zase-Australia. Uhlu lwemibuzo lokuposa lukhethwe njengendlela yokuqoqa idatha. Izizathu zendlela yocwaningo nendlela yokuqoqa idatha okukhethiwe kuzonikezwa kulesi sahluko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwethulwa ingxoxo mayelana neyunithi yokuhlaziya, isampula esetshenzisiwe, amazinga okuphendula, okuqukethwe kohlu lwemibuzo, ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kohlu lwemibuzo kanye nendlela yokuhlaziywa kwemibuzo. idatha.

Ukuqamba a Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane:

Ukuhlanganisa Ubudlelwano Bebhizinisi kanye Nemodeli Yobukhulu

UKUQALA
Isitolo i idatha kuyinkinga enkulu yamanje ezinhlanganweni eziningi. Inkinga ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwendawo yokugcina izinto idatha kungumklamo wakhe.
Umdwebo kufanele usekele ukutholwa kwemiqondo ku- indawo yokugcina idatha ohlelweni lwefa kanye neminye imithombo ye idatha kanye nokuqonda okulula nokusebenza kahle ekusetshenzisweni kwe indawo yokugcina idatha.
Iningi lezincwadi zokugcina impahla idatha incoma ukusetshenziswa kwemodeli yobudlelwano bebhizinisi noma imodeli ye-dimensional ukumela umklamo we indawo yokugcina idatha.
Kuleli phepha sibonisa ukuthi zombili izethulo zingahlanganiswa kanjani ngendlela yokuklama indawo yokugcina idatha. Indlela esetshenziswayo ihlelekile

ihlolwe ocwaningweni lwecala futhi ikhonjwa ngenani lemiphumela ebalulekile nochwepheshe.

UKUGCINWA KWEDATHA

Un indawo yokugcina idatha ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngokuthi “iqoqo ledatha eligxile esifundweni, elididiyelwe, eliguquguqukayo, nelingaguquguquki elisekela izinqumo zabaphathi” (Inmon and Hackathorn, 1994). Okugxile esihlokweni nokudidiyelwe kukhombisa ukuthi i indawo yokugcina idatha yakhelwe ukweqa imingcele yokusebenza yezinhlelo zefa ukuze inikeze umbono ohlanganisiwe we idatha.
Ukuhluka kwesikhathi kuphathelene nomlando noma uhlobo lochungechunge lwesikhathi lwevidiyo idatha ku un indawo yokugcina idatha, okwenza ukuthi amathrendi ahlaziywe. Ukungaguquguquki kubonisa ukuthi indawo yokugcina idatha ayivuselelwa ngokuqhubekayo njenge-a database kwe-OLTP. Kunalokho ibuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile, nge idatha emithonjeni yangaphakathi neyangaphandle. I indawo yokugcina idatha yakhelwe ngokukhethekile ucwaningo kunokubuyekeza ubuqotho nokusebenza komsebenzi.
Umqondo wokugcina i idatha akuyona into entsha, bekungenye yezinhloso zokuphatha idatha kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1982 (Il Martin, XNUMX).
I indawo yokugcina idatha bahlinzeka ngengqalasizinda idatha ngezinhlelo zokusekela abaphathi. Izinhlelo zokusekela abaphathi zibandakanya izinhlelo zokusekela izinqumo (i-DSS) kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi oluphezulu (EIS). I-DSS iwuhlelo lolwazi olusekelwe kukhompuyutha olwakhelwe ukuthuthukisa inqubo futhi ngenxa yalokho kuthathwa izinqumo zomuntu. I-EIS ngokuvamile iyisistimu yokulethwa idatha okwenza abaphathi bamabhizinisi bakwazi ukufinyelela kalula ekubukeni kwe idatha.
Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile ze-a indawo yokugcina idatha igqamisa indima ye indawo yokugcina idatha ekusekeleni abaphathi. Ngaphezu kokunikela ngengqalasizinda idatha kwe-EIS ne-DSS, al indawo yokugcina idatha ingafinyelelwa ngokuqondile ngemibuzo. THE idatha kufakwe ku-a indawo yokugcina idatha zisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezidingo zolwazi lokuphatha futhi zitholwa emithonjeni emithathu: amasistimu wefa langaphakathi, izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokuthwebula idatha kanye nemithombo yedatha yangaphandle. THE idatha kumasistimu amafa angaphakathi avame ukungabi nalutho, angahambisani, abe nekhwalithi ephansi, futhi agcinwe ngezindlela ezihlukene ngakho-ke kufanele ahlanganiswe futhi ahlanzwe ngaphambi kokuba alayishwe

indawo yokugcina idatha (Inmon, 1992; McFadden, 1996). THE idatha kusuka ezinhlelweni zokugcina idatha i-ad hoc kanye nemithombo idatha zangaphandle zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhulisa (ukuvuselela, ukufaka esikhundleni) i idatha kusuka ezinhlelweni zefa.

Ziningi izizathu eziphoqayo zokuthuthukisa a indawo yokugcina idatha, okubandakanya ukwenziwa kwezinqumo okuthuthukisiwe ngokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kolwazi olwengeziwe (Ives 1995), ukusekelwa kokugxila ezindabeni zonke (Graham 1996), kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko zokwenza izinqumo. idatha kwe-EIS ne-DSS (Graham 1996, McFadden 1996).

Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwakamuva luthole, ngokwesilinganiso, imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali kwe-i indawo yokugcina idatha ngama-401% ngemva kweminyaka emithathu (Graham, 1996). Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundo ze-empirical ze indawo yokugcina idatha ithole izinkinga ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa ubunzima bokulinganisa nokwaba izinzuzo, ukuntuleka kwenhloso ecacile, ukubukela phansi ububanzi nobunkimbinkimbi benqubo yokugcina idatha, ikakhulukazi mayelana nemithombo kanye nokuhlanzeka kwe idatha. Isitolo i idatha ingathathwa njengesixazululo senkinga yokuphatha idatha phakathi kwezinhlangano. Ukukhohlisa kwe idatha njengensiza yenhlalo ihlale ingenye yezinkinga ezibalulekile ekulawuleni izinhlelo zolwazi emhlabeni wonke iminyaka eminingi (Brancheau et al. 1996, Galliers et al. 1994, Niederman et al. 1990, Pervan 1993).

Indlela edumile yokuphathwa kwempahla idatha eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalombili kwaba ukuthuthukiswa imodeli idatha social. Imodeli idatha social yaklanyelwe ukunikeza isisekelo esizinzile sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezintsha zokufaka izicelo e database kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha nokuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo zefa (Brancheau et al.

1989, uGoodhue et al. 1988:1992, Kim no-Everest 1994). Nokho, kunezinkinga ezimbalwa ngale ndlela, ikakhulukazi, inkimbinkimbi nezindleko zomsebenzi ngamunye, kanye nesikhathi eside esidingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela ebonakalayo (Beynon-Davies 1994, Earl 1993, Goodhue et al. 1992, Periasamy 1994, Shanks 1997 ).

Il indawo yokugcina idatha iyisizindalwazi esihlukile esikhona kanye nezingobolwazi zefa esikhundleni sokuyishintsha. Ngakho-ke ikuvumela ukuba uqondise ukuphathwa kwe idatha futhi ugweme ukwakhiwa kabusha okumba eqolo kwezinhlelo zefa.

IZINDLELA EZIKHONA ZOKWENZIWA KWEDATHA

I-WAREHOUSE

Inqubo yokwakha nokuphelelisa a indawo yokugcina idatha kufanele kuqondwe kabanzi njengenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunomjikelezo wokuphila wokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zendabuko (Desio, 1995, Shanks, O'Donnell kanye no-Arnott 1997a). Ziningi izinqubo ezihilelekile kuphrojekthi indawo yokugcina idatha njengokuqalisa, ukuhlela; ulwazi olutholwe ezidingweni ezicelwe kubaphathi benkampani; imithombo, ukuguqulwa, ukuhlanzwa kwe idatha kanye nokuvumelanisa kusuka kumasistimu wefa neminye imithombo idatha; izinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidingo ezisathuthukiswayo; ukuqapha kwe indawo yokugcina idatha; kanye nokungabi nangqondo kwenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokwakha a indawo yokugcina idatha (Stinchi, O'Donnell no-Arnott 1997b). Kulelijenali, sigxile endleleni yokudweba i idatha agcinwe kumongo walezi ezinye izinqubo. Kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezihlongozwayo zokwakhiwa kwevidiyo indawo yokugcina idatha ezincwadini (Inmon 1994, Ives 1995, Kimball 1994, McFadden 1996). Ngayinye yalezi zindlela inokubuyekezwa okufushane nokuhlaziya amandla nobuthakathaka bazo.

Indlela ka-Inmon (1994) yokuthi Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane Design

U-Inmon (1994) uphakamise izinyathelo ezine eziphindaphindwayo zokuklama a indawo yokugcina idatha (bheka Umfanekiso 2). Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuklama isifanekiso idatha social ukuqonda indlela i idatha ingahlanganiswa kuzo zonke izindawo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kwenhlangano ngokuhlukanisa i idatha isitolo ezindaweni. Imodeli idatha yenzelwe ukugcinwa idatha eziphathelene nokuthathwa kwezinqumo, okuhlanganisa idatha zomlando, futhi ifakiwe idatha kudonswa futhi kuhlanganiswe. Isinyathelo sesibili ukuhlonza izihloko ezizosetshenziswa. Lokhu kusekelwe ezintweni eziza kuqala ezinqunywe inhlangano ethile. Isinyathelo sesithathu sibandakanya ukudweba a database endaweni yesifundo, qaphela ikakhulukazi ukufaka amazinga afanelekile embudumbudu. U-Inmon uncoma ukusebenzisa ibhizinisi nemodeli yobudlelwano. Isinyathelo sesine ukuhlonza amasistimu omthombo idatha okudingekayo futhi kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zoguquko ukuze kuthathwe, kuhlanzeke kanye nefomethi i idatha.

Amandla endlela ka-Inmon yileyo modeli idatha social inikeza isisekelo sokuhlanganiswa kwe idatha ngaphakathi kwenhlangano kanye nokweseka okuhlela ekuthuthukisweni okuphindaphindwayo kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Izithiyo zayo wubunzima nezindleko zokuklama imodeli idatha kwezenhlalo, ubunzima bokuqonda amamodeli ezinkampani nobudlelwano obusetshenziswa kuzo zombili izinhlobo, lokho idatha social kanye nalokho idatha egcinwe ngendawo yesifundo, kanye nokufaneleka kwe idatha womdwebo we indawo yokugcina idatha ukugcwaliseka kwe database esihlobene kodwa hhayi ngenxa database multi-dimensional.

Ives' (1995) Indlela yoku Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane Design

U-Ives (1995) uphakamisa indlela enezinyathelo ezine yokuklama uhlelo lolwazi akholelwa ukuthi luyasebenza ekwakhiweni kolwazi. indawo yokugcina idatha (bheka Umfanekiso 3). Indlela le isekelwe kakhulu kubuNjineli bezoLwazi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinhlelo zolwazi (uMartin 1990). Isinyathelo sokuqala ukunquma imigomo yakho, impumelelo kanye nezici ezibalulekile, nezinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile. Izinqubo zebhizinisi ezibalulekile kanye nolwazi oludingekayo luyamodela ukuze lusiholele kumodeli idatha social. Isinyathelo sesibili sihilela ukuthuthukisa i-architecture echazayo idatha igcinwe ngendawo, database di indawo yokugcina idatha, izingxenye zobuchwepheshe ezidingekayo, isethi yokusekelwa kwenhlangano edingekayo ukuze kuqaliswe futhi kusetshenzwe ngayo indawo yokugcina idatha. Isinyathelo sesithathu sihlanganisa ukukhethwa kwamaphakheji esofthiwe namathuluzi adingekayo. Isinyathelo sesine ukuklama okuningiliziwe nokwakhiwa kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. U-Ives uphawula ukuthi isitolo idatha kuyinqubo ephindaphindayo enemingcele.

Amandla endlela ye-Ives ukusetshenziswa kokucaciswa kwezobuchwepheshe ukunquma izidingo zolwazi, ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo ehlelekile yokweseka ukuhlanganiswa indawo yokugcina idatha, ihadiwe efanele kanye nokukhethwa kwesofthiwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasu amaningi okumela kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Amaphutha ayo atholakala enkingeni. Ezinye zihlanganisa ubunzima bokusungula amazinga amaningi we database konke'interno del indawo yokugcina idatha ngesikhathi esifanele kanye nezindleko.

Kimball's (1994) Indlela yoku Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane Design

UKimball (1994) uphakamise izinyathelo ezinhlanu eziphindaphindwayo zokuklama a indawo yokugcina idatha (bheka iMifanekiso 4). Indlela yakhe igxile kakhulu ekudwebeni i-solo indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nasekusetshenzisweni kwamamodeli anobukhulu kunokuncamela ibhizinisi namamodeli obudlelwano. UKimball uhlaziya lawo mamodeli anobukhulu ngoba kulula kubaholi bebhizinisi ukuqonda ibhizinisi, kusebenza kahle kakhulu lapho kukhulunywa ngokubonisana okuyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokwakhiwa kwe database ngokomzimba kusebenza kahle kakhulu (Kimball 1994). UKimball uyavuma ukuthi ukuthuthukisa a indawo yokugcina idatha kuyaphindaphinda, futhi lokho indawo yokugcina idatha okuhlukanisiwe kungahlanganiswa ngokuhlukaniswa kube amatafula obukhulu obuvamile.

Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukuhlonza indawo yesihloko ethile okufanele ipheleliswe. Isinyathelo sesibili nesesithathu sibandakanya ukubunjwa kwe-dimensional. Esinyathelweni sesibili izinyathelo zikhomba izinto ezithakaselwayo endaweni yesifundo futhi ziziqoqe zibe itafula lamaqiniso. Isibonelo, endaweni yesihloko sokuthengisa izilinganiso zenzuzo zingabandakanya inani lezinto ezithengisiwe kanye nedola njengohlobo lwemali yokuthengisa. Isinyathelo sesithathu sibandakanya ukuhlonza izilinganiso okuyizindlela amaqiniso angaqoqwa ngazo. Endaweni yesihloko sokuthengisa, ubukhulu obuhambisanayo bungafaka into, indawo, nesikhathi. Ithebula leqiniso linokhiye wezingxenye eziningi wokulixhumanisa nethebula ngalinye lobukhulu futhi ngokuvamile liqukethe inani elikhulu kakhulu lamaqiniso. Ngokuphambene, amathebula obukhulu aqukethe ulwazi oluchazayo mayelana nobukhulu nezinye izici ezingasetshenziswa ukuqoqa amaqiniso. Ithebula leqiniso elihlotshaniswayo elihlongoziwe kanye nobukhulu lakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-schema yenkanyezi ngenxa yokuma kwayo. Isinyathelo sesine sibandakanya ukwakha a database multidimensional ukuze iphelelise iphethini yenkanyezi. Isinyathelo sokugcina siwukuhlonza amasistimu omthombo idatha okudingekayo futhi kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zoguquko ukuze kuthathwe, kuhlanzeke kanye nefomethi i idatha.

Amandla endlela kaKimball ahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamamodeli anobukhulu ukumela i idatha igcinwe okwenza kube lula ukuyiqonda futhi iholele ekwakhiweni komzimba okusebenzayo. Imodeli ye-dimensional esebenzisa kalula zombili amasistimu database ubudlelwano kungapheleliswa noma izinhlelo database multidimensional. Amaphutha ayo ahlanganisa ukuntuleka kwamanye amasu okwenza kube lula ukuhlela noma ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo eziningi zezinkanyezi ngaphakathi kwe-a indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nobunzima bokudizayina kusuka esakhiweni esine-denormalised ngokwedlulele kumodeli ye-dimensional a idatha ezinhlelweni zefa.

Indlela kaMcFadden (1996) kudatha I-Warehouse Design

UMcFadden (1996) uphakamisa indlela enezinyathelo ezinhlanu zokudweba a indawo yokugcina idatha (bheka Umfanekiso 5).
Indlela yakhe isekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwemibono evela ezincwadini futhi igxile ekuklanyweni kokukodwa indawo yokugcina idatha. Isinyathelo sokuqala sibandakanya ukuhlaziywa kwezidingo. Nakuba imininingwane yobuchwepheshe inganqunywanga, amanothi kaMcFadden ahlonza izinhlangano idatha Ukucaciswa kanye nezimfanelo zabo, futhi kubhekiselwa kubafundi u-Watson no-Frolick (1993) ukuze babambe izidingo.
Esinyathelweni sesibili, kudwetshwa imodeli yobudlelwano bebhizinisi indawo yokugcina idatha bese kugunyazwa abaphathi benkampani. Isinyathelo sesithathu sibandakanya ukunquma imephu kusuka ezinhlelweni zefa kanye nemithombo yangaphandle ye indawo yokugcina idatha. Isinyathelo sesine sibandakanya izinqubo ekuthuthukiseni, ekusetshenzisweni nasekuvumelaniseni idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha. Esinyathelweni sokugcina, ukulethwa kwesistimu kuthuthukiswa ngokugcizelela ku-interface yomsebenzisi. UMcFadden uphawula ukuthi inqubo yokudweba ngokuvamile iyaphindaphinda.

Amandla endlela kaMcFadden ukuzibandakanya kwabaholi bebhizinisi ekunqumeni izidingo kanye nokubaluleka kwezinsiza. idathaukuhlanza nokuqoqwa kwabo. Amaphutha ayo ukuntuleka kwenqubo yokuhlukanisa iphrojekthi enkulu indawo yokugcina idatha ezigabeni eziningi ezididiyelwe, nalapho

ubunzima bokuqonda ibhizinisi namamodeli obudlelwano asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe indawo yokugcina idatha.

Akusibo kuphela labo abasondelene nathi abasikhethayo.