UMGCINI IDATHA EPHAKATHI: UMLANDO NOKUGUQUKA KWEZinguquko
Izindikimba ezimbili ezivelele zobuchwepheshe benkampani kuma-90s yilezi
ithi i indawo yokugcina idatha kanye ne-ERP. Isikhathi eside laba ababili abanamandla
imisinga ibe yingxenye ye-IT yenkampani ngaphandle kokuthi ibe nayo
ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo. Kwakucishe kube sengathi babalulekile futhi baphikisana nodaba. Kepha
ukukhula kwazo zombili lezi zenzakalo kwaholela kokukodwa
ezimpambanweni zabo. Izinkampani namuhla zibhekene nenkinga ye-
yini okufanele uyenze nge-ERP e indawo yokugcina idatha. Lesi sihloko sizobonisa
yiziphi izinkinga nokuthi izinkampani zibhekana kanjani nazo.
EKUQALENI…
Ekuqaleni kwakukhona indawo yokugcina idatha. Indawo yokugcina imininingwane wazalelwa
phikisana nohlelo lokufaka isicelo sokuthengiselana.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala ukukhumbula ngekhanda i- idatha kwakuhloselwe ukuba
iphoyinti lokuphikisana nezinhlelo zokucubungula ze-
ukuthengiselana. Kepha kulezi zinsuku kunemibono eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu
kunani a indawo yokugcina idatha. Emhlabeni wanamuhla
indawo yokugcina idatha ifakwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esingaba
ebizwa ngeCorporate Information Factory.
IFEKITI LOLWAZI LWEZINKAMPANI
(I-CIF)
ICorporate Information Factory inezakhi zokwakha
okujwayelekile: izinga lokuguqulwa kwekhodi nokuhlanganiswa
okuhlanganisa i idatha ngenkathi mina idatha basuka endaweni ye
ukusetshenziswa kwemvelo kwe indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani; a
indawo yokugcina idatha wenkampani lapho i idatha
imilando enemininingwane nedidiyelwe. I indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani isebenza njenge
isisekelo lapho zonke ezinye izingxenye zingakhiwa khona
kwemvelo ye indawo yokugcina idatha; isitolo sedatha esisebenzayo (ODS).
I-ODS isakhiwo se-hybrid esiqukethe ezinye izici zedatha
ishede kanye nezinye izinto zesimo se-OLTP; amamaki wedatha, lapho i
iminyango ehlukene ingaba nenguqulo yayo yedatha
inqolobane; a indawo yokugcina idatha wokuhlola lapho i
Inkampani "ongqondongqondo" bangeza imibuzo yabo
Amahora angama-72 ngaphandle komphumela olimazayo indawo yokugcina idatha; kanye nenkumbulo
eduze kolayini, lapho idatha okudala futhi idatha imininingwane ngobuningi ingaba
kushibhile okugcinwe.
LAPHO I-ERP IHLANGANA NE-
IFEKITI LOLWAZI LWEZINKAMPANI
I-ERP ihlangana neCorporate Information Factory ezindaweni ezimbili.
Okokuqala njengohlelo oluyisisekelo (isisekelo) esihlinzeka nge-
idatha yohlelo lokusebenza ku indawo yokugcina idatha. Kulokhu i idatha,
yenziwe njengomkhiqizo ovela kwinqubo yokuthengiselana,
zihlanganiswe futhi zilayishwe ku- indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani. I
iphuzu lesibili lobumbano phakathi kwe-ERP ne-CIF ne-ODS. Ngempela, eziningi
izindawo i-ERP isetshenziswa njenge-ODS yakudala.
Uma kwenzeka i-ERP isetshenziswa njengohlelo lokusebenza oluyisisekelo, kunjalo
I-ERP efanayo nayo ingasetshenziswa ku-CIF njenge-ODS. Ku-
noma kunjalo, uma i-ERP izosetshenziswa kuzona zombili izindima, lapho
kufanele kube khona umehluko ocacile phakathi kwalezi zinhlangano ezimbili. Ngamanye amazwi,
lapho i-ERP idlala indima yohlelo lokusebenza oluyisisekelo kanye ne-ODS, i-
izinhlaka ezimbili zokwakha kufanele zihluke. Uma ngabe eyodwa
ukusebenzisa i-ERP kuzama ukudlala zombili izindima
ngasikhathi sinye kuzoba nakanjani kube nezinkinga ku
ukuklanywa nokuqaliswa kwalesi sakhiwo.
IZICELO EZIHLUKANISIWEYO NE-ODS NEZISEKO
Kunezizathu eziningi eziholela ekuhlukaneni kwezinto
yezakhiwo. Mhlawumbe umbuzo otshela kunazo zonke wokuhlukanisa amafayela we-
izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zokwakhiwa ukuthi ingxenye ngayinye
yezakhiwo zinombono wazo. Isicelo sokuqala siyadingeka
ngenhloso ehlukile kune-ODS. Zama ukugqagqana
ukubuka kohlelo lokusebenza okuyisisekelo emhlabeni we-ODS noma okuphambene nalokho
akuyona indlela eyiyo yokusebenza.
Ngenxa yalokho, inkinga yokuqala ye-ERP ku-CIF yile
hlola uma ngabe kukhona umehluko phakathi kwezicelo eziyisisekelo ne
I-ODS.
AMAMODI EMODATA ENKAMPANI
IFEKITI LOLWAZI
Ukufeza ukuhlangana phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene
yokwakhiwa kwe-CIF, kufanele kube khona imodeli ye idatha. I
amamodeli we idatha sebenza njengesixhumanisi phakathi kwezakhi ezahlukahlukene
ukwakheka okufana nezicelo eziyisisekelo ne-ODS. THE
amamodeli we idatha ube "ibalazwe lomgwaqo wengqondo" ukuze ube ne-
Incazelo elungile ngezakhi ezahlukahlukene zokwakha ze-CIF.
Ukuhambisana nalo mqondo, umqondo ukuthi kufanele kube khona
ube imodeli enhle nehlukile idatha. Ngokusobala kufanele
ube yisibonelo se idatha entweni ngayinye futhi ngaphezu kwalokho lapho
kufanele kube yindlela enengqondo exhuma amamodeli ahlukile.
Ingxenye ngayinye yokwakhiwa - i-ODS, izinhlelo zokusebenza eziyisisekelo,
indawo yokugcina idatha inkampani, nokunye .. - idinga eyakhe
imodeli ye- idatha. Futhi ngakho-ke kufanele kube nencazelo eqondile ye-
njengalezi zinhlobo ze idatha ziyahlangana zodwa.
HAMBA I IDATHA YOSUKU LWE-ERP
I-WAREHOUSE
Uma umsuka we idatha uhlelo lokusebenza oluyisisekelo kanye / noma i-ODS, lapho
I-ERP ifaka i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha, ukufakwa okunjalo kufanele
zenzeka ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu "lembudumbudu". Ukubuyisa noma
ukuhlanganisa nje i idatha lapho bephuma
kusukela ekusetshenzisweni okuyisisekelo kwe-ERP noma kusuka ku-ODS ye-ERP akuyona i-
okufanele ukwenze. THE idatha imininingwane iyadingeka osukwini
indawo yokugcina izimpahla ukwakha isisekelo senqubo ye-DSS. Kunjalo idatha
zizokwakhiwa kabusha ngezindlela eziningi ngamamaki wedatha nokuhlola
i-del indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ukufuduswa kwe- idatha kusuka endaweni yesisekelo yokusebenza
ye-ERP endaweni yemvelo indawo yokugcina idatha yenkampani yenziwa ngo
sikhululeke ngokunengqondo. Lokho kushintshwa kwenzeka ngemuva kwalokho
cishe amahora angama-24 kusukela ekuvuseleleni noma ekudalweni ku-ERP. Iqiniso le-
ube nokunyakaza "kobuvila" konkulunkulu idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha
yenkampani ivumela i- idatha ivela ku-ERP ukuze "ixazulule".
Kanye i idatha zifakwa kuhlelo lokusebenza oluyisisekelo,
lapho-ke ungahambisa ngokuphepha i idatha we-ERP
enkampanini. Enye inhloso engafinyeleleka ngenxa yokunyakaza
Onkulunkulu "abavilaphayo" idatha ukwahlukaniswa okucacile phakathi kwezinqubo zokusebenza kanye
I-DSS. Ngokunyakaza "okusheshayo" kwefayela le- idatha umugqa ohlukanisayo
phakathi kwe-DSS nokusebenza kuhlala kungacaci.
Ukunyakaza kwe- idatha kusuka ku-ODS ye-ERP kuya indawo yokugcina idatha
yenkampani yenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile, imvamisa
masonto onke noma ngenyanga. Kulokhu ukunyakaza kwe-
idatha kusekelwe isidingo 'sokuhlanza' okudala idatha izazi-mlando.
Vele, i-ODS iqukethe i idatha ezisanda kwenzeka
ukuhlonipha idatha osomlando abatholakala ku indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ukufuduswa kwe- idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha cishe akukaze kwenziwe
"Isitolo esidayisa yonke impahla" (ngendlela ethengisa kakhulu). Kopisha itafula
kusuka endaweni ye-ERP kuya indawo yokugcina idatha akwenzi mqondo. Indlela eyodwa
okungokoqobo kakhulu ukuhanjiswa kwamayunithi akhethiwe we idatha.
Kuphela idatha eziguqukile kusukela ekuvuseleleni kokugcina kosuku
isitolo yiso okufanele sisuswe kudatha
ishede. Enye indlela yokwazi ukuthi iziphi idatha ziguquliwe
ngoba ukuvuselelwa kokugcina ukubheka izitembu zesikhathi ze- idatha
etholakala endaweni ye-ERP. Umklami ukhetha zonke izinguquko
lokho kwenzeke selokhu kwavuselelwa okokugcina. Enye indlela
ukusebenzisa amasu wokuthola ukushintsha idatha. Nge
lezi zindlela zihlaziywa amateyipu we-log nawomagazini ukuze
nquma ukuthi iziphi idatha kufanele isuswe endaweni ye-ERP iye ku-
Lokho kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Lezi zindlela zingcono kakhulu
zingaki izingodo namatheyiphu wephephabhuku angafundwa kumafayela e-ERP
ngaphandle kweminye imiphumela kwezinye izinsiza ze-ERP.
EZINYE IZINKINGA
Enye yezinkinga nge-ERP ku-CIF yilokho okwenzeka kwabanye
imithombo yohlelo lokusebenza noma i-ai idatha ye-ODS okumele ibambe iqhaza
indawo yokugcina idatha kodwa abayona ingxenye yemvelo ye-ERP. Kunikezwe
uhlobo oluvaliwe lwe-ERP, ikakhulukazi i-SAP, umzamo wokuhlanganisa
okhiye abavela emithonjeni yangaphandle ye idatha nami idatha okuvela ku-ERP kuye
isikhathi sokunyakaza i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha, kuyinselele enkulu.
Futhi mangaki impela amathuba okuthi i idatha wezicelo noma
I-ODS engaphandle kwemvelo ye-ERP izohlanganiswa nedatha
ishede? Izinkinga empeleni ziphakeme kakhulu.
THOLA IDATHA IZIMLANDO EZIVELA KWI-ERP
Enye inkinga nge idatha we-ERP ngumphumela
kusukela isidingo sokuba idatha zomlando ngaphakathi kwe indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ngokuvamile i- indawo yokugcina idatha izidingo idatha izazi-mlando. INGABE
imvamisa ubuchwepheshe be-ERP abugcini lezi idatha
zomlando, okungenani hhayi kuze kufike ezingeni lapho kudingeka ngosuku
ishede. Lapho inani elikhulu le- idatha izazi-mlando ziqala uku
engezwa endaweni ye-ERP, imvelo enjalo kufanele ibe njalo
kuhlanzwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi a indawo yokugcina idatha kufanele
ilayishwe iminyaka emihlanu ye idatha zomlando ngenkathi i-ERP iphethe
okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha zalezi idatha. Inqobo nje uma inkampani yenelisekile
ukuqoqa ezihlukahlukene idatha zomlando njengoba isikhathi sihamba,
lapho-ke azikho izinkinga ekusebenziseni i-ERP njengomthombo we
indawo yokugcina idatha. Kodwa lapho indawo yokugcina idatha kumele ahambe
emuva ngesikhathi futhi uthathe onkulunkulu idatha izazi-mlando ezingakaze zibe khona
okuqoqwe ngaphambilini futhi kwalondolozwa yi-ERP, bese kuba imvelo ye-ERP
iba engasebenzi kahle.
ERP KANYE METADATA
Okunye okumele kucatshangelwe mayelana ne-ERP kanye indawo yokugcina idatha yilokho
kumethadatha ekhona kumvelo ye-ERP. Kanye nemethadatha
badlula endaweni ye-ERP baye endaweni indawo yokugcina idathai
imethadatha kufanele ihanjiswe ngendlela efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i
imethadatha kufanele iguqulwe ngefomethi nangesakhiwo
edingwa yingqalasizinda ye indawo yokugcina idatha. Kukhona omkhulu
umehluko phakathi kwemethadatha yokusebenza nemethadatha ye-DSS. Imethadatha
ukusebenza kwenzelwe ikakhulukazi unjiniyela kanye nokwenzelwe i-
uhlelo. Imethadatha ye-DSS ikakhulukazi eyomsebenzisi
owamanqamu. Imethadatha ekhona kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-ERP noma ama-ODS
kumele ziguqulwe futhi lokhu kuguqulwa akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi
futhi uqondise.
UKUGCINA IDATHA LE-ERP
Uma i-ERP isetshenziswa njengomhlinzeki we idatha nge-il indawo yokugcina idatha ci
kufanele kube isikhombimsebenzisi esiqinile esihambisa i idatha kusuka emvelweni
ERP kwezemvelo indawo yokugcina idatha. I-interface kufanele:
▪ kube lula ukuyisebenzisa
▪ vumela ukufinyelela ku- idatha we-ERP
▪ Uthathe okushiwo ngu idatha esezothuthwa
e indawo yokugcina idatha
▪ bazi ukulinganiselwa kwe-ERP okungavela ku
isikhathi lapho ungena ngemvume ku- idatha we-ERP:
▪ Ubuqotho obuyisisekelo
▪ Ubudlelwano obuphezulu
▪ ubudlelwano obunengqondo ngokuphelele
▪ umhlangano wesicelo
▪ zonke izakhiwo ze- idatha kusekelwa yi-ERP, njalonjalo ...
▪ ukusebenza kahle ekufinyeleleni idatha, ngokunikeza:
▪ ukunyakaza okuqondile kwe idatha
▪ ukutholwa koshintsho idatha
▪ ukusekela ukufinyelela ngesikhathi idatha
▪ baqonde ifomethi ye- idatha, njalo njalo…
I-INTERFACE NE-SAP
I-interface ingaba ngezinhlobo ezimbili, eyasekhaya noma eyezentengiso.
Ezinye zezindawo ezinkulu zokuhweba zifaka:
▪ I-SAS
▪ Ama-Prims Solutions
▪ D2k, njalonjalo ...
AMAKHONO AMANINGI E-ERP
Ukuphatha imvelo ye-ERP sengathi ubuchwepheshe obuyedwa yi
iphutha elikhulu. Kunobuchwepheshe obuningi be-ERP, obunye nobabo
amandla. Abathengisi abaziwa kakhulu emakethe yile:
▪ I-SAP
▪ Izimali ze-Oracle
▪ AbantuSoft
▪ UJD Edwards
▪ IBaan
SAP
I-SAP yisoftware enkulu futhi ephelele kunazo zonke ye-ERP. Izicelo
ye-SAP ifaka izinhlobo eziningi zezicelo ezindaweni eziningi. I-SAP inayo
idumela lokuba:
▪ kukhulu kakhulu
▪ Kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza ukukusebenzisa
▪ udinga abantu abaningi nababonisi ukuba babe
kufakiwe
▪ Udinga abantu abakhethekile abazosetshenziswa
▪ Kuthatha isikhathi eside ukwenza
Ngokwengeziwe, i-SAP inedumela lokukhumbula ngekhanda eyayo idatha molto
ngokucophelela, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi umuntu afinyelele kuzo
umuntu ongaphandle kwendawo ye-SAP. Amandla eSAP kufanele abe
uyakwazi ukubamba nokugcina inani elikhulu le- idatha.
Muva nje iSAP imemezele inhloso yayo yokwelula i
izicelo zayo ai indawo yokugcina idatha. Kuningi okuhle nokubi
ekusebenziseni i-SAP njengomphakeli we indawo yokugcina idatha.
Enye inzuzo ukuthi i-SAP isivele ifakiwe nokuthi iningi le-
abaxhumanisi sebevele bayayazi i-SAP.
Ububi bokuba ne-SAP njengomphakeli we indawo yokugcina idatha ukulala
abaningi: SAP akanalo isipiliyoni emhlabeni indawo yokugcina idatha
Uma i-SAP ingumphakeli we indawo yokugcina idatha, kuyadingeka "ukukhipha"
i idatha kusuka ku-SAP al indawo yokugcina idatha. Idatha irekhodi le-SAP le-
system evaliwe, akunakwenzeka ukuthi kuzoba lula ukuthola i kusuka ku-SAP kungena
it (???). Kunezindawo eziningi zefa ezinika amandla i-SAP,
njenge-IMS, i-VSAM, i-ADABAS, i-ORACLE, i-DB2, njalonjalo.
AbakwaSAP bagcizelela indlela "engasungulwanga lapha". I-SAP ayifuni
sebenzisana nabanye abathengisi ukusebenzisa noma ukudala i- indawo yokugcina idatha.
I-SAP iphikelela ekukhiqizeni yonke i-software yayo uqobo.
Yize iSAP iyinkampani enkulu futhi enamandla, iqiniso le-
ukuzama ukubhala kabusha ubuchwepheshe be-ELT, OLAP, ukuphathwa kwe-
system ngisho nekhodi eyisisekelo ye- dbms kuyahlanya nje.
Esikhundleni sokwamukela isimo sokubambisana nabahlinzeki
di indawo yokugcina idatha kudala, iSAP ilandele indlela yokuthi
"bazi okuningi". Lesi simo sengqondo sibuyisela impumelelo leyo
I-SAP ingaba nayo endaweni ye- indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ukwenqaba kweSAP ukuvumela abahlinzeki bangaphandle ukuthi bafinyelele
ngokushesha nangomusa kubo idatha. Ingqikithi yokusebenzisa
un indawo yokugcina idatha kulula ukufinyelela kuyo idatha. Indaba yonke yeSAP ithi
ngokususelwa ekwenzeni kube nzima ukufinyelela idatha.
Ukuntuleka kwesipiliyoni kwe-SAP ekubhekaneni nemithamo emikhulu ye idatha;
emkhakheni we indawo yokugcina idatha kukhona imiqulu ye idatha angikaze ngibone kusukela lapho
SAP nokusingatha lezi zimali ezinkulu ze- idatha kufanele ube neyodwa
ubuchwepheshe obufanele. I-SAP ngokusobala ayikwazi lokhu
isithiyo sobuchwepheshe esikhona ukufaka inkambu yedatha
igumbi lokugcina impahla.
Isiko lebhizinisi le-SAP: I-SAP isungule ibhizinisi
ekutholeni i idatha kusuka ohlelweni. Kepha ukwenza lokhu udinga ukuthi ube nakho
ukucabanga okuhlukile. Ngokwesiko, izinkampani zesoftware ezazikhona
kuhle ukuthola idatha endaweni engakaze ibe yinhle kuyo
ukuthola idatha iye kwenye indlela. Uma i-SAP ingenza lolu hlobo lwe
switch kuzoba inkampani yokuqala ukwenza njalo.
Ngamafuphi, akungabazeki ukuthi inkampani kufanele ikhethe yini
I-SAP njengomphakeli we indawo yokugcina idatha. Kunezingozi ezinkulu kakhulu
ngakolunye uhlangothi nemivuzo embalwa kakhulu ngakolunye. Kepha kukhona omunye
Isizathu esidumaza ukukhethwa kwe-SAP njengomhlinzeki wosuku
ishede. Ngoba yonke inkampani kufanele ibe nosuku olufanayo
indawo yokugcina impahla yazo zonke ezinye izinkampani? I indawo yokugcina idatha yinhliziyo
inzuzo yokuncintisana. Uma yonke inkampani yamukele okufanayo
indawo yokugcina idatha kungaba nzima, noma kungenzeki,
kuzuzwe inzuzo yokuncintisana. I-SAP ibonakala icabanga ukuthi a
indawo yokugcina idatha kungabonakala njengekhukhi futhi lokho kuyi-a
olunye uphawu lwazo “thola idatha
ku ".
Akekho omunye umthengisi we-ERP obusa njengeSAP.
Akungabazeki ukuthi kuzoba nezinkampani ezizolandela indlela ye-SAP
okwabo indawo yokugcina idatha kodwa cishe lezi date
Izinqolobane ze-SAP zizoba zinkulu, zibize futhi zifune kakhulu
isikhathi sokudalwa kwabo.
Lezi zindawo zifaka imisebenzi enjengokuthi "ukucubungula imali yasebhange",
izinqubo zokubhuka kwezindiza, izinqubo zezikhalazo
umshuwalense, njalonjalo. Ukwenza okwengeziwe uhlelo lokuthengiselana,
okusobala kakhulu kwakuyisidingo sokwehlukanisa phakathi kwenqubo yokusebenza kanye
I-DSS (Uhlelo Lokusekela Izinqumo). Noma kunjalo, ngezinhlelo zezinsizakusebenza
womuntu nowomuntu siqu, awukaze ubhekane nemiqulu emikhulu ye-
ukuthengiselana. Futhi-ke, lapho umuntu eqashwa
noma shiya inkampani lena yirekhodi lokuthengiselana.
Kepha maqondana nezinye izinhlelo, izinhlelo zabasebenzi kanye
okwakho nje akunakho ukuthengiselana okuningi. Ngakho-ke, kufayela le-
izinhlelo zabantu nezomuntu uqobo akucaci ngokuphelele ukuthi zikhona
udinga i-DataWarehouse. Ngezindlela eziningi lezi zinhlelo
zimele ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo ze-DSS.
Kepha kunesinye isici esidinga ukucatshangelwa uma umuntu kufanele akwenze lokho
yenza nge-datawarehouse kanye ne-PeopleSoft. Ezimweni eziningi, i idatha
wezinsizakusebenza zabantu kanye nezomuntu siqu kusezingeni eliphansi kwebhizinisi
inkampani eyinhloko. Izinkampani eziningi zenza
ukukhiqiza, ukuthengisa, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo nokunye. THE
izinhlelo zezinsiza zomuntu nezomuntu uqobo zivame ukuba kwesibili (noma kwe
support) entanjeni yebhizinisi eyinhloko yenkampani. Ngakho-ke, kunjalo
elinganayo futhi engalungile a indawo yokugcina idatha hlukana kwe
ukwesekwa kwabasebenzi nezinsiza zomuntu siqu.
I-PeopleSoft yehluke kakhulu kwi-SAP kulokhu. Nge-SAP, kunjalo
kuphoqelekile ukuthi kube khona a indawo yokugcina idatha. NgePeopleSoft, akunjalo
bese kucace kangako. Indawo yokugcina idatha ingakhethwa ngePeopleSoft.
Into enhle kakhulu engashiwo nge- idatha I-PeopleSoft yilolo suku
ishede lingasetshenziswa ukugcina i idatha mayelana
izinsiza zomuntu ezindala nezomuntu siqu. Isizathu sesibili se-
inkampani engathanda ukuyisebenzisa a indawo yokugcina idatha a
ukulimaza imvelo yePeopleSoft ukuvumela ukufinyelela futhi
ukufinyelela kwamahhala kumathuluzi wokuhlaziya, i-ai idatha nguPeopleSoft. Kepha
ngaphezu kwalezi zizathu, kungahle kube nezimo lapho kungcono khona ukungakwenzi
unendawo yokugcina imininingwane idatha AbantuSoft.
Ngokufigqiwe
Kunemibono eminingi ngokwakhiwa kosuku
ishede ngaphakathi kwesoftware ye-ERP.
Ezinye zazo yilezi:
▪ Kunengqondo ukuba ne indawo yokugcina idatha lokho kufana nanoma yikuphi
okunye embonini?
▪ I-ERP ivumelana nezimo kangakanani indawo yokugcina idatha isoftware?
▪ I-ERP indawo yokugcina idatha isofthiwe ingaphatha ivolumu ye
idatha etholakala endaweni"indawo yokugcina idatha enkundleni"?
▪ Uyini umlando owenziwe umthengisi we-ERP
ebhekene nokulula futhi okungabizi, ngokwesikhathi, i-ai idatha? (ini
irekhodi labathengisi be-ERP ekulethweni okungabizi kakhulu, kuvuliwe
time, kulula ukufinyelela idatha?)
▪ Kuyini ukuqonda kokwakhiwa kwe-DSS kanye ne
"Ifektri yolwazi lwenkampani" ngumthengisi we-ERP?
▪ Abathengisi be-ERP bayayiqonda indlela yokuthola idatha ngaphakathi kwe-
imvelo, kepha futhi uqonde ukuthi uzithumela kanjani ngaphandle?
▪ Uvuleke kangakanani umthengisi we-ERP kuze kube yimanje izinsimbi zomculo
kugcinwa impahla?
Konke lokhu kubhekelwa kumele kwenziwe ekunqumeni
lapho ukubeka indawo yokugcina idatha ezosingatha i idatha ERP nabanye
idatha. Ngokuvamile, ngaphandle uma kunesizathu esiphoqayo salokho
ukwenza okuhlukile, kunconywa ukwakha indawo yokugcina idatha ukuphuma
kusuka endaweni yomthengisi we-ERP.
ISAHLUKO 1
Sibutsetelo se-BI Organisation
Amaphuzu abalulekile:
Izinqolobane zolwazi zisebenza ngendlela ehlukile
ekwakhiweni kwezobunhloli bebhizinisi (BI):
Amasiko ezinkampani ne-IT kungakhawulela impumelelo ku
ukwakha izinhlangano ze-BI.
Ubuchwepheshe abuseyona into enciphisa izinhlangano ze-BI. I-
Inkinga yabakhi bezakhiwo nabahleli bephrojekthi akuyona uma ngabe
ubuchwepheshe bukhona, kepha uma bekwazi ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo
ubuchwepheshe obutholakalayo.
Ezinkampanini eziningi a indawo yokugcina idatha ingaphezudlwana kwediphozithi
ukwabiwa kokungenziwanga i idatha kubasebenzisi abayidingayo. THE idatha
zikhishwa ezinhlelweni zomthombo futhi zihlala ezinhlakeni eziqondiwe
di indawo yokugcina idatha. I idatha zingabuye zihlanzwe nakho konke
inhlanhla. Noma kunjalo alikho inani elengeziwe elingeziwe noma
eqoqwe ngu idatha ngale nqubo.
Ngokuyinhloko, i-DW engenzi lutho, iletha kahle
mina kuphela idatha ihlanzekile futhi isebenza ezinhlanganweni zabasebenzisi. Lapho
ukwakhiwa kolwazi nokuqonda kokuhlaziya kuncike
ngokuphelele ngabasebenzisi. Uma ngabe i-DW (Indawo yokugcina imininingwane) kube
impumelelo is subjective. Uma sahlulela impumelelo ku-
ikhono lokuqoqa, ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanzeka kahle i idatha
ezinkampanini ngokuqagela, yebo, i-DW iyimpumelelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sibheka ukuqoqwa, ukuhlanganiswa nakho
ukuxhashazwa kolwazi inhlangano iyonke, lapho-ke
i-DW yehlulekile. I-DW inikeza inani elincane noma cha
imininingwane. Ngenxa yalokho, abasebenzisi baphoqeleka ukuba benze,
ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka ama-silos wolwazi. Lesi sahluko siveza
umbono ophelele ukufingqa ukwakhiwa kwe-BI (Business
Intelligence) yezinkampani. Ake siqale ngencazelo ye-BI ne
lapho-ke sizoqhubeka nezingxoxo zokuklama futhi
ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi, ngokungafani nokuhlinzekwa nje i idatha
kubasebenzisi. Izingxoxo bese zigxila ekubalweni kwe-
inani lemizamo yakho ye-BI. Siphetha ngokuchaza ukuthi i-IBM
ikhuluma ngezidingo ze-BI zenhlangano yakho.
Incazelo yokwakhiwa kwe
inhlangano ye-BI
Izinhlelo ezinolwazi lokuthengiselana ezinamandla manje
ku-ajenda kuwo wonke amabhizinisi amakhulu, njengoba ekala
ngempumelelo inkundla yokudlala yezinkampani emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuhlala ngokuncintisana, kepha manje kudinga amasistimu ngokuhlaziya
okuqondiswe kulokho kungaguqula ikhono lenkampani ngokuthola kabusha futhi
besebenzisa imininingwane asebenayo. Lezi zinhlelo
izibalo zitholakala ekuqondeni okuvela engcebweni ye idatha
iyatholakala. I-BI ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kulo lonke ulwazi
yenkampani. Izinkampani zingathuthukisa ubudlelwane bamakhasimende futhi
abahlinzeki, bathuthukise inzuzo yemikhiqizo nezinsizakalo, bakhiqize
okunikezwayo okusha nokuhamba phambili, ukulawula ubungozi kanye nokunye okuningi
amaholo anciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kakhulu. Nge-BI yakho
inkampani ekugcineni iqala ukusebenzisa imininingwane yamakhasimende
njengempahla yokuncintisana ngenxa yohlelo lokusebenza olunezinhloso ze-
emakethe.
Ukuba nebhizinisi elifanele kusho ukuba nezimpendulo ezicacile
imibuzo ebalulekile njenge:
▪ Yikuphi okwethu amakhasimende zisenza sihole ngaphezulu, noma lapho
ingabe bathumela ngokulahleka?
▪ Lapho sihlala khona kangcono kakhulu amakhasimende maqondana ne- esitolo/
isitolo esivame ukuvela?
Which Yimuphi kumikhiqizo yethu nezinsizakalo ezingathengiswa kakhulu
ngempumelelo futhi kubani?
▪ Yimiphi imikhiqizo engathengiswa kahle kakhulu futhi isetshenziselwe obani?
▪ Yimuphi umkhankaso wokuthengisa ophumelele kakhulu futhi ngani?
▪ Yimiphi imigudu yokuthengisa ephumelela kakhulu kumiphi imikhiqizo?
▪ Singabuthuthukisa kanjani ubudlelwano ngokusemandleni ethu amakhasimende?
Izinkampani eziningi zinayo idatha kubi ukuphendula
le mibuzo.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zikhiqiza umkhiqizo omningi, we
ikhasimende futhi idatha maketha kusuka ezindaweni zokuthengisa, ukubhuka,
kusuka kumakhasimende kanye nezinhlelo zokusekela ezobuchwepheshe. Inselele ukuthi
khipha futhi usebenzise lolu lwazi.
Izinkampani eziningi zisebenzisa izingxenyana zazo ezincane kuphela idatha
ukuhlaziywa kwamasu.
I idatha esele, evame ukuhlanganiswa ne-i idatha okuvela emithonjeni yangaphandle efana ne- i
"Imibiko kahulumeni", neminye imininingwane ethengiwe, kumunye
imayini yegolide elinde ukuhlolwa nje, ei idatha kumele
vele ucaciswe kumongo wolwazi lwakho
inhlangano.
Lolu lwazi lungasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ukuhlukahluka
kusuka ekwakheni isu elijwayelekile lokuhlangana kuya
ukuxhumana nabantu nabaphakeli, ngokusebenzisa izikhungo zezingcingo,
ama-invoyisi, Internet namanye amaphuzu. Isimo sebhizinisi sanamuhla siyasho
ukuthi i-DW nezinye izixazululo ze-BI ezihlobene ziyaqhubeka
ukwenziwa kwezakhiwo zendabuko ze idatha engi idatha kujwayelekile ku
ezingeni le-athomu futhi "izinkanyezi / cube amapulazi".
Okudingekayo ukuze uhlale uncintisana ukuhlangana kwe-
ubuchwepheshe bendabuko nobuphambili emzameni wokusekela i
indawo enkulu yokuhlaziya.
Ekugcineni, imvelo ejwayelekile kufanele ithuthukise ulwazi
yenkampani iyonke, iqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo ezithathiwe
njengomphumela wokuhlaziywa okwenziwe, zilusizo ukuze wonke umuntu akwenze
inzuzo.
Isibonelo, ake sithi ulinganisa eyakho amakhasimende ezigabeni
ingozi ephezulu noma ephansi.
Uma lolu lwazi lwenziwa ngemodeli yokukhipha noma
ngezinye izindlela, kufanele ifakwe ku-DW futhi yenziwe ifinyeleleke kuyo
noma ngubani, nganoma yiliphi ithuluzi lokungena, elifana ne i
imibiko emile, amaspredishithi, amatafula, noma ukucubungula kokuhlaziya ku
umugqa (OLAP).
Kodwa-ke, njengamanje, lolu hlobo oluningi lolwazi
hlala kumasilo we idatha yabantu noma iminyango abayikhiqizayo
ukuhlaziywa. Inhlangano iyonke ayinakho ukubonakala okuncane noma ayinayo nhlobo
ukuqonda. Ngokuxuba nje lolu hlobo lokuqukethwe
imininingwane enkampanini yakho ye-DW ungasusa ama-silos we
imininingwane futhi uphakamise imvelo yakho ye-Dw.
Kunezithiyo ezimbili ezinkulu ekuthuthukisweni kwenhlangano
we-BI.
Okokuqala, sinenkinga yenhlangano uqobo
yemithethonqubo ehlobene.
Yize singeke sikwazi ukusiza ngezinguquko zenqubomgomo
inhlangano, singakusiza uqonde izingxenye ze-
inhlangano ye-BI, ukwakhiwa kwayo nokuthi i
Ubuchwepheshe be-IBM busiza ukuthuthukiswa kwayo.
Isithiyo sesibili okufanele sisinqotshwe ukungabi buchwepheshe
kuhlanganiswe kanye nolwazi lwendlela ekhumbula sonke isikhala
ye-BI ngokungafani nengxenye encane kuphela.
I-IBM iphendula izinguquko kubuchwepheshe
lokuhlanganiswa. Kungumsebenzi wakho ukunikeza idizayini
ukuzazi. Lesi sakhiwo kufanele sakhiwe nge
ubuchwepheshe obukhethelwe ukuhlanganiswa ngaphandle kwezingqinamba, noma okungenani nge
ubuchwepheshe obunamathela emazingeni avulekile. Futhi, okwakho
abaphathi benkampani kumele baqinisekise ukuthi ibhizinisi likaBi li
kwenziwa ngokwesheduli hhayi ukuyivumela
ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi olutholakala ekuzisebenzeleni
ajenda, noma imigomo.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi imvelo ye-BI ayizweli kuyo
phendula kuzidingo ezahlukene nezidingo zabasebenzisi abahlukahlukene; esikhundleni salokho, kusho
ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwalezo zidingo nezidingo ngazinye
kwenziwa ukuze kuzuze yonke inhlangano ye-BI.
Incazelo yokwakhiwa kwenhlangano ye-BI ingakwazi
zitholakala ekhasini 9 kuMdwebo 1.1. Ubuciko bukhombisa
inhlanganisela ecebile yobuchwepheshe namasu.
Ngokombono wendabuko, ukwakhiwa kufaka izinto ezilandelayo
of ishede
Ungqimba lwe-Atomic.
Lesi yisisekelo, inhliziyo ye-DW yonke futhi ngenxa yalokho
ukubika kwamasu.
I idatha okugcinwe lapha kuzogcina ubuqotho bomlando, imibiko ye-
idatha futhi kufaka phakathi imethrikhi etholakele, kanye nokuhlanzeka,
kuhlanganiswe, futhi kwagcinwa kusetshenziswa izifanekiso zokukhipha.
Konke ukusetshenziswa okulandelayo kwalokhu idatha nemininingwane ehlobene nayo
etholakala kulesi sakhiwo. Lo ngumthombo omuhle kakhulu we
ukukhishwa kwe- idatha kanye nemibiko enemibuzo ehlelekile ye-SQL
Idiphozithi yokusebenza ye idatha noma isisekelo sokubika se-
idatha(Isitolo sedatha yokusebenza (i-ODS) noma ukubika
database.)
Lesi isakhiwo se- idatha eyenzelwe ngqo i-
ukubika kwezobuchwepheshe.
I idatha okugcinwe kuphethwe ngalezi zakhiwo ekugcineni
sabalalisa endaweni yokugcina impahla ngokusebenzisa indawo yenhlangano (staging
area), lapho ingasetshenziselwa ukubika ngamasu.
Indawo yesiteji.
Ukuma kokuqala kwabaningi idatha eyenzelwe imvelo ye-
ishede yindawo yenhlangano.
Lapha i idatha ahlanganiswe, ahlanze futhi aguqulwa abe idatha kuwusizo lokho
izogcwalisa isakhiwo sokugcina impahla
Usuku lokumasha.
Le ngxenye yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo imelela ukwakheka kwe- idatha esetshenzisiwe
ikakhulukazi i-OLAP. Ubukhona bamadatha, uma ngabe i idatha ukulala
kugcinwe ku-schema senkanyezi esidlulayo idatha
multidimensional endaweni yobudlelwano, noma ekufakeni amakhabethe
di idatha nokuphathelene okusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuthile be-OLAP, njenge
Iseva ye-DB2 OLAP, ayihambelani.
Okuwukuphela komkhawulo ukuthi ukwakhiwa kusiza ukusetshenziswa kwe- idatha
multidimensional.
Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kubandakanya ubuchwepheshe obubucayi namasu we-Bi
ezihlukaniswa njenge:
Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo
Isikhala siyimpahla engalindelekile yolwazi kumhlaziyi futhi
kubalulekile ukuqeda isixazululo. Isikhala singakwazi
umele imininingwane yabantu abahlala kokuthize
indawo, kanye nemininingwane yokuthi ikuphi leyo ndawo
ngokomzimba kuqhathaniswa nomhlaba wonke.
Ukwenza lokhu kuhlaziywa, kufanele uqale ngokubopha okwakho
imininingwane ekuxhumaniseni nobude. Nazo ke
okubizwa nge- "geocoding" futhi kufanele kube yingxenye yesizinda,
uguquko, nenqubo yokulayisha (ETL) ezingeni
endlini yakho yokugcina impahla.
Ukumbiwa kwedatha.
Ukukhishwa kwe- idatha ivumela izinkampani zethu ukuthi zikhulise
inombolo ye- amakhasimende, ukubikezela izitayela zokuthengisa nokuvumela
ukuphathwa kobudlelwano ne i amakhasimende (CRM), phakathi kwezinye izinhlelo ze
BI.
Ukukhishwa kwe- idatha ngakho-ke kufanele ihlanganiswe nezinhlaka ze-
idatha we-DWHouse futhi osekelwa yizinqubo zokugcina izimpahla ze
thola ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ngempumelelo nangendlela efanele futhi
amasu ahlobene.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ekwakhiweni kwe-BI, izinga le-athomu le-
I-Dwhouse, njengamadatha, ingumthombo omuhle kakhulu we idatha
yokukhipha. Nazo lezo zinhlaka kufanele zibe njalo
abamukeli bemiphumela yokukhipha ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala ku-
izethameli ezibanzi. (izilaleli ezibanzi).
Abenzeli.
Kunama-ejenti ahlukahlukene okuhlolela iklayenti iphuzu ngalinye njenge, i
izinhlelo zokusebenza zenkampani kanye ne-dw efanayo. Lawa ma-ejenti angakwazi
ube amanethiwekhi we-neural athuthukile aqeqeshelwe ukufunda ngawo
ukuthambekela kwephoyinti ngalinye, njengokufunwa kwesikhathi esizayo komkhiqizo osuselwe
ekukhushulweni kokuthengisa, izinjini ezisuselwa emithethweni okufanele zisabele kukho
un idatha isethi yezimo, noma ngisho nama-ejenti alula lokho
babika okuhlukile "kubaphathi abaphezulu". Lezi zinqubo ziyakwenza
ngokuvamile ikhona ngesikhathi sangempela ngakho-ke kumele
kuhlanganiswe eduze nokunyakaza okufanayo idatha.
Zonke lezi zinhlaka ze idatha, ubuchwepheshe namasu okuqinisekisa
ukuthi ngeke uchithe ubusuku ukhiqiza inhlangano ye
i-BI yakho.
Lo msebenzi uzothuthukiswa ngezinyathelo ezengeziwe, zabancane
amaphuzu.
Isinyathelo ngasinye ngumzamo wephrojekthi ozimele, futhi kuyabikwa
njenge-iteration ku-dw yakho noma ku-BI. Ukuphindaphindwa
kungabandakanya ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha, be
qala ngamasu amasha ngokungeza izakhiwo ezintsha idatha ,
iyalayishwa i idatha okungeziwe, noma ngokunwetshwa kokuhlaziywa
imvelo yakho. Lesi sigaba sidingidwa kabanzi
ngokujula esahlukweni 3.
Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zendabuko ze-Dw namathuluzi kaBi kukhona ezinye
imisebenzi yenhlangano yakho ye-BI oyikweletayo
ukwakheka, okufana:
Amaphuzu okuthinta amakhasimende (Ukuthinta kwamakhasimende
amaphuzu).
Njenganoma iyiphi inhlangano yanamuhla kunezinombolo eziningi ze-
amaphuzu okuthinta amakhasimende akhombisa ukuthi ungaba kanjani nesipiliyoni
okuhle okwakho amakhasimende. Kunemigudu yendabuko efana ne- i
abadayisi, ama-switchboard opharetha, i-imeyili eqondile, i-multimedia nokuphrinta
ukukhangisa, kanye neziteshi zamanje ezifana ne-imeyili newebhu, i idatha
imikhiqizo enendawo ethile yokuxhumana kufanele itholwe,
ukuhanjiswa, ukuhlanzwa, ukuguqulwa bese kuhlala abantu ezinhlakeni ze idatha della
BI.
Izisekelo ze idatha izinhlangano ezisebenzayo nezabasebenzisi (i-Operational
yolwazi kanye nemiphakathi yabasebenzisi).
Ekupheleni kwezindawo zokuxhumana ze amakhasimende izisekelo ze idatha
ukusetshenziswa kwenkampani kanye nemiphakathi engabasebenzisi. THE idatha ekhona
ukulala idatha yendabuko okufanele ihlanganiswe futhi ihlanganiswe ne idatha che
ukugeleza kusuka ezindaweni zokuxhumana ukuze uhlangabezane nokudingekayo
imininingwane.
Abahlaziyi. (Abahlaziyi)
Umzuzi oyinhloko wemvelo ye-BI ngumhlaziyi. Nguye lowo
izinzuzo zokukhishwa kwamanje kwe- idatha iyasebenza, ihlanganiswe ne
imithombo ehlukene ye- idatha , yengezwe ngezici ezifana nokuhlaziywa
ngokwendawo (geocoding) futhi kwethulwe kubuchwepheshe be-BI lokho
vumela wena ukukhipha, i-OLAP, ukubika okuthuthukile kwe-SQL nokuhlaziywa
ngokwendawo. I-interface eyinhloko yomhlaziyi emvelweni we
ukubika yingosi ye-BI.
Kodwa-ke, umhlaziyi akuyena kuphela ohlomulayo ekwakhiweni kwe-
BI.
Abaphathi, izinhlangano ezinkulu zabasebenzisi, ngisho nabalingani, abahlinzeki kanye nami
amakhasimende kufanele bathole izinzuzo ebhizinisini le-BI.
I-back-feed loop.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-BI kuyindawo yokufunda. Isimiso
isici sokuthuthuka ukuvumela izakhiwo eziphikelelayo ze- idatha
ukuvuselelwa ngobuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe be-BI nangezenzo
ukuqonda komsebenzisi. Isibonelo ukuhlolwa kwe-
ikhasimende (ukushaya ikhasimende).
Uma umnyango wezokuthengisa wenza imodeli yezimayini
wezikolo zekhasimende zokusebenzisa insizakalo entsha, bese i-
umnyango wezentengiso akufanele kube yiwo wedwa iqembu elihlomulayo
yesevisi.
Esikhundleni salokho, imodeli yezimayini kufanele yenziwe njengengxenye
ukugeleza kwedatha yemvelo ngaphakathi kwenkampani nezikolo zekhasimende
kufanele ibe yingxenye edidiyelwe yemvelo yolwazi ye-
ishede, elibonakala kubo bonke abasebenzisi. IBM Bi-bi-centric Suite
kufaka phakathi i-DB2 UDB, i-DB2 OLAP Server ifaka iningi
ingxenye yezinto ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe, ezichazwe kumuntu
1.1.
Sisebenzisa ukwakheka njengoba kubonakala kuleli nani lencwadi le-
sinikeze izinga lokuqhubeka futhi sibonise ukuthi umkhiqizo ngamunye uvela kanjani
ye-IBM ilingana nohlelo olujwayelekile lwe-BI.
Ukunikezela ngokuqukethwe kolwazi (Ukunikezela
Okuqukethwe kolwazi)
Ukuqamba, ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa imvelo yakho ye-BI
ukusebenza okunzima. Idizayini kufanele yamukele okuningi
izidingo zebhizinisi zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo. Umklamo wezakhiwo
kufanele iphelele ukufaka zonke iziphetho ezitholakele
ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuklama. Ukubulawa kumele kuhlale
uzibophezele enhlosweni eyodwa: ukuthuthukisa ukwakhiwa kwe-BI
njengoba kwethulwe ngokusemthethweni emdwebeni futhi kususelwa kuzidingo ze
Ibhizinisi.
Kunzima ikakhulukazi ukuphikisa ukuthi isiyalo sizoqinisekisa ukuthi
impumelelo ehlobene.
Lokhu kulula ngoba awuthuthukisi yonke imvelo ye-BI
ngokuzumayo, kepha kwenzeka ngezinyathelo ezincane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhomba izingxenye ze-BI zokwakhiwa kwakho yi
kubalulekile ngezizathu ezimbili: Uzoqondisa zonke izinqumo ezilandelayo
amasu wokwakha.
Uzokwazi ukuklama ngamabomu ukusetshenziswa okuthile kobuchwepheshe
yize ungahle ungatholi impendulo edinga i-
ubuchwepheshe izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Ukuqonda izidingo zebhizinisi lakho ngokwanele kuzothinta uhlobo
yemikhiqizo ozoyitholela ukwakha kwakho.
Ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kobuciko bakho kuqinisekisa
ukuthi indawo yakho yokugcina impahla
hhayi umcimbi ongahleliwe, kepha kunalokho "kucatshangelwe kahle",
isikhangiso esakhiwe ngokucophelela opera yobuciko njenge-mosaic ye
ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe.
Yakha okuqukethwe kolwazi
Konke ukuhlela kokuqala kufanele kugxile futhi kukhombe
izingxenye ezinkulu ze-BI ezizodingeka yimvelo
jikelele esikhathini samanje nasesikhathini esizayo.
Ukwazi Izidingo Zebhizinisi kubalulekile.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba kuqale konke ukuhlela okujwayelekile, i
umhleli wephrojekthi angahle akhombe eyodwa noma ezimbili
ingxenye khona lapho.
Ibhalansi yezingxenye ezingadingeka ku-
ukwakhiwa kwakho, noma kunjalo, akutholakali kalula.
Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuklama, ingxenye enkulu yokwakhiwa
ibopha iseshini yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza (JAD) kusesho
ukukhomba izidingo zebhizinisi.
Kwesinye isikhathi lezi zidingo zingakhishelwa ngaphandle
imibuzo nokubika.
Isibonelo, abasebenzisi bakumemezela lokho uma befuna ukwenza i-automate
njengamanje umbiko kufanele uwukhiqize ngokwenza ngokuhlanganisa
izilinganiso ezimbili zamanje nokungeza izibalo ezisuselwe ku-
inhlanganisela ye- idatha.
Yize le mfuneko ilula, ichaza ethile
ukusebenza kwesici okufanele usifake lapho
thenga amathuluzi wokubika enhlangano yakho.
Umqambi kumele futhi aphishekele izidingo ezingeziwe ze-
uthole isithombe esiphelele. Abasebenzisi bafuna ukubhalisela
lo mbiko?
Ama-subsets wombiko akhiqizwa futhi athunyelwa nge-imeyili kokuhlukahlukene
abasebenzisi? Ufuna ukubona lo mbiko kungosi yenkampani?
Zonke lezi zidingo ziyingxenye yesidingo esilula se-
shintsha umbiko wezandla njengoba kudingeka ngabasebenzisi. Inzuzo
zalezi zinhlobo zezidingo ukuthi wonke umuntu, abasebenzisi nabaqambi, banazo
ukuqonda umqondo wemibiko.
Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo zamabhizinisi, noma kunjalo, okudingeka sihlele.
Lapho izidingo zebhizinisi zishiwo ngendlela ye-
Imibuzo yamasu ebhizinisi, kulula kumklami onolwazi
bona isilinganiso sesilinganiso / iqiniso kanye nobukhulu.
Umdwebo 1.2 ukhombisa izilinganiso zokulinganisa nobukhulu be- a
Inkinga yebhizinisi.
Uma abasebenzisi be-JAD bengazi ukuthi bazisho kanjani izidingo zabo
ngesimo senkinga yebhizinisi, umklami uzohlinzeka kaningi
izibonelo zokweqa ukuqala kweseshini yokuqoqa
izidingo.
Umklami oyingcweti angasiza abasebenzisi ukuthi baqonde hhayi i-
ukuhweba ngamasu, kepha nokuthi ungakuqeqesha kanjani.
Indlela yokuqoqa izidingo idingidwa esahlukweni 3; ngoba
manje sifisa ukukhombisa kuphela isidingo sokwakhela wonke umuntu
izinhlobo zezidingo ze-BI
Inkinga yeBhizinisi eliSu, akuyona nje imfuneko
Ibhizinisi, kepha futhi nenkomba yokuklama. Uma kufanele uphendule
embuzweni ohlanganisa izinto eziningi, lapho-ke kufanele ukhumbule,
hambisa i idatha ubukhulu, futhi uma udinga ukugcina i
idatha multidimensional, kufanele unqume ukuthi hlobo luni lobuchwepheshe noma
inqubo ozoyisebenzisa.
Ngabe usebenzisa uhlelo olubekiwe lwenkanyezi ye-cube, noma kokubili?
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ngisho nenkinga elula yebhizinisi
ingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni. Noma kunjalo
lezi zinhlobo zezidingo zebhizinisi zivamile futhi-ke, okungenani
ngabaklami abanolwazi nabahleli bephrojekthi.
Kube nenkulumompikiswano eyanele ngobuchwepheshe nokusekelwa kwe-
I-OLAP, nezixazululo ezahlukahlukene ziyatholakala. Kuze kube manje
sishilo isidingo sokuhlanganisa ukubika okulula ne-i
izidingo zobukhulu bokuqina, nokuthi zidingeka kanjani
nomthelela ezinqumweni zokwakha ezobuchwepheshe.
Kepha yiziphi izidingo ezingaqondakali kalula
ngabasebenzisi noma ngeqembu le-DW? Awusoze wadinga ukuhlaziywa
indawo (ukuhlaziywa kwendawo)?
Izinhlobo zezimayini ze idatha zizoba yingxenye edingekayo yakho
ikusasa? Kwazi bani?
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zobuchwepheshe aziziningi
eyaziwa yimiphakathi ejwayelekile yomsebenzisi kanye namalungu eqembu le-
Ngokwengxenye, lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi ngokwejwayelekile
ziphathwa ngongoti abathile bezobuchwepheshe bangaphakathi noma besithathu. Kuyinto
izimo ezimbi kakhulu ezivezwa yilezi zinhlobo zobuchwepheshe. Ukuzimela
abasebenzisi abakwazi ukuchaza izidingo zebhizinisi noma ukuzifaka
ukuze banikeze imihlahlandlela kubaklami, bangakwazi
unganakwa noma, okubi nakakhulu, umane unganakwa.
Kuba yinkinga kakhulu lapho umklami nonjiniyela behluleka
bangahle babone ukusetshenziswa kokukodwa kwalokhu okuthuthukile kepha
ubuchwepheshe obubucayi.
Njengoba sike sezwa kaningi abaklami bethi, “kahle, kungani
Asikubeki eceleni size sithole le enye into?
“Ngabe banesifiso sokwenza izinto ezibalulekile kuqala, noma vele ugweme i
izidingo abangaqondi? Kungenzeka kube yi-hypothesis yokugcina.
Ake sithi iqembu lakho lokuthengisa lidlulise imfuneko
kwezebhizinisi, njengoba kushiwo ku-Figure 1.3, njengoba ubona, i-
imfuneko yakhelwe ngendlela yenkinga yebhizinisi. Lapho
umehluko phakathi kwale nkinga nenkinga ejwayelekile yobukhulu ngu
ibanga. Kulokhu, iqembu lokuthengisa lifuna ukwazi,
njalo ngenyanga, ukuthengiswa okuphelele okuvela emikhiqizweni, ezinqolobaneni kanye
amakhasimende abahlala ngaphakathi kwamamayela ama-5 ukusuka lapho kugcinwa khona impahla
bayathenga.
Ngokudabukisayo, abaklami noma abaklami bamane bakwazi
unganaki ingxenye yendawo ngokuthi, “sineklayenti, i-
umkhiqizo kanye nami idatha yediphozi. Sigcina ibanga lize lifike
enye i-iteration.
"Impendulo engalungile. Lolu hlobo lwezinkinga zebhizinisi luyakhathazeka
ngokuphelele i-BI. Imele ukuqonda okujulile kwe-
ibhizinisi lethu kanye nesikhala esinamandla sokuhlaziya sabahlaziyi bethu.
I-BI ingaphezu kombuzo olula noma ukubika okujwayelekile, noma
ngisho OLAP. Lokhu akusho ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe abwenzi
zibalulekile ku-BI yakho, kodwa kukodwa azimele
imvelo ye-BI.
Idizayini yomongo wolwazi
(Ukuklama Okuqukethwe Kwemininingwane)
Manje njengoba sesikhombe Izidingo Zebhizinisi ezibahlukanisa
izingxenye eziyinhloko ezahlukahlukene kufanele zifakwe emdwebeni
ukwakhiwa okujwayelekile. Ezinye zezingxenye ze-BI ziyingxenye ye-
yemizamo yethu yokuqala, ngenkathi eminye ingeke isetshenziselwe
izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Kodwa-ke, zonke izidingo ezaziwayo ziyabonakala ekwakhiweni ukuze
lapho kufanele sisebenzise ubuchwepheshe obuthile, singabo
lungela ukukwenza. Okuthile mayelana nomsebenzi kuzokhombisa ukucabanga
ngokwesiko.
Isibonelo, Umdwebo 1.1, ekuqaleni kwesahluko, ukhombisa usuku
mart egcina ifayili le- idatha ntathu.
Lesi setha se idatha isetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ukusetshenziswa kamuva kwe-
idatha eqhutshwa ngobukhulu yizinkinga zeBhizinisi ezithi
sikhombe. Njengoba eminye imibhalo ikhona
kukhiqizwe, njengokuthuthukiswa komklamo we idatha, thina
sizoqala ukwenza ngokusemthethweni ukuthi i idatha basakazeka emvelweni.
Sisitholile isidingo sokumela i idatha kanjalo
ntathu, ibahlukanisa (ngokuya ngezidingo ezithile
set) kumamashi.
Umbuzo olandelayo ozowuphendula uthi: zizokwakhiwa kanjani
lezi zimakethe zedatha?
Ngabe uzakha izinkanyezi ukuxhasa ama-cubes, noma ama-cubes nje, noma izinkanyezi nje?
(noma ama-cubes angakwesokudla, noma izinkanyezi ezifanele). Khiqiza ukwakheka kwedatha
amamashi ancike ekutheni adinga ungqimba lwe-athomu lwabo bonke idatha
utholile? Vumela amamashi wedatha azimele ukuthola idatha
ngqo kusuka kumasistimu wokusebenza?
Yibuphi ubuchwepheshe be-cube ozozama ukubulinganisa?
Unenqwaba yonkulunkulu idatha edingekayo ukuze kuhlaziywe ubukhulu
noma udinga ama-cubes wakho wokuthengisa kazwelonke kukodwa
masonto onke noma kuzo zombili? Yakha into enamandla
njenge-DB2 OLAP Server yezimali noma ama-Cognos cubes
I-PowerPlay yenhlangano yakho yokuthengisa noma yomibili?
Lezi yizinqumo ezinhle kakhulu zokwakha ezakha lokho
izothinta imvelo yakho ye-BI kusuka lapha kuye phambili. Yebo,
usibonile isidingo se-OLAP. Manje uzokwenza kanjani lokho
uhlobo lwamasu nobuchwepheshe?
Buthinta kanjani obunye bobuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu kwezakho
imidwebo? Sicabanga ukuthi usitholile isidingo
isikhala enhlanganweni yakho. Manje kufanele ubize ifayela le-
Izinhlelo zemidwebo yezakhiwo yize bekungahlelelwe i-
ukwenza izinto zesikhala izinyanga ezimbalwa. Umakhi kufanele
design namuhla ngokususelwa kokudingekayo. Qagela isidingo se-
ukuhlaziywa kwendawo okwakha, ukugcina, ukufeza nokunikeza
ukufinyelela ku- idatha isikhala. Lokhu nakho kufanele kusebenze njenge-
Isithiyo maqondana nohlobo lobuchwepheshe nokucaciswa
ipulatifomu yesoftware ongayibheka njengamanje. Ngoba
isibonelo, uhlelo lokuphatha lwe isisekelo sedatha zingubudlelwane
(RDBMS) owenzela ungqimba lwakho lwe-athomu kufanele ube nalo
isandiso sendawo esinamandla siyatholakala. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi
ukusebenza okuphezulu lapho usebenzisa i-geometry nezinto
isikhala kuzinhlelo zakho zokusebenza zokuhlaziya. Uma i-RDBMS yakho ingakwenzi
uyakwazi ukusingatha i idatha (spatial-centric) ngaphakathi, ngakho-ke kuzofanele ukwenze
sungula a isisekelo sedatha (spatial-centric) ngaphandle. Lokhu kwenza inkinga ye-
ukuphatha ama-edishini nokuyekethisa ukusebenza kwakho kukonke,
kungasaphathwa izinkinga ezingezekile ezidalelwe ezakho
Ama-DBAs, ngoba kungenzeka anokuqonda okuncane
kwezisekelo ze idatha isikhala futhi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ngabe
I-RDMBS isingatha zonke izinto ezinendawo nezindawo ezihlobene
i-optimizer yazi ngezidingo ezikhethekile (ngokwesibonelo,
indexing) sezinto zendawo, khona-ke ama-DBA akho angakwazi ukuphatha
phatha ama-edishini ngokushesha futhi ungakhuphula
ukusebenza.
Futhi, udinga ukulungisa indawo yesiteji nongqimba
imvelo ye-athomu ukufaka ikheli lokuhlanza (a
element esemqoka ekuhlaziyweni kwendawo), kanye nokulandelayo
ukonga izinto zesikhala. Ukulandelana kwezinhlelo ze-
design iyaqhubeka manje njengoba sethule umbono wokuhlanza
ikheli. Okokuqala, lolu hlelo lokusebenza luzocacisa uhlobo lwe-
isoftware edingekayo kumzamo wakho we-ETL.
Udinga imikhiqizo efana ne-Trillium ukukunikeza ikheli
clean, noma umhlinzeki we-ETL okhethe ukukunikeza lokho
ukusebenza?
Okwamanje kubalulekile ukuthi ulazise izinga lomklamo oyilo
kufanele igcwaliswe ngaphambi kokuqala ukwenza okwakho
imvelo (ishede). Izibonelo ezingenhla kufanele
khombisa inqwaba yezinqumo zokwakhiwa okufanele zilandelwe
ukukhonjwa kwanoma iyiphi imfuneko ethile yebhizinisi. Uma usuqedile
kahle, lezi zinqumo zokwakha ziyakhuthaza
ukuncika phakathi kwezakhiwo zomzimba wakho, i
ukukhethwa kobuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe nokuhamba kokusakazwa kwe
okuqukethwe kolwazi. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kwakhiwa okuvamile
ye-BI, inhlangano yakho izoba ngaphansi kwengxube
kunezinxushunxushu zobuchwepheshe obukhona, okungcono kakhulu, obunye ngendlela
ayinembile ukuhlinzeka ngokuqina okubonakalayo.
Gcina okuqukethwe kolwazi
Ukuletha inani lemininingwane enhlanganweni yakho
ukusebenza okunzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuqonda okwanele
nesipiliyoni, noma ukuhlela kahle nokudweba, ngisho
amaqembu angcono angahluleka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma unayo enkulu
umuzwa kanye nedizayini eningiliziwe kepha akukho siyalo sayo
ukwenziwa, usanda kuchitha imali yakho nesikhathi sakho
ngoba umzamo wakho uzokwehluleka. Umlayezo kufanele
cacisa: Uma uphuthelwa okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwalokhu
amakhono, ukuqonda / ulwazi noma ukuhlela / ukudweba o
isiyalo sokuqalisa, lokhu kuzoholela ekukhubazekeni noma
konakalisa ukwakhiwa kwenhlangano ye-BI.
Ngabe iqembu lakho lilungele ngokwanele? Kukhona umuntu okuwe
Ithimba le-BI eliqonda indawo enkulu yokuhlaziya etholakalayo
ezindaweni ze-BI, kumasu nobuchwepheshe obudingekayo
ukwenza leyo ndawo? Kukhona othile eqenjini lakho
engabona umehluko wohlelo lokusebenza phakathi kokuthuthukile
ukubika okumile ne-OLAP, noma umehluko phakathi kwe-ROLAP ne-OLAP? Okukodwa kwe
amalungu eqembu lakho ayibona ngokucacile indlela
khipha nokuthi ingathinta kanjani indawo yokugcina impahla noma kanjani
ingabe indawo yokugcina ingakusekela ukusebenza kwezimayini? Ilungu
weqembu uyaqonda ukubaluleka kwe- idatha isikhala noma ubuchwepheshe
okususelwe kumenzeli? Ngabe unomuntu owazisa isicelo esiyingqayizivele
yamathuluzi we-ETL aqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bebroker
umlayezo? Uma ungenayo, thola eyodwa. I-BI ingaphezulu kakhulu
ungqimba olukhulu lwe-athomu olujwayelekile, lwe-OLAP, lwezinhlelo a
inkanyezi ne-ODS.
Yiba nokuqonda nesipiliyoni sokubona izidingo
ye-BI nezixazululo zabo kubalulekile kwikhono lakho lokwenza
ukuhleleka kahle kwezidingo zomsebenzisi nokuklama
futhi bafeze izixazululo zabo. Uma umphakathi wakho womsebenzisi une
ubunzima bokuchaza izidingo, kungumsebenzi weqembu
ishede linikeza lokho kuqonda. Kepha uma iqembu le
igumbi lokugcina impahla
ayiluboni uhlelo lokusebenza oluthile lwe-BI - ngokwesibonelo, olunikeziwe
izimayini - ngakho-ke akuyona into enhle kunazo zonke ezenziwa izindawo ze-BI
imvamisa kukhawulelwa ekubeni yimadiphozi angenzi lutho. Kodwa-ke, ungakunaki lokhu
ubuchwepheshe abukunciphisi ukubaluleka kwabo nomphumela abanawo
ekuveleni kwamathuba akho obuhlakani bebhizinisi bakho
inhlangano, kanye nesakhiwo solwazi osiklamayo
ukukhangisa.
Idizayini kufanele ifake umbono womklamo, u-ed
zombili zidinga umuntu onekhono. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuklanywa
kudinga ithimba ifilosofi kanye nokuqashelwa kwethimba
amazinga. Isibonelo, uma inkampani yakho isungule eyodwa
ipulatifomu ejwayelekile noma ikhombe i-RDBMS ethile oyitholile
ngifuna ukulinganisa ipulatifomu, kuyasondela lokho
wonke umuntu eqenjini ulandela lezo zindinganiso. Ngokuvamile eyodwa
Ithimba liveza isidingo sokwenza okujwayelekile (kumsebenzisi
Communites), kepha iqembu ngokwalo alizimisele ukujoyina i-
amazinga nawo asungulwe kwezinye izindawo enkampanini noma mhlawumbe naku-
izinkampani ezifanayo. Akuyona le hyporcritic kuphela, kepha iqinisekisa ukuthi inkampani ayiwenzi
iyakwazi ukusebenzisa izinsiza ezikhona kanye nokutshalwa kwemali. Akusho
ukuthi azikho izimo eziqinisekisa ipulatifomu noma eyodwa
ubuchwepheshe obungajwayelekile; nokho, imizamo yendawo yokugcina impahla
kufanele bavikele ngomona amazinga webhizinisi kuze kufike
ukuthi izidingo zebhizinisi azibeki ngenye indlela.
Ingxenye yesithathu yokhiye edingekayo ukwakha i-BI
inhlangano isiyalo.
Kuxhomeke ngokuphelele, ngokulinganayo kubantu ngabanye kanye nemvelo.
Abahleli bephrojekthi, abaxhasi, abakhi bezakhiwo, kanye nabasebenzisi kumele babonge
isiyalo esidingekayo ukwakha imininingwane yolwazi yenkampani.
Abaqambi kumele baqondise imizamo yabo yephrojekthi ngendlela yokuthi
qedela eminye imizamo edingekayo emphakathini.
Isibonelo, ake sithi inkampani yakho yakha ifayela le-
Isicelo se-ERP esinezinto zokugcina izinto.
Ngakho-ke kungumsebenzi wabadali be-ERP ukusebenzisana ne
indawo yokugcina impahla ukuze ingancintisani nayo
phinda umsebenzi osuqalisiwe.
Ukuyala kuyisihloko futhi esidinga ukubanjwa
yinhlangano yonke futhi imvamisa ukusungulwa futhi iphathiswe i
Izinga lokuphatha.
Ngabe abaphathi bazimisele ukulandela indlela eyakhiwe? A
ndlela ethembisa ukudala okuqukethwe kolwazi okuya ku-
ukuphela kuzoletha inani kuzo zonke izindawo zebhizinisi, kepha mhlawumbe
ingabe ibeka engozini abantu noma ama-ajenda omnyango? Khumbula isisho
"Ukucabanga ngayo yonke into kubaluleke kakhulu kunokucabanga ngento eyodwa".
Lesi sisho siyiqiniso ezinhlanganweni ze-BI.
Ngeshwa, izindawo eziningi zokugcina izimpahla zigxila emizamweni yazo
ukuzama ukubhekana nokuletha inani emnyangweni othile noma ku-
abasebenzisi abathile, ngokubhekisisa inhlangano ku
jikelele. Ake sithi abaphathi bacela usizo ku-
izindlu. Iqembu liphendula ngomsebenzi wezinsuku ezingama-90 ukuthi
akubandakanyi kuphela ukulethwa kwezidingo zezaziso ezichazwe yi
okuphethe kepha kuqinisekisa ukuthi konke idatha base kuhlanganiswe ezingeni
i-athomu ngaphambi kokufakwa kubuchwepheshe be-cube
isiphakamiso.
Lokhu okungezwa kobunjiniyela kuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-firm's
werehouse izohlomula kusuka idatha kudingekile kumphathi.
Kodwa-ke, lesi sikhulu sikhulume namafemu abonisana nabangaphandle ukuthi
baphakamise isicelo esifanayo ngokulethwa ngaphansi kuka-4
amasonto.
Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi ithimba langaphakathi endlini liyakwazi, i
isikhulu sinokuzikhethela. Ubani ongasekela isiyalo sika
ubunjiniyela obengeziwe obudingekayo ukuhlakulela okuhle
ibhizinisi elifundisayo noma bangakhetha ukwenza ezabo
isixazululo ngokushesha. Lesi sakamuva sibonakala sikhethwe ngempela
kaningi futhi isebenza kuphela ukudala iziqukathi zolwazi ze
ezizuzisa abambalwa kuphela noma umuntu ngamunye.
Imigomo yesikhathi esifushane neside
Abadwebi bezakhiwo kanye nabahleli bephrojekthi kumele benze eyodwa ibe semthethweni
umbono wesikhathi eside wezakhiwo jikelele kanye nezinhlelo ze
khule ube yinhlangano ye-BI. Le nhlanganisela ye
umholo wesikhashana kanye nokuhlelwa kwesikhathi eside
umele ubuso obubili bemizamo ye-BI. Inzuzo ngesikhathi esifushane
Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kuyingxenye ye-BI ehlotshaniswa nokuphindaphinda kwe-
inqolobane yakho.
Yilapho abahleli, abadwebi bezakhiwo nabaxhasi begxila khona
ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zezohwebo. Kuleli zinga lapho i-
izakhiwo ngokomzimba zakhiwe, ubuchwepheshe kuthengwa kanye
amasu ayasetshenziswa. Azenzelwanga ukubhekana nazo
izidingo ezithile njengoba kuchazwe imiphakathi ethile yabasebenzisi.
Konke kwenziwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile ezichaziwe
emphakathini othize.
Nokho, ukuhlela ibanga elide kungolunye uhlangothi
kwe BI. Yilapho izinhlelo namaphrojekthi aqinisekisa khona ukuthi ikhona
wakha noma yisiphi isakhiwo somzimba, ubuchwepheshe obukhethiwe kanye ne
amasu enziwe ngeso elibheke enkampanini. Futhi i
ukuhlela isikhathi eside okunikeza ukubumbana
okudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinzuzo zebhizinisi zitholakala kubo bonke
izinzuzo zesikhashana ezitholakele.
Qinisekisa umzamo wakho we-BI
Un indawo yokugcina idatha ngokwalo akunalo inani lemvelo. Kokunye
amazwi, alikho inani lemvelo phakathi kobuchwepheshe be
amasu okugcina impahla kanye nokuqaliswa.
Inani lanoma yimuphi umzamo we-warehouse litholakala ezenzweni
kwenziwa ngenxa yemvelo yendawo yokugcina impahla kanye nokuqukethwe
ulwazi olukhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Leli yiphuzu elibalulekile okufanele uliqonde
ngaphambi kokuthi uzame ukulinganisa inani lanoma isiphi isinyathelo
kuphi indlu.
Ngokuvamile, abaklami bezakhiwo nabaklami bazama ukusebenzisa inani
izingxenye zomzimba nezobuchwepheshe zendlu yokugcina izimpahla kuyilapho inani linjalo
isungulwe ngezinqubo zebhizinisi ezithintwa kahle yi
ishede nolwazi olutholwe kahle.
Nansi inselelo yokuthola i-BI: Uthethelela kanjani ukutshalwa kwezimali?
Uma i-wherehouse ngokwayo ingenalo inani langaphakathi, abaklami be
iphrojekthi kumele iphenye, ichaze futhi yenze izinzuzo zibe semthethweni
okutholwe yilabo bantu abazosebenzisa indawo yokugcina impahla
thuthukisa izinqubo ezithile zebhizinisi noma inani le
ulwazi oluvikelwe noma kokubili.
Ukwenza izinto zibe nzima, noma iyiphi inqubo yezohwebo
abathintwe yimizamo ye-warehouse banganikeza izinzuzo
"Kubalulekile" noma "okuncane". Izinzuzo ezinkulu zinikeza eyodwa
imethrikhi ebonakalayo yokulinganisa imbuyiselo ku-investimenti (ROI) - isikhangiso
isibonelo, vula i-inventory isikhathi esengeziwe phakathi nenkathi
ethize noma ngezindleko eziphansi zokuthutha ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye. Kungaphezulu
Kunzima ukuchaza izinzuzo ezincane, njengokufinyelela okuthuthukisiwe
ulwazi, ngokwenani eliphathekayo.
Xhumanisa iphrojekthi yakho ukuze ufunde mayelana ne
Izicelo zebhizinisi
Ngokuvamile, abaklami bephrojekthi bazama ukuxhumanisa inani
we-warehouse enezinhloso ze-amorphous zefemu. Ngokusho lokho
“Inani le-warehouse lincike emandleni ethu
ukwanelisa izicelo zamasu ”sivula i
inkulumo. Kodwa kukodwa akwanele ukunquma ukuthi
ukutshala imali ku-inventory kunengqondo. Kungcono ukuxhuma ama-reps
i-warehouse enezicelo eziqondile nezaziwayo zentengiso.
Linganisa i-ROI
Ukubala i-ROI ekusetheni indawo yokugcina impahla kungaba
kanzima ikakhulukazi. Kunzima ikakhulukazi uma inzuzo
uthishanhloko wokuphindaphinda okuthile uyinto engaphatheki noma
kulula ukukala. Olunye ucwaningo luthole ukuthi abasebenzisi bayabona
izinzuzo ezimbili eziyinhloko zezinhlelo ze-BI:
Yenza ikhono lokwenza izinqumo
▪ Dala ukufinyelela olwazini
Lezi zinzuzo ziyizinto ezithambile (noma ezithambile). Kulula ukukubona
singabala kanjani i-ROI ngokusekelwe ekuholeni okunzima (noma
okukhulu) njengokwehliswa kwezindleko zokuthutha, kodwa kanjani
siyalinganisa ikhono lokwenza izinqumo ezingcono?
Lokhu kuyinselele impela kubaklami bephrojekthi uma
bazama ukuthi inkampani itshale imali ethile
umzamo we-warehouse. Ukwenyusa ukuthengisa noma ukwehlisa izindleko
azisezona izindikimba ezimaphakathi eziqhuba imvelo ye-BI.
Kunalokho, ufuna ukufinyelela emibuzweni yebhizinisi
kangcono ulwazi ukuze umnyango othile ukwazi
yenza izinqumo ngokushesha. Laba bangabashayeli bamasu ukuze
okwenzeka ukuthi kubaluleke ngokulinganayo ebhizinisini kodwa banjalo
okungaqondakali futhi okunzima kakhulu ukukuchaza kumethrikhi ephathekayo.
Kulokhu, ukubala i-ROI kungakhohlisa, uma kungenamsebenzi.
Abaklami bephrojekthi kudingeka bakwazi ukukhombisa inani
ebonakalayo kubaphathi ukuthi banqume ukuthi batshale imali yini
ukuphindaphinda okuthile kubambe. Nokho, ngeke siphakamise entsha
indlela yokubala i-ROI, futhi ngeke senze noma iyiphi i-pro noma izimpikiswano
ngokumelene nayo.
Kunezihloko eziningi nezincwadi ezitholakalayo ezixoxa ngezinto eziyisisekelo
bala i-ROI. Kuneziphakamiso zenani elikhethekile njengevelu
ekutshalweni kwezimali (WENA), okunikezwa amaqembu afana no-Gartner, ongakwazi
ukucwaninga. Kunalokho, sizogxila ezicini eziyinhloko zanoma iyiphi
I-ROI noma ezinye iziphakamiso zenani okudingeka uzicabangele.
Isebenzisa i-ROI
Ngaphezu kwempikiswano mayelana nezinzuzo "eziqinile" ngokumelene nezinzuzo "ezilula".
okuhlobene nemizamo ye-BI kunezinye izindaba okufanele zicatshangelwe
lapho sisebenzisa i-ROI. Ngokwesibonelo:
Faka ukonga okuningi kakhulu emizamweni ye-DW ezofika
noma kunjalo
Ake sithi inkampani yakho idlule ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ze
mainframe endaweni esabalalisiwe ye-UNIX. Ngakho noma yikuphi
ukonga okungenzeka (noma kungenzeki) kufezeke ngalowo mzamo
akumele kubalulwe kuphela, uma kubo bonke (?), ku
igumbi lokugcina impahla.
Hhayi ukubala zonke izindleko. Futhi kunezinto eziningi ezivela
Faka emqondweni. Cabangela uhlu olulandelayo:
▪ Izindleko zokuqalisa, okuhlanganisa nokungenzeka.
▪ Izindleko zehardware ezinikele enendawo yokugcina okuhlobene e
ezokuxhumana
▪ Izindleko zesofthiwe, okuhlanganisa nokuphathwa kwe idatha kanye nezandiso
iklayenti / iseva, isoftware ye-ETL, ubuchwepheshe be-DSS,
ukubona ngeso, ukuhlela nokugeleza kwezicelo
isofthiwe yomsebenzi nokulandela umkhondo,.
▪ Izindleko zokuklama isakhiwo idatha, ngokuqaphela, futhi
ukulungiselelwa kwe
▪ Izindleko zokuthuthukiswa kwesoftware ezihlobene ngqo nomzamo
BI
▪ Izindleko zokwesekwa kwekhaya, okuhlanganisa nokwenza kahle
ukusebenza, okuhlanganisa nokulawula inguqulo yesofthiwe e
imisebenzi yosizo
Faka isicelo se-"Big-Bang" ROI.
Ukwakhiwa kwendawo yokugcina impahla njengomzamo owodwa futhi omkhulu
izohluleka, ngakho iphinda ibale i-ROI ngesinyathelo sokuqala
ibhizinisi elikhulu Ukunikezwa kuyamangaza, nokuthi abaklami
qhubeka nokwenza imizamo ebuthaka yokulinganisa inani lakho konke
umzamo.
Ngoba abaklami bazama ukunikeza inani lemali
ekusungulweni kwebhizinisi uma kwaziwa kabanzi futhi kwamukeleka lokho
Ingabe kunzima ukulinganisa izimpinda ezithile? Kungenzeka kanjani? Akuyona
kungenzeka ngaphandle kwezimbalwa ezimbalwa. Ungakwenzi.
Manje njengoba sesitholile ukuthi yini okungafanele siyenze uma sibala
ROI, nanka amaphuzu azosisiza encazelweni ye
inqubo ethembekile yokulinganisa inani lemizamo yakho ye-BI.
Ukuthola Imvume ye-ROI. Noma ngabe owakho
ukukhetha kwesu lokulinganisa inani lemizamo yakho ye-BI, kufanele
kuzovunyelwana ngazo yizo zonke izinhlangothi, okuhlanganisa nabahleli bephrojekthi,
abaxhasi kanye nabaphathi bezinkampani.
Yehlisa i-ROI ezingxenyeni ezikhonjwayo. Isinyathelo esidingekayo sokungena
ukubala kwe-ROI okunengqondo ukugxila kuleso sibalo kokukodwa
iphrojekthi ethile. Lokhu bese kukuvumela ukuthi ulinganisele inani
ngokusekelwe ezidingweni ezithile zebhizinisi ezihlangatshezwana nazo
Chaza izindleko. Njengoba kushiwo, izindleko eziningi kufanele zibe
kucatshangelwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko akufanele zifake kuphela ezihambisanayo
ekuphindaphindweni okukodwa kodwa nasezindlekweni ezihambisanayo
ekuqinisekiseni ukuthotshelwa kwamazinga enkampani.
Chaza izinzuzo. Ngokuxhumanisa ngokucacile i-ROI nezidingo
commercial, kufanele sikwazi ukuhlonza
izinzuzo ezizoholela ekuhlangabezaneni nezidingo.
Yehlisa izindleko nezinzuzo enzuzweni ezayo. Kuyindlela
indlela engcono kakhulu yokusekela amanani akho enanini lamanje
(NPV) ngokungafani nokuzama ukubikezela inani lesikhathi esizayo
imali engenayo yesikhathi esizayo.
Gcina isikhathi sakho sokuhlukaniswa se-ROI sibe sincane. KANYE'
ibhalwe kahle esikhathini eside isetshenziswe kweyakho
I-ROI.
Sebenzisa ifomula ye-ROI engaphezu kweyodwa. Kunezindlela eziningi zokulungisa
Isibikezelo se-ROI futhi kufanele uhlele ukuthi usebenzise eyodwa noma
kanye, okuhlanganisa inani lamanje lengqikithi, isivinini sangaphakathi sokubuyisela
(IRR) nokululama.
Chaza inqubo ephindaphindwayo. Lokhu kubalulekile ekubaleni
noma yiliphi inani lesikhathi eside. A
inqubo eyodwa ephindaphindwayo yawo wonke amaphrojekthi alandelanayo a
ukulandela.
Izinkinga ezibaliwe yizona ezivame kakhulu ezichazwe ngochwepheshe
yendawo ye-warehouse. Ukuphikelela ngasohlangothini lwabaphathi be
ukuba ne-"Big-Bang" ROI ilethwe kuyadida kakhulu. Uma uqala konke
Izibalo zakho ze-ROI ngokuzinciphisa zibe izingxenye ezibonakalayo nezibambekayo, onazo
ithuba elihle lokulinganisa ukuhlola okunembile kwe-ROI.
Imibuzo mayelana nezinzuzo ze-ROI
Noma ngabe yiziphi izinzuzo zakho, ezithambile noma ezinzima, ungasebenzisa
eminye imibuzo ebalulekile ukuze kutholwe ukubaluleka kwayo. Kuya
isibonelo usebenzisa uhlelo olulula lwesikali, ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-10, wena
ungakwazi ukubona umthelela wanoma yimuphi umzamo ngokusebenzisa okulandelayo
izicelo:
▪ Ungakukala kanjani ukuqonda kwe idatha kulandela lokhu
iphrojekthi yenkampani yakho?
▪ Ungalinganisa kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo njengomphumela we
le phrojekthi?
▪ Ungawukala kanjani umthelela wemibono emisha kanye nokucatshangwayo manje
yenziwe yatholakala ngalokhu kuphindaphinda
▪ Ube yini umthelela wezindawo ezintsha zamakhompyutha e
benza ngenxa yalokho ababekufundile?
Uma izimpendulo zale mibuzo zimbalwa, kungenzeka lokho
inkampani ayikufanele ukutshalwa kwezimali okwenziwe. Imibuzo ephezulu
amaphuzu amaphuzu ezinzuzweni zenani elikhulu futhi kufanele
zisebenze njengeziqondiso zophenyo olwengeziwe.
Isibonelo, amaphuzu aphezulu okuthuthukiswa kwenqubo
kufanele ihole abaklami ukuthi bahlole ukuthi izinqubo zinjani
yenziwe ngcono. Ungathola ukuthi okunye noma zonke izinzuzo ziyenziwa
ziyabonakala futhi ngenxa yalokho inani lemali lingaba kalula
kusetshenzisiwe.
Ukuthola okuningi ekuphindaphindweni kokuqala kwe-
igumbi lokugcina impahla
Umphumela omkhulu kakhulu womzamo wakho webhizinisi uvame ukuba ku-
iziphindaphinda ezimbalwa zokuqala. Le mizamo yokuqala ngokwesiko
sungula ulwazi oluwusizo kakhulu lokuqukethwe emphakathini e
isungula usizo kwisisekelo sobuchwepheshe kwabalandelayo
Izicelo ze-BI.
Ngokuvamile okulandelanayo ngakunye kwe idatha wephrojekthi ye
izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ziletha inani elincane nelincane elengeziwe ebhizinisini
jikelele. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma ukuphindaphinda kungasebenzi
yengeza izihloko ezintsha noma yehluleke ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesisha
umphakathi wabasebenzisi.
Lesi sici sokugcina sisebenza nasezitaki
ukwanda kwe idatha izazi-mlando. Njengoba imizamo elandelayo idinga okwengeziwe
idatha futhi kanjani ngaphezulu idatha zithelwa endlini yokugcina impahla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iningi
idatha kuba nzima kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni okusetshenzisiwe. Lezi idatha ukulala
ngokuvamile ebizwa idatha kozela futhi kuyabiza njalo ukuwagcina ngoba
cishe awakaze asetshenziswe.
Kusho ukuthini lokhu kubaxhasi bephrojekthi? Empeleni, i
abaxhasi bokuqala babelana ngaphezu kwezindleko zokutshala imali.
Lokhu kuyinhloko ngoba bangumfutho wokuthola ungqimba
indawo enkulu yezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinsiza ze-warehouse,
kuhlanganise organic.
Kodwa lezi zinyathelo zokuqala ziletha inani eliphakeme kakhulu ngakho-ke abaklami
ngokuvamile kufanele kuthethelele ukutshalwa kwezimali.
Amaphrojekthi enziwe ngemuva kwesinyathelo sakho se-BI angaba nezindleko
iphansi (uma iqhathaniswa neyokuqala) futhi iqondile, kodwa ithwala inani elincane
enkampanini.
Futhi abanikazi benhlangano kudingeka baqale ukucabangela
phonsa ukuqoqwa kwe idatha kanye nobuchwepheshe obungabalulekile kangako.
Imayini Yedatha: Imayini Dati
Izingxenye eziningi zezakhiwo zidinga ukuhlukahluka
ubuchwepheshe kanye nezindlela zokumbiwa kwedatha -
isibonelo, "ama-ejenti" ahlukene okuhlolwa kwamaphuzu okuthakaselayo kwe
amakhasimende, izinhlelo zokusebenza zenkampani kanye ne-dw efanayo. Lezi
ama-agent angaba amanethiwekhi e-neural athuthukile aqeqeshelwe kuwo
amathrendi ebhodweni, njengesidingo somkhiqizo esizayo ngokusekelwe
ukukhushulwa kokuthengisa; izinjini ezisekelwe emithethweni ye
asabele ngokuphelele idatha izimo, isibonelo, ukuxilongwa
izincomo zezokwelapha nezokwelashwa; noma ama-ejenti alula
ngeqhaza lokubika okuhlukile kubaphathi abakhulu (phezulu
abaphathi). Ngokuvamile lezi zinqubo zokukhipha idatha si
qinisekisa ngesikhathi sangempela; ngakho-ke, kufanele babumbane
ngokuphelele nokunyakaza kwe idatha i-stessi.
I-Online Analytic Processing Processing
Izibalo eziku-inthanethi
Ikhono lokusika, ukusika, ukugoqa, ukubhola phansi
futhi enze ukuhlaziya
kuthiwani-uma, kungaphakathi kobubanzi, benhloso ye-suite
Ubuchwepheshe be-IBM. Isibonelo, imisebenzi yokucubungula kokuhlaziya
ku-inthanethi (OLAP) kukhona ku-DB2 okuletha ukuhlaziywa kwe-dimensional ku-
injini ye database okufanayo .
Imisebenzi yengeza insiza ye-dimensional ku-SQL ngenkathi
sebenzisa zonke izinzuzo zokuba yingxenye yemvelo ye-DB2. Okunye
isibonelo sokuhlanganiswa kwe-OLAP iyithuluzi lokukhipha, i-DB2
I-OLAP Server Analyzer. Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela ama-cubes we
Iseva ye-DB2 OLAP ukuthi ibe ngokushesha nangokuzenzakalelayo
kuhlaziywe ukuhlonza nokubika ngamavelu we idatha okungajwayelekile noma okungalindelekile
kulo lonke i-cube kumhlaziyi wezohwebo. Futhi ekugcineni, imisebenzi ye-
Isikhungo se-DW sihlinzeka ngezindlela zokuthi abadwebi bezakhiwo balawule, phakathi kwe
ezinye izinto, iphrofayili ye-cube yeseva ye-DB2 OLAP njengengxenye
uhlobo lwezinqubo ze-ETL.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwendawo Ukuhlaziywa Kwendawo
Isikhala simele uhhafu wamahange okuhlaziya (ukuqhuba)
edingekayo ukuze uthole panorama
ukuhlaziya okubanzi (isikhathi simelela enye ingxenye). Izinga le-athomu
(izinga le-athomu) le-warehouse, elimelwe kuMfanekiso 1.1,
kuhlanganisa izinto eziyisisekelo kokubili isikhathi nendawo. Okurekhodiwe
yokuhlaziywa kwe-anchor yesikhathi nolwazi lwekheli
ukuhlaziywa kwesikhala se-anchor. Izitembu zesikhathi (Izitembu zesikhathi)
benza ukuhlaziya ngesikhathi, futhi imininingwane yekheli iyahola
ukuhlaziya ngendawo. Umdwebo ubonisa i-geocoding - inqubo ye
ukuguqula amakheli abe amaphuzu kumephu noma amaphuzu esikhaleni
ukuze imiqondo efana nebanga kanye yangaphakathi / yangaphandle ingaba
esetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni - okwenziwa ezingeni le-athomu kanye nokuhlaziywa kwendawo
etholakala kumhlaziyi. I-IBM inikeza izandiso
isikhala, esakhiwe ne-Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI),
al database DB2 ukuze izinto zendawo zingaba
egcinwe njengengxenye evamile ye database esihlobene. DB2
I-Spatial Extenders, futhi ihlinzeka ngazo zonke izandiso ze-SQL
sebenzisa ukuhlaziya indawo. Isibonelo, izandiso ze-SQL kusuka
umbuzo mayelana
ibanga phakathi kwamakheli noma ukuthi iphuzu lingaphakathi noma ngaphandle kwendawo
i-polygonal echaziwe, iyindinganiso yokuhlaziya ene-Spatial
Isandiso. Bheka isahluko 16 ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.
Database-Amathuluzi Esakhamuzi Database-
Uhlala
I-DB2 inezici eziningi ze-SQL ezihlala ku-BI ezisizayo
esenzweni sokuhlaziya. Lokhu kubandakanya:
▪ Imisebenzi yokuphindaphinda ukwenza ukuhlaziya, njengokuthi “thola
zonke izindlela zendiza ezingenzeka ukusuka i-San Francisco a I-New York".
▪ Imisebenzi yokuhlaziya yokukala, imisebenzi eqoqekayo, ikhyubhu
kanye nama-rollups ukuze kube lula imisebenzi evame ukwenzeka
ngobuchwepheshe be-OLAP kuphela, manje sebeyingxenye yemvelo ye-
injini ye database
▪ Ikhono lokudala amathebula aqukethe imiphumela
Abathengisi be database abaholi baxuba okuningi kwamakhono e-BI
e database i-stesso.
Abahlinzeki abakhulu be isisekelo sedatha baxuba okuningi kwe
Ukusebenza kwe-BI ku- database i-stesso.
Lokhu kunikeza ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu nezinketho eziningi zokwenza ze
BI izixazululo.
Izici nemisebenzi ye-DB2 V8 kuxoxwa ngayo
ngokuningiliziwe ezahlukweni ezilandelayo:
I-Technical Architecture kanye Nezisekelo Zokuphathwa Kwedatha
(Isahluko 5)
▪ Okuyisisekelo kwe-DB2 BI (Isahluko 6)
▪ Umbuzo we-DB2 Owenziwe ngezinto ezibonakalayo
Amathebula) (Isahluko 7)
▪ Imisebenzi ye-DB2 OLAP (Isahluko 13)
▪ I-DB2 Enhanced BI
Izici Nemisebenzi) (Isahluko 15)
Isistimu Yokulethwa Kwedatha Eyenziwe Lula
Uhlelo lokulethwa kwe idatha yenziwe lula
Izakhiwo ezimelwe kuMdwebo 1.1 zihlanganisa eziningana
izakhiwo idatha ngokomzimba. Enye yi-warehouse ye idatha ukusebenza.
Ngokuvamile, i-ODS igxile esihlokweni,
okuhlanganisiwe kanye nokwamanje. Ungayakha i-ODS ozoyisekela, isikhangiso
isibonelo, ihhovisi lokuthengisa. Ukuthengiswa kwe-ODS kuzohlanganisa idatha
zivela kumasistimu amaningi ahlukene kodwa zizogcina kuphela, isikhangiso
isibonelo, ukuthengiselana kwanamuhla. I-ODS ingabuyekezwa
ngisho izikhathi eziningi ngosuku. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinqubo
phusha i idatha kuhlanganiswe kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Lesi sakhiwo
yakhelwe ngokukhethekile ukuhlanganisa idatha yamanje kanye ne-dynamic e
kungaba ikhandidethi okungenzeka ukuthi lihlolwe ngesikhathi sangempela,
indlela yokuhlinzeka ngama-ejenti wesevisi amakhasimende ulwazi lokuthengisa
imisinga yekhasimende ngokukhipha ulwazi lwethrendi yokuthengisa
kusuka endlini yokugcina impahla uqobo. Esinye isakhiwo esiboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.1 sithi
isimo esisemthethweni se-dw. Akuyona nje le ndawo
ukwenziwa kokuhlanganiswa okudingekayo, kwekhwalithi ye idatha, futhi
lokuguqulwa kwe idatha of stock endleleni, kodwa futhi
indawo yokugcina ethembekile neyesikhashana idatha waphendula lokho
ingasetshenziswa ekuhlaziyeni kwesikhathi sangempela. Uma unquma ukwenza kanjalo
sebenzisa i-ODS noma indawo yesiteji, eyodwa
yamathuluzi angcono kakhulu wokugcwalisa lezi zakhiwo idatha usebenzisa
imithombo yokusebenza ehlukene ingumbuzo osabalalisiwe ohlukahlukene we-DB2.
Leli khono lilethwa isici se-DB2 ongasikhetha
ebizwa nge-DB2 Relational Connect (umbuzo kuphela) nange-DB2
I-DataJoiner (umkhiqizo ohlukile oletha uhlelo lokusebenza,
ukufakwa, ukuvuselela kanye nethuba lokukhansela a
Ama-RDBMS asabalalisiwe ahlukahlukene).
Lobu buchwepheshe buvumela abaklami bezakhiwo ukuthi idatha ukubopha idatha di
ukukhiqizwa ngezinqubo zokuhlaziya. Akubona ubuchwepheshe kuphela
cishe ukuzivumelanisa kunoma yisiphi isicelo sokuphindaphinda lokho
zingase zivele ngezibalo zesikhathi sangempela, kodwa kunjalo
bangakwazi futhi ukuxhuma ezinhlobonhlobo zezisekelo idatha ngaphezulu
edumile, kufaka phakathi i-DB2, i-Oracle, i-Sybase, i-SQL Server,
Informix nabanye. I-DB2 DataJoiner ingasetshenziswa ukugcwalisa
isakhiwo idatha okusemthethweni njenge-ODS noma itafula
imelwe unomphela endaweni yokugcina izimpahla eyenzelwe ukubuyiselwa
okusheshayo kwezibuyekezo ezisheshayo noma ukudayiswa. Kunjalo,
lezi zakhiwo ezifanayo idatha ingagcwaliswa kusetshenziswa
obunye ubuchwepheshe obukhulu obenzelwe ukuphindaphinda kwe idatha, IBM
I-DataPropagator Relational. (I-DataPropagator ingumkhiqizo ohlukile
kumasistimu amaphakathi. I-DB2 UNIX, i-Linux, i-Windows ne-OS / 2 ihlanganisa
izinsiza zokuphindaphinda ze idatha njengesici esijwayelekile).
Enye indlela yokuhambisa i- idatha ukusebenza nxazonke
ebhizinisini isihlanganisi sohlelo lokusebenza lwebhizinisi uma kungenjalo
owaziwa njengomthengisi womlayezo
ubuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele buvumela ukulawula okungenakuqhathaniswa phakathi nendawo
(ekhomba) bese enyakaza idatha eduze kwenkampani. I-IBM inomthengisi
yomlayezo osetshenziswa kabanzi, i-MQSeries, noma ukuhluka
yomkhiqizo ohlanganisa nezidingo ze e-commerce, IBM
I-WebSphere MQ.
Ukuze uthole ingxoxo eyengeziwe mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa i-MQ ukusekela a
magazzino e un ambiente BI, visitare iwebhusayithi del libro. Per ora, è
kwanele ukusho ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe buyindlela enhle kakhulu ye
bamba futhi uguqule (usebenzisa i-MQSeries Integrator) idatha
ama-opharetha ahlosiwe abuthelwe izixazululo ze-BI. Lapho
Ubuchwepheshe be-MQ buye bahlanganiswa futhi bahlanganiswa ku-UDB V8, yona
kusho ukuthi olayini bemilayezo sebengaphathwa
sengathi amatafula e-DB2. Umqondo we-welding we
kulayini kanye nemiyalezo yendawo yonke database izinhloko zobudlelwano
maqondana nemvelo yokulethwa enamandla idatha.
I-Zero-Latency Zero Ukubambezeleka
Umgomo wamasu wokugcina we-IBM ukuhlaziya i-zero latency (zerolatency).
Njengoba kuchazwe ngu
Gartner, uhlelo lwe-BI kumele lukwazi ukuthola, ukufanisa
futhi unikeze ulwazi kubahlaziyi uma ucelwa. Inselele,
kunjalo, ilele endleleni yokuxuba idatha zamanje kanye nesikhathi sangempela
ngolwazi oludingekayo lomlando, njengokuthi i idatha imodeli ehlobene / ye
ukuthambekela, noma ukuqonda okukhishiwe, njengokuchazwa kwe
ikhasimende
Ulwazi olunjalo luhlanganisa, isibonelo, ukuhlonza amakhasimende ad
ingozi ephezulu noma ephansi noma yimiphi imikhiqizo i amakhasimende bazothenga okuningi
mhlawumbe uma sebenoshizi ezinqoleni zabo
ukuthenga.
Ukuthola i-zero latency empeleni kuncike kokubili
izindlela eziyisisekelo:
▪ Qedela inyunyana ye idatha ezicutshungulwa nge
amasu amisiwe kanye namathuluzi athuthukiswe yi-BI
▪ Uhlelo lokulethwa kwe idatha esebenza kahle ukuqinisekisa lokho
ukuhlaziywa kwesikhathi sangempela kuyatholakala ngempela
Lezi zidingo ze-zero latency azihlukile kulokhu kokubili
imigomo ebekwe yi-IBM futhi ichazwe ngenhla.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuseduze kwe- idatha iyingxenye ye
ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo okuhlelwe yi-IBM. Futhi dala uhlelo
ukulethwa kwe idatha ukusebenza kahle kuncike ngokuphelele
ubuchwepheshe obutholakalayo okwenza kube lula inqubo yokulethwa kwe
idatha. Ngakho-ke, izinhloso ezimbili kwezintathu ze-IBM zibalulekile
ukuqonda okwesithathu. I-IBM izenzela eyakhe
ubuchwepheshe bokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-zero latency ingokoqobo
imizamo yokugcina impahla.
Isifinyezo / Ukuhlanganiswa
Inhlangano ye-BI inikeza ibalazwe lomgwaqo
dala indawo yakho
ngokuphindaphindiwe. Idinga ukulungiswa ukuze ibonise izidingo ze
ibhizinisi lakho, lamanje nelakusasa. Ngaphandle kombono wezakhiwo
ububanzi, ukuphindaphinda kwesitoko kungaphezulu kancane
ukusetshenziswa okungahleliwe kwe-warehouse emaphakathi okwenza okuncane ngakho
dala ibhizinisi elikhulu, elifundisayo.
Isithiyo sokuqala sabaphathi bephrojekthi yindlela yokuthethelela
izimali ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe inhlangano ye-BI.
Nakuba ukubala kwe-ROI kusalokhu kungusekelo oluyinhloko
izimpumelelo ze-warehouse, kuba nzima kakhulu
bikezela ngokuqondile. Lokhu kuye kwaholela kwezinye izindlela zokuthi
ukuthola ukuthi uyayithola yini imali yakho. I
inani ku-investment2 (YOU), isibonelo, liyathengwa
njengesixazululo.
Iqhamuka phezu kwabadwebi bezakhiwo idatha nakubahleli bephrojekthi
zakha futhi zinikeze ulwazi ezinhlanganweni ze
abasebenzisi futhi hhayi ukunikeza isevisi kuphela idatha. Kukhona I
umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwakho kokubili. Ulwazi luyinto eyenza umuntu
umehluko ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kanye nempumelelo; uma kuqhathaniswa, i
idatha bangamabhulokhi wokuthola lolo lwazi.
Nakuba egxeka umthombo idatha ukubhekana nezicelo
ezohwebo, imvelo ye-BI kufanele isebenze indima enkulu
ekudaleni okuqukethwe kolwazi. Kufanele sithathe
izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuhlanza, ukuhlanganisa, ukuguqula noma
uma kungenjalo dala okuqukethwe kolwazi ngokuya ngakho
abasebenzisi bangathatha isinyathelo, ngakho-ke kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi labo
izenzo kanye nalezo zinqumo, lapho zinengqondo, ziyaboniswa
endaweni ye-BI. Uma sehlisa i-warehouse ukuthi isebenze kuphela idatha,
kuqinisekiswa ukuthi izinhlangano zabasebenzisi zizodala okuqukethwe
ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuthathwe isinyathelo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi yabo
umphakathi uzokwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezingcono, kodwa inkampani
ihlushwa ukuntula ulwazi abalusebenzisile.
Idatha ukuthi abaklami bezakhiwo nabahleli bephrojekthi baqale amaphrojekthi
ethize kwimvelo ye-BI, bahlala benesibopho sebhizinisi
ngokubanzi. Isibonelo esilula salesi sici esinezindlela ezimbili
ubuso bokuphindaphinda kwe-BI butholakala kumthombo idatha. Zonke
idatha etholwe ngezicelo ezithile zezentengiselwano kufanele kube
igcwele ungqimba lwe-athomu lokuqala. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-
Impahla yolwazi lwebhizinisi, kanye nokuphatha, ukubhekana ne
izicelo eziqondene nomsebenzisi ezichazwe ekuphindaphindweni.
W hatisa D ata W arehouse?
Indawo yokugcina imininingwane iyinhliziyo yokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zolwazi
kusukela ngo-1990 futhi isekela izinqubo zolwazi ngokunikeza okuqinile
inkundla edidiyelwe ye idatha izazi-mlando ezithathwe njengesisekelo sakamuva
ihlaziya. THE indawo yokugcina idatha ukunikeza kalula ukuhlanganiswa zibe a
umhlaba wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingahambisani nezinye. Usuku
i-warehouse isishintshile yaba umkhuba. Indawo yokugcina imininingwane
uhlela futhi agcine i idatha okudingekayo ngezinqubo zolwazi e
ukuhlaziya ngesisekelo sombono wesikhathi eside somlando. Konke
lokhu kubandakanya ukuzibophezela okukhulu nokuqhubekayo ekwakhiweni e
ekugcineni i indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ngakho yini a indawo yokugcina idatha? A indawo yokugcina idatha ngu:
▪ okuqondiswe ezifundweni
▪ Uhlelo oludidiyelwe
▪ isikhathi esihlukile
▪ engaguquki (ayikhanseli)
iqoqo le idatha esetshenziselwa ukusekela izinqumo zokuphatha ku
ukuqaliswa kwenqubo.
I idatha kufakwe phakathi indawo yokugcina idatha vuka ezindaweni eziningi
amacala avela ezindaweni zokusebenza. I indawo yokugcina idatha yenziwe ngu a
iyunithi yokugcina, ehlukene ngokwenyama nayo yonke enye
uhlelo, oluqukethe idatha iguqulwe ngaphambilini ngu
izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kulwazi olutholakala endaweni ezungezile
ukusebenza.
Incazelo eqondile ye-a indawo yokugcina idatha ifanele ukubukeka okujulile
incazelo njengoba kunezisusa nezincazelo ezibalulekile
isikhwama esichaza izici zendawo yokugcina impahla.
UKUJWAYISWA KWESIHLOKO
THEMATIC
Isici sokuqala se-a indawo yokugcina idatha ukuthi i-ai-oriented
abadlali abakhulu enkampanini. Ukwahlulelwa kwezilingo ngokusebenzisa i
idatha kuphambene nendlela yakudala ehlinzeka
ukuqondiswa kwezicelo kuzinqubo nemisebenzi,
indlela ingxenye enkulu eyabiwe iningi le
amasistimu okuqondisa amadala.
Umhlaba osebenzayo uklanywe uzungeze izinhlelo zokusebenza nemisebenzi
njengemalimboleko, ukonga, amakhadi asebhange kanye nokuthenjwa kwesikhungo
ezezimali. Umhlaba we-dw uhlelwe ngokwezihloko
njengekhasimende, umthengisi, umkhiqizo kanye nebhizinisi.
Ukuqondanisa ngezihloko kuthinta ukwakheka kanye
ekufezekeni kwe idatha etholakala ku-dw. Okuhlobene kakhulu,
impikiswano eyinhloko ithinta ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ye
isakhiwo esibalulekile.
Umhlaba wohlelo lokusebenza uthonywa yikho kokubili ukwakheka kwedethi
isisekelo futhi kusukela kumklamo wenqubo. Umhlaba we
I-dw igxile ekumodeleni kuphela idatha Kuvuliwe
umdwebo we database. Idizayini yenqubo (ngendlela yayo
classic) ayiyona ingxenye yemvelo ye-dw.
Umehluko phakathi kokukhethwa kwenqubo / umsebenzi kanye nokusetshenziswa
ukukhetha ngesihloko nakho kwembulwa njengokwehluka kokuqukethwe
ka idatha ezingeni elinemininingwane. THE idatha del dw ayifaki i idatha che
ngeke zisetshenziselwe inqubo ye-DSS ngenkathi kufakwa izicelo
ukusebenza okuqondiswe ku idatha ziqukethe i idatha ukwanelisa
ngokushesha izidingo zokusebenza / zokucubungula ezingakwazi noma
susa ukusebenzisa noma yikuphi umhlaziyi we-DSS.
Enye indlela ebalulekile lapho izinhlelo zokusebenza eziqondiswe khona
ai idatha zihluke idatha ye-dw isemibikweni ye idatha. I idatha
ukusebenza gcina ubudlelwano obuqhubekayo phakathi kwamathebula amabili noma ngaphezulu
ngokusekelwe emthethweni webhizinisi osebenzayo. THE idatha ngo-dw
zithatha isikhathi eside kanti izilinganiso ezitholakala ku-dw ziyi
okuningi. Imithetho eminingi yokuhweba (futhi ngokufanayo, eminingi
imibiko ye idatha ) amelwe endaweni yokugcina izimpahla idatha phakathi kokubili o
amatafula amaningi.
(Ukuze uthole incazelo enemininingwane yokuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwe idatha ukulala
ephethwe ku-DW, sibhekisa esihlokweni seTech kulokho
umbuzo.)
Akukho omunye umbono ngaphandle kwalowo umehluko
okuyisisekelo phakathi kokukhethwa kokusebenza / inqubo kanye nokusetshenziswa
ukukhetha isihloko, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlelo
ukusebenza kanye idatha kanye ne-DW.
UKUHLANGANISA
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu semvelo ye-dw ukuthi i idatha kutholiwe
ngaphakathi kwe-dw ahlanganiswe kalula. NJALO. NGAPHANDLE
IMIDLALO. Ingqikithi yemvelo ye-dw ukuthi i idatha
okuqukethwe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yendawo yokugcina impahla kuhlanganisiwe.
Ukuhlanganisa kuzibonakalisa ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene - ngezivumelwano
kukhonjwe njengokungaguquguquki, ngokwezinga lokuguquguquka okungaguquki, ku
izakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa, ezicini ezibonakalayo ze idatha
okungaguquki, njalonjalo.
Eminyakeni edlule abaklami bezicelo ezahlukene baye bakwenza
ukubamba izinqumo eziningi mayelana nokuthi isicelo kufanele sithini
ithuthukiswe. Isitayela somuntu ngamunye kanye nezinqumo zokuklama
izicelo zabaklami baziveza ngezindlela eziyikhulu: ngo
umehluko ekubhaleni amakhodi, isakhiwo esiyinhloko, izici zomzimba,
izimiso zokuhlonza, njalonjalo. Umthamo ohlangene wabaningi
abaklami bezicelo ukudala izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingahambisani
kuyinganekwane. Umfanekiso wesi-3 udalula omunye umehluko omkhulu
kubalulekile ngezindlela izinhlelo zokusebenza eziklanywe ngayo.
Ukufaka ikhodi: Faka ikhodi:
Abaqambi bohlelo lokusebenza bakhethe ukufaka ikhodi yasensimini -
ucansi - ngezindlela eziningana. Umklami umelela ubulili njenge
"m" kanye "f". Omunye umklami umele ucansi njengokuthi "1"
futhi "0". Omunye umklami umelela ucansi njenge "x" e
"Y". Omunye umklami umele ucansi njengokuthi "owesilisa" e
"owesifazane". Akunandaba ukuthi ucansi lufika kanjani ku-DW. I-"M"
futhi "F" cishe zinhle njengazo zonke
ukumelwa.
Okubalulekile ukuthi kunoma iyiphi imvelaphi inkundla yocansi ivela,
leyo nkambu ifika ku-DW isesimweni esihlangene esingaguquki. Kwe
umphumela lapho inkambu ilayishwa ku-DW isuka
uhlelo lokusebenza lapho limelelwe khona ngefomethi
"M" kanye "F", i idatha kufanele iguqulelwe kufomethi ye-DW.
Ukukalwa Kwezimfanelo: Ukulinganiswa kwe
Izibaluli:
Abaklami bohlelo lokusebenza bakhethe ukukala ipayipi phakathi
izindlela ezahlukahlukene esifundweni
Iminyaka ethile. Izitolo zomklami i idatha wepayipi phakathi
amasentimitha. Esinye izitolo zomklami wohlelo lokusebenza i idatha
wepayipi ngokuya ngamayintshi. Omunye umklami ovela
izicelo izitolo i idatha wepayipi ngama-cubic feet ayisigidi
ngomzuzwana. Futhi omunye umklami ugcina ulwazi lwe
iphayiphi ngokuya ngamayadi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyini umthombo, lapho i-
ulwazi lwamapayipi lufika ku-DW okufanele lube
kulinganiswa ngendlela efanayo.
Ngokusho kwezinkomba kumfanekiso wesi-3, izinkinga zokuhlanganisa
zithinta cishe zonke izici zephrojekthi - izici
ngokomzimba we idatha, inkinga yokuba nemithombo engaphezu kowodwa idatha, lo
udaba lwamasampula ahlonziwe angahambisani, amafomethi we idatha
okungaguquki, njalonjalo.
Noma ngabe iyiphi ingxabano yokuklama, umphumela uyafana -
i idatha kumele igcinwe ku-DW ebunyeni e
indlela eyamukelekayo emhlabeni jikelele ngisho nalapho amasistimu okusebenza we
isikhwama sesitolo ngokuhlukile i idatha.
Uma umhlaziyi we-DSS ebheka i-DW, umgomo womhlaziyi
kufanele kube ukuxhashazwa idatha abasendlini yokugcina izimpahla,
kunokuba uzibuze ngokwethembeka noma ukungaguquguquki kwe
idatha.
UKUHLUKA KWESIKHATHI
Konke i idatha ku-DW zinembile ngesikhathi esithile.
Lesi sici esiyisisekelo se- idatha ku-DW yehluke kakhulu idatha
etholakala endaweni yokusebenza. THE idatha yemvelo yokusebenza kukhona
ngokunemba njengangesikhathi sokufinyelela. Ngamanye amazwi,
endaweni yokusebenza lapho idrayivu ifinyelelwa idatha, nakhu lapho
ilinde ukuthi ibonise amanani anembile njengasesikhathini sokufinyelela.
Kungani ngi idatha ku-DW zinembile njengoba ngesikhathi esithile ku
isikhathi (okungukuthi, hhayi “manje”), i idatha ezitholakala ku-DW
"ziyahlukahlukana kwesikhathi".
Ukuhluka kwesikhathi kwe idatha I-DW kubhekiselwa kuyo ngezindlela eziningi.
Indlela elula ukuthi i idatha abamele i-DW idatha yayo a
isikhathi eside - iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi. Umkhathizwe
isikhathi esimelelwe indawo yokusebenza sifushane kakhulu
▪ kusukela kumanani amanje amanje kusuka kufika kwamashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye
Izicelo okufanele zisebenze kahle futhi kufanele zibe
etholakalayo ukuze kucutshungulwe umsebenzi kumele iphathe
inani elincane le idatha uma bevuma noma yiliphi izinga
ukuguquguquka. Ngakho-ke izinhlelo zokusebenza zine-horizon
isikhathi esifushane, njengesihloko somklamo we
izinhlelo zokusebenza ezilalelwayo.
Indlela yesibili 'ukwehluka kwesikhathi' okubonakala ngayo ku-DW kuku-
isakhiwo esibalulekile. Isakhiwo ngasinye esingukhiye ku-DW siqukethe,
ngokungagunci noma ngokusobala, isici sesikhathi, njenge
usuku, isonto, inyanga, njll. Isici sesikhathi cishe sihlala njalo
phansi kokhiye ohlanganisiwe otholakala ku-DW. Kulezi
izikhathi, isici sesikhathi sizoba khona ngokungagunci, njengoba kungase kube njalo
lapho ifayela liphindwe kabili ekupheleni kwenyanga noma ikota.
Indlela yesithathu ukuhluka kwesikhathi okuboniswa ngayo ukuthi i idatha i-del
I-DW, ibhaliswe kahle nje, ayikwazi
ibuyekeziwe. THE idatha ye-DW, ngazo zonke izinjongo ezingokoqobo, yinde
uchungechunge lwezifinyezo (isifinyezo). Kunjalo uma izifinyezo
kuthathwe ngokungalungile, khona-ke izifinyezo zingaba
ilungisiwe. Kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi izifinyezo zenziwe
ngokufanelekile, azishintshiwe ngokushesha nje lapho seziqediwe. Kwezinye
izimo zingaba ezingalungile noma ezingavumelekile ukuthi izifinyezo ku
I-DW ishintshiwe. THE idatha ukusebenza, ukunemba njengaku
ekufinyeleleni, zingabuyekezwa njengoba ziziveza
isidingo.
AKUVUMI
Isici sesine esibalulekile se-DW ukuthi ayiguquguquki.
Izibuyekezo, ukufakwa, ukukhansela kanye nezinguquko ziyenziwa
njalo ukuze uthole izindawo zokusebenza zerekhodi nerekhodi. Kodwa i
ukukhwabanisa okuyisisekelo kwe idatha okudingekayo ku-DW kuningi kakhulu
elula. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili kuphela zokusebenza ezenzeka kuhlelo
I-DW - ukulayishwa kokuqala kwe- idatha kanye nokufinyelela ku idatha. Akukho
noma yikuphi ukubuyekezwa kwe idatha (ngomqondo ojwayelekile we
update) ku-DW njengomsebenzi ojwayelekile wokucubungula.
Kunemiphumela enamandla kakhulu yalo mehluko
isisekelo phakathi kokucubungula kokusebenza kanye nokucubungula kwe-DW. Ezingeni
design, isidingo sokuqapha mayelana nokubuyekeza
okudidayo akuyona into ku-DW, kusukela ekubuyekezeni i- idatha akuyona
kwenziwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ezingeni elingokomzimba lokuklama,
inkululeko ingathathwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukufinyelela kuyo idatha,
ikakhulukazi ekubhekaneni nezihloko zokujwayelekile kanye
i-denormalization ngokomzimba. Omunye umphumela wokuba lula
yemisebenzi ye-DW ikubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obusetshenziselwa
sebenzisa imvelo ye-DW. Idinga ukusekela izibuyekezo
qopha ngerekhodi ku-inthanethi (njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo nge
ukucubungula ukusebenza) ubuchwepheshe buyadingeka ukuze ube nokunye
izisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngaphansi kokulula okubonakalayo.
Ubuchwepheshe obusekela ikhophi yasenqolobaneni nokuthola, ukuthengiselana
kanye nobuqotho be idatha kanye nokutholakala kwesimo esimisiwe kanye nekhambi
kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi akudingekile ekucubunguleni i-DW.
Izici ze-DW, umumo wokuklama,
ukuhlanganiswa kwe idatha ngaphakathi kwe-DW, ukwehluka kwesikhathi nokuba lula
ukuphathwa kwe idatha, konke kuholela endaweni ekahle kakhulu
ehlukile endaweni yokusebenza yakudala. Umthombo cishe zonke
idatha ye-DW iyindawo yokusebenza. Kuyalinga ukucabanga
ukuthi kukhona ukuntuleka okukhulu idatha phakathi kwezimo ezimbili.
Eqinisweni, umbono wokuqala abantu abaningi abawutholayo yilo
ukuntuleka okukhulu kwe idatha phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kanye ne
DW. Ukuhumusha okunjalo kukha phezulu futhi kufakazela eyodwa
ukuntula ukuqonda okwenzeka ku-DW.
Eqinisweni kukhona ubuncane bokungadingeki idatha phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza
kanye ne idatha kwe-DW. Ake sicabangele okulandelayo:
▪ I idatha ziyahlungwa idatha ukuthi udlula endaweni yokusebenza
endaweni ye-DW. Okuningi idatha abapheli amandla
kusuka endaweni yokusebenza. Ngaphandle kokuthi i idatha ezidingekayo ukuze
Ukucutshungulwa kwe-DSS thola isiqondiso sazo endaweni ezungezile
▪ umkhathizwe wesikhathi idatha yehluke kakhulu endaweni ezungezile
komunye. THE idatha endaweni yokusebenza basha kakhulu. THE idatha
ku-DW sebekhulile kakhulu. Kuphela ngokombono
emkhathizwe, kukhona ukugqagqana okuncane kakhulu
phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kanye ne-DW.
▪ I-DW iqukethe idatha isifinyezo esingatholakali
endaweni
▪ I idatha sibe noguquko olubalulekile kusukela lapho
njengoba bedlulela kuMfanekiso 3 kubonisa lokho okuningi
ingxenye ye idatha zilungiswa ngokuphawulekayo enikeziwe
ukuze ikhethwe futhi ithuthelwe ku-DW. Beka enye indlela, the
iningi idatha iguqulwa ngokomzimba e
kakhulu ukuthi ithuthelwa kanjani ku-DW. Ngokombono
ukuhlanganiswa akufani idatha abahlala khona
endaweni yokusebenza.
Ngokukhanya kwalezi zici, ukuphindaphindeka kwe idatha phakathi kwezimo ezimbili
umcimbi ongavamile, oholela ekudidekeni okungaphansi kuka-1% phakathi kwakho kokubili
izindawo.
ISAKHIWO SE-WAREHOUSE
Ama-DW anesakhiwo esihlukile. Kukhona ahlukahlukene isifinyezo kanye di amazinga
imininingwane ehlukanisa ama-DW.
Izingxenye ezehlukene ze-DW yilezi:
▪ Imethadatha
▪ Dati yemininingwane yamanje
▪ Dati imininingwane endala
▪ Dati kufinyezwe kancane
▪ Dati kufingqiwe kakhulu
Kuze kube manje ukukhathazeka okukhulu kungokwa i idatha imininingwane
imisinga. Okukhathaza kakhulu ngoba:
▪ I idatha imininingwane yamanje ibonisa izehlakalo zakamuva,
ezihlale zinesithakazelo esikhulu futhi
▪ i idatha imininingwane yamanje ziningi ngoba kunjalo
igcinwe ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu lembudumbudu e
▪ i idatha imininingwane yamanje cishe ihlezi igcinwa kuyo
inkumbulo yediski, esheshayo ukufinyelela, kodwa ebizayo e
eziyinkimbinkimbi kusuka
I idatha imininingwane emidala yile idatha ezigcinwa kuyo
inkumbulo ethile mass. Inokufinyelela ngezikhathi ezithile futhi kunjalo
egcinwe ezingeni lemininingwane ehambisanayo idatha okuningiliziwe
imisinga. Nakuba kungaphoqelekile ukugcina ku-a
enye inkumbulo, ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu we idatha kuhlangene
ukufinyelela okungavamile kwe idatha, inkumbulo medium for idatha di
imininingwane emidala ngokuvamile ayigcinwa kudiski.
I idatha kufinyezwa kalula idatha ezihlanjululwa ngaphansi
izinga lemininingwane elitholakala ezingeni lamanje lemininingwane. Lokhu
Izinga le-DW cishe lihlala ligcinwe kumemori yediski. THE
izinkinga zomklamo owethulwa kumakhi we idatha
ekwakhiweni kwaleli zinga le-DW yilezi:
▪ Iyiphi iyunithi yesikhathi ukufinyezwa okwenziwe ngenhla
▪ Yikuphi okuqukethwe, izimfanelo zizofingqa kancane
okuqukethwe kwe idatha
Izinga elilandelayo le idatha okutholakala ku-DW yileso sika idatha kakhulu
kufinyeziwe. THE idatha okufingqiwe kakhulu kuhlangene futhi kulula
kuyafinyeleleka. THE idatha ezifingqiwe kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi zitholakala
endaweni ye-DW nakwezinye izimo i idatha kufingqiwe kakhulu
kutholwe ngaphandle kwezindonga eziseduze zobuchwepheshe obuphethe i-DW.
(noma yikuphi, i idatha okufingqiwe kakhulu kuyingxenye ye-DW
kungakhathalekile ukuthi ngikuphi idatha bahlaliswe ngokomzimba).
Ingxenye yokugcina ye-DW yileyo imethadatha. Ngezindlela eziningi
imethadatha ihlala kubukhulu obuhlukile kunezinye idatha
ye-DW, ngoba imethadatha ayiqukethe noma iyiphi idatha ngqo
ethathwe endaweni yokusebenza. Imethadatha inendima ekhethekile e
kubaluleke kakhulu ku-DW. Imethadatha isetshenziswa njenge:
▪ uhla lwemibhalo ukusiza umhlaziyi we-DSS athole
okuqukethwe yi-DW,
▪ umhlahlandlela wokudwetshwa kwemephu idatha kanjani i idatha Kade
ukuguqulwa kusuka endaweni yokusebenza kuya endaweni ye-DW,
▪ umhlahlandlela wama-algorithms asetshenziselwa ukufingqa phakathi idatha di
imininingwane yamanje ei idatha kufinyezwe kancane, i idatha kakhulu
izifinyezo,
Imethadatha idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu endaweni ye-DW
uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho abake baba nakho endaweni yokusebenza
ISITOREJI SEMINININGWANE ENDALA
I-Magnetic tape ingasetshenziswa ukugcina lolo hlobo lwe
idatha. Eqinisweni kukhona anhlobonhlobo amathuluzi ngekhanda ukuthi
kufanele zicatshangelwe ukuze zilondolozwe ezindala idatha di
imininingwane.
Kuye ngevolumu ye idatha, imvamisa yokufinyelela, izindleko
yamathuluzi kanye nohlobo lokufinyelela, kungenzeka ngokuphelele
ukuthi amanye amathuluzi azodinga izinga elidala lemininingwane
ku-DW.
UKUHAMBA KWEDATHA
Kukhona ukugeleza okuvamile nokubikezelwa konkulunkulu idatha ngaphakathi kwe-DW.
I idatha faka i-DW usuka endaweni yokusebenza. (QAPHELA: zikhona
okunye okuhlukile okuthakazelisa kakhulu kulo mthetho. Nokho, cishe
bonke idatha faka i-DW usuka endaweni yokusebenza). Idatha ukuthi i idatha
faka i-DW usuka endaweni yokusebenza, iguqulwa njengoba ibinjalo
kuchazwe ngenhla. Inqobo nje uma ufaka i-DW, i idatha ngena i
izinga lamanje lemininingwane, njengoba kukhonjisiwe. Ihlala lapho futhi iyasetshenziswa
kuze kwenzeke esinye sezenzakalo ezintathu:
▪ uyahlanzwa,
▪ kufingqiwe, kanye/noma
▪ kunjalo
Inqubo ephelelwe yisikhathi ngaphakathi kokuhamba kwe-DW i idatha yemininingwane yamanje
a idatha imininingwane yakudala, ngokweminyaka ye idatha. Inqubo
isifinyezo sisebenzisa imininingwane ye idatha ukubala i idatha
amazinga afingqiwe kancane futhi afingqiwe kakhulu idatha. Bangu
okunye okuhlukile ekugelezeni okubonisiwe (kuzoxoxwa kamuva).
Nokho, ngokuvamile, ngoba iningi idatha kutholiwe
ngaphakathi kwe-DW, ukugeleza kwe idatha kunjengoba kuboniswe esithombeni.
UKUSEBENZISA I-DATAWAREHOUSE
Akumangazi ukuthi amazinga ahlukahlukene we idatha ngaphakathi kwe-DW hhayi
bathola amazinga ahlukene okusetshenziswa. Njengomthetho, izinga eliphezulu le
isifinyezo, plus i idatha ziyasetshenziswa.
Ukusetshenziswa okuningi kuyatholakala idatha ngokufingqiwe kakhulu, kuyilapho endala
idatha imininingwane cishe ayikaze isetshenziswe. Kunesizathu esihle kule ndaba
yisa inhlangano ku-paradigm yokusetshenziswa kwensiza. Okuningi kunakho
isifinyezo i idatha, kushesha nangempumelelo kakhulu ukufika ku- idatha. yena
un esitolo ithola ukuthi yenza izinqubo eziningi ezingeni lemininingwane yama-DW,
bese kuba inani elikhulu elihambelanayo lezinsiza zomshini
iyadliwa. Kuzuzisa wonke umuntu ukushushisa
ezingeni eliphezulu lokufingqa ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ezitolo eziningi, kusetshenziswe umhlaziyi we-DSS ku-DW yangaphambi kwemvelo
idatha ezingeni lemininingwane. Ezicini eziningi ukufika a idatha okuningiliziwe
kubukeka njengengubo yokuvikeleka, noma ngabe zikhona
amanye amazinga okufingqa. Omunye wemisebenzi yomakhi we idatha è
ungajwayele umsebenzisi we-DSS ekusebenziseni njalo idatha ezingeni lokuhlanganisa
imininingwane ephansi. Kunezizathu ezimbili ezitholakalayo
ngumakhi we idatha:
▪ ngokufaka isistimu yokukhokhela emuva, lapho umsebenzisi wokugcina ekhokha khona
izinsiza ezidliwe e
▪ okubonisa ukuthi isikhathi sokuphendula singaba sihle kakhulu
etholwe lapho ukuziphatha nge i idatha isezingeni eliphezulu
yokufingqa, kuyilapho isikhathi sokuphendula esingesihle sivela ku-
ukuziphatha kwe idatha ezingeni eliphansi le
OLUNYE IZIMBONO
Kukhona ezinye izinto ezicatshangelwayo zokwakha nokuphatha
Isandiso se-DW.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuqala yilokho kwama-indices. THE idatha emazingeni aphezulu we
isifinyezo singakhonjwa ngokukhululekile, kuyilapho i idatha
emazingeni aphansi emininingwane makhulu kangangokuthi angaba
ikhonjiswe ngokwengayo. Kusukela kuphawu olufanayo, i idatha emazingeni aphezulu we
imininingwane ingalungiswa kalula uma kuqhathaniswa,
ngenkathi umthamo we idatha emazingeni aphansi inkulu kangangokuthi i idatha non
zingalungiswa kalula. Ngakho-ke, imodeli
ka idatha kanye nomsebenzi osemthethweni owenziwe umklamo isethi
isisekelo se-DW sisebenzise cishe kuphela izinga
imininingwane yamanje. Ngamanye amazwi, imisebenzi yokumodela ye
idatha awasebenzi emazingeni okufingqa cishe kuzo zonke izimo.
Okunye okucatshangelwayo kwesakhiwo yilokho kokuhlukaniswa iziqephu kwe
idatha ngu-DW.
Ukuhlukaniswa kungenziwa emazingeni amabili - ezingeni le dbms no-al
izinga lesicelo. Esigabeni esisezingeni dbmsit dbms è
ukwaziswa ngezigaba futhi azihlole ngokufanele. Uma kwenzeka kuba
division ezingeni lesicelo, ngumqambi kuphela
ukwaziswa ngezigaba kanye nomsebenzi wazo
ukuphatha kusele kuyena
Ngaphansi kwezinga dbms, umsebenzi omningi wenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Nakhu
ukungaguquguquki okuningi okuhlobene nokuphathwa okuzenzakalelayo kwe
ukuhlukana. Endabeni yokusetshenziswa kwezinga lokuhlukaniswa kwe- idatha i-del
indawo yokugcina idatha, umsebenzi omningi uwela kumklami, kodwa i
umphumela uwukuguquguquka ekuphathweni kwe idatha ngosuku
igumbi lokugcina impahla
NJALO ANOMALIE
Ngenkathi izingxenye ze- indawo yokugcina idatha zisebenza njengoba kuchaziwe
cishe bonke idatha, kukhona okuhlukile okuwusizo okufanele
kuxoxwe ngakho. Okuhlukile yilokho kwe idatha izifinyezo zomphakathi
(idatha yesifinyezo somphakathi). Lezi izi idatha izifinyezo eziye zaba
kubalwe ngaphandle kwe indawo yokugcina idatha kodwa asetshenziswa umphakathi. THE idatha
izifinyezo zomphakathi zigcinwa futhi ziphathwe ku indawo yokugcina idatha,
nakuba njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla zicatshangelwe. THE
ama-accountants asebenza ukukhiqiza njalo ngekota idatha njengoba
imali engenayo, izindleko zekota, inzuzo yekota, nokunye. Umsebenzi
eyenziwa ngababalimali ingaphandle kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Nokho, i idatha ukulala
esetshenziswa “ngaphakathi” enkampanini - kusuka marketing, ukuthengisa, njll.
Okunye okudidayo, okungeke kukhulunywe ngakho, yileso sika idatha ngaphandle.
Olunye uhlobo oluvelele lwe idatha engatholakala kudatha
i-warehouse ileyo yedatha yemininingwane engapheli. Lokhu kubangela i
isidingo sokugcina unomphela i idatha ezingeni elilodwa
okuningiliziwe ngezizathu zokuziphatha noma zomthetho. Uma inkampani ibonisa i
abasebenzi abahlobene nezinto eziyingozi kunesidingo idatha
enemininingwane futhi unomphela. Uma inkampani ikhiqiza umkhiqizo lokho
kuhilela ukuphepha komphakathi, yiziphi izingxenye zendiza, ezikhona
isidingo soku idatha imininingwane engapheli, kanye nokuthi inkampani
yenza izinkontileka eziyingozi.
Inkampani ayikwazi ukungazinaki izizathu ezithile
phakathi neminyaka embalwa ezayo, uma kwenzeka icala, ukukhumbula, a
ingxabano yokwakha iphutha, njll. ukuchayeka kwenkampani
kungaba kukhulu. Ngenxa yalokho kukhona uhlobo oluyingqayizivele lwe idatha
eyaziwa njengedatha yemininingwane engapheli.
ISIFUNDO
Un indawo yokugcina idatha kuyinto eqondiswe entweni, edidiyelwe, ehlukile
isikhathi, iqoqo idatha ezingaguquguquki ekusekeleni izidingo ze
isinqumo sokuphatha. Ngayinye yezici ezibalulekile ze
un indawo yokugcina idatha kunemiphumela yako. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona ezine
amazinga we idatha i-del indawo yokugcina idatha:
▪ Imininingwane emidala
▪ Imininingwane yamanje
▪ Dati kufinyezwe kancane
▪ Dati kufingqiwe kakhulu
Imethadatha nayo iyingxenye ebalulekile ye- indawo yokugcina idatha.
ABSTRACT
Umqondo wokugcina we idatha esanda kutholwa
ukunakwa okuningi futhi kwaba ukuthambekela 90s. Yilokho
ngenxa yekhono a indawo yokugcina idatha ukunqoba i
imikhawulo yezinhlelo zokwesekwa kwabaphathi njenge-i
izinhlelo zokusekela izinqumo (DSS) kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi
abaphathi (EIS).
Nakuba umqondo we indawo yokugcina idatha kubukeka kuthembisa,
sebenzisa i indawo yokugcina idatha kungaba yinkinga ngoba
yezinqubo ezinkulu zokugcina impahla. Naphezu kwe
ubunkimbinkimbi bemiklamo yokugcina izimpahla idatha, abahlinzeki abaningi
kanye nabacebisi abagcina impahla idatha bathi
isitoreji se idatha akukho nkinga.
Nokho, ekuqaleni kwalo msebenzi wocwaningo, cishe akukho
ucwaningo oluzimele, oluqinile noluhlelekile lwenziwe. Kusuka
Ngenxa yalokho kunzima ukusho ukuthi empeleni kwenzekani
embonini uma bakha indawo yokugcina idatha.
Lolu cwaningo luhlole umkhuba wokugcinwa kwempahla we idatha
abantu besikhathi samanje ehlose ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okucebile
umkhuba wase-Australia. Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kunikeze i
umongo kanye nesisekelo sesifundo solwazi.
Kunemiphumela eminingi evela kulolu cwaningo. Okokuqala
endaweni, lolu cwaningo lwembula imisebenzi eyenzeka
ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Ezindaweni eziningi, i idatha babuthana
ukuqinisekisile umkhuba obikwe ezincwadini. Okwesibili
indawo, izinkinga nezinkinga ezingase zibe nomthelela
ukuthuthukiswa kwe indawo yokugcina idatha bahlonzwe yilolu cwaningo.
Ekugcineni, izinzuzo ezitholwe ezinhlanganweni zase-Australia ezixhumene ne
ukusetshenziswa kwe indawo yokugcina idatha sembulwe.
Isahluko 1
Sesha umongo
Umqondo wokugcinwa kwedatha uthole ukwamukelwa kabanzi
ukuchayeka futhi isiphenduke inkambiso evelayo ku
90s (McFadden 1996, TDWI 1996, Shah and Milstein 1997,
Shanks nabanye. 1997, Eckerson 1998, Adelman and Oates 2000). Leyo
kungabonakala enanini elikhulayo lama-athikili kudatha
ukugcinwa kwempahla ekushicilelweni kwezohwebo (Little and Gibson 1999).
Izihloko eziningi (bheka, isibonelo, uFisher 1995, Hackathon 1995,
Morris 1995a, Bramblett kanye neNkosi 1996, Graham et al. 1996,
Sakaguchi noFrolick 1996, Alvarez 1997, Brousell 1997, Clarke
1997, McCarthy 1997, O'Donnell 1997, Edwards 1998, TDWI
1999) babike izinzuzo ezibalulekile ezinhlanganweni
eziqalisa i indawo yokugcina idatha. Babesekela inkolelo-mbono yabo
ngobufakazi be-anecdotal bokusebenzisa ngempumelelo, imbuyiselo ephezulu
ngezibalo zokutshalwa kwezimali (ROI) futhi, futhi, nokuhlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela
ireferensi noma izindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwe indawo yokugcina idatha
(Shanks et al. 1997, Seddon and Benjamin 1998, Little and Gibson
1999). Esimweni esibi kakhulu, uGraham et al. (1996) babe
ibike imbuyiselo emaphakathi ekutshalweni kwezimali kweminyaka emithathu okungama-401%.
Iningi lezincwadi zamanje, nokho, alinakanga
izinkinga ezihilelekile ekwenzeni amaphrojekthi anjalo. Amaphrojekthi we
indawo yokugcina idatha ngokuvamile ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinkulu futhi
ngakho-ke basikisela ukuthi kunamathuba amaningi okuthi uma behluleka
ihlolwe ngokucophelela (uShah noMilstein 1997, Eckerson 1997,
Foley 1997b, Zimmer 1997, Bort 1998, Gibbs kanye noClymer 1998, Rao
1998). Zidinga inani elikhulu lakho kokubili izinsiza zabantu nezabantu
ngokwezimali nesikhathi kanye nomzamo wokuzakha (Hill 1998, Crofts 1998). I
isikhathi esijwayelekile kanye nezindlela zezimali ezidingekayo ngokulandelana kwazo
cishe iminyaka emibili kanye nezigidi ezimbili noma ezintathu zamaRandi (Braly 1995, Foley
1997b, Bort 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). Lezi zikhathi nezindlela
amathuluzi ezezimali ayadingeka ukuze ulawule futhi uhlanganise izici eziningi
ehlukile ekugcinweni kwedatha (Cafasso 1995, Hill 1998). Eceleni
wokucatshangelwa kwehadiwe nesoftware, eminye imisebenzi, eyahluka
kusukela ekukhishweni kwe idatha ezinqubweni zokulayisha ze idatha, kusukela ku
umthamo wememori wokuphatha izibuyekezo nokunikeza imeta idatha
ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi, kufanele kucatshangelwe.
Ngesikhathi lolu hlelo luqala, bekukuncane kakhulu
ucwaningo lwezemfundo olwenziwe emkhakheni wokugcinwa kwedatha,
ikakhulukazi e-Australia. Lokhu kubonakale ngokushoda kwezinto
eshicilelwe ekugcinweni kwedatha ngamaphephandaba noma eminye imibhalo
izifundiswa zangaleso sikhathi. Imibhalo eminingi yezemfundo
etholakalayo ichaze okwenziwa yi-US. Ukushoda kwe
ucwaningo lwezemfundo endaweni ye-sl ukugcinwa kwedatha kubangele
idinga ucwaningo oluqinile kanye nezifundo zocwaningo (McFadden 1996,
Shanks nabanye. 1997, Little and Gibson 1999). Ikakhulukazi, izifundo
ucwaningo ngenqubo yokuqaliswa indawo yokugcina idatha
okudingeka kwenziwe ukuze kunwetshwe ulwazi
jikelele mayelana nokuqaliswa indawo yokugcina idatha e
izosebenza njengesisekelo socwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo (Shanks ed
abanye. 1997, Little and Gibson 1999).
Ngakho-ke, inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukufunda ukuthi luyini ngempela
kwenzeka lapho izinhlangano zigcina futhi zisebenzisa idatha
i-warehouse e-Australia. Ngokuqondile, lolu cwaningo luzobandakanya
ukuhlaziywa kwayo yonke inqubo yentuthuko a indawo yokugcina idatha,
kusukela ekuqalweni nasekuklanyweni ngokuklama kanye
ukusetshenziswa kanye nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano
Owase-Australia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luzophinde lube nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwamanje
ukukhomba izindawo lapho umkhuba ungaqhubeka khona
ngcono kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kanye nezingozi zingancishiswa noma
kugwenywe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izosebenza njengesisekelo kwezinye izifundo ku indawo yokugcina idatha in
Australia futhi izovala igebe elikhona njengamanje ezincwadini.
Imibuzo yocwaningo
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukufunda imisebenzi ehilelekile
ekusetshenzisweni kwe indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo
izinhlangano zase-Australia. Ikakhulukazi, izakhi ziyafundwa
mayelana nokuhlelwa kwephrojekthi, ukuthuthukiswa, al
ukusebenza, ukusetshenziswa kanye nezingozi ezihilelekile. Ngakho umbuzo
yalolu cwaningo yilokhu:
“Unjani umkhuba wamanje we indawo yokugcina idatha e-Australia?"
Ukusabela ngempumelelo kule nkinga, a
inani lemibuzo yocwaningo olungaphansi. Ikakhulukazi, ezintathu
imibuzo emincane ikhonjwe ezincwadini, okungukuthi
ethulwe esahlukweni 2, ukuqondisa le phrojekthi yocwaningo:
Kwenziwa kanjani i indawo yokugcina idatha ngezinhlangano
Owase-Australia? Yiziphi izinkinga okuhlangatshezwane nazo?
Yiziphi izinzuzo ezitholwayo?
Ekuphenduleni le mibuzo, kwasetshenziswa umdwebo
ucwaningo lokuhlola olusebenzisa uphenyo. Ngifunda kanjani
ukuhlola, izimpendulo zemibuzo engenhla aziphelele
(Shanks et al. 1993, Denscombe 1998). Kulokhu, kunjalo
Kudingeka unxantathu ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimpendulo zalokhu
izicelo. Nokho, uphenyo luzonikeza isisekelo esiqinile
umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo ukuhlola le mibuzo. A enemininingwane
ingxoxo ngokuthethelelwa kwendlela yocwaningo kanye nomklamo
yethulwe esahlukweni sesi-3.
Isakhiwo sephrojekthi yocwaningo
Lolu cwaningo luhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: ucwaningo lwesimo
yomqondo wokugcinwa kwedatha kanye nocwaningo lwamanga (bona
Umfanekiso 1.1), ngamunye okuxoxwa ngawo ngezansi.
Ingxenye I: Isifundo somongo
Ingxenye yokuqala yocwaningo ibibandakanya ukubuyekezwa kwe
Izincwadi zamanje ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokugcinwa kwedatha okuhlanganisa i
izinhlelo zokusekela izinqumo (DSS), izinhlelo zolwazi
abaphathi (EIS), izifundo ze indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nemiqondo yedethi
inqolobane. Futhi, imiphumela izinkundla on indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nonkulunkulu
ukuhlangana namaqembu ochwepheshe kanye nezingcweti eziholwa yiqembu le
Ucwaningo lwe-Monash DSS, lube nesandla kulesi sigaba socwaningo
obekuhloswe ngaso ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nokusebenza kwedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla kanye nokuhlonza ubungozi obukhona ekuthathweni kwabo.
Ngalesi sikhathi sokufunda ngokomongo, ukuqonda
yendawo yenkinga isungulwe ukunikeza ulwazi lwe
isisekelo sophenyo lwakamuva. Nokho, lokhu
bekuyinqubo eqhubekayo njengoba kwenziwa ucwaningo
ucwaningo.
Ingxenye II: Ucwaningo lwe-Empical
Umqondo omusha ngokuqhathaniswa wokugcinwa kwedatha, ikakhulukazi
e-Australia, udale isidingo sokwenza uphenyo
thola isithombe esibanzi sesipiliyoni sokusebenzisa. Lokhu
ingxenye yenziwe uma isizinda senkinga sesikhona
isungulwe ngokubuyekezwa okubanzi kwezincwadi. Umqondo
yefomethi yokugcinwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sesigaba socwaningo lwesimo
isetshenziswe njengokufakwa kuhlu lwemibuzo lokuqala lwalolu cwaningo.
Ngemva kwalokhu, uhlu lwemibuzo lwabuyekezwa. Ningochwepheshe bezinsuku
i-warehouse iqhaza ekuhlolweni. Inhloso yokuhlola i
Uhlu lwemibuzo lokuqala bekuwukuhlola ukuphelela nokunemba
imibuzo ethile. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa, uhlu lwemibuzo luthi
ihleliwe futhi inguqulo ehleliwe ithunyelwe kuyo
abahlanganyeli benhlolovo. Uhlu lwemibuzo lwabuyiswa ke
kuhlaziywe i idatha kumathebula, imidwebo, nezinye izakhiwo. THE
ukuhlaziya imiphumela ye idatha yakha isifinyezo se-
umkhuba wokugcinwa kwedatha e-Australia.
UKUBUKEZWA KOKUGCINA IDATHA
Umqondo wokugcinwa kwedatha uthuthuke ngokuthuthuka
yobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.
Kuhloswe ngayo ukuqeda izinkinga ezibhekene namaqembu
ukwesekwa kohlelo lokusebenza njenge-Decision Support System (DSS) e
I-Executive Information System (EIS).
Esikhathini esedlule isithiyo esikhulu salezi zinhlelo zokusebenza kube
ukungakwazi kwalezi zicelo ukuhlinzeka a isisekelo sedatha
okudingekayo ekuhlaziyeni.
Lokhu kudalwa kakhulu yisimo somsebenzi
ubuholi. Izintshisekelo zabaphathi benkampani ziyahlukahluka
njalo kuye ngendawo yokwelashwa. Ngakho-ke i idatha
okuyisisekelo kulezi zicelo kumele bakwazi
shintsha ngokushesha kuye ngengxenye okufanele ilashwe.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi i idatha kufanele itholakale ngefomu
ezanele ukuhlaziya okudingekile. Eqinisweni, amaqembu asekelayo we
izicelo zithole ubunzima obuningi esikhathini esedlule ukuqoqa ed
ukuhlanganisa idatha kusuka emithonjeni eyinkimbinkimbi nehlukahlukene.
Ingxenye esele yalesi sigaba iveza isifinyezo somqondo we
idatha warehousing nendlela indawo yokugcina idatha ingadlula i
Izinkinga ze-Application Support Group.
Igama elithi “Indawo Yokugcina imininingwaneyakhululwa nguWilliam Inmon ngo-1990.
Incazelo yayo ecashunwe kaningi ibona i Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane woza
ukuqoqwa kwe idatha okugxile esifundweni, okudidiyelwe, okungaguquki, nokuguquguqukayo
ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokweseka izinqumo zabaphathi.
Ngokusebenzisa le ncazelo u-Inmon uveza ukuthi i idatha umhlali
ku un indawo yokugcina idatha kufanele ibe nalokhu okulandelayo 4
izici:
▪ Igxile esifundweni
▪ Kuhlanganiswe
▪ Ayiguquki
▪ Iyaguquguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
Nge-Inmon egxile esihlokweni kusho ukuthi i idatha ngosuku
ishede ezindaweni ezinkulu zenhlangano ezike zaba khona
kuchazwe kumodeli idatha. Isibonelo konke idatha mayelana ne amakhasimende
aqukethwe endaweni yesifundo Amakhasimende. Ngokufanayo bonke
idatha okuhlobene nemikhiqizo kuqukethwe endaweni yesihloko
IMIKHIQIZO.
Nge-Integrated Inmon kusho ukuthi i idatha abavela ezinhlobonhlobo
amapulatifomu, amasistimu nezindawo kuhlanganiswa futhi kugcinwa kuzo
indawo kuphela. Ngenxa yalokho idatha okufanayo kufanele kuguqulwe
ngamafomethi angaguquki okufanele engezwe futhi aqhathaniswe
kalula.
Isibonelo ubulili besilisa nabesifazane bumelwe
ngezinhlamvu u-M no-F ohlelweni olulodwa, kanye no-1 no-0 kwenye. Ngoba
uwahlanganise ngendlela efanele, ifomethi eyodwa noma womabili kufanele
ziguqulwe ukuze amafomethi womabili afane. Kulokhu
uma kwenzeka singashintsha u-M uye ku-1 no-F abe ngu-0 noma ngokuphambene nalokho. Ziqondise ku
isihloko kanye ne-Integrated ikhombisa ukuthi i indawo yokugcina idatha yakhelwe
hlinzeka ngombono osebenzayo nophambanayo we idatha eceleni
yenkampani.
Ngokungaguquguquki usho ukuthi i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha hlala
ehambisanayo kanye nokubuyekezwa kwe idatha akudingekile. Kunalokho, zonke
shintsha ku idatha okwangempela kwengezwe kuyo database yosuku
inqolobane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isazi somlando we idatha iqukethwe ku
indawo yokugcina idatha.
Eziguquguqukayo ngesikhathi i-Inmon ikhombisa ukuthi i idatha e indawo yokugcina idatha
njalo iqukethe izinkomba ze-tempo ei idatha okujwayelekile
thatha umkhathizwe othile. Ngokwesibonelo a
indawo yokugcina idatha ingaqukatha iminyaka emi-5 yamagugu omlando we amakhasimende dal
1993 kuya ku-1997. Ukutholakala komlando kanye nochungechunge lwesikhathi
ka idatha ikuvumela ukuthi uhlaziye amathrendi.
Un indawo yokugcina idatha angakwazi ukuqoqa okwakhe idatha kusuka kumasistimu
I-OLTP;kusukela kwimvelaphi idatha ngaphandle kwenhlangano kanye/noma ngezinye izipesheli
bamba amaphrojekthi wesistimu idatha.
I idatha okukhishiwe kungahamba ngenqubo yokuhlanza, ngo
leli cala i idatha ziyaguqulwa futhi zihlanganiswe ngaphambi kokuba zibe
agcinwe phakathi database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha. Bese, i idatha
abahlala ngaphakathi database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha zenziwa zitholakale
ukufinyelela komsebenzisi wokugcina kanye namathuluzi okuthola kabusha. Ukusebenzisa
lawa mathuluzi umsebenzisi wokugcina angafinyelela ukubuka okuhlanganisiwe
wenhlangano ye idatha.
I idatha abahlala ngaphakathi database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha ukulala
agcinwe kuwo womabili amafomethi anemininingwane kanye nesifinyezo.
Izinga lesifinyezo lingancika kuhlobo lwe idatha. I idatha
okuningiliziwe kungase kuhlanganise idatha zamanje kanye idatha izazi-mlando
I idatha real azifakiwe ku indawo yokugcina idatha kuze kube i idatha
e indawo yokugcina idatha ziyabuyekezwa.
Ngaphezu kokugcina i- idatha ngokwabo, a indawo yokugcina idatha kungaba futhi
gcina uhlobo oluhlukile lwe idatha ebizwa nge-METADATA yona
chaza i idatha ehlala endlini yakhe database.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemethadatha: imethadatha yokuthuthukiswa kanye nemethadatha
ihlaziya.
Imethadatha yokuthuthukisa isetshenziselwa ukuphatha nokwenza ngokuzenzakalelayo i-
izinqubo zokukhishwa, ukuhlanzwa, ukudwetshwa kwemephu kanye nokulayishwa kwe idatha e
indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ulwazi oluqukethwe imethadatha yokuthuthukiswa lungaqukatha
imininingwane yezinhlelo zokusebenza, imininingwane yezinto ezizokhishwa, i
modello idatha i-del indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nemithetho yenkampani
conversion dei idatha.
Uhlobo lwesibili lwemethadatha, olwaziwa njengemethadatha yezibalo
inika amandla umsebenzisi wokugcina ukuthi ahlole okuqukethwe kwedatha
warehouse ukuthola idatha ezitholakalayo kanye nencazelo yazo ngokwemibandela
ecacile futhi engeyona eyobuchwepheshe.
Ngakho-ke imethadatha yokuhlaziya isebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwedatha
i-warehouse kanye nezicelo zabasebenzisi bokugcina. Le methadatha ingakwazi
ziqukethe imodeli yebhizinisi, izincazelo ze idatha ukufanisa
kumodeli yebhizinisi, imibuzo echazwe ngaphambilini nemibiko,
imininingwane yokungena komsebenzisi kanye nenkomba.
Imethadatha yokuhlaziya nentuthuko kufanele ihlanganiswe ibe yinto eyodwa
ukuqukatha imethadatha okuhlanganisiwe ukuze kusebenze kahle.
Ngeshwa amathuluzi amaningi akhona anawo
imethadatha futhi okwamanje awekho amazinga akhona
bavumela amathuluzi okugcina idatha ukuthi ahlanganise lezi
imethadatha. Ukulungisa lesi simo abadayisi abaningi
amathuluzi amakhulu wokugcina idatha akhe i-Meta Data
UMkhandlu kamuva owaba yi-Meta Data Coalition.
Inhloso yalo mfelandawonye ukwakha isethi yemethadatha
izinga elivumela amathuluzi ahlukene okugcina idatha ukuthi
guqula imethadatha
Imizamo yabo yaholela ekuzalweni kweMeta
I-Data Interchange Specification (MDIS) ezovumela ukushintshaniswa
yolwazi phakathi kwezingobo zomlando ze-Microsoft kanye namafayela e-MDIS ahlobene.
Ubukhona be idatha kokubili okufingqiwe/okunezikhombo nokunikezwa okuningiliziwe
umsebenzisi ithuba lokwenza i-DRILL DROWN
(ebhoboza) woza idatha kukhonjiswe kwenemininingwane futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.
Ubukhona be idatha umlando onemininingwane ivumela ukugcwaliseka kwe
ukuhlaziywa komkhuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho imethadatha yokuhlaziya ingakwazi
ingasetshenziswa njengohlu lwemibhalo database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha ngayinye
siza abasebenzisi bokugcina bathole i idatha okudingekayo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ze-OLTP, namandla azo okusekela
ukuhlaziywa kwe idatha kanye nokubika, i indawo yokugcina idatha kubonakala njengohlelo
efaneleka kakhulu ezinqubweni zolwazi ezifana nokwenza kanye
phendula imibuzo futhi ukhiphe imibiko. Isigaba esilandelayo
izogqamisa umehluko wezinhlelo ezimbili ngokuningiliziwe.
I-DATA WAREHOUSE NGOKUPHAMBENE NE-OLTP SYSTEMS
Iningi lezinhlelo zolwazi ezinhlanganweni
zenzelwe ukusekela imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Lezi
amasistimu aziwa ngokuthi OLTP SYSTEMS, ukuthwebula okwenziwe
ivuselelwa ngokuqhubekayo nsuku zonke.
I idatha ngaphakathi kwalezi zinhlelo zivame ukushintshwa, zengezwe noma
kususiwe. Isibonelo ikheli lekhasimende alishintshi
uhamba endaweni eya kwenye. Kulokhu ikheli elisha
izobhaliswa ngokushintsha inkambu yekheli ye database.
Inhloso enkulu yalezi zinhlelo ukunciphisa izindleko ze
ukuthengiselana futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunciphisa izikhathi zokucubungula.
Izibonelo zezinhlelo ze-OLTP zifaka phakathi izenzo ezibucayi ezifana nokubhala
oda accounting, payroll, invoice, ukukhiqiza, ai amasevisi amakhasimende.
Ngokungafani nezinhlelo ze-OLTP, ezidalwe ngenqubo
ngokusekelwe ekuthengiseni nasemicimbini, i indawo yokugcina idatha zadalwa
ukuhlinzeka ngosekelo lwenqubo olusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe idatha ngu-U
izinqubo zezinqumo.
Lokhu kuvame ukufezwa ngokuhlanganisa i idatha kusuka kumasistimu ahlukahlukene
I-OLTP nangaphandle "kwisitsha" esisodwa se idatha,njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho
esigabeni sangaphambilini.
Imodeli Yenqubo Yokugcinwa Kwedatha ye-Monash
Imodeli yenqubo ye indawo yokugcina idatha I-Monash yathuthukiswa ngu
abacwaningi eMonash DSS Research Group, kusekelwe
izincwadi ze indawo yokugcina idatha, ngolwazi ku-allo support
ukuthuthukiswa kwezinkambu zezinhlelo, ezingxoxweni nabathengisi be
izicelo zokusetshenziswa ku indawo yokugcina idathaeqenjini lochwepheshe
ekusetshenzisweni kwe indawo yokugcina idatha.
Izigaba yilezi: UkuQalisa, Ukuhlela, Ukuthuthukiswa, Ukusebenza kanye
Izincazelo. Umdwebo uchaza isimo sokuphindaphinda o
ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo a indawo yokugcina idatha inqubo usebenzisa
imicibisholo enezinhlangothi ezimbili ebekwe phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukene. Kulokhu
Ingqikithi “yokuphindaphinda” kanye “nokuguquguquka” isho lokho, ngakunye
isinyathelo senqubo, ukuqaliswa imisebenzi kungaba
njalo ukusabalalisa emuva esigabeni sangaphambilini. Lokhu
ngenxa yesimo sephrojekthi a indawo yokugcina idatha lapho
izicelo ezengeziwe zenziwa noma nini
yomsebenzisi wokugcina. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwe-a
inqubo ye indawo yokugcina idatha, eyodwa icelwa umsebenzisi wokugcina
isici esisha noma indawo yesihloko, ebingeyona ingxenye ye
uhlelo lwangempela, lokhu kufanele kwengezwe ohlelweni. Lokhu
kubangela ushintsho kuphrojekthi. Umphumela wukuthi iqembu le
umklamo kufanele uguqule izidingo zemibhalo edalwe kuze kube manje
phakathi nesigaba sokuklama. Ezimweni eziningi, isimo samanje se-
iphrojekthi kumele ibuyele emuva esigabeni sokuklama lapho
isicelo esisha kufanele sengezwe futhi sibhalwe phansi. Umsebenzisi
okokugcina kufanele akwazi ukubona imibhalo ethile ebuyekeziwe ei
izinguquko ezenziwe esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa. Ekupheleni kwe
lo mjikelezo wokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi idinga ukuthola impendulo enhle kuwo
womabili amaqembu, ithimba lokuthuthukisa kanye nethimba labasebenzisi. THE
impendulo ibe isisetshenziswa kabusha ukuze kuthuthukiswe iphrojekthi yesikhathi esizayo.
Ukuhlela amandla
Ama-DW avame ukuba mkhulu kakhulu ngosayizi futhi akhule
ngokushesha okukhulu (Okungcono kakhulu 1995, Rudin 1997a) kulandela
inani le- idatha umlando abawugcina kusukela esikhathini sabo. Lapho
ukukhula kungabangelwa futhi idatha okwengeziwe kudingwa ngu
abasebenzisi ukwandisa inani idatha ukuthi asebenawo. Kusuka
ngokufanele, izidingo zokugcina ze idatha can
kuthuthukiswe kakhulu (Eckerson 1997). Ngakho, kunjalo
kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa, ngokwenza ukuhlela kwe
umthamo, ukuthi uhlelo oluzokwakhiwa lungakhula nge
izidingo ezikhulayo (Best 1995, LaPlante 1996, Lang 1997,
Eckerson 1997, Rudin 1997a, Foley 1997a).
Ekuhleleni i-dw scalability, umuntu kufanele azi
ukukhula okulindelekile kosayizi weshede, izinhlobo zemibuzo
okungenzeka kwenziwe, kanye nenani labasebenzisi bokugcina abasekelwayo (Okuhle kakhulu
1995, Rudin 1997b, Foley 1997a). Yakha izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaka
idinga inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe beseva obungathuthukisiwe
yomklamo wohlelo lokusebenza olwesabekayo (Okungcono kakhulu 1995, Rudin 1997b.
Zombili ziyadingeka ekwakheni isicelo
scalable ngokwedlulele. Ubuchwepheshe beseva obunwebekayo bungakwazi
yenza kube lula futhi kube lula ukwengeza isitoreji, inkumbulo kanye
I-CPU ngaphandle kokusebenza okwehlisa isithunzi (Lang 1997, Telephony 1997).
Kunobuchwepheshe obubili obuyinhloko beseva engakalayo: Hlanganisa
i-symmetrical multiplexing (SMP) nokucubungula okukhulu
parallel (MPP) ) (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Iseva
I-SMP ivamise ukuba namaprosesa amaningi abelana ngenkumbulo,
uhlelo lwebhasi nezinye izinsiza (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999).
Amaphrosesa engeziwe angengezwa ukuze ande
yakhe amandla okokubala. Enye indlela yokwandisa ivolumu
amandla ukubala kweseva ye-SMP, ukuhlanganisa okuningi
Imishini ye-SMP. Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi i-clustering (Humphries
et al. 1999). Iseva ye-MPP, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inamaphrosesa amaningi ngayinye
enenkumbulo yayo, isistimu yebhasi nezinye izinsiza (IDC 1997,
U-Humphries et al. 1999). Iprosesa ngayinye ibizwa ngokuthi i-node. A
anda ngaphakathi amandla computational ingatholakala
ukwengeza ama-node engeziwe kumaseva e-MPP (Humphries et al.
1999).
Ubuthaka bamaseva e-SMP ukuthi miningi kakhulu imisebenzi yokukhiphayo
(I/O) ingaminyanisa isistimu yebhasi (IDC 1997). Lokhu
inkinga ayenzeki phakathi kwamaseva e-MPP kusukela ngayinye
iprosesa inesistimu yayo yebhasi. Nokho, izixhumanisi
phakathi kwe-node ngayinye ngokuvamile ihamba kancane kunesistimu yebhasi
we SMPs. Futhi, amaseva e-MPP angangeza isendlalelo
ubunkimbinkimbi obengeziwe kubathuthukisi bohlelo lokusebenza (IDC
1997). Ngakho, ukukhetha phakathi kwamaseva e-SMP kanye ne-MPP kungathonywa
ngezinto eziningi, okuhlanganisa ubunkimbinkimbi bemibuzo, isilinganiso
intengo/ukusebenza, umthamo wokucubungula odingekayo, i
kuvinjwe izinhlelo ze-dw kanye nokwanda kosayizi we database
ye-dw kanye nenani labasebenzisi bokugcina.
Izindlela eziningi zokuklama zohlelo lokusebenza ezingalawuleki
ingasetshenziswa ekuhleleni amandla. Eyodwa
isebenzisa izikhathi ezahlukene zokubika njengezinsuku, amasonto, izinyanga neminyaka.
Ukuba nezikhathi zezaziso ezahlukahlukene, i database zingahlukaniswa zibe
izingcezu eziqoqwe kalula (Inmon et al. 1997). Omunye
inqubo ukusebenzisa amathebula isifinyezo akhiwe
ukufingqa idatha da idatha okuningiliziwe. Ngakho, i idatha izifinyezo ziningi
kuhlangene kunemininingwane, okudinga isikhala esincane sememori.
Ngakho i idatha yemininingwane ingagcinwa kungobo yomlando kuyunithi ye
isitoreji esingabizi kakhulu, esilondoloza idiphozithi eyengeziwe.
Nakuba ukusebenzisa amathebula esifinyezo kungasindisa isikhala se
inkumbulo, zidinga umzamo omkhulu ukuzigcina zisesikhathini samanje futhi zingaphakathi
ngokuhambisana nezidingo zezentengiselwano. Nokho, le nqubo
esetshenziswa kabanzi futhi evame ukusetshenziswa ngokubambisana nesu
odlule (Okungcono kakhulu 1995, Inmon 1996a, Chauduri kanye Dayal
1997).
Ukuchaza Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane Ubuchwepheshe
Izakhiwo Incazelo yamasu
dw izakhiwo
Abamukeli bokuqala bokugcinwa kwedatha baqanjwe kakhulu
ukuqaliswa okumaphakathi kwe-dw lapho zonke idatha, okubandakanya
i idatha zangaphandle, zahlanganiswa zaba yinye,
inqolobane ebonakalayo (Inmon 1996a, Bresnahan 1996, Peacock 1998).
Inzuzo enkulu yale ndlela ngabasebenzisi bokugcina
bayakwazi ukufinyelela ekubukeni kwesikali samabhizinisi
(umbono obanzi bebhizinisi) dei idatha inhlangano (Ovum 1998). Okunye
inzuzo ukuthi inikeza standardization of idatha ngokusebenzisa
inhlangano, okusho ukuthi kunenguqulo eyodwa kuphela noma
incazelo yetemu ngalinye elisetshenziswe endaweni yokugcina u-dw
(inqolobane) imethadatha (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998). I
uhlangothi lwale ndlela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi iyabiza futhi inzima
izokwakhiwa (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998, Inmon et al.
1998). Kungekudala ngemva kokwakhiwa kwesitoreji idatha
i-centralized yaduma, umqondo wokukhipha wavela
yamasethi amancane we idatha ukusekela izidingo ze
izicelo ezithile (Varney 1996, IDC 1997, Berson and Smith
1997, ipigogo 1998). Lezi zinhlelo ezincane zithathwe kwenkulu
omkhulu indawo yokugcina idatha emaphakathi. Aqanjwa usuku
izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezincikile zomnyango noma amamaki edatha ancike.
I-data mart encikile ye-architecture yaziwa ngokuthi
isakhiwo esinezigaba ezintathu lapho isigaba sokuqala siqukethe idatha
indawo yokugcina impahla emaphakathi, eyesibili iqukethe amadepho ka idatha
yomnyango kanti eyesithathu ihlanganisa ukufinyelela idatha kanye namathuluzi we
ukuhlaziywa (Demarest 1994, Inmon et al. 1997).
Ama-data marts ngokuvamile akhiwa ngemva kwe- indawo yokugcina idatha
yakhiwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ze
amayunithi athile (White 1995, Varney 1996).
Isitolo sedatha yemakethe i idatha ehlobene kakhulu nemininingwane
ubunye (Inmon et al. 1997, Inmon et al. 1998, IA 1998).
Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi ngeke kube khona idatha non
kuhlanganiswe nokuthi i idatha zizoba mbalwa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwedatha
ama-marts kusukela kuwo wonke idatha zivela kwidiphozithi ye idatha kuhlanganisiwe.
Enye inzuzo ukuthi kuzoba nezixhumanisi ezimbalwa phakathi kwesinye
idatha mart kanye nemithombo ehlobene ye idatha ngoba yonke idatha yedatha inakho kuphela
umthombo we idatha. Kanye nalesi sakhiwo esisendaweni, abasebenzisi
abasebenzisi basengakwazi ukufinyelela ukubuka konke kwe idatha
izinhlangano zezinkampani. Le ndlela yaziwa ngokuthi
indlela ephezulu-phansi, lapho amamaki edatha akhiwa khona ngemva kwedatha
ishede (peacock 1998, Goff 1998).
Ukwandisa isidingo sokubonisa imiphumela kusenesikhathi, okunye
izinhlangano seziqalile ukwakha ama-data mart ezimele
(Flanagan noSafdie 1997, White 2000). Kulokhu, ama-data marts
bathathe ezabo idatha iqonde kusukela kwezisekelo ze idatha OLTP futhi hhayi kusukela lapho
isitoreji esimaphakathi nesididiyelwe, ngaleyo ndlela siqede isidingo soku
ibe nenqolobane emaphakathi endaweni.
I-data mart ngayinye idinga okungenani isixhumanisi esisodwa semithombo yayo
di idatha. Okukodwa kokubi kokuba nezixhumanisi eziningi zedethi ngayinye
I-mart iwukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo ezimbili ezedlule, i-
ukuchichima kwe idatha ukwanda kakhulu.
Yonke i-data mart kufanele igcine zonke idatha okudingekayo endaweni
azinawo umthelela ezinhlelweni ze-OLTP. Lokhu kubangela i idatha
agcinwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zedatha (Inmon et al. 1997).
Okunye okungalungile kwalokhu kwakhiwa ukuthi kuholela ku
ukudala ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwedatha yedatha kanye neyabo
imithombo ye idatha okunzima ukuzenza nokulawula (Inmon ed
abanye. 1997).
Okunye okungalungile ukuthi abasebenzisi bokugcina bangase bangabi namandla
finyelela uhlolojikelele lwemininingwane yenkampani ngoba i idatha
amamathe edatha ahlukene awahlanganisiwe (Ovum 1998).
Okunye futhi okungalungile ukuthi kungase kube ngaphezu koyedwa
incazelo yetemu ngalinye elisetshenziswa kumathengi edatha eliwakhayo
ukungahambisani kwe idatha enhlanganweni (Ovum 1998).
Naphezu kokungalungi okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla, ama-data mart azimele
kusaheha intshisekelo yezinhlangano eziningi (IDC 1997).
Esinye isici esibenza bathandeke ukuthi bayashesha ukuthuthuka
futhi zidinga isikhathi esincane nezinsiza (Bresnahan 1996, Berson e
Smith 1997, Ovum 1998). Ngokuvumelana nalokho, ngokuvamile bakhonza
njengemiklamo yokuhlola engasetshenziswa ukukhomba
ngokushesha izinzuzo kanye/noma ukungapheleli kuphrojekthi (Parsaye
1995, Braly 1995, Newing 1996). Kulokhu, ingxenye evela
ukwenza kuphrojekthi yokuhlola kufanele kube kuncane kodwa kubaluleke
yenhlangano (Newing 1996, Mansell-Lewis 1996).
Ngokuhlola i-prototype, abasebenzisi bokugcina kanye nokuphatha bangakwazi
nquma ukuthi uqhubeke noma umise iphrojekthi (uFlanagan noSafdie
1997).
Uma isinqumo sizoqhubeka, ama-data mart kwezinye izimboni
kufanele zakhiwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kunezindlela ezimbili ongakhetha kuzo
abasebenzisi bokugcina ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zabo zokwakha idatha
ama-matrs azimele: ahlanganisiwe/ahlanganisiwe futhi ahlanganisiwe (Ovum
1998)
Ngendlela yokuqala, i-data mart ngayinye entsha kufanele yakhiwe
ngokusekelwe kumatheti wedatha wamanje kanye nemodeli idatha esetshenziswa
yifemu (Varney 1996, Berson and Smith 1997, Peacock 1998).
Isidingo sokusebenzisa imodeli idatha yenkampani yenza kudingeke
qiniseka ukuthi kunencazelo eyodwa kuphela yetemu ngalinye
esetshenziswa ngama-data mats, lokhu futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi idatha
ama-marts ahlukene angahlanganiswa ukunikeza umbono wayo
ulwazi lwebhizinisi (Bresnahan 1996). Le ndlela
ebizwa ngokuthi i-bottom-up futhi ihamba phambili uma kunezingqinamba
isikhathi nemali (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998,
ipigogo 1998, Goff 1998). Ngendlela yesibili, ama-data mart
eyakhelwe kuphela ukwanelisa izidingo iyunithi ethize.
Okuhlukile kwe-federated data mart yi indawo yokugcina idatha kwasatshalaliswa
lapho database i-hub server middleware isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa eziningi
ama-data marts endaweni eyodwa ye idatha kusatshalaliswa (White 1995). Ku
leli cala, i idatha amabhizinisi asatshalaliswa kumadatha amaningi.
Izicelo zomsebenzisi wokugcina zidluliselwa ku database
hub server middleware, ekhipha konke idatha kucelwe idatha
ama-marts bese ubuyisela imiphumela kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zabasebenzisi bokugcina. Lokhu
Indlela inikeza ulwazi lwebhizinisi kubasebenzisi bokugcina. Nokho,
izinkinga ze-data mats azikaqedwa
ezimele. Kukhona enye i-architecture engasetshenziswa okuyiyona
shayela i indawo yokugcina idatha virtual (White 1995). Nokho, lokhu
i-architecture, echazwe kumdwebo 2.9, akuyona i-architecture
yokugcinwa kwe idatha okwangempela kwazise ayiwususi umthwalo
kusuka kumasistimu we-OLTP kuya indawo yokugcina idatha (Demarest 1994).
Eqinisweni, izicelo ze idatha ngabasebenzisi bokugcina badlule i-ai
Amasistimu e-OLTP abuyisela imiphumela ngemva kokucubungula
izicelo zabasebenzisi. Nakuba lesi sakhiwo sivumela abasebenzisi
okokugcina ukukhiqiza imibiko nokwenza izicelo, ayikwazi ukunikeza
idatha umlando kanye nesifinyezo solwazi lwenkampani kusukela i idatha
njengoba amasistimu e-OLTP ahlukene awahlanganisiwe. Ngakho, lokhu
i-architecture ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nokuhlaziywa kwe idatha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana
izibikezelo eziyisibonelo.
Ukukhethwa kohlelo lokusebenza lokufinyelela kanye ne
ukululama kwe idatha
Inhloso yokwakha a indawo yokugcina idatha ukudlulisa
ulwazi kubasebenzisi bokugcina (Inmon et al. 1997, Poe 1996,
McFadden 1996, Shanks et al. 1997, Hammergren 1998); eyodwa noma
izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zokufinyelela nokuthola idatha kumele ihlinzekwe. Kuya
namuhla, kunezinhlobonhlobo zalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza umsebenzisi angakwazi phakathi kwazo
khetha (Hammergren 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). I
izinhlelo zokusebenza ezikhethiwe zinquma impumelelo yomzamo
yokugcinwa kwe idatha enhlanganweni ngoba i
izinhlelo zokusebenza ziyingxenye ebonakalayo kakhulu ye indawo yokugcina idatha kumsebenzisi
okokugcina (Inmon et al. 1997, Poe 1996). Ukuze uphumelele usuku
i-warehouse, kufanele ikwazi ukusekela imisebenzi yokuhlaziya idatha idatha
yomsebenzisi wokugcina (Poe 1996, Seddon noBenjamin 1998, Eckerson
1999). Ngakho "izinga" lalokho umsebenzisi wokugcina akufunayo kufanele kube
ikhonjwe (Poe 1996, Mattison 1996, Inmon et al. 1997,
Humphries et al. 1999).
Ngokuvamile, abasebenzisi bokugcina bangahlukaniswa babe ngabathathu
izigaba: abasebenzisi abakhulu, abahlaziyi bebhizinisi nabasebenzisi bamandla (Poe
1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Abasebenzisi abaphezulu badinga
ukufinyelela okulula kumasethi achazwe ngaphambilini emibiko (Humphries ed
abanye ngo-1999). Le mibiko ingafinyelelwa kalula nge
imenyu navigation (Poe 1996). Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibiko kufanele
bethula ulwazi besebenzisa ukumelwa okunemifanekiso
njengamathebula nezifanekiso ukuletha ngokushesha i-
ulwazi (Humphries et al. 1999). Abahlaziyi bebhizinisi, abangakwenzi
bangase babe namakhono obuchwepheshe ukwakha ubudlelwano kuwo
uziro ngokwabo, badinga ukukwazi ukushintsha imibiko yamanje ye
ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabo ezithile (Poe 1996, Humphries et al
1999). Abasebenzisi bamandla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bawuhlobo lwabasebenzisi bokugcina
babe nekhono lokukhiqiza nokubhala izicelo nemibiko evela kuyo
zero (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Yibo labo
thuthukisa imibiko yezinye izinhlobo zabasebenzisi (Poe 1996, Humphries
et al. 1999).
Uma izidingo zomsebenzisi wokugcina sezinqunyiwe kumele zenziwe
ukukhethwa kokufinyelela nokuthola izinhlelo zokusebenza idatha phakathi kwakho konke
ezitholakalayo (Poe 1996, Inmon et al. 1997).
Ukufinyelela ku idatha futhi amathuluzi ukubuyisa kungaba
ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezi-4: ithuluzi le-OLAP, ithuluzi le-EIS/DSS, ithuluzi lokubuza kanye
amathuluzi okubika kanye nedatha.
Amathuluzi e-OLAP avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhe imibuzo ye-ad hoc kanye
lezo ezenziwe database i-del indawo yokugcina idatha. Kanye nale mikhiqizo
vumela abasebenzisi ukuthi babambe phansi idatha jikelele kulabo
okuningiliziwe.
Amathuluzi e-EIS/DSS ahlinzeka ngokubika okuphezulu njengokuthi “kuthiwani uma” ukuhlaziya
kanye nokufinyelela kumibiko ehlelwe yimenyu. Imibiko kufanele ibe
kuchazwe ngaphambilini futhi kuhlanganiswe namamenyu ukuze kube lula ukuzulazula.
Amathuluzi ombuzo nokubika avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bakhiqize imibiko
kuchazwe ngaphambilini futhi kuqondile.
Amathuluzi okumbiwa kwedatha asetshenziselwa ukukhomba ubudlelwano lokho
inganikeza ukukhanya okusha ekusebenzeni okukhohliwe ku idatha i-del
inqolobane yedatha.
Ngokuhambisana nokulungiselelwa kahle kwezidingo zohlobo ngalunye lomsebenzisi, i
amathuluzi akhethiwe kufanele abe enembile, asebenze kahle futhi kube lula ukuwasebenzisa.
Kufanele futhi zihambisane nezinye izingxenye ze-architecture e
ekwazi ukusebenza nezinhlelo ezikhona. Kuphinde kuphakanyiswe ukuthi
khetha ukufinyelela kwedatha namathuluzi okubuyisa ngezintengo nokusebenza
kunengqondo. Ezinye izindlela okufanele zicatshangelwe zihlanganisa ukuzibophezela kwe
umthengisi wethuluzi ekusekeleni umkhiqizo wabo kanye nentuthuko ehlobene
ngokwayo kuzoba nakho ekukhishweni okuzayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuzibandakanya komsebenzisi
ekusebenziseni i-warehouse yedatha, ithimba lokuthuthukisa libandakanya
abasebenzisi kunqubo yokukhetha amathuluzi. Esimweni esinjalo
ukuhlolwa okungokoqobo komsebenzisi kufanele kwenziwe.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe inani le-warehouse yedatha ithimba lokuthuthukisa lingakwazi
futhi inikeza ukufinyelela kuwebhu ezinqolobaneni zabo zedatha. A
i-web-enabled data warehouse ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafinyelele idatha
ezindaweni ezikude noma ngenkathi usohambweni. Futhi ulwazi can
zihlinzekwe ngezindleko eziphansi ngokunciphisa izindleko
ukuqeqeshwa.
2.4.3 Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane Isigaba sokuSebenza
Lesi sigaba siqukethe imisebenzi emithathu: incazelo yamasu osuku
ukuvuselela, ukulawula imisebenzi yokugcina idatha kanye nokuphathwa kwe
ukuphepha kwe-warehouse yedatha.
Incazelo yamasu okuvuselela idatha
Ngemva komthwalo wokuqala, i idatha e database we-warehouse yedatha
kumele ivuselelwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze idlale i
izinguquko ezenziwe idatha okwangempela. Ngakho kufanele sinqume
nini ukuvuselela, kufanele kangaki
vuselela kanye nendlela yokuvuselela i- idatha. Kunconywa ukwenza
ukuvuselela kwe idatha lapho uhlelo lungathathwa lungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Lapho
isilinganiso sokuvuselela sinqunywa ithimba lokuthuthukisa elisekelwe
ngezidingo zomsebenzisi. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuvuselela kabusha
i-warehouse yedatha: ukuvuselela okuphelele nokulayishwa okuqhubekayo kwe
i-cambimenti.
Indlela yokuqala, ukuvuselela ngokugcwele, idinga ukulayishwa kabusha
bonke idatha zoqala phansi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke idatha okudingekayo kufanele
zikhishwe, zihlanzwe, ziguqulwe futhi zihlanganiswe ekuvuseleleni ngakunye. Lokhu
indlela kufanele, ngangokunokwenzeka, igwenywe ngoba
kuthatha isikhathi esiningi kanye nezinsiza.
Enye indlela ukulayisha ngokuqhubekayo i
izinguquko. Lokhu kwengeza i idatha esezishintshiwe
kusukela ngomjikelezo wokugcina wokuvuselela inqolobane yedatha. Ukuhlonza
amarekhodi amasha noma ashintshiwe anciphisa kakhulu inani le
idatha okufanele kusakazwe endaweni yokugcina idatha ngayinye
buyekeza kusukela lezi kuphela idatha izongezwa ku database
we-warehouse yedatha.
Kunezindlela okungenani ezi-5 ezingasetshenziswa ukuhoxa
i idatha okusha noma okushintshiwe. Ukuze uthole isu elisebenzayo loku
ukuvuselela kwe idatha ingxube yalezi zindlela ingase ibe usizo
ilanda zonke izinguquko ohlelweni.
Indlela yokuqala, esebenzisa izitembu zesikhathi, icabanga ukuthi iyeza
kwabelwe bonke idatha kulungiswe futhi kwabuyekezwa isitembu sesikhathi ngendlela
ukuze ukwazi ukubona kalula zonke idatha ishintshiwe futhi entsha.
Le ndlela, nokho, ayizange isetshenziswe kabanzi kwabaningi
ingxenye yezinhlelo zokusebenza zanamuhla.
Indlela yesibili ukusebenzisa ifayela le-delta elikhiqizwe ngu
uhlelo lokusebenza oluqukethe kuphela izinguquko ezenziwe ku idatha.
Ukusebenzisa leli fayela futhi kukhulisa umjikelezo wokubuyekeza.
Nokho, ngisho le ndlela ayizange isetshenziswe kwabaningi
izicelo.
Indlela yesithathu ukuskena ifayela lokungena, okuyinto
ngokuyisisekelo iqukethe ulwazi olufana nefayela le-delta. Eyodwa
Umehluko wukuthi ifayela lokungena lidalelwe inqubo yokutakula e
kungase kube nzima ukukuqonda.
Indlela yesine iwukushintsha ikhodi yesicelo.
Nokho iningi lekhodi yesicelo lidala futhi
ntekenteke; ngakho-ke le nqubo kufanele igwenywe.
Indlela yokugcina ukuqhathanisa i idatha imithombo enefayela
onkulunkulu abakhulu idatha.
Ukuqapha imisebenzi yokugcina idatha
Uma i-warehouse yedatha isikhishelwe abasebenzisi, iba
zidinga ukugadwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulokhu, umlawuli
ye-warehouse yedatha ingasebenzisa ithuluzi lokuphatha elilodwa noma amaningi e
ukulawula ukuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwe-warehouse yedatha. Ngokuqondene
ulwazi olumayelana nabantu nesimo sezulu lungaqoqwa
abafinyelela kuyo i-warehouse yedatha. Woza idatha kuqoqwe kungadalwa
iphrofayili yomsebenzi owenziwe engasetshenziswa njengokufakwayo
ekusetshenzisweni kokubuyisela emuva komsebenzisi. I-Chargeback
ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi baziswe mayelana nezindleko zokucubungula
inqolobane yedatha.
Futhi, ukulawulwa kwe-warehouse kungasetshenziselwa
bona izinhlobo zemibuzo, ubukhulu bayo, inani lemibuzo ngayinye
usuku, izikhathi zokuphendula embuzweni, imikhakha efinyelelwe kanye nenani
di idatha kusetshenziwe. Enye inhloso yokwenza isheke le
i-datawarehouse ikhomba i idatha ezingasetshenziswa. Lezi idatha
zingasuswa endaweni yokugcina idatha ukuze kuthuthukiswe isikhathi
yempendulo yombuzo kanye nokulawula ukukhula kwe
idatha abahlala ngaphakathi isisekelo sedatha we-warehouse yedatha.
Ukuphathwa kwezokuphepha kwe-warehouse
I-warehouse yedatha iqukethe idatha okuhlanganisiwe, okugxekayo, okubucayi lokho
ingafinyelelwa kalula. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu kufanele
ivikelwe kubasebenzisi abangagunyaziwe. Indlela yoku
ukusebenzisa ukuphepha kuwukusebenzisa umsebenzi we-del I-DBMS
ukunikeza amalungelo ahlukene ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zabasebenzisi. Kulokhu
Ngendlela, iphrofayili kufanele igcinwe kuhlobo ngalunye lomsebenzisi
ukufinyelela. Enye indlela yokuvikela i-warehouse yedatha ukuyibhala ngemfihlo
njengoba kulotshiwe ku isisekelo sedatha we-warehouse yedatha. Ukufinyelela ku
idatha futhi amathuluzi okubuyisa kufanele asuse ukubethela kwe idatha ngaphambi kokuhambisa i
imiphumela kubasebenzisi.
2.4.4 Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane Isigaba Sokuthunyelwa
Yisigaba sokugcina somjikelezo wokusetshenziswa kwe-warehouse. I
imisebenzi ezokwenziwa kulesi sigaba ihlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa kwe
abasebenzisi ukusebenzisa inqolobane yedatha nokudala izibuyekezo
we-warehouse yedatha.
Ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi
Ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi kufanele kwenziwe kuqala
yokufinyelela ku idatha yenqolobane yedatha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi
ukubuyisa. Ngokuvamile, amaseshini kufanele aqale ngawo
isingeniso somqondo wokugcinwa kwe idatha, kuya
okuqukethwe kwe-warehouse yedatha, ai meta idatha kanye nezici eziyisisekelo
zamathuluzi. Ngemuva kwalokho, abasebenzisi abathuthuke kakhulu bangakwazi futhi ukufunda i-
amathebula aphathekayo nezici zomsebenzisi zokufinyelela idatha namathuluzi
ukubuyisa.
Ziningi izindlela zokwenza ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzisi. Okukodwa kwe
lokhu kunikeza ukukhethwa kwabasebenzisi abaningi noma abahlaziyi abakhethwe ngu-
isethi yabasebenzisi, encike ebuholini nasemakhonweni abo
ukuxhumana. Laba baqeqeshwe ngokwesikhundla somuntu siqu
konke okudingeka bakwazi ukuze bajwayele
uhlelo. Uma ukuqeqeshwa sekuphelile, babuyela emsebenzini wabo e
baqala ukufundisa abanye abasebenzisi indlela yokusebenzisa uhlelo. Use
ngokusekelwe kulokho abakufundile, abanye abasebenzisi bangaqala isikhangiso
hlola inqolobane yedatha.
Enye indlela ukuqeqesha abasebenzisi abaningi ngendlela efanayo
isikhathi, njengokungathi wenza isifundo sekilasi. Le ndlela
kufanelekile uma kunabasebenzisi abaningi abadinga ukuqeqeshwa
ngesikhathi esifanayo. Enye indlela ukuqeqesha
umsebenzisi ngamunye ngamunye, ngamunye ngamunye. Le ndlela
kufanelekile uma kukhona abasebenzisi abambalwa.
Inhloso yokuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzisi iwukubajwayeza
ngokufinyelela ku idatha kanye namathuluzi okubuyisa kanye nokuqukethwe kwe
inqolobane yedatha. Nokho, abanye abasebenzisi bangakhungatheka
ngenani lolwazi oluhlinzekwe ngesikhathi seseshini
ukuqeqeshwa. Ngakho kufanele kwenziwe inani
buyekeza amaseshini usizo oluqhubekayo kanye nokuphendula
emibuzweni ethile. Kwezinye izimo, iqembu
abasebenzisi ukunikeza lolu hlobo losekelo.
Ukuqoqa impendulo
Uma i-warehouse yedatha isikhishiwe, abasebenzisi bangakwazi
sebenzisa i idatha ehlala endaweni yokugcina idatha ngezinjongo ezahlukahlukene.
Ikakhulukazi, abahlaziyi noma abasebenzisi basebenzisa i idatha e
i-datawarehouse:
1 Khomba izitayela zenkampani
2 Hlaziya amaphrofayili okuthenga we amakhasimende
3 Hlukanisa i amakhasimende kanye ne
4 Nikeza izinsiza ezingcono kakhulu amakhasimende - hlela amasevisi
5 Yakha amasu marketing
6 Yenza izingcaphuno ezincintisanayo zokuhlaziya izindleko nosizo
isilawuli
7 Sekela ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ngamasu
8 Thola amathuba okuvela
9 Ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yezinqubo zamanje zebhizinisi
10 Hlola inzuzo
Ngokulandela isiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa kwendawo yokugcina idatha, bangakwazi
yenza uchungechunge lokubuyekezwa kwesistimu ukuze uthole impendulo
kokubili kusukela ethimbeni lokuthuthukisa kanye nakumphakathi wabasebenzisi
abasebenzisi bokugcina.
Imiphumela etholakele ingacatshangelwa ku-
umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa olandelayo.
Njengoba indawo yokugcina idatha inendlela yokwengeza,
kubalulekile ukufunda empumelelweni nasemaphutheni adlule
intuthuko.
2.5 Isifinyezo
Kulesi sahluko kuxoxiwe ngezindlela ezikhona
izincwadi. Esigabeni 1 kuxoxwe ngomqondo othi
inqolobane yedatha kanye neqhaza layo kwisayensi yezinqumo. Kwe
isigaba 2 umehluko omkhulu phakathi wachazwa
i-dataware kanye nezinhlelo ze-OLTP. Esigabeni sesi-3 sixoxe nge
imodeli yokugcina idatha ngokusho kukaMonash eyasetshenziswa
esigabeni 4 ukuchaza imisebenzi ebandakanyekayo ohlelweni
ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo yokugcina idatha, le mibono ibingasekelwe kukho
ucwaningo olunzulu. Okwenzeka eqinisweni kungaba
ehluke kakhulu kulokho okushiwo izincwadi, nokho lezi
imiphumela ingasetshenziswa ukwakha umthwalo oyisisekelo ukuthi
udwebela umqondo wendawo yokugcina idatha yalolu cwaningo.
Isahluko 3
Ucwaningo nezindlela zokuklama
Lesi sahluko sikhuluma ngocwaningo nezindlela zokuklama
lolu cwaningo. Ingxenye yokuqala ibonisa umbono ojwayelekile wezindlela
izinjini zokusesha ezitholakalayo zokuthola ulwazi, ngaphezu kwalokho
kuxoxiswana ngemibandela yokukhetha indlela engcono kakhulu eyodwa
isifundo esithile. ESigabeni sesi-2, izindlela ezimbili zibe sezixoxwa
akhethwe ngemibandela esanda kubekwa; kulaba kuzokhethwa u-ed
bamukele nezizathu ezibekwe esigabeni 3 lapho bekhona
nezizathu zokungafakwa komunye umbandela nazo ziyachazwa. Lapho
isigaba 4 sethula iphrojekthi yocwaningo kanye nesigaba 5 le
iziphetho.
3.1 Ucwaningo ezinhlelweni zolwazi
Ucwaningo ezinhlelweni zolwazi alukhawulelwe nje
emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi kufanele inwetshwe ukuze ihlanganise
izinjongo zokuziphatha kanye nenhlangano.
Lokhu sikweleta emibhalweni yemikhakha eyahlukene kusukela
isayensi yezenhlalo kwezemvelo; lokhu kuholela isidingo sokuba a
i-spectrum ethile yezindlela zocwaningo ezibandakanya izindlela zobuningi
kanye nekhwalithi okufanele isetshenziselwe izinhlelo zolwazi.
Zonke izindlela zocwaningo ezikhona zibalulekile, empeleni ziningana
abacwaningi abafana noJenkins (1985), uNunamaker et al. (1991), kanye noGalliers
(1992) uphikisa ngokuthi ayikho indlela eqondile emhlabeni wonke
ukwenza ucwaningo emikhakheni eyahlukene yezinhlelo zolwazi; Ngempela
indlela ingase ilungele ucwaningo oluthile kodwa hhayi
kwabanye. Lokhu kusiletha isidingo sokukhetha indlela ukuthi
ilungele iphrojekthi yethu ethile yocwaningo: yalolu
ukukhetha uBenbasat et al. (1987) uthi kufanele zibhekwe
uhlobo nenjongo yocwaningo.
3.1.1 Uhlobo locwaningo
Izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezisekelwe kuhlobo locwaningo zingaba
ihlukaniswe yaba amasiko amathathu aziwa kabanzi kwezesayensi
yolwazi: i-positivist, i-tolika kanye nocwaningo olubucayi.
3.1.1.1 Ucwaningo lwe-Positivist
Ucwaningo lwe-Positivist lwaziwa nangokuthi ucwaningo lwesayensi noma
okokusebenza. Ifuna: “ukuchaza nokubikezela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngo
umhlaba wezenhlalo ngokubheka okujwayelekile kanye nobudlelwano bembangela-nomphumela
phakathi kwezinto ezakhayo” (Shanks et al 1993).
Ucwaningo lwe-Positivist lubuye lubonakale ngokuphindaphinda,
ukwenza lula nokuphikiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho ucwaningo lwe-positivist luyavuma
ukuba khona kobudlelwano be-priori phakathi kwezenzakalo ezifundwayo.
NgokukaGalliers (1992) i-taxonomy iyindlela yocwaningo
kufakwe ku-positivist paradigm, kodwa engagcini kulokhu,
empeleni kukhona izivivinyo zaselabhorethri, izivivinyo zensimu,
izifundo zecala, ukufakaza kwethiyori, izibikezelo nezifaniso.
Ngokusebenzisa lezi zindlela abacwaningi bayavuma ukuthi izenzakalo
ukufundwa kungabonwa ngobuqotho nangokuqinile.
3.1.1.2 Ucwaningo oluchazayo
Ucwaningo lokutolika, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-phenomenology noma
I-anti-positivism ichazwa nguNeuman (1994) ngokuthi “analysis
izinhlelo zencazelo yenhlalo yesenzo ngokusebenzisa i-direct and
ukubhekwa okuningiliziwe kwabantu ezimweni zemvelo ukuze
ukufinyelela ekuqondeni nasekuchazeni ukuthi kanjani
abantu badala futhi bagcine umhlaba wabo wezenhlalo. Izifundo
amathiyori okuhumusha ayawuchitha umcabango wokuthi izenzakalo ezibukiwe
kungabonwa ngobuqotho. Ngempela zisekelwe
ekuchazeni okuzimele. Ngaphezu kwalokho abacwaningi abatolikayo abakwenzi lokho
babeka izincazelo ezibalulekile ezintweni abazifundayo.
Le ndlela ihlanganisa izifundo ezizimele/eziphikisanayo, izenzo ze
ucwaningo, izifundo ezichazayo/ezichazayo, ucwaningo lwangomuso kanye nemidlalo ye
indima. Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlolovo kanye nezifundo zecala kungaba
zifakwe kule ndlela njengoba zithinta izifundo ze
abantu noma izinhlangano ezimeni eziyinkimbinkimbi
zomhlaba wangempela.
3.1.1.3 Ucwaningo olubucayi
Ucwaningo olubucayi luyindlela eyaziwa kakhulu kwisayensi
social kodwa muva nje uthole ukunakwa abacwaningi
emkhakheni wezinhlelo zolwazi. Umcabango wefilosofi wokuthi i
iqiniso lezenhlalo likhiqizwa ngokomlando futhi laphinde lakhiqizwa abantu,
kanye nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ngezenzo nokusebenzelana kwazo. Yabo
Ikhono, nokho, lilamula ngezinto eziningi
kwezenhlalo, ezamasiko nezepolitiki.
Njengocwaningo olutolikayo, ucwaningo olubucayi luphikisa ukuthi
ucwaningo lwe-positivist aluhlangene nesimo senhlalo futhi alinaki i
ithonya layo ezenzweni zomuntu.
Ucwaningo olubucayi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, lugxeka ucwaningo lokuhumusha lwe
ukuzithoba kakhulu nokuthi kungani kungazimisele ukusiza
abantu ukuthuthukisa izimpilo zabo. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-
ucwaningo olujulile kanye nezinye izindlela ezimbili ubukhulu balo bokuhlola.
Nakuba injongo ye-positivist kanye namasiko okuhumusha kungokwakho
ukubikezela noma ukuchaza isimo samanje noma iqiniso lezenhlalo, ucwaningo olubucayi
ihlose ukuhlola ngokujulile kanye nokuguqula iqiniso lenhlalo ngaphansi
istudiyo.
Abacwaningi ababucayi bavamise ukuphikisa isimo esikhona ukuze
susa ukuhlukana komphakathi futhi uthuthukise izimo zomphakathi. Lapho
ucwaningo olunzulu lunokuzinikela ekubukeni kwenqubo
izenzakalo ezithakaselayo futhi, ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile i-longitudinal.
Izibonelo zezindlela zocwaningo yizifundo zomlando zesikhathi eside kanye
izifundo ze-ethnographic. Nokho, ucwaningo olubalulekile aluzange lube khona
esetshenziswa kabanzi ocwaningweni lwezinhlelo zolwazi
3.1.2 Inhloso yocwaningo
Kanye nemvelo yokusesha, inhloso yayo ingasetshenziswa
ukuqondisa umcwaningi ekukhetheni indlela ethile ye
ucwaningo. Inhloso yephrojekthi yocwaningo ihlobene eduze
endaweni yokusesha mayelana nomjikelezo wokusesha oqukethe
izigaba ezintathu: ukwakhiwa kwethiyori, ukuhlolwa kwethiyori kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwethiyori
umbono. Ngakho, ngokusekelwe kumfutho uqhathaniswa nomjikelezo wokusesha, a
iphrojekthi yocwaningo ingaba nencazelo, echazayo, di
ukuhlola noma ukubikezela.
3.1.2.1 Ucwaningo lokuhlola
Ucwaningo lokuhlola luhloselwe ukuphenya isihloko
okusha ngokuphelele futhi akhe imibuzo kanye nemibono ecatshangelwayo yocwaningo
esizayo. Lolu hlobo lokusesha lusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe
umbono wokuthola izinkomba zokuqala endaweni entsha.
Imvamisa, kusetshenziswa izindlela zocwaningo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, njengezifundo eziyisibonelo
zocwaningo noma izifundo ze-phenomenological.
Kodwa-ke kuyenzeka futhi kusetshenziswe amasu obuningi njenge
uphenyo lokuhlola noma ukuhlola.
3.1.3.3 Ukusesha okuchazayo
Ucwaningo oluchazayo luhlose ukuhlaziya kanye nokuchaza kakhulu
imininingwane ngesimo esithile noma inkambiso yenhlangano. Lokhu
kufanelekile ukwakha amathiyori futhi ingasetshenziswa futhi
qinisekisa noma uphikise imibono. Ukusesha okuchazayo ngokuvamile
kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezilinganiso namasampula. Izindlela zocwaningo ezifanele kakhulu
bandakanya uphenyo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwesizinda.
3.1.2.3 Ucwaningo oluchazayo
Ucwaningo oluchazayo luzama ukuchaza ukuthi kungani izinto zenzeka.
Yakhelwe emaqinisweni asehloliwe futhi afuna ukuwathola
izizathu zala maqiniso.
Ngakho ucwaningo oluchazayo luvamise ukwakhelwa ocwaningweni
liyahlola noma liyachaza futhi liyisisekeli ukuze kuhlolwe futhi kucwengwe
imibono. Ucwaningo oluchazayo luvamise ukusebenzisa izifundo eziyisibonelo
noma izindlela zocwaningo ezisekelwe kunhlolovo.
3.1.2.4 Ucwaningo lokuqala
Ucwaningo lokuqala luhlose ukubikezela izehlakalo nokuziphatha
ngaphansi kokubhekwa okufundwayo (uMarshall noRossman
1995). Ukubikezela ukuhlolwa kweqiniso okujwayelekile kwesayensi.
Lolu hlobo locwaningo ngokuvamile lusebenzisa izinhlolovo noma ukuhlaziya idatha
idatha izazi-mlando. (Yin 1989)
Ingxoxo engenhla ibonisa ukuthi kukhona inani
izindlela zocwaningo ezingase zisetshenziswe ocwaningweni
ikakhulukazi. Nokho, kufanele kube nendlela ethile efaneleka kakhulu
ezinye zohlobo oluthile lwephrojekthi yocwaningo. (Galliers
1987, Yin 1989, De Vaus 1991). Ngakho-ke wonke umcwaningi unayo
kudingeka ukuhlola ngokucophelela amandla kanye nobuthakathaka
izindlela ezahlukahlukene, ukufinyelela ekuthatheni indlela yocwaningo efaneleke kakhulu e
iyahambisana nephrojekthi yocwaningo. (Jenkins 1985, Pervan noKlass
1992, Bonomia 1985, Yin 1989, Himilton and Ives 1992).
3.2. Izindlela zokusesha ezingenzeka
Inhloso yale phrojekthi kwakuwukufunda isipiliyoni ku
Izinhlangano zase-Australia ezine-i idatha egcinwe ngeyodwa
ukuthuthukiswa kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Idatha okuyinto, okwamanje, kukhona eyodwa
ukuntuleka kocwaningo endaweni yokugcina idatha e-Australia,
le phrojekthi yocwaningo isesigabeni sethiyori somjikelezo
ucwaningo futhi lunenjongo yokuhlola. Ihlola umuzwa ku
Izinhlangano zase-Australia ezamukela ukugcinwa kwedatha
idinga ukuchazwa komphakathi wangempela. Ngenxa yalokho, i-
ukuqagela kwefilosofi okungaphansi kwephrojekthi yocwaningo kuyalandela
incazelo yendabuko.
Ngemva kokuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwezindlela ezikhona, ziye zabonakala
izindlela ezimbili zocwaningo ezingaba khona: izinhlolovo kanye nezifundo eziyisibonelo
(izibonelo), ezingasetshenziselwa ucwaningo
ukuhlola (Shanks et al. 1993). UGalliers (1992) uyakuphikisa lokho
ukufaneleka kwalezi zindlela ezimbili zalolu cwaningo oluthile ku
i-taxonomy yayo ibuyekezwe ngokuthi ilungele ukwakhiwa
ithiyori. Izigatshana ezimbili ezilandelayo zixoxa ngendlela ngayinye ku
imininingwane.
3.2.1 Indlela yocwaningo locwaningo
Indlela yocwaningo locwaningo iqhamuka endleleni yakudala yoku
ukubalwa kwabantu. Ukubalwa kwabantu kumayelana nokuqoqa ulwazi ku
isibalo sabantu bonke. Le ndlela iyabiza futhi ayisebenzi
ikakhulukazi uma inani labantu likhulu. Ngakho uma kuqhathaniswa
I-census, inhlolovo ivamise ukugxila ku
qoqa ulwazi lwenombolo encane, noma isampula, ye
abamele abantu (Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994). A
isampula libonisa inani labantu ethathwe kulo, ngokwehlukana
amazinga okunemba, ngokuya ngesakhiwo sesampula, i
usayizi kanye nendlela yokukhetha esetshenzisiwe (Fowler 1988, Babbie
1982, Neuman 1994).
Indlela yenhlolovo ichazwa ngokuthi "izifinyezo zezinqubo,
izimo noma imibono ngesikhathi esithile, okwenziwa kusetshenziswa
uhlu lwemibuzo noma izingxoxo, okungase kuvele kuzo
made” (Galliers 1992:153) [izithombe zesifinyezo semikhuba,
izimo noma imibono esikhathini esithile, okwenziwa kusetshenziswa
uhlu lwemibuzo noma inhlolokhono, lapho okucatshangwa khona]. I
izinhlolovo zibhekana nokuqoqwa kolwazi ngezici ezithile
ocwaningweni, olwenziwe yidlanzana lababambe iqhaza
imibuzo (Fowler 1988). Ngisho nalezi mibuzo kanye nezingxoxo, okuyinto
hlanganisa izingxoxo zocingo ubuso nobuso kanye nezingxoxo ezihlelekile,
izindlela zokuqoqa ze idatha esetshenziswa kakhulu ku
uphenyo (Blalock 1970, Nachmias and Nachmias 1976, Fowler
1988), ukubonwa nokuhlaziya kungasetshenziswa (Gable
1994). Kuzo zonke lezi zindlela zokuqoqa onkulunkulu idatha, ukusetshenziswa kwe
Uhlu lwemibuzo luyindlela ethandwa kakhulu, njengoba iqinisekisa ukuthi i idatha
okuqoqiwe kwakhiwe futhi kwafomethwa, ngaleyo ndlela kusiza i
ukuhlukaniswa kolwazi (Hwang 1987, de Vaus 1991).
Ekuhlaziyeni i idatha, isu lokuphenya livame ukusebenzisa i
amasu obuningi, njengokuhlaziywa kwezibalo, kodwa kungaba
amasu ekhwalithi nawo asetshenziswa (Galliers 1992, Pervan
kanye neKlass 1992, Gable 1994). Ngokuvamile, i idatha kuqoqwe kukhona
esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukusatshalaliswa kanye namaphethini ezinhlangano
(Fowler 1988).
Nakuba izinhlolovo ngokuvamile zilungele ukusesha
ukubhekana nombuzo othi 'yini?' (ini) noma kusuka kuyo
ukuthola, njengokuthi 'kangakanani' (kangakanani) kanye nethi 'quant'è' (mangaki),
ingabuzwa ngombuzo othi 'kungani' (Sonquist and
Dunkelberg 1977, Yin 1989). Ngokusho kukaSonquist noDunkelberg
(1977), uphenyo locwaningo lukhomba emibonweni enzima, uhlelo di
ukuhlola, echaza inani labantu kanye namamodeli asathuthukayo
ukuziphatha komuntu. Futhi, izinhlolovo zingasetshenziswa
ukufunda umbono othile wabantu, izimo,
imibono, izici, okulindelwe ngisho nokuziphatha kwangaphambilini
noma samanje (Neuman 1994).
Uphenyo luvumela umcwaningi ukuthi athole ubudlelwano phakathi kwe
inani labantu kanye nemiphumela ngokuvamile kuvame ukudlula eye
ezinye izindlela (Sonquist and Dunkelberg 1977, Gable 1994). I
izinhlolovo zivumela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlanganise indawo yendawo
banzi futhi bafinyelele isibalo esikhulu sababhalisile (Blalock 1970,
Sonquist and Dunkelberg 1977, Hwang and Lin 1987, Gable 1994,
Neumann 1994). Ekugcineni, izinhlolovo zinganikeza ulwazi
ezingatholakali kwenye indawo noma ngendlela edingekayo ukuze zihlaziywe
(Fowler 1988).
Kukhona, nokho, ukulinganiselwa okuthile ekwenzeni ucwaningo. Eyodwa
okubi ukuthi umcwaningi akakwazi ukuthola ulwazi oluningi
mayelana nento efundwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-
uphenyo lwenziwa kuphela ngesikhathi esithile futhi, ngenxa yalokho,
kunenani elilinganiselwe lokuguquguquka kanye nabantu umcwaningi angakwazi
funda (Yin 1989, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994, Denscombe 1998).
Okunye okubi wukuthi ukuqhuba ucwaningo kungaba yini
kubiza kakhulu ngokwesikhathi nezinsiza, ikakhulukazi uma
kuhilela izingxoxo zobuso nobuso (Fowler 1988).
3.2.2. Indlela Yokucwaninga Yokubuza
Indlela yocwaningo lophenyo ibandakanya ucwaningo olunzulu lwe
isimo esithile ngaphakathi kwengqikithi yaso yangempela a
isikhathi esinqunyiwe, ngaphandle kokungenelela ngu
umcwaningi (Shanks & C. 1993, Eisenhardt 1989, Jenkins 1985).
Ikakhulukazi le ndlela isetshenziswa ukuchaza ubudlelwano phakathi
okuguquguqukayo okufundwayo esimweni esithile
(Galliers 1992). Uphenyo lungabandakanya amacala ngamanye noma
ukuphindaphinda, kuye ngesenzakalo esihlaziywe (uFranz noRobey 1987,
Eisenhardt 1989, Yin 1989).
Indlela yocwaningo lophenyo ichazwa ngokuthi “uphenyo
ucwaningo lwe-empirical olufunda into yesimanje ngaphakathi kwe-
umongo wayo wangempela, kusetshenziswa imithombo eminingi ekhishwe ku-o eyodwa
izinhlangano eziningi ezifana nabantu, amaqembu, noma izinhlangano” (Yin 1989).
Akukho ukuhlukana okucacile phakathi kokwenzeka kanye nomxholo wayo e
akukho ukulawula noma ukukhohliswa kokuhlola kokuguquguqukayo (Yin
1989, Benbasat et al. 1987).
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zamasu okuqoqa onkulunkulu idatha ukuthi bangakwazi
ziqashwe endleleni yophenyo, ehlanganisa
ukubhekwa okuqondile, ukubuyekezwa kwamarekhodi engobo yomlando, uhlu lwemibuzo,
ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo kanye nezingxoxo ezihlelekile. Ukuba
izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokuvuna idathauphenyo
vumela abacwaningi ukuthi babhekane nakho kokubili idatha qualitative ukuthi
amanani ngesikhathi esifanayo (Bonoma 1985, Eisenhardt 1989, Yin
1989, Gable 1994). Njengoba kunjalo ngendlela yocwaningo, a
umcwaningi ophenyayo uba yisibukeli noma umcwaningi hhayi
njengomhlanganyeli okhuthele enhlanganweni yocwaningo.
U-Benbasat et al. (1987) bagomela ngokuthi indlela yophenyo yile
ikakhulukazi efanelekayo ucwaningo theory ukwakhiwa, okuyinto
iqala ngombuzo wocwaningo futhi iqhubeke nokuqeqeshwa
yethiyori ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa idatha. Ukuba
futhi kufanelekile esiteji
Ukwakhiwa kwethiyori, uFranz noRobey (1987) basikisela ukuthi
indlela yokubuza ingabuye isetshenziselwe inkimbinkimbi
isigaba sethiyori. Kulokhu, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obuqoqiwe, a
ithiyori enikeziwe noma i-hypothesis iyaqinisekiswa noma iphikiswe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphenyo
futhi ilungele ucwaningo olubhekene nemibuzo ethi 'kanjani' noma 'kanjani'
'ngoba' (Yin 1989).
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela, ucwaningo luvumela umcwaningi ukuba
bamba imininingwane ebalulekile ngemininingwane eyengeziwe (Galliers
1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphenyo luvumela
umcwaningi ukuze aqonde ubunjalo nobunkimbinkimbi bezinqubo ezifundwayo
(Benbasat et al. 1987).
Kunezinkinga ezine ezibalulekile ezihambisana nendlela
uphenyo. Okokuqala ukushoda kwezimali ezibanjwayo ezilawulwayo. Lapho
Ukuzithoba komcwaningi kungase kucheme okutholakele neziphetho
yocwaningo (Yin 1989). Ububi besibili ukuntuleka
ukubhekwa okulawulwayo. Ngokungafani nezindlela zokuhlola, i
umcwaningi wophenyo akakwazi ukulawula izenzakalo ezifundwayo
njengoba zihlolwa esimweni sazo semvelo (Gable 1994). I
Ububi besithathu ukuntuleka kokuphindaphindeka. Lokhu kungenxa yeqiniso
ukuthi umcwaningi mancane amathuba okuthi abone izehlakalo ezifanayo, isib
ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa imiphumela yocwaningo oluthile (Lee 1989).
Okokugcina, ngenxa yokungaphindaphindeki, kunzima
hlanganisa imiphumela etholwe kunhlolovo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu (Galliers
1992, uShanks et al. 1993). Zonke lezi zinkinga, nokho, akunjalo
azinakunqotshwa futhi, empeleni, zingancishiswa yi-
Umcwaningi esebenzisa izenzo ezifanele (Lee 1989).
3.3. Qinisekisa indlela yocwaningo
kwamukelwe
Ezindleleni ezimbili zocwaningo ezingase zibe khona zalolu cwaningo, indlela yoku
inhlolovo ithathwa njengefaneleka kakhulu. Leyo yophenyo
ilahliwe kulandela ukucutshungulwa ngokucophelela okuhlobene
ukufaneleka kanye nobuthakathaka. Ukufaneleka noma ukungafaneleki kokukodwa
indlela yalolu cwaningo kuzoxoxwa ngayo kamuva.
3.3.1. Indlela yocwaningo engalungile
yophenyo
Indlela yokubuza idinga ucwaningo olunzulu mayelana a
isimo esithile ngaphakathi kwenhlangano eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ukuze a
isikhathi (Eisenhardt 1989). Kulokhu, isikhathi singakwazi
yeqa isikhathi esibekelwe lolu cwaningo. Okunye
isizathu sokungayisebenzisi indlela yophenyo ukuthi imiphumela
bangase bahlupheke ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuqina (Yin 1989). I-subjectivity
zomcwaningi zingaba nomthelela emiphumeleni naseziphethweni. Okunye
isizathu siwukuthi le ndlela ifaneleka kakhulu ekusesheni imibuzo
yohlobo 'kanjani' noma 'kungani' (Yin 1989), kuyilapho umbuzo wocwaningo
kulolu cwaningo iwuhlobo 'yini'. Okokugcina
Okubalulekile, kunzima ukuhlanganisa imiphumela kusuka ku-o eyodwa nje
imibuzo embalwa (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Ngesisekelo se
lesi sizathu, indlela yocwaningo yophenyo ayiyona
ikhethwe njengengalufanele lolu cwaningo.
3.3.2. Ukunethezeka kwendlela yokusesha ye
uphenyo
Lapho lolu cwaningo lwenziwa, umkhuba wokugcinwa kwedatha
ayengakamukelwa kabanzi
izinhlangano zase-Australia. Ngakho, kwakungekho ulwazi oluningi
mayelana nokuqaliswa kwazo ngaphakathi kwe
izinhlangano zase-Australia. Ulwazi olutholakalayo lwavela
kusukela ezinhlanganweni ezisebenzise noma ezisebenzise idatha
inqolobane. Kulokhu, indlela yokucwaninga inhlolovo iyona ehamba phambili
kufanelekile ngoba ivumela ukuthola ulwazi olungelona
etholakala kwenye indawo noma ngendlela edingekayo ukuze kuhlaziywe (Fowler 1988).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yocwaningo locwaningo ivumela umcwaningi ukuba
thola ukuqonda okuhle ngemikhuba, izimo, noma
kubonwe ngesikhathi esinikeziwe (Galliers 1992, Denscombe 1998).
Kucelwe ukubukeza konke ukuze kwandiswe
ulwazi mayelana nolwazi lwase-Australia lokugcina idatha.
Futhi, uSonquist noDunkelberg (1977) bathi imiphumela ye
Ucwaningo locwaningo lujwayelekile kakhulu kunezinye izindlela.
3.4. Idizayini yocwaningo locwaningo
Ucwaningo ngomkhuba wokugcinwa kwedatha lwenziwa ngo-1999.
Inani labantu okuhlosiwe lalihlanganisa izinhlangano
abanentshisekelo ezifundweni zokugcina idatha, njengoba babenjalo
mhlawumbe usunolwazi mayelana i idatha yisiphi isitolo futhi
ngakho-ke, inganikeza ulwazi oluwusizo lwalolu cwaningo. Lapho
Inani labantu okuhlosiwe likhonjwe ngenhlolovo yokuqala ye
wonke amalungu ase-Australia 'e-Data Warehousing Institute' (Tdwiaap).
Lesi sigaba sidingida ukwakheka kwesigaba socwaningo
empirics yalolu cwaningo.
3.4.1. Indlela yokuqoqa idatha
Kusukela kumasu amathathu avame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lophenyo
(okungukuthi, uhlu lwemibuzo ngeposi, inhlolokhono ngocingo kanye nenhlolokhono
siqu) (Nachmias 1976, Fowler 1988, de Vaus 1991), ngoba
lolu cwaningo lwamukelwe uhlu lwemibuzo ngeposi. Okokuqala
isizathu sokwamukela lesi sakamuva ukuthi singazuza a
isibalo sabantu abahlakazeke ngokwendawo (Blalock 1970, Nachmias e
Nachmias 1976, Hwang and Lin 1987, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994).
Okwesibili, uhlu lwemibuzo lwemeyili lufanele ababambiqhaza
ufunde kakhulu (Fowler 1988). Uhlu lwemibuzo ngeposi lwalokhu
Ucwaningo lwaluqondiswe kubaxhasi bephrojekthi yokugcina idatha,
abaqondisi bephrojekthi kanye/noma abaphathi. Okwesithathu, imibuzo ivuliwe
i-imeyili ifanelekile uma unohlu oluphephile lwe
amakheli (Salant and Dilman 1994). I-TDWI, kulokhu, eyodwa
inhlangano ethembekile yokugcina idatha inikeze uhlu lwamakheli
yamalungu ayo ase-Australia. Okunye okungeziwe kohlu lwemibuzo
ngeposi ngokumelene nohlu lwemibuzo locingo noma izingxoxo
okomuntu siqu ukuthi ivumela ababhalisile ukuthi baphendule nokuningi
ukunemba, ikakhulukazi uma abaphendulayo bedinga ukubonisana
amanothi noma xoxa ngemibuzo nabanye abantu (Fowler
1988).
Ukuhlehla okungenzeka kube yisikhathi esidingekayo
yenza uhlu lwemibuzo ngeposi. Ngokuvamile, uhlu lwemibuzo alukho
imeyili iqhutshwa ngalolu chungechunge: thumela izincwadi, linda
izimpendulo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthumela (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989).
Ngakho, isikhathi esiphelele singase sibe side kunesikhathi esidingekayo
izingxoxo zomuntu siqu noma izingxoxo zocingo. Nokho, i
isikhathi esiphelele singaziwa kusengaphambili (Fowler 1988,
Denscombe 1998). Isikhathi esichithwa kuxoxwa
yomuntu siqu ayikwazi ukwaziwa kusengaphambili ngoba ihlukahluka kuye
inhlolokhono eyodwa komunye (Fowler 1988). Izingxoxo zocingo
kungase kusheshe kunohlu lwemibuzo lokuposa kanye nama-imeyili
izingxoxo zomuntu siqu kodwa zingaba nezinga eliphezulu lokuphuthelwa
impendulo ngenxa yokungatholakali kwabanye abantu (Fowler 1988).
Ukwengeza, izingxoxo zocingo ngokuvamile zikhawulelwe ezinhlwini za
imibuzo emifushane uma kuqhathaniswa (Bainbridge 1989).
Obunye ubuthakathaka bohlu lwemibuzo lokuposa izinga eliphezulu le
ukuntula impendulo (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989, Neuman
1994). Kodwa-ke, izinyathelo eziphikisanayo zithathwe, ngokuzihlanganisa
lolu cwaningo nesikhungo sedatha esethembekile
indawo yokugcina impahla (okungukuthi, TDWI) (Bainbridge 1989, Neuman 1994),
ethumela izincwadi ezimbili zokukhumbuza labo abangakaphenduli
(Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994) futhi ihlanganisa nencwadi
sengezo esichaza inhloso yocwaningo (Neuman 1994).
3.4.2. Iyunithi yokuhlaziya
Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuthola ulwazi mayelana
ukuqaliswa kokugcinwa kwedatha kanye nokusetshenziswa okufanayo
ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano zase-Australia. Inani labantu okuhlosiwe
yakhiwe yizo zonke izinhlangano zase-Australia ezinazo
ziyasetshenziswa, noma ziyasetshenziswa, i indawo yokugcina idatha, e
izinhlangano ngazinye zibhalwe ngezansi. Uhlu lwemibuzo
yathunyelwa ngeposi ezinhlanganweni ezinentshisekelo yokuyithatha
di indawo yokugcina idatha. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi
amaqoqo avela ezinsizeni ezifanele kakhulu zenhlangano ngayinye
umhlanganyeli.
3.4.3. Isampula yenhlolovo
"Uhlu lwamakheli" lwabahlanganyeli benhlolovo lutholwe kulo
Isandiso se-TDW. Kulolu hlu, izinhlangano zase-Australia ezingama-3000
zakhethwa njengesisekelo sokuthatha amasampula. A
incwadi eyengeziwe echaza iphrojekthi kanye nenjongo yophenyo,
kanye nekhadi lempendulo kanye nemvilophu ekhokhelwa ngaphambili
buyisela uhlu lwemibuzo olugcwalisiwe luthunyelwe kusampula.
Ezinhlanganweni ezingu-3000, ezingu-198 zivumile ukubamba iqhaza
funda. Inani elincane kangaka lezimpendulo bekulindelekile idatha il
inani elikhulu lezinhlangano zase-Australia ababenazo ngaleso sikhathi
bamukele noma bamukela isu ledethi
ukugcinwa kwempahla ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano zabo. Ngakho, i
Isibalo sabantu okuhloswe ngaso kulolu cwaningo siqukethe abantu abayi-198 kuphela
izinhlangano.
3.4.4. Okuqukethwe kuhlu lwemibuzo
Isakhiwo sohlu lwemibuzo sasisekelwe kumodeli yedethi
indawo yokugcina izimpahla iMonash (okuxoxwe ngayo ekuqaleni kwengxenye 2.3). I
okuqukethwe kohlu lwemibuzo bekusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe
izincwadi ezivezwe esahlukweni 2. Ikhophi yohlu lwemibuzo
ithunyelwe kubahlanganyeli benhlolovo ingatholakala
kuSithasiselo B. Uhlu lwemibuzo luqukethe izigaba eziyisithupha, okuyizo
landela izigaba zemodeli ephathwayo. Izigaba eziyisithupha ezilandelayo
fingqa kafushane okuqukethwe kwesigaba ngasinye.
Isigaba A: Ulwazi oluyisisekelo mayelana nenhlangano
Lesi sigaba siqukethe imibuzo ehlobene nephrofayili ye
izinhlangano ezibambe iqhaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminye yemibuzo iwukuthi
okuhlobene nesimo sephrojekthi yokugcina idatha
umhlanganyeli. Ulwazi oluyimfihlo njengegama
yenhlangano ayizange idalulwe ekuhlaziyeni inhlolovo.
Isigaba B: Qala
Imibuzo ekulesi sigaba ihlobene nokuqalisa
ukugcinwa kwedatha. Kwabuzwa imibuzo ukuthi yimalini
ithinta abaqalisi bephrojekthi, abaxhasi, amakhono nolwazi
izicelo, izinjongo zokuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwedatha, kanye
okulindelwe ngabasebenzisi bokugcina.
Isigaba C: Idizayini
Lesi sigaba siqukethe imibuzo ehlobene nemisebenzi ye
ukuhlela kwe indawo yokugcina idatha. Ngokuqondile, imibuzo iwukuthi
yisho mayelana nobubanzi bokwenziwa, ubude besikhathi sephrojekthi, izindleko
yephrojekthi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezindleko/izinzuzo.
Isigaba D: Intuthuko
Esigabeni sokuthuthukiswa kunemibuzo ehlobene nemisebenzi ye
ukuthuthukiswa kwe indawo yokugcina idatha: iqoqo lezidingo zomsebenzisi
okokugcina, imithombo ye idatha, imodeli enengqondo ye idatha, izibonelo, i
ukuhlela umthamo, izakhiwo zobuchwepheshe kanye nokukhetha
amathuluzi okuthuthukisa ukugcinwa kwedatha.
Isigaba E: Ukusebenza
Imibuzo yokusebenza ehlobene nokusebenza ed
ekwandiseni kwe indawo yokugcina idatha, njengoba iphenduka ibe
isigaba esilandelayo sokuthuthuka. Lapho ikhwalithi yedatha, amasu we
ukuvuselela kwe idatha, ubumbudumbudu be idathaukuqina kwedatha
ishede kanye nezinkinga zokuphepha ze indawo yokugcina idatha babephakathi
izinhlobo zemibuzo ebuziwe.
Isigaba F: Intuthuko
Lesi sigaba siqukethe imibuzo ehlobene nokusebenzisa idatha
i-warehouse ngabasebenzisi bokugcina. Umcwaningi ubenentshisekelo
ngenhloso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe- indawo yokugcina idatha, ukubuyekezwa kanye namasu
lokuqeqeshwa okwamukelwe kanye nesu lokulawula idatha
warehouse yamukelwe.
3.4.5. Izinga lokuphendula
Nakuba izinhlolovo zemeyili zigxekwa ngokuba nenani le
impendulo ephansi, izinyathelo zithathwe ukwandisa
izinga lembuyiselo (njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ekuqaleni ingxenye
3.4.1). Igama elithi 'izinga lokuphendula' libhekisela kumaphesenti we
abantu kwisampula ethile yocwaningo abaphendulile
uhlu lwemibuzo (Denscombe 1998). Okulandelayo kwasetshenziswa
ifomula yokubala isilinganiso sokuphendula salolu cwaningo:
Inani labantu abaphendulile
Izinga lokuphendula =
————————————————————————————— X 100
Isamba senani lemibuzo ethunyelwe
3.4.6. Test Pilot
Ngaphambi kokuba uhlu lwemibuzo luthunyelwe kusampula, imibuzo iwukuthi
ihlolwe ngokwenza izivivinyo zomshayeli, njengoba kuphakanyiswe uLuck
kanye noRubin (1987), uJackson (1988), no-de Vaus (1991). Inhloso ye
ukuhlolwa komshayeli ukuveza konke okungajwayelekile, okungacacile kanye nezinkulumo
imibuzo okunzima ukuyichaza, ukucacisa noma yimiphi
izincazelo namagama asetshenzisiwe kanye nokuhlonza isikhathi esicishe sibe ngaso
okudingekayo ukuze ugcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo (Warwick and Lininger 1975,
Jackson 1988, Salant and Dilman 1994). Izilingo zomshayeli zaba
kwenziwa ngokukhetha izifundo ezinezimpawu ezifanayo nalezo
zezifundo zokugcina, njengoba kuphakanyiswe uDavis e Cosenza (1993). In
lolu cwaningo, ochwepheshe abayisithupha bokugcina idatha babe
kukhethwe njengezifundo zokulinga. Ngemva kokuhlolwa komshayeli ngamunye, banjalo
sekwenziwe ukulungiswa okudingekayo. Kusukela ekuhlolweni komshayeli okwenziwe, i
abahlanganyeli basize ukubunjwa kabusha nokusetha kabusha i-
inguqulo yokugcina yohlu lwemibuzo.
3.4.7. Izindlela Zokuhlaziya Of Dati
I idatha idatha yocwaningo eqoqwe kuhlu lwemibuzo oluvaliwe yi
zahlaziywa kusetshenziswa iphakheji yesofthiwe yezibalo
ebizwa ngokuthi yi-SPSS. Izimpendulo eziningi zihlaziywe
usebenzisa izibalo ezichazayo. Inani lemibuzo
babuya bengaphelele. Laba baphathwa nomdala
ukunaka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i idatha abalahlekile bekungekho noyedwa
umphumela wamaphutha okufaka idatha, kodwa kungani kungabi nemibuzo
zazifanelekile kummemezeli, noma ummemezeli wanquma ukungakwenzi
phendula umbuzo owodwa noma eminingi eqondile. Lezi zimpendulo
ezilahlekile azinakwanga ngenkathi kuhluzwa idatha futhi babe
ifakwe ikhodi njengokuthi '-9' ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukukhishwa kwabo ohlelweni
ihlaziya.
Ekulungiseni uhlu lwemibuzo, imibuzo evaliwe yayithi
ikhokhwe ngaphambilini ngokunikeza inombolo kunketho ngayinye. Inombolo
kwase kusetshenziselwa ukulungiselela i idatha ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya
(Denscombe 1998, Sapsford and Jupp 1996). Ngokwesibonelo, kwakukhona
izinketho eziyisithupha ezisohlwini lombuzo 1 wesigaba B: iseluleko
umqondisi, isikhulu esiphezulu, umnyango we-IT, iyunithi
ibhizinisi, consultant nokunye. Efayelini le idatha ye-SPSS, kunjalo
okuguquguqukayo kwakhiqizwa ukukhombisa 'umqali wephrojekthi',
enamathegi wenani ayisithupha: '1' 'yebhodi', '2'
'yesikhulu esiphezulu' nokunye. Ukusetshenziswa kwesikali sikaLikertin
kweminye yemibuzo evaliwe nayo inemvume
ukuhlonza okungadingi mzamo uma kubhekwa ukusetshenziswa kwamanani
izinombolo ezihambisanayo ezifakwe ku-SPSS. Ngemibuzo ne-
izimpendulo ezingaphelele, ebezingahlukani,
inketho ngayinye ithathwe njengokuguquguquka okukodwa okubili
amalebula yenani: '1' 'ngokumakiwe' futhi '2' 'okungaphawuliwe'.
Imibuzo evulekile iphathwe ngendlela ehlukile emibuzweni
ivaliwe. Izimpendulo zale mibuzo azithunyelwanga
I-SPSS. Kunalokho, zahlaziywa ngesandla. Ukusetshenziswa kwalokhu
uhlobo lombuzo lukuvumela ukuthi uthole ulwazi mayelana nemibono
okushiwo ngokukhululekile kanye nolwazi lomuntu siqu lwababhalisile
(Bainbridge 1989, Descombe 1998). Lapho kungenzeka khona, sekwenziwe
ukuhlukaniswa kwezimpendulo.
Ukuze kuhlaziywe idatha, izindlela zokuhlaziya izibalo ezilula zisetshenziswa,
njengokuvama kwezimpendulo, incazelo, ukuchezuka okujwayelekile
kusho kanye ne-median (Argyrous 1996, Denscombe 1998).
Uhlolo lwe-Gamma lusebenze kahle ekutholeni izilinganiso zobuningi
yezinhlangano phakathi idatha ordinals (Norusis 1983, Argyrous 1996).
Lezi zivivinyo bezifanelekile ngoba izikali ze-ordinal ezisetshenzisiwe bezingafanele
ayenezigaba eziningi futhi ayengaboniswa etafuleni
(Norusis 1983).
3.5 Isifinyezo
Kulesi sahluko, indlela yocwaningo kanye ne
imiklamo eyamukelwe lolu cwaningo.
Ukukhetha indlela yokusesha efanele kakhulu a
isifundo esithile siyangena
cabangela imithetho eminingana, kuhlanganise nemvelo kanye nohlobo
yocwaningo, kanye nokufaneleka kanye nobuthakathaka balokho okungenzeka
indlela (Jenkins 1985, Benbasat et al. 1097, Galliers and Land 1987,
yin 1989, Hamilton and ives 1992, Galliers 1992, neuman 1994). Buka
ukuntuleka kolwazi olukhona kanye nethiyori ngayo
yokwamukelwa kokugcinwa kwedatha e-Australia, lolu cwaningo olwenziwe
ucwaningo ludinga indlela yocwaningo etolikayo ngekhono
ukuhlola ukuhlola okuhlangenwe nakho kwezinhlangano
Owase-Australia. Indlela yakho yokusesha ikhethiwe
qoqa ulwazi mayelana nokwamukelwa komqondo wedethi
izindlu ezithengiswayo yizinhlangano zase-Australia. A
Uhlu lwemibuzo lokuposa lukhethwe njengendlela yokuqoqa idatha. the
izizathu zendlela yocwaningo nendlela yokuqoqa idatha
okukhethiwe kuzonikezwa kulesi sahluko. Futhi kwaba
wethule ingxoxo ngeyunithi yokuhlaziya, isampula
esetshenzisiwe, amazinga okuphendula, okuqukethwe kuhlu lwemibuzo, i
ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kohlu lwemibuzo kanye nendlela yokuhlaziya idatha.
Ukuqamba a Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane:
Ukuhlanganisa Ubudlelwano Bebhizinisi kanye Nemodeli Yobukhulu
UKUQALA
Isitolo i idatha kuyindaba yamanje ebalulekile kwabaningi
izinhlangano. Inkinga ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni
yokugcinwa kwe idatha kungumklamo wakhe.
Idizayini kufanele isekele ukutholwa kwemiqondo kudatha
ishede to legacy system kanye neminye imithombo ye idatha futhi futhi
ukuqonda okulula nokusebenzisa kahle idatha
igumbi lokugcina impahla.
Iningi lezincwadi zokugcina impahla idatha kunconyiwe
ukusetshenziswa kwemodeli yobudlelwano bebhizinisi noma imodeli yobukhulu
bamele umklamo we indawo yokugcina idatha.
Kulo magazini sibonisa ukuthi kanjani kokubili
izethulo zingahlanganiswa ngendlela ye
umdwebo we indawo yokugcina idatha. Indlela esetshenziswayo ihlelekile
ihlolwe ocwaningweni futhi ikhonjwe eziningana
imiphumela ebalulekile nabachwepheshe.
UKUGCINWA KWEDATHA
Un indawo yokugcina idatha ngokuvamile kuchazwa ngokuthi “okugxile esifundweni,
ukuqoqwa kwedatha okuhlanganisiwe, okuguquguqukayo, nokungaguquguquki ekusekelweni
ngezinqumo zabaphathi” (Inmon and Hackathon, 1994).
Okugxile esihlokweni nokudidiyelwe kukhombisa ukuthi i indawo yokugcina idatha è
yakhelwe ukweqa imingcele yokusebenza yezinhlelo zefa
nikela ngombono odidiyelwe we idatha.
Ukuhluka kwesikhathi kuphathelene nomlando noma uhlobo lochungechunge lwesikhathi lwevidiyo idatha in
un indawo yokugcina idatha, okwenza ukuthi amathrendi ahlaziywe.
Ukungaguquguquki kubonisa ukuthi indawo yokugcina idatha akuhlali njalo
ivuselelwe njenge database kwe-OLTP. Kunalokho iyabuyekezwa
ngezikhathi ezithile, nge idatha emithonjeni yangaphakathi neyangaphandle. I
indawo yokugcina idatha iklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ucwaningo
esikhundleni sokuvuselela ubuqotho nokusebenza
imisebenzi.
Umqondo wokugcina i idatha akukusha, bekungenye yezinhloso
ukuphathwa kwe idatha kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1982 (Il Martin, XNUMX).
I indawo yokugcina idatha bahlinzeka ngengqalasizinda idatha kwabaphathi
izinhlelo zokusekela. Izinhlelo zokusekela abaphathi zihlanganisa isinqumo
amasistimu wokusekela (i-DSS) kanye nezinhlelo zolwazi eziphezulu (EIS).
I-DSS iwuhlelo lolwazi olusekelwe kukhompyutha
yakhelwe ukuthuthukisa inqubo futhi ngenxa yalokho ukubamba kwe
isinqumo somuntu. I-EIS ngokuvamile iyisistimu yokulethwa
idatha okwenza abaphathi bebhizinisi bakwazi ukufinyelela kalula ekubukeni
ka idatha.
Izakhiwo ezijwayelekile ze-a indawo yokugcina idatha igqamisa indima ye
indawo yokugcina idatha ekusekeleni abaphathi. Ngaphezu kokunikela
ingqalasizinda idatha kwe-EIS ne-DSS, al indawo yokugcina idatha kungenzeka
finyelela kuyo ngokuqondile ngemibuzo. THE idatha kufakwe osukwini
i-warehouse isekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezidingo zolwazi ze
ukuphathwa futhi kutholakala emithonjeni emithathu: izinhlelo zangaphakathi zefa,
Izinjongo ezikhethekile zokuthwebula idatha nemithombo yedatha yangaphandle. THE
idatha ezinhlelweni zefa langaphakathi ngokuvamile zishoda,
ilula, ikhwalithi ephansi, futhi igcinwe kumafomethi amaningi
ngakho-ke zidinga ukubuyisana futhi zihlanzwe ngaphambi kokuthi uzilayishe ku-
indawo yokugcina idatha (Inmon, 1992; McFadden, 1996). THE idatha kusuka
kusuka ezinhlelweni zokugcina idatha i-ad hoc kanye nemithombo idatha
zangaphandle zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhulisa (ukuvuselela, ukufaka esikhundleni) i
idatha kusuka ezinhlelweni zefa.
Ziningi izizathu eziphoqayo zokuthuthukisa a indawo yokugcina idatha,
okuhlanganisa ukwenza izinqumo ezingcono ngokusetshenziswa
ulwazi olwengeziwe olusebenzayo (Ives 1995), ukusekelwa kokugxilwa kukho
ngebhizinisi eliphelele (Graham 1996), kanye nokwehliswa kwezindleko ze
ukuhlinzekwa kwe idatha kwe-EIS ne-DSS (Graham 1996, McFadden
1996).
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-empirical luthole, ngokwesilinganiso, imbuyiselo ye
ukutshalwa kwezimali i indawo yokugcina idatha ngo-401% ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu (uGraham,
1996). Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundo ze-empirical ze indawo yokugcina idatha babe
uthole izinkinga ezibalulekile kuhlanganise nobunzima ekulinganiseni u-ed
ukwaba izinzuzo, ukuntuleka kwenhloso ecacile, ukuyibukela phansi
ububanzi nobunkimbinkimbi benqubo yokugcina i idatha, ngo
ikakhulukazi mayelana nemithombo kanye nokuhlanzeka kwe idatha.
Isitolo i idatha ingathathwa njengesixazululo
enkingeni yokuphatha idatha phakathi kwezinhlangano. Lapho
ukukhwabanisa kwe idatha njengensiza yezenhlalakahle iye yahlala ingenye ye
izinkinga ezibalulekile ekulawuleni amasistimu olwazi kulo lonke
emhlabeni iminyaka eminingi (Brancheau et al. 1996, Galliers et al. 1994,
U-Niederman et al. 1990, Pervan 1993).
Indlela edumile yokuphathwa kwempahla idatha kwakuseminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalombili
ukuthuthukiswa kwemodeli idatha social. Imodeli idatha social kwaba
yakhelwe ukunikeza isisekelo esizinzile sokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo ezintsha
izicelo kanye database kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha kwefa nokuhlanganiswa
amasistimu (Brancheau et al.
1989, uGoodhue et al. 1988:1992, Kim no-Everest 1994).
Nokho, kunezinkinga eziningi ngale ndlela, ku
ikakhulukazi, inkimbinkimbi nezindleko zomsebenzi ngamunye, kanye nesikhathi eside
okudingekayo ukuze kube nemiphumela ebonakalayo (Beynon-Davies 1994, Earl
1993, uGoodhue et al. 1992, Periasamy 1994, Shanks 1997).
Il indawo yokugcina idatha iyisizindalwazi esihlukile esikhona kanye nefa
database esikhundleni sokuwashintsha. Ngakho-ke ikuvumela ukuba
aqondise abaphathi be idatha futhi ugweme ukwakhiwa kabusha okumba eqolo
wezinhlelo zefa.
IZINDLELA EZIKHONA ZOKWENZIWA KWEDATHA
I-WAREHOUSE
Inqubo yokwakha nokuphelelisa a indawo yokugcina idatha
kufanele kuqondwe kabanzi njengenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunokuba a
Umjikelezo wokuphila wokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zendabuko (Desio, 1995, Shanks,
O'Donnell no-Arnott 1997a). Ziningi izinqubo ezihilelekile ku-a
iphrojekthi ye indawo yokugcina idatha njengokuqalisa, ukuhlela;
ulwazi olutholwe ezidingweni ezicelwe kubaphathi benkampani;
imithombo, ukuguqulwa, ukuhlanzwa kwe idatha futhi uvumelanise kusuka kwefa
izinhlelo kanye neminye imithombo ye idatha; izinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidingo ezisathuthukiswayo;
ukuqapha kwe indawo yokugcina idatha; kanye nokungabi nangqondo kwenqubo
ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nokwakhiwa a indawo yokugcina idatha (Shins, O'Donnell
kanye no-Arnott 1997b). Kulo magazini, sigxile ekutheni kanjani
dweba i idatha egcinwe kumongo walezi ezinye izinqubo.
Kunezindlela eziningi ezihlongozwayo zokwakhiwa kwedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla ezincwadini (Inmon 1994, Ives 1995, Kimball 1994
McFadden 1996). Ngayinye yalezi zindlela inomfushane
buyekeza ngokuhlaziya amandla kanye nobuthakathaka babo.
Indlela ka-Inmon (1994) yokuthi Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane
Design
U-Inmon (1994) uphakamise izinyathelo ezine eziphindaphindwayo zokuklama idatha
ishede (bheka Umfanekiso 2). Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuklama isifanekiso
idatha social ukuqonda indlela i idatha ingahlanganiswa
kuzo zonke izindawo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kwenhlangano
ukuhlukanisa i idatha isitolo ezindaweni. Imodeli idatha yenzelwe i-
ukubeka idatha eziphathelene nokuthathwa kwezinqumo, okuhlanganisa idatha
zomlando, futhi ifakiwe idatha kudonswa futhi kuhlanganiswe. Isinyathelo sesibili
khomba izihloko ezizosetshenziswa. Lezi zisekelwe
ezintweni eziza kuqala ezinqunywe yinhlangano ethile. Okwesithathu
isinyathelo sibandakanya ukudweba a database endaweni yesihloko, ukuma
ukunaka okukhethekile ukufaka amazinga afanelekile embudumbudu.
U-Inmon uncoma ukusebenzisa ibhizinisi nemodeli yobudlelwano. Okwesine
isinyathelo ukuhlonza amasistimu omthombo idatha okudingekayo futhi kuthuthukiswe
izinqubo zokuguqulwa kokuthwebula, ukuhlanza kanye nefomethi i idatha.
Amandla endlela ka-Inmon yileyo modeli idatha yezenhlalakahle
inikeza isisekelo sokuhlanganiswa kwe idatha ngaphakathi kwenhlangano
kanye nokuhlelwa kwezisekelo zokuthuthukiswa okuphindaphindiwe kwedatha
inqolobane. Amaphutha ayo ubunzima kanye nezindleko zokudweba
ngi imodeli idatha okomphakathi, ubunzima bokuqonda amamodeli ebhizinisi e
ubudlelwano obusetshenziswa kuzo zombili izinhlobo, lokho idatha social kanye nalokho idatha
egcinwe ngendawo yesifundo, kanye nokufaneleka kwe idatha i-del
umdwebo we indawo yokugcina idatha ukugcwaliseka kwe database
esihlobene kodwa hhayi ngenxa database multi-dimensional.
Ives' (1995) Indlela yoku Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane
Design
U-Ives (1995) uphakamisa indlela enezinyathelo ezine zokuklama a
uhlelo lolwazi alubona lusebenza ekwakhiweni kosuku
ishede (bheka Umfanekiso 3). Indlela isekelwe kakhulu
Ubunjiniyela Bolwazi bokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zolwazi
(UMartin 1990). Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukunquma imigomo, izici
izindaba zempumelelo kanye nezinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile. THE
izinqubo ezibalulekile zebhizinisi kanye nolwazi oludingekayo
imodelwe ukuze isiholele kumodeli idatha social. Isinyathelo sesibili
kuhilela ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo esichazayo idatha
igcinwe ngendawo, database di indawo yokugcina idatha, izingxenye
kobuchwepheshe obudingekayo, isethi yokusekelwa kwenhlangano
okudingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe futhi kusetshenziswe indawo yokugcina idatha. Okwesithathu
Isinyathelo sihlanganisa ukukhethwa kwamaphakheji esofthiwe namathuluzi adingekayo.
Isinyathelo sesine ukuklama okuningiliziwe nokwakhiwa kwe
indawo yokugcina idatha. U-Ives uphawula ukuthi isitolo idatha uyisibopho
inqubo yokuphindaphinda.
Amandla endlela ka-Ives ukusetshenziswa kwezicaciso zobuchwepheshe ze
nquma izidingo zolwazi, ukusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo
inqubo ukusekela ukuhlanganiswa indawo yokugcina idatha,
ihadiwe efanele kanye nokukhetha kwesoftware, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuningi
amasu ukumela for indawo yokugcina idatha. Amaphutha akhe
zizalwa ngobunkimbinkimbi. Okunye kufaka phakathi ubunzima
ukuthuthukisa amazinga amaningi database konke'interno del indawo yokugcina idatha in
isikhathi nezindleko ezifanele.
Kimball's (1994) Indlela yoku Indawo Yokugcina imininingwane
Design
UKimball (1994) uphakamise izinyathelo ezinhlanu eziphindaphindwayo zokuklama idatha
ishede (bheka Umfanekiso 4). Indlela yakhe ikakhulukazi
ezinikezelwe ngomdwebo owodwa kuphela indawo yokugcina idatha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezifanekiso
i-dimensional esikhundleni sebhizinisi namamodeli obudlelwano. Kimball
hlaziya lawo mamodeli anobukhulu ngoba kulula ukuwaqonda ku-i
abaphathi bebhizinisi, lisebenza kahle kakhulu lapho lisebenza
ukubonisana okuyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nomklamo we database ngokomzimba kungaphezulu
ephumelelayo (Kimball 1994). UKimball uyavuma ukuthi ukuthuthukisa a
indawo yokugcina idatha kuyaphindaphinda, futhi lokho indawo yokugcina idatha ikani elihlukene
kuhlanganiswe ngokuhlukaniswa kube amathebula obukhulu
evamile.
Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukuhlonza indawo yesihloko ethile okufanele ibe kuyo
kuphelelisiwe. Isinyathelo sesibili nesesithathu siphathelene nokubunjwa
ubude. Esinyathelweni sesibili izinyathelo zikhomba izinto ze
intshisekelo endaweni yesihloko futhi ihlelwe yaba yithebula lamaqiniso.
Isibonelo, endaweni yesihloko sokuthengisa izinyathelo zenzalo
zingafaka inani lezinto ezithengisiwe kanye nedola
njengohlobo lwemali yokuthengisa. Isinyathelo sesithathu sibandakanya ukukhomba
ubukhulu okuyizindlela engingaqoqwa ngazo
amaqiniso. Endaweni yesihloko sokuthengisa, izilinganiso ezifanele
ingafaka into, indawo nesikhathi. Lapho
Ithebula leqiniso linokhiye onezingxenye eziningi wokuxhumanisa ngalinye
yamathebula obukhulu futhi ngokuvamile iqukethe inani elikhulu kakhulu
okukhulu emaqinisweni. Ngokuphambene, amathebula obukhulu aqukethe
ulwazi oluchazayo mayelana nosayizi nezinye izibaluli lokho
ingasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa amaqiniso. Ithebula lamaqiniso e
izilinganiso ezihambisana nesiphakamiso zakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yinye
iphethini yenkanyezi ngenxa yokuma kwayo. Isinyathelo sesine sihilela
ukwakhiwa kwe-a database multidimensional ukuyiphelelisa
inkanyezi iphethini. Isinyathelo sokugcina siwukuhlonza amasistimu omthombo idatha
kudingeka futhi kuthuthukiswe izinqubo zoguquko ukuze kutholwe, kuhlanzeke
kanye nefomethi i idatha.
Amandla endlela kaKimball ahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezifanekiso
dimensional ukumela i idatha ezigciniwe ezikwenza
kulula ukuyiqonda futhi kuholela ekwakhiweni komzimba okusebenzayo. A
imodeli ye-dimensional nayo esebenzisa kalula kokubili
izinhlelo database ubudlelwano kungapheleliswa noma izinhlelo
database multidimensional. Amaphutha ayo ahlanganisa ukuntula
zamanye amasu okwenza kube lula ukuhlela noma ukuhlanganisa
izikimu zenkanyezi eziningi ngaphakathi kwesinye indawo yokugcina idatha futhi i
ubunzima bokuklama kusuka esakhiweni esine-denormalised ngokwedlulele ku-a
imodeli yobukhulu a idatha ezinhlelweni zefa.
Indlela kaMcFadden (1996) kudatha
I-Warehouse Design
UMcFadden (1996) uphakamisa indlela enezinyathelo ezinhlanu zokuthi
dweba a indawo yokugcina idatha (bheka Umfanekiso 5).
Indlela yakhe isekelwe ekuhlanganisweni kwemibono evela ezincwadini
futhi igxile ekudwebeni umuntu oyedwa indawo yokugcina idatha. Okokuqala
isinyathelo sibandakanya ukuhlaziywa kwezimfuneko. Nakuba imininingwane
amasu awanqunyelwe, amanothi kaMcFadden akhomba
inhlangano idatha Ukucaciswa kanye nezici zabo, futhi kubhekiselwa kubafundi beWatson
kanye noFrolick (1993) ukuze athathe izimfuneko.
Esinyathelweni sesibili, kudwetshwa imodeli yobudlelwano bebhizinisi
indawo yokugcina idatha bese kugunyazwa abaphathi benkampani. Okwesithathu
Isinyathelo sihlanganisa ukunquma imephu kusuka kusistimu yefa
kanye nemithombo yangaphandle ye indawo yokugcina idatha. Isinyathelo sesine sihilela
izinqubo ekuthuthukisweni, ukuthunyelwa kanye nokuvumelanisa idatha e
indawo yokugcina idatha. Esinyathelweni sokugcina, ukulethwa kwesistimu
ithuthukiswe ngokugcizelela isixhumi esibonakalayo somsebenzisi.
UMcFadden uveza ukuthi inqubo yokudweba ijwayelekile
okuphindaphindayo.
Amandla endlela kaMcFadden akhomba ukubamba iqhaza
ngabaphathi bebhizinisi ekunqumeni izidingo futhi
ukubaluleka kwezinsiza idathaukuhlanza nokuqoqwa kwabo. Yena
ama-kinks ahlobene nokuntuleka kwenqubo yokuhlukanisa iziqephu a
iphrojekthi enkulu ye indawo yokugcina idatha ezigabeni eziningi ezididiyelwe, nalapho
ubunzima bokuqonda ibhizinisi namamodeli obudlelwano asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe
indawo yokugcina idatha.
Yabelana:
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