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The history of Software Engineering and Software Architecture (SA) is a narrative of increasing formalization and structure to better manage the continued expansion in complexity of software systems. Here is the story in crucial stages:
The first steps (50s – 60s)
- Hardware driven: Main focus on the development of the machine itself. Software is almost a necessary byproduct, usually written in assembly.
- Ad hoc procedures: Development follows loosely structured approaches, often tailored to a single project. There is a lack of codified methodologies.
Software Crisis (60s – 70s)
- Explosive Complexity: As the ambition of software projects grows, we begin to see the need for disciplined and more robust processes to keep things manageable.
- NATO Conference (1968): The term “Software Engineering” is used for the first time and the “software crisis” emerges, where over-budget projects and huge delays are the norm.
Birth of Software Engineering as a discipline (70s – 80s)
- Cascade Process: The Waterfall Model introduces development phases in linear form: requirements analysis, design, implementation, etc. It then loses effectiveness on agile projects.
- CASE Tools: The first suites of software tools are born to support the entire life cycle of a project, often focused on UML graphics for visual design.
- Role of the Architect: The figure who is responsible for planning the components at a high level and ensuring the integrity of the system as a whole becomes essential.
Paradigms in Evolution and Standardization (90s)
- Object Oriented Programming (OOP): Approaches such as OOD, OOP with classes and inheritance become of central importance and influence architectural design.
- Design Patterns: The work on patterns (solutions to recurring problems in architecture) becomes fundamental and favors the modularity and reuse of designs.
- Standard: The IEEE and other bodies make efforts to standardize terminology and processes in the software engineering sphere.
Agility, Web and Open Source (2000s – today)
- Agile Manifesto: The Agile development approach is codified, focused on frequent releases, adaptation and iterations on requirements.
- Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): Architecting in modular blocks (web services) becomes the transition point in creating new systems and modernizing legacy ones.
- Microservices: Approach that emphasizes decoupling (minimal dependencies) to allow elastic scaling and greater ability to make quick changes to part of the system.
- Open source: The free software ecosystem has a very strong influence both on development methodologies and on tools and frameworks available to the engineering community.
Trends and Challenges
- Cloud Computing: The widespread adoption of cloud leads to architecture cloud-natives with a strong need for skills to exploit the services managed by the various providers (AWS, Azure etc.)
- Security: “Security by design” is established as fundamental and the architect must be increasingly attentive to security aspects from the beginning.
- Devops: Continuous integration, infrastructure as code, and collaboration between development and operations teams become the norm.
- AI and Big Data: Specific architectures and techniques support the management and processing of Big Data and machine learning models with their specific loads.
Conclusion
The history of software engineering and software architecture is one of continuous progress. From the unstructured beginnings, there has been a need for processes, design structures and attention to quality to be able to create increasingly complex IT systems.
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