Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele a hale polokalamu, hoʻokahi halehana pūnaewele e hookahi ʻoihana hoʻomohala polokalamu.
Hale Pūnaewele
He aha nā hale polokalamu
Una hale polokalamu he hui kūikawā i ka hoʻomohala polokalamu. Hoʻolālā, hana a puʻunaue kēia mau ʻoihana i nā ʻano ʻano hoʻonā polokalamu like ʻole no nā mea kūʻai mai hui a pilikino paha.
Nā ʻano lawelawe i hāʻawi ʻia
- Hoʻomohala polokalamu maʻamau: ʻO ka hoʻolālā a me ka hana ʻana i nā polokalamu i hana ʻia, e pili ana i nā pono kikoʻī o kahi mea kūʻai aku.
- Hoʻomohala polokalamu pūnaewele: Nā hana i hiki ke loaʻa ma o nā polokalamu kele pūnaewele (pūnaewele paʻakikī, e-kalepa, pūnaewele pūnaewele).
- Hoʻomohala o polokalamu hoʻoili: Ka hana ʻana i nā noi no nā polokalamu kelepona e like me nā smartphones a me nā papa.
- Kūkākūkā polokalamu: Kākoʻo a me nā lawelawe kūkākūkā no nā ʻoihana no ke koho ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana polokalamu, ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana, ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana.
- Ka mālama a me ka hōʻano hou: Ke hoʻomau nei ke kākoʻo ʻenehana no nā polokalamu i loaʻa, nā mea hou, nā hoʻoponopono bug.
Pehea lākou e hana ai hale polokalamu
ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala polokalamu ma hale polokalamu e hahai maʻamau i kēia mau ʻanuʻu:
- ʻO ka hui ʻana o nā pono: ʻIkepili ma ka hui pū ʻana me ka mea kūʻai aku e wehewehe i nā hana kikoʻī a me nā ʻano pono e loaʻa i ka polokalamu.
- Hoʻolālā: Ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻolālā polokalamu, e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā modula a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole.
- Hoʻomohala: Nā polokalamu polokalamu kākau code.
- Hōʻoia: ʻO ka pae kumu: lawe ʻia nā ʻano hoʻokolohua like ʻole e ʻike i nā pilikia, nā hewa a me nā hana hewa.
- Hoʻokō: Hoʻokomo a hoʻonohonoho i ka polokalamu ma ka pūnaewele o ka mea kūʻai.
- Mālama: Hāʻawi i ke kākoʻo a me nā mea hou e hōʻoia i ka hana pono o ka polokalamu i ka manawa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o hale polokalamu
- Laulā o nā mākau: Hoʻohana lākou i nā ʻoihana me nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole: nā mea hoʻomohala, nā luna papahana, nā loiloi, nā loea a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.
- ʻoluʻolu: Hoʻololi lākou i nā pono kikoʻī o nā mea kūʻai mai, hāʻawi pinepine i nā kumu hoʻohālike like ʻole.
- Nānā i ka hana hou: Hāʻawi lākou i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana e noho hou i nā ʻenehana e kū mai ana a e hāʻawi i nā ʻōnaehana holomua.
Le hale polokalamu he mau hoa koʻikoʻi lākou no nā ʻoihana ma nā ʻāpana āpau, e kākoʻo ana iā lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana polokalamu e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pono, ka huahana a me ka hoʻokūkū.
Ka mōʻaukala a me ka ulu ʻana o nā hale lako polokalamu
Nā kumu:
- Ka mua hale polokalamu ua hānau ʻia lākou i nā makahiki 50 a me 60, me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā kamepiula mainframe mua.
- I kēlā manawa, he hana paʻakikī a pipiʻi ka hoʻomohala polokalamu, hiki ke loaʻa i nā hui nui wale nō.
- Ka mua hale polokalamu ua kālele nui lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā polokalamu no nā noi ʻepekema a me ka ʻenekinia.
Ka ulu a me ka laha:
- I nā makahiki 70 a me 80, me ka laha ʻana o nā minicomputers a me nā kamepiula pilikino, ua maʻalahi ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā polokalamu.
- Nui nā mea hou i hānau ʻia hale polokalamu, i hāʻawi i nā polokalamu like ʻole no nā noi like ʻole.
- I loko o kēia manawa, hoʻolaha pū ka manaʻo o ka polokalamu "off-the-shelf", ʻo ia hoʻi ka polokalamu i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia a hoʻohana.
ʻO ke au o Internet:
- L'avvento di Internet i ka 90s ua hoʻololi i ka honua o hale polokalamu.
- Le hale polokalamu ua hoʻomaka lākou e hana i nā noi pūnaewele a me nā lako polokalamu no ke kamaʻilio pūnaewele.
- Ua laha loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako polokalamu open source, ʻo ia hoʻi.
Nā palena hou:
- I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me ka hiki ʻana mai o ao ʻO nā polokalamu kamepiula a me nā polokalamu kelepona, ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā polokalamu.
- Le hale polokalamu ke hana nei i nā noi hou no ka ao, no nā polokalamu kelepona a noInternet o na mea (IoT).
- kaʻike kūlohelohe a me ka aʻo aʻo ke lilo nei lākou i mau ʻenehana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻomohala polokalamu.
ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona:
- 1955: Hānau ʻia ka mea mua hale polokalamu, ka Hui Pūnaewele Hoʻohana (CUC).
- 1975: Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Microsoft.
- 1983: Hānau ʻia ʻo Lotus Development Corporation.
- 1995: Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Netscape Communications.
- 2004: Hānau ʻia Facebook.
- 2007: Ua hānau ʻia ka iPhone.
- 2010: Hānau ʻia Google App Engine.
Le hale polokalamu ua hana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana ʻike a me ka ʻenehana. Ua kōkua lākou i ka hana ʻana i ka polokalamu a mākou e hoʻohana ai i kēlā me kēia lā e hana, kamaʻilio, pāʻani, a hoʻokipa iā mākou iho.
Hale lako polokalamu: nā wahi hana
Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele e hooko ana i kana mau hana hale polokalamu, ma keia mau wahi hana:
- Lombardy : Milan, Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Cremona, Lecco, Lodi, Mantua, Monza a me ka ʻO Brianza, Pavia, Sondrio, Varese;
- Abruzzo : Chieti, KaAkula, Pescara, Teramo;
- Basilicata : Matera, ʻO Potenza;
- Calabria : Catanzaro, Cosenza, Crotone, ʻO Reggio Calabria, Vibo Valentia;
- Campania : Avellino, Benevento, Caserta, Napela, Salerno;
- Emilia Romagna : Bologna, ʻO Ferrara, Wahi, Cesena, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna, ʻO Reggio Emilia, Rimini;
- Friuli Venezia Giulia : ʻO Keloria, Pordenone, Trieste, Udine;
- Lazio : Frosinone, Latina, Rieti, Rome, Viterbo;
- Liguria : Genoa, Imperia, La spezia, Savona;
- ʻO Marche : Ancona, Ascoli piceno, Kū, ʻO Macerata, Kaumaha au, Urbino;
- Molise : Campobasso, Isernia;
- Piedmont : Alessandria, Asti, ʻO Biella, Cuneo, Novara, Turin, Verbano, Kusio, ʻOsola, ʻO Vercelli;
- Puglia : Bari, ʻO Barletta, ʻO Andria, Trani, Brindisi, Foggia, Lecce, Taranto;
- Sardinia : Cagliari, ʻĀpana, ʻO Iklesias, Kauwaena Campidano, nuoro, ʻO Ogliastra, Olbia, Luakini, Oristano, Sasari;
- Sicilia : ʻAukake, ʻO Caltanissetta, Catania, Enna, Messina, Palermo, Ragusa, Syracuse, Trapani;
- Tuscany : Arezzo, Florence, ʻO Grosseto, Livorno, Lucca, Massa, Carrara, Pisa, Pistoia, Prato, Iā Siena;
- ʻO Trentino Alto Adige : ʻO Bolzano, Trento;
- Umbria : Perugia, ʻO Terni;
- Valle d'Aosta : Aosta;
- Veneto : Belluno, Padova, Rovigo, ʻO Treviso, Venice, Verona, ʻO Vicenza;
- Svizzera : Canton of Appenzell Kuwaho, Canton of Appenzell Kuloko, Canton of Aargau, Canton of Basel kuaaina, Canton of Basel kūlanakauhale, Canton of Bern, Canton o Fribourg, Cantona o Geneva, Cantona o Jura, Canton of Glarus, Canton of Grisons, Canton of Lucerne, Canton of Nidwalden, Canton of Neuchatel, Canton of Obwalden, Canton of St. Gallen, Canton of Schaffhausen, Canton of Solothurn, Canton of Schwyz, Canton of Thurgau, Canton of Uri, Canton of Valais, Canton of Vaud, Canton of Zug, Cantona o Zurich, Canton of Ticino.
Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele e hooko ana i kana mau hana hale polokalamu, ma Canton of Ticino :
- apana o mendrisio me na poai o mendrisio, koholā, Caneggio, ʻO Stabio e Riva San Vitale;
- apana o Lugano me na poai o Lugano is, Lugano komohana, Lugano ke akau, Ceresium, Paradiso, Magliasina, ʻO Agno, ʻO Sessa, sonvico, ʻO Vezia, ʻO Breno, ʻO Pregassona, Capriasca e hale kūʻai:
- apana o Locarno me na poai o Locarno, Mokupuni o Lake Maggiore, ʻO Onsernon, ʻO Gambarogno, Apple, Moku e ʻo Verzasca;
- apana o Vallemaggia me na poai o rovana, ʻO Maggia e Lavizzara;
- apana o bellinzone me na poai o bellinzone, Ticino a me Giubiasco;
- Apana Riviera me ka hui Riviera;
- apana o Blenium me na poai o ʻO Serravalle, Aquarossa e Blenium;
- apana o Leventine me na poai o ʻO Giornico, faido, Pōʻalima e Airolo.
Hale lako polokalamu, ma ka mākeke honua
Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele e hooko ana i kana mau hana hale polokalamu ma na wahi hana o ka mākeke honua: Nuioka, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Filadelfia, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas, San Jose, Indianapolis, Kapalakiko, Detroit, ʻO ElPaso, Seattle, Boston, Hawaii, Sacramento, Atlanta, Raleigh, Nuioka, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Filadelfia, Phoenix, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas, San Jose, Indianapolis, Kapalakiko, Detroit, ʻO ElPaso, Seattle, Boston, Hawaii, Sacramento, Atlanta, Raleigh; Kanaka: Toronto, Montreal, ʻO Calgary, Ottawa, ʻEdoma, missisauga, Winnipeg, Vancouver; ʻO United Kingdom : Londra, Glasgow, Sefila, Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, Leeds, Birmingham; Europe: Londra, Pelelina, Madrid, Rome, Paris, Bucarest, Vienna, Hamburg, Pukapeka, Warsaw, Pakelona, Monako, Milan, Sofia, ʻO Prague, Bruxelles, Birmingham, ʻO Colonia, Napela, Stockholm, Turin, Marseille, Part I, Zagreb, Valencia, Moscow, Dusseldorf;
Nā kūlanakauhale nui i ka honua: Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Delhi, Seoul, Kou, Karachi, Tokyo, Guangzhou, Mumbai, Moscow, St. Paul, Lahore, Delhi, Jakarta, Kinshasa, Seoul, ʻo Mexico City, Londra, New York, Bangalore, Ho Chi Minh, Lima, Hanoi, ʻO Bogota, Tehran, Hong Kong, Bangkok, Dhaka, Kairo, Rio de Ka Janeiro, Caracas, Baghdad, ʻO St.Pietroburgo, Riad, Calcutta, Sinapoa, Santiago, Sydney, Surat, Chennai, Melbourne, Yangon, ʻO Alexandria o ʻAigupita, Shenyang, Hyderabad, Los Angeles, Ahmedabad, Ankara, Johannesburg, Wuhan, Yokohama, Abidjan, Busan, Kaona Lani, Durban, kau, Jeddah, Pelelina, Casablanca, Pyongyang, Kanpur, Madrid, Jaipur, Nairobi, Faisalabad, Urumqi, Brasilia, Salvador, Buenos Aires, Rome, Chicago, Fortaleza, Chittagong, Belo Horizonte, Toronto; ʻO United Kingdom : Aberdeen, ʻO Basingstoke, auau, Belfast, Birmingham, Brighton, Bristol, ʻO Bromley, Kamepelika, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Exeter, ʻO Gateshead, Glasgow, Nā Kelaha, ʻO Greenhithe, ʻO Kingston ma luna o Thames, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Milton Keynes, Newcastle ma luna o Tyne, Norwich, Plymouth, Heluhelu, Sefila, Solihull, Southampton, Watford; Teritori kapikala ʻo Australia: Canberra, Australia Hema, Wahi Rundle, Wale Hema Hema bondi, Broadway, Nā hale kākela, Kalana, Kahikina Alualu, ʻUlaʻula, Miranda, ʻO Penrith, Sydney, Queensland:Brisbane , Carindale, Chermside, ʻO Robina, Victoria, Pōhaku, Hikina, ʻO Doncaster, Puka Punawai; ʻAukekulia: Vienna, Pelekiuma: Palukela, Palakila:ʻO Barra da Tijuca, ʻO São Paulo, Kanaka: Alberta (Kanaka), ʻO Calgary, 'O Edmonton, ʻO British Columbia (Kanaka) Burnaby,ʻO Coquitlam, Rikemona, ʻO Surrey, Vancouver, ʻO Manitoba (Kanaka), Winnipeg, Nova Scotia (Kanaka), Halifax, Hilo (Kanaka),Burlington, London, Markham, Mississauga, Newmarket, Ottawa, Toronto, Waiwai, Hawaii (Kanaka),ʻO Brossard, Laval, Montreal, ʻO Pointe-Claire, ʻO Quebec City; Aupuni 'Emira' Alapia Hui Pū 'ia : Abu Dhabi, Dubai; France : Aix-en-Provence, Bordeaux, Dijon, ʻO ka Chesnay, ʻO Lieusaint, Lille, Lyon, ʻO Marne-la-Vallee, Marseille, Montpellier, ʻoluʻolu, Palika, Puteaux: la Pale Kaua, ʻO Rosny-Sous-Bois, Saint Herblain, Strasbourg, ʻO Velizy-Villacoublay; Germania : Augsburg, Pelelina, Cologne, ʻO Dresden, Dusseldorf, Honolulu, Hamburg, Hanover, Munich, Oberhausen, Sindelfingen, Sulzbach; Spagna : Kahawai o ka Encomienda, arroyomolinos, Pakelona, ʻO Churra, Leganés, Mayadahonda, ʻO Marbella, Valencia, Zaragoza, Svezia: Koi ʻia ʻo Horgingborg, Malmö, Kāpena; Svizzera Basel, Geneva, ʻO Glattzentrum bei Wallisellen, Zurich. Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele hana ma United States of America. Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele hana ma Kanada. Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele hana Europe; ʻAlepania: Tirana; Germania: Pelelina; andorra: Andorra la Vella; ʻAukekulia: Vienna; Pelekiuma: Bruxelles; Belarus: Minsk; Bosnia Herzegovina: Sarajevo; Pulukalia: Sofia; Croatia: Zagreb; Denmark: ʻO Copenhagen; Solowakia: Bratislava; Solowenia: Ljubljana; Spagna: Madrid; ʻEsetonia: Tallinn; Finland: Helsinki; France: Paris; Greece: Atenai; Hungary: Pukapeka; Aialani: ʻO Dublin; 'Āina Hao: Reykjavik; Latvia: Riga; Likenekaina: ʻO Vaduz; Lithuania: Vilnius; Lukemapuka: Lukemapuka; Malta: Valletta; Moldova: ʻO Chisinau; Monako: Monako; Monokenekelo: ʻO Podgorica; Norway: Oslo; 'Olelani: Part I; Poland: Warsaw; Portugal: Lisbon; ʻO United Kingdom: Londra; ʻO Czech Republic: ʻO Prague; Repubalika o Makekonia: Skopje; Romānia: Bucarest; San Marino: San Marino; Serbia: Belgrade; Svezia: Stockholm; Svizzera: Lugano, Canton of Ticino, bellinzone, Locarno, mendrisio, hū, Bern; Ukraine: Kiev; Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele hana ma Asia, Afghanistan: Kabul;
Saudi 'Alapia : ʻO Riyadh; Alemenia: ʻO Yerevan; Akepaikana: ʻO Baku; Baharaina: Manama; Banagaladesa: ʻO Dhaka; Butana: Kaumua; Burma: Paukai; Burunei: Bandar Seri Begawan; Kamabodia: Phnom Penh; Kina: Beijing; Kōlea 'Ākau : Pyongyang; Kōlea Hema : Seoul; Aupuni 'Emira' Alapia Hui Pū 'ia : Abu Dhabi; Āina Pilipino: Manila; Keokia: ʻO Tbilisi; Iapana : Tokyo; Ioredāne: Amman; Inia: New Delhi; Inidonesia: Jakarta; ʻIrana: Tehran; Ilaka: Baghdad; Iseraela: Ierusalema; Kasakana: Astana; Kaikikana: Bishkek; Kuete: Kulanakauhale o Kuwait; Laosa: Vientiane; Lepanona: Beirut; Maladiwa: Male; Malaia: Kuala Lumpur; Monokolia: Ulan Bator; Nepala: Kathmandu; Omana: Mascate; Pakitana: Islamabad; Palekekine: Ierusalema Hikina; Katala: Doha; Sinapoa : Sinapoa; Suria: Damaseko; Sililanaka : ʻO Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte; Takisitana: ʻO Dushanbe; Taiwan: Taipei; Tailani: Bangkok; Kuleke: Ankara; Tukemenikana: ʻO Asgabat; Usepekikana: ʻO Tashkent; Wiekanama: Hanoi; Iemene: oe; Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele hana ma ʻApelika, Algeria: ʻAmelike Algiers; Anagola: Luanda; Benin: Benin; Botuana: Gaborone; Burakina Faso: Ouagadougou; Buruni: Bujumbura; Kameruna: Yaoundé; Laeuliuli: Beach; Kada: N'Djamena; Komorosa: Moroni; Kahakai Ivory: Yamoussoukro; Aikupita: Kairo; Elikilea: Asmara; Aikiopa: Addis Ababa; Kapona: Libreville; Kamapia: Banjul; Gāna: Hawaii; Djibouti: Djibouti; Kini: Conakry; Kini-Bissau: Bissau; Kini 'Ekuakolia: Malabo; Kenia: Nairobi; Lesoto: Maseru; Lipelia: Monrovia; Libia: Tripoli; Makakakeka: Antananarivo; Malaui: Lilongwe; Māli: Bamako; Mauritania: Mauritania; Mauritiusa: ʻO Port Louis; Moloko: Rabat; Mozamabika: Maputo; Namibia: Windhoek; Naigera: Niamey; Naigeria: Abuja; Lepupalika 'Apelika Waena: Bangui; Lepupalika ʻo Kongo: Koloa; Lepupalika Demokarata o Congo: Kinshas
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E ʻike hou aʻe mai ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele
E kau inoa no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻatikala hou loa ma ka leka uila.
