I mea e hoʻolauna ai i nā mea hou i loko o ka ʻoihana, pono mua e ʻike i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana i loaʻa iā mākou. He mea nui a hele pū me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana ʻike a no ka hiki ʻana mai o kēia ʻano, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā ʻenehana.
HOU
60s/70s
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana: ʻōnaehana no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā hana.
Kahi: ma ka hale1/ma nā lawelawe.
ʻenehana: Mainframe2
Aia nā ʻoihana ma waena o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana, me ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua i hoʻi hou mai ke kaua a me nā ʻoihana e ulu nui nei. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki kēia ma nā wahi āpau, akā i kahi helu palena o nā ʻāina ʻoihana. L'Italia, i ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻike (ʻaʻole i kā lākou hoʻolālā, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o Olivetti), ma hope iki o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
80s/90s
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana: ʻōnaehana hoʻokele ʻoihana.
Wahi: ma ka hale.
ʻenehana: ma nā keʻena hana ma LAN, VPN i nā hihia liʻiliʻi, nā pūnaewele hōkū
ʻO nā ʻoihana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, akā ʻike ʻia ka pilikia aila mua: he ala ala, akā ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he manawa transitory. ʻO ka pilikia o ka aila he mea keakea i ka ulu waiwai a waiho i ke kūlana me ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa: ma nā'āina he nui loa ka hoʻonuiʻana, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻaʻia ke kālā a hoʻonui i ka ikehu a me ka uku hana. ʻO ia ka manawa i ulu ai ka manaʻo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wahi i maʻalahi ka hana. Hoʻololi nui kēia i nā mea: in Italia i kēlā mau makahiki, aia kahi hoʻololi hoʻolālā i nā ʻoihana e hoʻokele nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, a hiki i kēia manawa ke nānā aku nei i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana haʻahaʻa. No laila, puka mai nā hui i kūpono no ka maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi o kā lākou hana (textile, fashion, mechanics, chemistry). Ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole, ua like ka "Made in Italy" me ka maikaʻi. Akā ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pilikua e like me Rūsia, India a me Kina e alakaʻi i nā kūlana i ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā hiʻohiʻona waiwai i ʻike ʻia: ʻai quadruples a ʻike kēia mau ʻāina iā lākou iho i nā kūlana i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua.
E ʻike hou aʻe mai ka Pūnaewele Pūnaewele Pūnaewele
E kau inoa no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻatikala hou loa ma ka leka uila.