Malo osungira zinthu ndi ERP | NKHANI YOSANGALATSA YOPHUNZITSIRA: MBIRI NDI ZOCHITIKA

WOSUNGA DATA PAKATI: MBIRI NDIPONSO ZOCHITIKA

Mitu ikuluikulu iwiri yamakampani opanga zamagetsi m'ma 90 ndi awa
limati i nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi ERP. Kwa nthawi yayitali awa awiri amphamvu
mafunde akhala ali mbali yamakampani a IT osakhala nawo
mphambano. Zinali ngati kuti zinali zofunikira komanso zotsutsana ndi izi. Koma
kukula kwa zochitika zonsezi kunadzetsa chimodzi
mphambano yawo. Makampani masiku ano akukumana ndi vuto la
chochita ndi ERP e nyumba yosungiramo deta. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza izi
mavuto ndi momwe amakhudzidwira ndi makampani.
Pachiyambi…
Poyamba panali nyumba yosungiramo deta. Malo osungira zinthu adabadwira
potsutsa dongosolo logwiritsira ntchito ntchito.
M'masiku oyambilira kuloweza kwa dati amayenera kukhala
chotsutsana ndi momwe ntchito ikusinthira
zochitika. Koma masiku ano kuli masomphenya opitilira muyeso
kuposa zomwe a nyumba yosungiramo deta. M'masiku ano
nyumba yosungiramo deta imalowetsedwa mkati mwa dongosolo lomwe lingakhale
wotchedwa Corporate Information Factory.
Fakitole Yachidziwitso ya Corporate
(CIF)
Corporate Information Factory ili ndi zomangamanga
muyezo: mulingo wa kusintha kwa ma code ndi kuphatikiza
zomwe zimaphatikiza i dati pamene ine dati amasuntha kuchoka ku chilengedwe cha
kugwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe cha nyumba yosungiramo deta a kampaniyo; a
nyumba yosungiramo deta ya kampani komwe i dati
mbiri mwatsatanetsatane ndi kuphatikiza. The nyumba yosungiramo deta Kampaniyo imagwira ntchito ngati
maziko omwe ziwalo zina zonse zimangidwapo
zachilengedwe za nyumba yosungiramo deta; sitolo yogwiritsira ntchito (ODS).
ODS ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa womwe umakhala ndi zina mwazidziwitso
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu ndi zina mwa malo a OLTP; ma marts, momwe i
madipatimenti osiyanasiyana atha kukhala ndi mtundu wawo wamtunduwo
nyumba yosungiramo katundu; a nyumba yosungiramo deta za kufufuza komwe i
Makampani "oganiza" atha kupereka mafunso awo
Maola 72 osavulaza nyumba yosungiramo deta; ndi kukumbukira
pafupi ndi mzere, momwe dati wokalamba ndi dati zambiri mwatsatanetsatane zitha kukhala
zotsika mtengo.
Komwe ERP IMAKHUMBANA NDI
Fakitale YOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI
ERP iphatikizana ndi Corporate Information Factory m'malo awiri.
Choyamba monga zofunikira (zoyambira) zomwe zimapereka fayilo ya
dati za ntchito ku nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pankhaniyi i dati,
- zopangidwa monga zochokera muntchito,
amaphatikizidwa ndikutulutsidwa mu nyumba yosungiramo deta a kampaniyo. Pulogalamu ya
mfundo yachiwiri ya mgwirizano pakati pa ERP ndi CIF ndi ODS. Zowonadi, ambiri
madera a ERP amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ODS wakale.
Ngati ERP imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pulogalamu yayikulu, ndiye
ERP yomweyi itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito mu CIF ngati ODS. Mu
komabe, ngati ERP iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamaudindo onse awiriwo, pamenepo
payenera kukhala kusiyana pakati pa mabungwe awiriwa. Mwanjira ina,
ERP ikamasewera ndi ODS,
zomangamanga ziwiri ziyenera kukhala zosiyana. Ngati wosakwatiwa
kukhazikitsa ERP kumayesa kuchita mbali zonse ziwiri
nthawi yomweyo padzakhala zovuta mu
kapangidwe ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo ili.
ODS ODZIWANITSA NDI NTCHITO ZOFUNIKA
Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa kugawanika kwa zinthu
zomangamanga. Mwina funso lofunika kwambiri kupatula
zigawo zosiyana za zomangamanga ndizakuti gawo lililonse
zomangamanga zili ndi malingaliro ake. Ntchito yoyambira ndiyofunika
ndi cholinga chosiyana ndi ODS. Yesetsani kulumikizana
mawonekedwe oyambira padziko lapansi la ODS kapena mosemphanitsa
si njira yoyenera yogwirira ntchito.
Chifukwa chake, vuto loyamba la ERP mu CIF ndi la
onetsetsani ngati pali kusiyana pakati pazoyambira ndi mafayilo a
SDGs.
ZITSANZO ZA DATA KU KONSE
Fakitale YOFUNIKA KWAMBIRI
Kuti mukwaniritse mgwirizano pakati pazigawo zosiyanasiyana
za zomangamanga za CIF, payenera kukhala mtundu wa dati. ine
mitundu ya dati khalani ngati ulalo pakati pazigawo zosiyanasiyana
zomangamanga monga ntchito zoyambira ndi ODS. THE
mitundu ya dati khalani "mapu anzeru" kuti mukhale ndi
tanthauzo loyenerera la zomangamanga zosiyanasiyana za CIF.
Pogwirizana ndi lingaliro ili, lingaliro ndiloti payenera kukhala
khalani chitsanzo chabwino komanso chapadera cha dati. Mwachidziwikire ayenera kutero
khalani chitsanzo cha dati pachinthu chilichonse chophatikizira ndikupitilira pamenepo
iyenera kukhala njira yanzeru yolumikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Chigawo chilichonse cha zomangamanga - ODS, zoyambira,
nyumba yosungiramo deta kampani, ndi zina zotero .. - zimasowa zake
mtundu wa dati. Ndipo kotero payenera kukhala tanthauzo lenileni la
monga mitundu iyi ya dati zimagwirizana.
YENDANI I DATA LA TSIKU LA ERP
NYUMBA YOSUNGIRA
Ngati chiyambi cha dati ndi ntchito yoyambira ndi / kapena ODS, pamene
ERP imayika i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta, kulowetsa koteroko kuyenera
zimachitika pamalo otsika kwambiri a "granularity". Bwerezani kapena
akaphatikiza i dati pamene amatuluka
kuchokera pakuyambira kwa ERP kapena kuchokera ku ODS ya ERP si fayilo ya
chinthu choyenera kuchita. THE dati Zambiri ndizofunikira patsikulo
nyumba yosungiramo katundu kuti apange maziko a DSS. Zotere dati
adzakonzedwanso m'njira zambiri ndi ma data ndi kufufuza
ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Kusamutsidwa kwa dati kuchokera kumalo oyambira ntchito
za ERP ku chilengedwe cha nyumba yosungiramo deta kampaniyo yachitika mu
omasuka. Kusintha uku kumachitika pambuyo pake
Pafupifupi maola 24 kuchokera pomwe adapanga kapena kupanga mu ERP. Chowonadi cha
khalani ndi mayendedwe "aulesi" a milungu dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta
ya kampani imalola dati kuchokera ku ERP kudza "kukhazikika".
Kamodzi i dati amaikidwa mu ntchito yoyamba,
ndiye mutha kusuntha bwinobwino i dati wa ERP
pakampani. Cholinga china chotheka chifukwa cha kuyenda
Milungu "yaulesi" dati ndiko kusiyana pakati pa magwiridwe antchito ndi
Zamgululi Ndikusuntha "mwachangu" kwa dati mzere wogawanitsa
pakati pa DSS ndi magwiridwe antchito sizikudziwika bwinobwino.
Kuyenda kwa dati kuchokera ku ODS ya ERP mpaka nyumba yosungiramo deta
kampaniyo imachitika nthawi ndi nthawi, kawirikawiri
mlungu uliwonse kapena mwezi uliwonse. Pankhaniyi kuyenda kwa
dati zimadalira kufunika "kuyeretsa" zakale dati olemba mbiri.
Zachidziwikire, ODS ili ndi i dati zomwe zaposachedwa kwambiri
kulemekeza dati olemba mbiri anapeza mu nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Kusamutsidwa kwa dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta pafupifupi sizinachitikepo
"Wholesale" (mwanjira yogulitsa). Lembani tebulo
kuchokera ku chilengedwe cha ERP kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo deta sizikumveka. Njira imodzi
zowona zenizeni ndikusunthika kwa mayunitsi osankhidwa a dati.
Only dati zomwe zasintha kuyambira pomwe zomaliza za tsikuli zidasinthidwa
nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndiyo yomwe iyenera kusunthidwa mu deta
nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Njira imodzi yodziwira kuti ndi iti dati zasinthidwa
popeza pomwe yomaliza ndiyang'ana ma timestamp a dati
wopezeka mu chilengedwe cha ERP. Wopanga amasankha zosintha zonse
zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira pomwe zidasinthidwa komaliza. Njira ina
ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira kupeza dati. Ndi
malusowa amafufuzidwa pa matepi amitengo ndi magazini kuti
dziwani kuti ndi ziti dati ziyenera kusunthidwa kuchokera ku chilengedwe cha ERP kupita ku
Uyo wa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Njira izi ndizabwino kwambiri
kuchuluka kwa mitengo ndi matepi ama magazini omwe angawerenge kuchokera pamafayilo a ERP
popanda zina pazinthu zina za ERP.
ZINTHU ZINA
Limodzi mwa mavuto ndi ERP mu CIF ndi zomwe zimachitika kwa ena
magwero ofunsira kapena ai dati ya ODS yomwe iyenera kuthandizira
nyumba yosungiramo deta koma sali mbali ya chilengedwe cha ERP. Pozindikira za
chikhalidwe chatsekedwa cha ERP, makamaka SAP, kuyesa kuphatikiza
makiyi ochokera kwina dati ndi ine dati zomwe zimachokera ku ERP kupita ku
nthawi yosuntha i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta, ndizovuta kwambiri.
Ndipo ndi zowerengeka zingati zomwe i dati ya ntchito kapena
ODS kunja kwa chilengedwe cha ERP iphatikizidwa ndi zidziwitso
nyumba yosungiramo katundu? Zovuta zake ndizokwera kwambiri.
DZIWANI DATA MBIRI ZAKALE
Vuto lina ndi dati wa ERP ndiye amene adayambitsa
kuchokera pakusowa kokhala nako dati mbiri mkati mwa nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Nthawi zambiri nyumba yosungiramo deta zosowa dati olemba mbiri. NDI
kawirikawiri ukadaulo wa ERP sungasunge izi dati
mbiri, osafikira pomwe amafunikira patsikulo
nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Pamene kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa dati olemba mbiri amayamba
kuwonjezeredwa ku chilengedwe cha ERP, malo otere ayenera kukhala
kutsukidwa. Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti nyumba yosungiramo deta ayenera
kunyamulidwa ndi zaka zisanu za dati mbiri pomwe ERP ili ndi
miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokwanira dati. Malingana ngati kampaniyo yakhutira ndi
kusonkhanitsa zosiyanasiyana dati mbiri m'kupita kwa nthawi,
ndiye kuti palibe zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito ERP ngati gwero la fayilo ya
nyumba yosungiramo deta. Koma pamene nyumba yosungiramo deta ayenera kupita
kubwerera munthawi yake ndikutenga milungu dati olemba mbiri omwe sanakhalepo
kusonkhanitsidwa kale ndikusungidwa ndi ERP, kenako chilengedwe cha ERP
imakhala yosagwira ntchito.
ERP NDI METADATA
Lingaliro lina lopanga za ERP ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta ndichakuti
pa metadata yomwe ilipo m'malo a ERP. Komanso metadata
amachokera ku chilengedwe cha ERP kupita ku nyumba yosungiramo detai
metadata iyenera kusunthidwa chimodzimodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, i
metadata iyenera kusintha mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe kake
chofunikira ndi zomangamanga za nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pali chachikulu
kusiyana pakati pa metadata yogwira ntchito ndi metadata ya DSS. Metadata
Kugwira ntchito makamaka kwa wopanga mapulogalamu komanso kwa
mapulogalamu. Metadata ya DSS makamaka ndi yogwiritsa ntchito
chomaliza. Ma metadata omwe alipo mu ntchito za ERP kapena ma ODS
ayenera kutembenuka ndipo kutembenuka kumene sikovuta nthawi zonse
ndi kulunjika.
Kusunga DATA LA ERP
Ngati ERP imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wothandizira wa dati pa il nyumba yosungiramo deta ci
iyenera kukhala yolimba yolumikizira yomwe imayenda i dati kuchokera ku chilengedwe
ERP ku chilengedwe nyumba yosungiramo deta. Mawonekedwe akuyenera:
▪ khalani osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito
▪ kuloleza mwayi wopeza dati wa ERP
▪ amatenga tanthauzo la dati zomwe zatsala pang'ono kusunthidwa
Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta
▪ mukudziwa zoperewera za ERP zomwe zingachitike mu
nthawi yomwe mungalowe mu dati wa ERP:
▪ kukhulupirika
▪ maudindo akuluakulu
▪ Kugwirizana kokwanira
▪ msonkhano wofunsira ntchito
▪ nyumba zonse za dati mothandizidwa ndi ERP, ndi zina zotero ...
▪ azigwiritsa ntchito bwino dati, popereka:
▪ kuyenda molunjika kwa dati
▪ kupeza kusintha dati
▪ kuthandizira kufikira kwa dati
▪ kumvetsetsa mtundu wa dati, ndi zina zotero…
Kuyanjana ndi SAP
Mawonekedwewa atha kukhala amitundu iwiri, yakunyumba kapena yamalonda.
Zina mwazinthu zazikulu zogulitsa zimaphatikizapo:
▪ SAS
▪ Malangizo a Prims
▪ D2k, ndi zina zotero ...
ZIPANGIZO ZAMBIRI ERP
Kuwona chilengedwe cha ERP ngati kuti ndiukadaulo umodzi ndi
kulakwitsa kwakukulu. Pali matekinoloje ambiri a ERP, iliyonse ili ndi yake
mphamvu. Ogulitsa odziwika bwino pamsika ndi awa:
▪ SAP
▪ Ndalama za Oracle
▪ AnthuSoft
▪ JD Edwards
▪ Baan
Sap
SAP ndiye pulogalamu yayikulu komanso yokwanira kwambiri ya ERP. Mapulogalamu
a SAP akuphatikiza mitundu yambiri yazofunsira m'malo ambiri. SAP ili ndi
mbiri yakukhala:
▪ zazikulu kwambiri
▪ yovuta kwambiri komanso yokwera mtengo kuyigwiritsa ntchito
▪ ikusowa anthu ambiri ndi alangizi kuti akhale
kukhazikitsidwa
▪ ikusowa akatswiri kuti akwaniritse izi
▪ Zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti zikhazikitse
Kuphatikiza apo, SAP ili ndi mbiri yoloza pamtima yake dati molto
mosamala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti munthu azitha kuzipeza
munthu kunja kwa dera la SAP. Mphamvu za SAP ziyenera kukhala
wokhoza kutenga ndikusunga kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa dati.
SAP yalengeza posachedwa kuti ikufuna kuwonjezera
ntchito zake ai nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pali zabwino zambiri komanso zoyipa
pogwiritsa ntchito SAP ngati wogulitsa wa nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Ubwino umodzi ndikuti SAP idakhazikitsidwa kale ndipo ambiri mwa
alangizi amadziwa kale SAP.
Zoyipa zakukhala ndi SAP ngati wogulitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta kugona
ambiri: SAP ilibe chidziwitso padziko lapansi la nyumba yosungiramo deta
Ngati SAP ndi ogulitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta, ndikofunikira "kutulutsa"
i dati kuchokera ku SAP al nyumba yosungiramo deta. tsiku mbiri ya SAP ya
dongosolo lotsekedwa, sizokayikitsa kuti ndikhale kosavuta kutenga i kuchokera ku SAP kulowa
(???). Pali madera ambiri olowa m'malo omwe SAP mphamvu,
monga IMS, VSAM, ADABAS, ORACLE, DB2, ndi zina zotero.
SAP imalimbikira njira "yopanda pano". SAP sakufuna
gwirizanani ndi ogulitsa ena kuti mugwiritse ntchito kapena kupanga nyumba yosungiramo deta.
SAP ikuumirira kuti ipange mapulogalamu ake onse.
Ngakhale SAP ndi kampani yayikulu komanso yamphamvu, zowona za
kuyesa kulembanso ukadaulo wa ELT, OLAP, kayendetsedwe ka
system ngakhale nambala yoyambira ya dbms ndizopenga chabe.
M'malo motengera mtima wogwirizana ndi omwe amapereka
di nyumba yosungiramo deta kalekale, SAP yatsatira njira yomwe
iwo "amadziwa zambiri". Malingaliro awa amabweza kupambana komwe
SAP ikhoza kukhala nayo mdera la nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Kukana kwa SAP kulola operekera akunja kupeza
mwachangu komanso mwachisomo kwa iwo dati. Chofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito
un nyumba yosungiramo deta ndikosavuta kupeza dati. Nkhani yonse ya SAP ndi
kutengera kupanga zovuta kupeza dati.
Kulephera kwa SAP pakuchita zambiri pamitundu yambiri ya dati;
m'munda wa nyumba yosungiramo deta pali mavoliyumu a dati sindinawonepo chiyambireni
SAP ndikuthana ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa dati muyenera kukhala naye
ukadaulo woyenera. SAP mwachiwonekere sakudziwa izi
cholepheretsa ukadaulo chomwe chilipo kuti mulowe mu gawo lazidziwitso
nyumba yosungiramo katundu.
Chikhalidwe chamakampani a SAP: SAP yapanga bizinesi
pakupeza i dati kuchokera ku dongosolo. Koma kuti muchite izi muyenera kukhala nacho
malingaliro osiyana. Pachikhalidwe, makampani opanga mapulogalamu omwe anali
zabwino kupezera deta kumalo komwe sizinakhale bwino
kupeza deta kuti ipite njira ina. Ngati SAP ingachite izi
switch ndiyo ikhala kampani yoyamba kutero.
Mwachidule, ndizokayikitsa ngati kampani iyenera kusankha
SAP ngati wogulitsa wa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Pali zoopsa zazikulu
mbali imodzi ndi mphotho zochepa kwambiri mbali inayo. Koma palinso ina
chifukwa chomwe chimalepheretsa kusankha kwa SAP ngati wogulitsa masiku
nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Chifukwa kampani iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi tsiku lomwelo
nyumba yosungiramo katundu yamakampani ena onse? Pulogalamu ya nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi mtima
mpikisano mpikisano. Ngati kampani iliyonse itengera zomwezo
nyumba yosungiramo deta zingakhale zovuta, ngakhale sizingatheke,
Pezani mwayi wopikisana. SAP ikuwoneka kuti ikuganiza kuti a
nyumba yosungiramo deta zitha kuwoneka ngati cookie ndipo ndi a
Chizindikiro china cha awo "pezani deta
mu ".
Palibe wogulitsa wina wa ERP wopambana monga SAP.
Mosakayikira padzakhala makampani omwe adzatsatire njira ya SAP
zawo nyumba yosungiramo deta koma mwina awa ndi madeti
Malo osungira a SAP azikhala akulu, okwera mtengo komanso ovuta kwambiri
nthawi yolengedwa kwawo.
Madera awa akuphatikizapo zochitika monga "kukonza ma banki",
njira zosungitsira ndege, njira zodandaula
inshuwaransi, ndi zina zotero. Chochita kwambiri chinali njira yogulitsira,
zowonekeratu zinali kufunikira kwakulekanitsa pakati pa ntchito ndi
DSS (Njira Yothandizira Zosankha). Komabe, ndimachitidwe azinthu
wamunthu komanso wamunthu, simunakumanepo ndimipukutu yayikulu ya
zochitika. Ndipo, zachidziwikire, munthu akalembedwa ganyu
kapena kusiya kampaniyi ndi mbiri yokhudzana ndi malonda.
Koma poyerekeza ndi machitidwe ena, machitidwe a anthu ndi
zaumwini zilibe zochitika zambiri. Chifukwa chake, mu
machitidwe azinthu zaanthu komanso zawokha sizodziwikiratu kuti alipo
mukusowa DataWarehouse. Mwanjira zambiri machitidwewa
zikuyimira kuphatikiza kwamachitidwe a DSS.
Koma palinso chinthu china chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa ngati wina akuyenera kutero
chitani ndi datawarehouse ndi PeopleSoft. M'madera ambiri, i dati
zaumunthu ndi zothandiziranso ena ndizachiwiri kubizinesi
kampani yoyamba. Makampani ambiri amachita
kupanga, kugulitsa, kupereka ntchito ndi zina zotero. THE
machitidwe azinthu zaumunthu komanso anthu amakhala nthawi yachiwiri (kapena ya
support) ku bizinesi yakampani yayikulu. Chifukwa chake
equivocal ndi zovuta a nyumba yosungiramo deta patulani
kuthandizira anthu ndi zothandizira.
PeopleSoft ndiyosiyana kwambiri ndi SAP pankhaniyi. Ndi SAP, ndi
Kuvomerezeka kuti pali nyumba yosungiramo deta. Ndi PeopleSoft, sichoncho
ndiye zomveka bwino. Nyumba yosungiramo deta ndiyotheka ndi PeopleSoft.
Chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chinganenedwe pa dati PeopleSoft ndikuti data
nyumba yosungiramo katundu itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira i dati za
anthu akale ndi zothandizira. Chifukwa chachiwiri cha
yomwe kampani ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta a
kuwononga chilengedwe cha PeopleSoft ndikuloleza kufikira ndi
Kufikira kwaulere zida zowunikira, ai dati ndi PeopleSoft. Koma
Kuphatikiza pazifukwa izi, pakhoza kukhala milandu pomwe kuli bwino kutero
khalani ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta ya dati AnthuSoft.
Powombetsa mkota
Pali zowunikira zambiri pakupanga tsiku
nyumba yosungira mkati mwa pulogalamu ya ERP.
Zina mwa izi ndi izi:
▪ Ndizomveka kukhala ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta zomwe zimawoneka ngati zilizonse
china pamsika?
▪ ERP imasintha motani nyumba yosungiramo deta mapulogalamu?
▪ Wothandizira ERP nyumba yosungiramo deta mapulogalamu amatha kupirira kuchuluka kwa
dati yomwe ili mu "nyumba yosungiramo deta bwalo "?
▪ Kodi wogulitsa ERP amapanga mbiri yanji
kuyang'anizana ndi kosavuta komanso kotchipa, malinga ndi nthawi, ai dati? (chani
ndi omwe amagulitsa ma ERP amatumiza zotsika mtengo, pa
nthawi, yosavuta kupeza deta?)
▪ Kodi zomangamanga za DSS ndizotani?
"Fakitala yazidziwitso zamakampani" ndi wogulitsa ERP?
▪ Ogulitsa ERP amamvetsetsa momwe angapezere dati mkati mwa
chilengedwe, komanso kumvetsetsa momwe mungatumizire kunja?
▪ Kodi wogulitsa ERP ndiwotseguka bwanji?
kusungira?
Zonsezi ziyenera kupangidwa pozindikira
komwe kuyika nyumba yosungiramo deta yomwe izikhala ndi i dati ERP ndi ena
dati. Mwambiri, pokhapokha ngati pali chifukwa chomveka chochitira izi
kuchita mosiyana, ndi bwino kumanga nyumba yosungiramo deta kunja
kuchokera kumalo ogulitsa ERP.
MUTU 1
Chidule cha Bungwe la BI
Mfundo zazikulu:
Malo osungira chidziwitso amagwiranso ntchito mosiyana
ku zomangamanga zamaukadaulo (BI):
Chikhalidwe chamakampani ndi IT zimatha kuchepetsa kupambana mu
kumanga mabungwe a BI.
Ukadaulo sulinso cholepheretsa mabungwe a BI. Pulogalamu ya
Vuto la okonza mapulani ndi mapulani a projekiti siili ngati
ukadaulo ulipo, koma ngati atha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino
ukadaulo womwe ulipo.
Kwa makampani ambiri a nyumba yosungiramo deta ndizochepera chabe kuposa gawo
kungogawa chabe dati kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amafunikira. THE dati
amachotsedwa pamakina oyambira ndipo amakhala ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu
di nyumba yosungiramo deta. ine dati amathanso kutsukidwa ndi lonse
mwayi. Komabe palibe phindu lina lowonjezeredwa mwina
zosonkhanitsidwa ndi dati panthawiyi.
Kwenikweni, DW yopanda chidwi, chabwino, imapereka
ine ndekha dati yoyera komanso yogwira ntchito kumabungwe ogwiritsa ntchito. Apo
kulenga chidziwitso ndikumvetsetsa kwamawonekedwe kumadalira
kwathunthu ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Weruzani ngati DW (Malo osungira zinthundi
kupambana ndikumvera. Ngati tiweruza kupambana pa
kutha kusonkhanitsa, kuphatikiza ndi kuyeretsa bwino i dati
Kampani pamtsogolo, inde, DW ndiyopambana.
Kumbali ina, ngati tiwona zosonkhanitsa, kuphatikiza ndi izo
kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha gulu lonse, ndiye
DW yalephera. DW imapereka phindu lochepa kapena ayi
zambiri. Zotsatira zake, ogwiritsa ntchito amakakamizidwa kuti achite,
potero amapanga ma silos azambiri. Chaputala ichi chikufotokoza
masomphenya athunthu kufotokoza mwachidule kapangidwe ka BI (Business
Intelligence) yamakampani. Tiyeni tiyambe ndikufotokozera BI ndi
ndiye tidzapitiliza zokambirana zamapangidwe ndi
kukonza zambiri, m'malo mongopereka i dati
kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Zokambirana zimayang'aniridwa pakuwerengera kwa
kufunika kwa zoyeserera zanu za BI. Timamaliza pofotokozera momwe IBM
imayankha zofunikira za BI zamapangidwe anu.
Kulongosola kwa kamangidwe ka
bungwe la BI
Machitidwe azidziwitso othandiza kwambiri pakadali pano
pamndandanda wazogulitsa zilizonse zazikulu, momwe zimakhalira
moyenera malo osewerera makampani padziko lonse lapansi.
Kupitiliza mpikisano, komabe, pakufunika machitidwe mosanthula
kutengera izi kungasinthe kuthekera kwa kampaniyo pakupezanso ndi
kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe ali nazo kale. Machitidwe awa
analytics amachokera kumvetsetsa kuchokera ku chuma cha dati
zilipo. BI imatha kusintha magwiridwe antchito pazambiri zonse
a kampaniyo. Makampani amatha kukonza ubale wamakasitomala komanso
ogulitsa, kukonza phindu lazogulitsa ndi ntchito, kupanga
zatsopano komanso zabwino kwambiri, kuwongolera zoopsa komanso pakati pa ena ambiri
ndalama zimachepetsa ndalama kwambiri. Ndi BI yanu
kampaniyo pamapeto pake imayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zambiri zamakasitomala
ngati mpikisano wothokoza chifukwa cha mapulogalamu omwe ali ndi zolinga za
msika.
Kukhala ndi bizinesi yoyenera kumatanthauza kukhala ndi mayankho otsimikizika kwa
mafunso ofunikira monga:
▪ Ndani wa ife makasitomala amatipangira ndalama zambiri, kapena kumeneko
Kodi amatumiza ndi mwayi?
▪ Kumene timakhala bwino makasitomala mogwirizana ndi shopu/
malo osungira omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi?
▪ Chimodzi mwazogulitsa zathu ndi ntchito zomwe zitha kugulitsidwa kwambiri
moyenerera ndi kwa ndani?
▪ Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingagulitsidwe bwino kwambiri ndipo kwa ndani?
▪ Kodi ndi ntchito iti yogulitsa yomwe idayenda bwino kwambiri ndipo chifukwa chiyani?
▪ Kodi ndi njira ziti zogulitsira zomwe zimagulitsidwa kwambiri?
▪ Momwe tingapangire ubale wathu momwe tingathere makasitomala?
Makampani ambiri ali nawo dati wovuta kuyankha
mafunso awa.
Machitidwe opangira amapanga zinthu zambiri, za
makasitomala ndi dati msika kuchokera kumalo ogulitsa, kusungitsa,
kuchokera kwa makasitomala ndi machitidwe othandizira ukadaulo. Vuto ndilo
tengani ndi kugwiritsa ntchito izi.
Makampani ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito tizigawo ting'onoting'ono tokha dati
pakuwunika koyenera.
I dati zotsalira, nthawi zambiri zimalumikizidwa ndi i dati chifukwa chakunja monga i
"Malipoti aboma", ndi zina zomwe zagulidwa, ndi chimodzi
mgodi wagolide womwe ukuyembekezera kufufuzidwa, ei dati ayenera
ingokonzedwerani ndi chidziwitso chanu
bungwe.
Chidziwitsochi chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kusiyanasiyana
kuchokera pakupanga njira yayikulu yogwirira ntchito mpaka
kulumikizana ndi anthu ogulitsa, kudzera pama foni,
invoice, Internet ndi mfundo zina. Masiku ano bizinesi imalamula
kuti DW ndi mayankho ofanana ndi BI amasinthanso
kukhazikitsidwa kwa miyambo yazikhalidwe za dati zomwe i dati yokhazikika kuti
mulingo wa atomiki ndi "nyenyezi / ma cube minda".
Zomwe zikufunika kuti mupitilize kupikisana ndikuphatikiza
ukadaulo wachikhalidwe komanso wapamwamba pofuna kuthandiza a
malo owerengera kwambiri.
Pomaliza, chilengedwe chonse chikuyenera kukonza chidziwitso
za kampani yonse, kuwonetsetsa kuti zomwe zachitidwa
chifukwa cha kusanthula komwe kumachitika ndi kothandiza kuti aliyense atero
phindu.
Mwachitsanzo, tinene kuti muli ndiudindo wanu makasitomala m'magulu
chiopsezo chachikulu kapena chochepa.
Ngati izi zapangidwa ndi mtundu wachitsanzo kapena
njira zina, ziyenera kuyikidwa mu DW ndikupangitsa kuti anthu azitha kuzipeza
aliyense, mwa njira iliyonse yofikira, monga i
malipoti okhazikika, ma spreadsheet, matebulo, kapena kusanthula kwa
mzere (OLAP).
Komabe, pakadali pano, zambiri zamtunduwu
khalani m'misewu ya dati za anthu kapena madipatimenti omwe amapanga
kusanthula. Gulu lonselo limawoneka pang'ono kapena silikuwoneka konse
kumvetsetsa. Basi mwa kusakaniza mtundu wa okhutira
zambiri mu kampani yanu DW mutha kuthetsa ma silos a
mudziwe ndikukweza malo anu a Dw.
Pali zopinga ziwiri zazikulu pakukula kwa bungwe
wa BI.
Choyamba, tili ndi vuto la bungwe lomwelo
yamalamulo okhudzana.
Ngakhale sitingathandizire pakusintha kwa mfundo
bungwe, titha kukuthandizani kumvetsetsa zigawo za
bungwe la BI, kapangidwe kake ndi momwe
Ukadaulo wa IBM umathandizira kukula kwake.
Cholepheretsa chachiwiri kuthana ndi kusowa kwaukadaulo
kuphatikiza ndi kudziwa njira yomwe imakumbukira malo onse
ya BI mosiyana ndi kachigawo kakang'ono chabe.
IBM ikuyankha kusintha kwaukadaulo
za kuphatikiza. Ndiudindo wanu kupereka kapangidwe
kudzizindikira. Zomangidwe izi ziyenera kupangidwa ndi
teknoloji yomwe yasankhidwa kuti iphatikizidwe popanda zopinga, kapena ndi
teknoloji yomwe imatsatira kutsegulira miyezo. Komanso yanu
oyang'anira kampani akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti kampani ya Bi ndi
ikuchitika molingana ndi ndandanda komanso kuti isalole
Kukhazikitsa ma silos azidziwitso ochokera kuzodzipangira
zolinga, kapena zolinga.
Izi sizikutanthauza kuti chilengedwe cha BI sichimvetsetsa
Chitani ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana ndi zofunikira za ogwiritsa ntchito osiyanasiyana; m'malo mwake, zikutanthauza
kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa zosowa ndi zosowa za aliyense payekha ndiko
zachitika kuti bungwe lonse la BI lipindule.
Kulongosola kwa kapangidwe ka bungwe la BI kutha
mupezeke patsamba 9 mu Chithunzi 1.1. Zomangamanga zikuwonetsa
kuphatikiza kopindulitsa kwamatekinoloje ndi maluso.
Malinga ndi malingaliro amwambo, kapangidwe kake kamakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi
yosungira
Gulu la Atomiki.
Awa ndiwo maziko, mtima wa DW yonse ndipo chifukwa cha
malipoti abwino.
I dati kusungidwa pano kudzasunga mbiri yakale, malipoti a
dati ndikuphatikizira miyala yochokera, komanso kukhala oyera,
kuphatikiza, ndikusungidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma tempulo
Ntchito zonse zotsatirazi dati ndi zina zokhudzana ndi
zochokera munyumbayi. Ichi ndiye gwero labwino kwambiri la
kuchotsedwa kwa dati ndi malipoti okhala ndi mafunso a SQL
Kugwiritsa ntchito gawo la dati kapena malipoti a
dati(Malo osungira zinthu (ODS) kapena malipoti
Nawonso achichepere.)
Ichi ndi dongosolo la dati mwapadera kwa
malipoti aumisiri.
I dati kusungidwa ndikunyamulidwa ndi nyumbazi kumapeto kwake
kufalitsa munyumba yosungira zinthu kudzera pagulu (staging
area), komwe itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malipoti.
Malo osunthira.
Kuyimilira koyamba kwa ambiri dati cholinga cha chilengedwe cha
nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi gawo la bungwe.
Apa i dati amaphatikizidwa, amatsukidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala dati zothandiza
mudzaza nyumba yosungiramo katundu
Madeti apatsiku.
Gawo ili la zomangamanga likuyimira kapangidwe ka dati ntchito
makamaka OLAP. Kukhalapo kwa madambwe, ngati i dati kugona
zasungidwa mu schema cha nyenyezi chomwe chimaphatikizana dati
multidimensional m'malo azibwenzi, kapena muma file makabati
di dati kampani yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ukadaulo wa OLAP, monga
DB2 OLAP seva, siyofunika.
Chokhachokha ndichakuti zomangamanga zimathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito dati
wazinthu zambiri.
Zomangidwe zake zikuphatikizanso matekinoloje ovuta a Bi ndi maluso ake
zomwe zimadziwika kuti:
Kusanthula malo
Space ndichinthu chadzidzidzi chazidziwitso kwa wowunikira komanso
ndikofunikira kuti mumalize kukonza. Space akhoza
akuyimira zidziwitso za anthu okhala mu inayake
malo, komanso zambiri zakomwe kuli malowo
mwakuthupi poyerekeza ndi dziko lonse lapansi.
Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kuyamba ndi kumangiriza yanu
zambiri pamakwerero ndi kutalika. Izi ndi izi
otchedwa "geocoding" ndipo ayenera kukhala gawo lazinthuzo,
kusintha, ndi njira yotsegulira (ETL) pamlingo
ya nyumba yako yosungiramo katundu.
Migodi yazidziwitso.
Kuchokera kwa dati amalola makampani athu kukulitsa
nambala ya makasitomala, kulosera zamalonda ndi kuloleza
kasamalidwe ka maubwenzi ndi i makasitomala (CRM), mwa zoyeserera zina za
Zamgululi
Kuchokera kwa dati Chifukwa chake iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe a
dati a DWHouse ndikuthandizidwa ndi njira zosungira zinthu za
onetsetsani kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo moyenera komanso moyenera komanso
njira zokhudzana.
Monga tawonetsera pakupanga kwa BI, mulingo wa atomiki wa
Dwhouse, monga nkhokwe zachidziwitso, ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la dati
zochotsera. Zomwezi ziyenera kukhalanso
olandila zotsatira zakutulutsa kuti atsimikizire kupezeka kwa
omvera kwambiri. (omvera ambiri).
Othandizira.
Pali othandizira osiyanasiyana omwe amafufuza kasitomala pa mfundo iliyonse monga, i
machitidwe a kampaniyo ndi ma dw omwewo. Othandizira awa atha
khalani otsogola ma neural ophunzitsidwa kuti aphunzire za
momwe mfundo iliyonse imagwirira ntchito, monga kufunikira kwamtsogolo kwa malonda
pakukwezedwa kwamalonda, makina opangira malamulo oti muchitepo kanthu
un dato kapangidwe kake, kapena othandizira wamba omwe
amafotokozera kupatula "oyang'anira apamwamba". Njirazi zimachita
amapezeka nthawi yeniyeni motero ayenera kutero
ziphatikizidwe kwambiri ndi mayendedwe omwewo dati.
Nyumba zonsezi dati, matekinoloje ndi maluso zimatsimikizira
kuti usiku wonse simudzapanga kupanga bungwe la
BI yanu.
Ntchitoyi idzakonzedwa mowonjezereka, kwa ang'onoang'ono
mfundo.
Gawo lirilonse ndi ntchito yodziyimira payokha, ndipo imanenedwa
monga kuyeserera mu gawo lanu la dw kapena BI. Kubwereza
Zitha kuphatikizira kukhazikitsa matekinoloje atsopano, a
yambani ndi njira zatsopano powonjezera nyumba zatsopano dati ,
potsegula i dati zowonjezera, kapena pakukula kwa kusanthula kwa
malo anu. Ndimeyi yakambidwa kwambiri
mozama mu chaputala 3.
Kuphatikiza pazikhalidwe za Dw ndi zida za Bi palinso ena
Ntchito za bungwe lanu la BI lomwe muyenera kulipira
kapangidwe, monga:
Malo okhudza makasitomala (Kukhudza kwamakasitomala
mfundo).
Monga bungwe lililonse lamakono pali zingapo
malo okhudza makasitomala omwe akuwonetsa momwe mungakhalire ndi chidziwitso
zabwino zanu makasitomala. Pali njira zachikhalidwe monga i
amalonda, ogwiritsa ntchito bolodi, makalata achindunji, matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi ndi kusindikiza
kutsatsa, komanso njira zaposachedwa kwambiri monga imelo ndi intaneti, i dati
Zogulitsa zokhala ndi malo olumikizirana ziyenera kupezeka,
kunyamulidwa, kutsukidwa, kusandulika kenako kukhala m'mipangidwe ya dati Della
Zamgululi
Maziko a dati mabungwe ogwira ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito (Ogwira ntchito
malo osungira ndi magulu ogwiritsa ntchito).
Kumapeto kwa malo olumikizirana a makasitomala mupeza zoyambira za dati
kugwiritsa ntchito kampani ndi magulu ogwiritsa ntchito. THE dati zilipo
kugona dati zachikhalidwe zomwe ziyenera kuyanjananso ndikuphatikizidwa ndi dati Che
Kutuluka kuchokera kumalo olumikizirana kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira
zambiri.
Ofufuza. (Otsutsa)
Yemwe amapindula kwambiri ndi chilengedwe cha BI ndiwofufuza. Ndi iye amene
phindu kuchokera kuchotsera kwa dati ntchito, Integrated
magwero osiyanasiyana a dati , yowonjezeredwa ndi zinthu monga kusanthula
mwachilengedwe (geocoding) ndikuwonetsedwa m'matekinoloje a BI omwe
amakulolani kuchotsa, OLAP, malipoti apamwamba a SQL ndikuwunika
malo. Mawonekedwe oyambilira owunikira kumalo a
malipoti ndi tsamba la BI.
Komabe, siwofufuza yekha amene amapindula ndi kapangidwe ka
Zamgululi
Ogwira ntchito, mabungwe akuluakulu ogwiritsa ntchito, komanso anzawo, ogulitsa ndi i
makasitomala ayenera kupeza zabwino pakampani BI.
Chakudya chakumbuyo.
Zomangamanga za BI ndi malo ophunzirira. Mfundo
Chikhalidwe chakukula ndikulola kulimbikira kwa dati
kusinthidwa kudzera muukadaulo wa BI komanso ntchito
kumvetsetsa kwa wogwiritsa ntchito. Chitsanzo ndikuwunika kwa
kasitomala (kugoletsa kasitomala).
Ngati dipatimenti yogulitsa ikupanga mtundu wa migodi
pazambiri za kasitomala kuti agwiritse ntchito ntchito yatsopano, ndiye
dipatimenti yogulitsa sikuyenera kukhala gulu lokhalo lopindula
zantchito.
M'malo mwake, mtundu wa migodi uyenera kupangidwa ngati gawo limodzi
zachilengedwe zimayenda mkati mwa kampani komanso kuchuluka kwa kasitomala
iyenera kukhala gawo lophatikizidwa lazomwe zidziwitso za
nyumba yosungiramo katundu, yowonekera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito onse. Bungwe la IBM Bi-bi-centric
kuphatikiza DB2 UDB, DB2 OLAP Server imaphatikizapo zambiri
gawo limodzi lazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakatekinoloje, lofotokozedwaku
1.1.
Timagwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga monga zikuwonekera m'buku lino la
Tipatseni muyeso wopitilira ndikuwonetsa momwe malonda aliwonse
ya IBM ikugwirizana ndi BI.
Kupereka Zambiri (Kupereka
Zambiri Zazidziwitso)
Kupanga, kukonza ndikukhazikitsa chilengedwe chanu cha BI ndi
ntchito yovuta. Mapangidwe ayenera kukumbatirana kwambiri
zofunikira pakali pano komanso zamtsogolo pakampani. Kapangidwe kazomangamanga
iyenera kukhala yokwanira kuphatikiza malingaliro onse omwe apezeka
panthawi yopanga. Kuphedwa kuyenera kukhalabe
odzipereka pacholinga chimodzi: kupanga mapangidwe a BI
monga adawonetsera mwanjira yojambula potengera zofunikira za
Bizinesi.
Ndizovuta kwambiri kunena kuti chilango chidzaonetsetsa kuti
kupambana pang'ono.
Izi ndizosavuta chifukwa simupanga chilengedwe chonse cha BI
zonse mwadzidzidzi, koma zimachitika pang'ono pang'onopang'ono.
Komabe, kuzindikira zigawo za BI zamapangidwe anu ndi
ndikofunikira pazifukwa ziwiri: Mudzawongolera zisankho zonse zomwe zingachitike
njira zomangamanga.
Mutha kupanga mwanzeru kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo
ngakhale simungapeze rep yomwe imafunikira fayilo ya
teknoloji kwa miyezi ingapo.
Kuzindikira zomwe bizinesi yanu ikufuna mokwanira kumakhudza mtunduwo
Zazinthu zomwe mungapeze pomanga kwanu.
Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kanu kakuwonetsetsa
kuti nyumba yanu yosungiramo ndi
osati chochitika mwangozi, koma "oganiza bwino",
malonda opangidwa mwaluso kuimba za luso ngati mosaic wa
ukadaulo wophatikizidwa.
Pangani zomwe zilipo
Zolinga zonse zoyambirira ziyenera kuyang'ana ndikuzindikira
zigawo zikuluzikulu za BI zomwe zidzafunike ndi chilengedwe
ambiri pano komanso mtsogolo.
Kudziwa Zofunikira pa Bizinesi ndikofunikira.
Ngakhale mapulani onse wamba asanayambe, a
mapulani a projekiti amatha kuzindikira chimodzi kapena ziwiri
gawo nthawi yomweyo.
Kusiyanitsa kwa zinthu zomwe zingafunike pa
zomangamanga zanu, komabe, sizingapezeke mosavuta.
Pakapangidwe kamangidwe, gawo lalikulu la zomangidwe
imagwirizanitsa gawo lokonzekera ntchito (JAD) pakasaka
kuzindikira zofunikira pabizinesi.
Nthawi zina izi zimatha kutumizidwa kunja
mafunso ndi malipoti.
Mwachitsanzo, ogwiritsa ntchito alengeza kuti ngati akufuna kupanga makina awo
pakadali pano lipoti liyenera kupangidwa pamanja pophatikiza
magawanidwe awiri apano ndikuwonjezera mawerengedwe ochokera ku
kuphatikiza kwa dati.
Ngakhale izi ndizosavuta, zimatanthauzira china chake
magwiridwe antchito omwe muyenera kuphatikiza ndi liti
gulani zida zopangira malipoti ku bungwe lanu.
Wopanga ayeneranso kutsatira zofunikira zowonjezera
pezani chithunzi chonse. Ogwiritsa ntchito akufuna kulembetsa ku
lipotili?
Zolemba zazing'ono za lipotili zimapangidwa ndikutumiziridwa maimelo kwa osiyanasiyana
ogwiritsa? Mukufuna kuwona lipotili patsamba la kampani?
Zofunikira zonsezi ndi gawo la zosowa zosavuta
sinthani lipoti lolemba ngati momwe ogwiritsa ntchito amafunira. Ubwino wake
pazofunikira izi ndikuti aliyense, ogwiritsa ntchito komanso opanga, ali nazo
kumvetsetsa kwa lingaliro la malipoti.
Pali mitundu ina yamabizinesi, komabe, yomwe tiyenera kukonzekera.
Zofunikira zamabizinesi zikafotokozedwa mu mawonekedwe a
Mafunso okhudza bizinesi, ndizosavuta kwa wopanga waluso
kuzindikira muyeso / chowonadi ndi mawonekedwe azithunzi.
Chithunzi 1.2 chikuwonetsa kuyeza ndi mawonekedwe azithunzi za a
Vuto lazamalonda.
Ngati ogwiritsa ntchito a JAD sakudziwa kulengeza zofunikira zawo
mu vuto la bizinesi, wopanga nthawi zambiri amapereka
zitsanzo zodumpha-kuyambitsa gawo losonkhanitsira
zofunikira.
Wopanga ukadaulo amatha kuthandiza ogwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa osati mafayilo a
malonda abwino, komanso momwe mungaphunzitsire.
Njira zopezera zosowa zikufotokozedwa mu chaputala 3; chifukwa
tsopano tikungofuna kuwonetsa kufunikira kokapangira aliyense
mitundu ya zofunikira za BI
A Strategic Business Vuto, sikofunikira chabe
Bizinesi, komanso kapangidwe kake. Ngati mukuyenera kuyankha
ku funso la mitundu ingapo, ndiye muyenera kuloweza,
tengani i dati miyeso, ndipo ngati mukufuna kusunga i
dati multidimensional, muyenera kusankha mtundu wanji waukadaulo kapena
Njira yomwe mugwiritse ntchito.
Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yosungidwa ya cube star, kapena onse awiri?
Monga mukuwonera, ngakhale vuto losavuta la bizinesi
itha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu pamapangidwe. Komabe
mitundu iyi yamabizinesi ndiyofunikira ndipo inde, osachepera
ndi akatswiri odziwa mapulani ndi mapulani a projekiti.
Pakhala pali kutsutsana kokwanira pamatekinoloje ndi kuthandizira kwa
OLAP, ndipo mayankho osiyanasiyana amapezeka. Mpaka pano
tanena zakufunika kophatikiza malipoti osavuta ndi i
zofunikira pakuwunika mwamphamvu, ndi momwe amafunira
zimakhudza zisankho zaukadaulo waluso.
Koma ndizofunikira ziti zomwe sizikumveka mosavuta
ogwiritsa ntchito kapena gulu la DW? Simufunikanso kuwunikiridwa
malo (kusanthula malo)?
Mitundu ya migodi ya dati adzakhala gawo lanu lofunikira
m'tsogolo? Angadziwe ndani?
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti mitundu iyi yaukadaulo siyambiri
odziwika ndi anthu wamba ogwiritsa ntchito komanso mamembala am'magulu a
Dw, mwa zina, izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa nthawi zambiri
amathandizidwa ndi akatswiri ena amisili kapena apakati paukadaulo. Ndi
zovuta zazikulu zomwe mitundu iyi yamatekinoloje imabweretsa. Kudzikonda
ogwiritsa sangathe kufotokoza zofunikira pabizinesi kapena kuwakhazikitsa
kuti apereke malangizo kwa opanga, atha kutero
osazindikira kapena, choyipitsitsa, amangonyalanyazidwa.
Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pomwe wopanga ndi wopanga mapulogalamu alephera
atha kuzindikira kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwazomwe zapita patsogolo koma
matekinoloje ovuta.
Monga takhala tikumva kaŵirikaŵiri okonza mapulani amati, "chabwino, bwanji
Kodi sitimayika pambali mpaka titapeza chinthu china ichi?
"Kodi ali ndi chidwi ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kapena ingopewani i
zofunikira zomwe sakumvetsa? Ndizotheka kuti ndi lingaliro lomaliza.
Tiyerekeze kuti gulu lanu logulitsa lauza zofunikira
ya bizinesi, monga tafotokozera pa Chithunzi 1.3, monga mukuwonera, the
Chofunikira chimakonzedwa ngati vuto lazamalonda. Apo
kusiyana pakati pa vutoli ndi vuto lofananira ndilo
mtunda. Poterepa, gulu logulitsa likufuna kudziwa,
pamwezi, kugulitsa kwathunthu kuchokera kuzinthu, malo ogulitsa ndi
makasitomala omwe amakhala mkati mwa mamailosi asanu kuchokera kunyumba yosungiramo komwe ali
amagula.
Zachisoni, opanga kapena opanga mapulani amatha kutero
samanyalanyaza gawo lokhala ndi malo ponena kuti, "tili ndi kasitomala,
mankhwala ndi i dati ya gawo. Timasunthira patali
katchulidwe kena.
"Yankho lolakwika. Mavuto amtunduwu amakhudzidwa
kwathunthu BI. Zimayimira kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa
bizinesi yathu ndi malo olimba owerengera owunikira athu.
BI ndiyosavuta kufunsa kapena kupereka malipoti wamba, kapena
ngakhale OLAP. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti matekinoloje awa satero
ndizofunikira ku BI yanu, koma pazokha sizoyimira
chilengedwe cha BI.
Kapangidwe kazidziwitso
(Kupanga Zambiri Zazidziwitso)
Tsopano popeza tazindikira Zofunikira pa Bizinesi zomwe zimawasiyanitsa
zigawo zikuluzikulu zingapo ziyenera kuphatikizidwa pachithunzi
zomangamanga. Zina mwazigawo za BI ndi gawo la
za zoyesayesa zathu zoyambirira, pomwe zina sizingachitike
miyezi ingapo.
Komabe, zofunikira zonse zodziwika zimawonetsedwa pakupanga kuti
pamene tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo winawake, ndife
khalani okonzeka kuti muchite izo. China chake chokhudza ntchitoyi chiwonetsa malingaliro
zachikhalidwe.
Mwachitsanzo, Chithunzi 1.1, koyambirira kwa mutuwu, akuwonetsa tsiku
mart yomwe imasunga fayilo ya dati zozungulira.
Izi za dati amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira kugwiritsa ntchito
dati zozungulira zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi zovuta za Bizinesi zomwe
tazindikira. Monga zolemba zina zili
inapangidwa, monga kapangidwe kamangidwe ka dati, ife
tiyamba kupanga formalize momwe i dati iwo amafalikira mu chilengedwe.
Tazindikira kufunika koimira dati choncho
zozungulira, kuzigawa (kutengera zosowa zenizeni
wotsimikiza) pa ma marts.
Funso lotsatira loti liyankhidwe ndi: amangidwa bwanji
izi zikuyenda?
Kodi mumamanga nyenyezi kuti muthandizire cubes, kapena cubes chabe, kapena nyenyezi zokha?
(kapena cubes yakumanja, kapena nyenyezi zowona). Pangani zomangamanga za deta
ma marlet odalira omwe amafuna atomiki wosanjikiza kwa onse dati
nsomba zamadzi? Lolani ma data odziyimira pawokha kuti apeze dati
kuchokera kumagwiridwe antchito?
Ndiukadaulo uti wa kacube womwe mungayese kukhazikitsa?
Muli ndi milungu yambiri dati chofunikira pakuwunika kwamitundu
kapena mukufuna ana anu ogulitsa padziko lonse lapansi limodzi
sabata iliyonse kapena zonsezi? Pangani chinthu champhamvu
ngati DB2 OLAP Server yachuma kapena ma Cognos cubes
PowerPlay ya bungwe lanu logulitsa kapena onse awiri?
Izi ndiye zisankho zazikulu pakupanga zomwe
zidzakhudza chilengedwe chanu cha BI kuyambira pano mpaka pano. Eeh,
mwazindikira kufunika kwa OLAP. Tsopano muchita bwanji izi
mtundu wamaluso ndi ukadaulo?
Momwe ena mwaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri amakhudzira yanu
zojambula? Timaganiza kuti mwazindikira chosowa
danga m'gulu lanu. Tsopano muyenera kuyitanitsa
Zolemba zomangamanga ngakhale sizinakonzekere
kuchita zigawo zapadera kwa miyezi ingapo. Wopanga mapulani ayenera
mapangidwe lero kutengera zomwe zikufunika. Losera kufunikira kwa
Kusanthula kwa malo komwe imapanga, kusunga, kuchita ndikupereka
kufikira dati danga. Izi ziyeneranso kukhala ngati
cholepheretsa kutengera mtundu wa ukadaulo ndi malongosoledwe
nsanja yamapulogalamu yomwe mungaganizire pano. Chifukwa
Mwachitsanzo, kachitidwe ka kayendetsedwe ka data base ubale
(RDBMS) yomwe mumachita chifukwa cha atomiki yanu iyenera kukhala nayo
malo olimba a malo alipo. Izi ziziwonetsetsa kuti
magwiridwe antchito kwambiri mukamagwiritsa ntchito geometry ndi zinthu
danga muzomwe mukufufuza. Ngati RDBMS yanu satero
nditha kuthana ndi i dati (spatial-centric) mkati, chifukwa chake muyenera kutero
kukhazikitsa a data base (zapakati-centric) zakunja. Izi zimapangitsa kuti
kuyang'anira zosindikiza ndikusokoneza magwiridwe anu onse,
osatchula zovuta zina zomwe mudapangira zanu
Ma DBA, chifukwa mwina amamvetsetsa pang'ono
pazoyambira za dati malo komanso. Kumbali ina, ngati yanu
RDMBS imagwiritsa ntchito magawo onse okhudzana ndi malo ndi zina
optimizer imadziwa zosowa zapadera (mwachitsanzo,
kulongosola) zinthu zakunja, ndiye kuti ma DBA anu amatha kuthana nawo
yang'anani masamba mwamphamvu ndipo mutha kukweza fayilo ya
ntchito.
Komanso, muyenera kusintha malo osanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza
chilengedwe cha atomiki kuphatikiza kuyeretsa ma adilesi (a
chinthu chofunikira pakuwunika malo), komanso izi
kusunga zinthu zam'mlengalenga. Kutsatizana kwamitundu ya
mapangidwe akupitilizabe tsopano kuti tatulutsa lingaliro la kuyeretsa
adilesi. Chifukwa chimodzi, izi zimalimbikitsa mtundu wa
mapulogalamu amafunikira kuyesetsa kwanu kwa ETL.
Mumafunikira zinthu ngati Trillium kuti mupatse adilesi
woyera, kapena wothandizira wa ETL omwe mwasankha kuti apereke izi
magwiridwe?
Pakadali pano ndikofunikira kuti muzindikire kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe kamene muli
iyenera kumalizidwa musanayambe kupanga yanu
chilengedwe (nyumba yosungiramo katundu). Zitsanzo zili pamwambazi ziyenera
onetsani kuchuluka kwa zisankho zomwe zimayenera kutsatira
chizindikiritso cha bizinesi iliyonse. Ngati mwachita
molondola, zisankho zamapangidwezi zimalimbikitsa
kudalirana pakati pa chilengedwe cha chilengedwe chanu,
kusankha ukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito komanso mayendedwe ofalitsa a
zambiri zazidziwitso. Popanda zomangamanga izi
wa BI, bungwe lanu lidzasakanikirana
chisokonezo cha matekinoloje omwe alipo, mwabwino kwambiri, ogwirizana m'njira
osalondola kuti apereke bata lokhazikika.
Sungani zidziwitso
Kubweretsa kufunika kwa chidziwitso ku bungwe lanu ndi
ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Popanda kumvetsetsa kokwanira
ndi zokumana nazo, kapena kukonzekera bwino ndikujambula, ngakhale
magulu abwinoko angalephere. Mbali inayi, ngati muli ndi yayikulu
luntha komanso kapangidwe mwatsatanetsatane koma osawongolera
kunyongedwa, mwangowononga ndalama zanu komanso nthawi yanu
chifukwa kuyesetsa kwanu sikuyenera kulephera. Uthengawu uyenera
dziwitsani: Ngati mukuphonya imodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi
luso, kumvetsetsa / kudziwa kapena kukonzekera / kujambula o
kukhazikitsa malamulo, izi zidzatsogolera opunduka kapena
kuwononga ntchito yomanga bungwe la BI.
Kodi gulu lanu lakonzeka mokwanira? Pali winawake wanu
Gulu la BI lomwe limamvetsetsa kuwunika kwakukulu komwe kulipo
m'malo a BI, munjira zofunikira ndi matekinoloje
kukhudza malowo? Pali wina pagulu lanu
amene angathe kuzindikira kusiyana ntchito pakati patsogolo
malipoti osakhazikika ndi OLAP, kapena kusiyana pakati pa ROLAP ndi OLAP? M'modzi mwa
mamembala anu amadziwa bwino njira
tengani ndi momwe zingakhudzire malo osungira kapena momwe
kodi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zitha kuthandizira magwiridwe antchito? Mamembala
a timu amamvetsetsa kufunika kwa dati danga kapena ukadaulo
wothandizila? Kodi muli ndi munthu amene amayamikira ntchito yapaderayi
Zida za ETL motsutsana ndiukadaulo wa broker
uthenga? Ngati mulibe, pezani imodzi. BI ndizambiri
lalikulu la atomiki wosanjikiza, wa OLAP, amalingaliro a
nyenyezi ndi ODS.
Khalani ndi chidziwitso ndikumvetsetsa kuzindikira zofunikira
ya BI ndi mayankho ake ndikofunikira kuti muzitha kuchita
konzani bwino zosowa za ogwiritsa ntchito ndi kapangidwe kake
ndikukwaniritsa mayankho awo. Ngati gulu lanu ogwiritsa
kuvuta pofotokozera zofunikira, ndi ntchito ya gululo
nyumba yosungiramo katundu imapereka chidziwitso. Koma ngati gulu la
nyumba yosungiramo katundu
sazindikira kugwiritsa ntchito BI - mwachitsanzo, kupatsidwa
migodi - ndiye sichinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe ma BI amachita
nthawi zambiri kumangokhala kungokhala ndalama zochepa. Komabe, samalani izi
matekinoloje samachepetsa kufunikira kwawo komanso momwe amathandizira
pakubwera kwanu kwanzeru zamabizinesi anu
bungwe, komanso momwe mungapangire zambiri
kulimbikitsa.
Zojambulazo ziyenera kuphatikiza lingaliro la kapangidwe, mkonzi
Zonsezi zimafunikira munthu woyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kake
pamafunika gulu nzeru zakuyang'anira ndi kuwonera
miyezo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kampani yanu yakhazikitsa imodzi
nsanja yokhazikika kapena wazindikira ma RDBMS ena omwe inu
ndikufuna kukhazikika papulatifomu, zikuwoneka kuti
aliyense m'gululi amatsatira miyezo imeneyi. Nthawi zambiri imodzi
Gulu likuwonetsa kufunikira kwachizolowezi (to user
Commites), koma gulu lomwe silikufuna kulowa nawo
miyezo imakhazikitsidwanso m'malo ena pakampani kapena mwinanso mu
makampani ofanana. Sikuti wopusitsa yekha, koma amaonetsetsa kuti kampaniyo satero
amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zilipo kale komanso zomwe agulitsa. Sizitanthauza
kuti palibe zochitika zomwe zimatsimikizira nsanja kapena imodzi
teknoloji yosagwirizana; Komabe, khama la nyumba yosungiramo katundu
ayenera kuteteza mwansanje miyezo ya bizinesiyo mpaka
zofunikira pabizinesi sizikakamiza mwanjira ina.
Gawo lachitatu lofunikira kuti apange BI
bungwe ndilo chilango.
Zimatengera kwathunthu, mofananira ndi anthu komanso chilengedwe.
Okonza mapulani, othandizira, omanga mapulani, ndi ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuyamikira
chilango chofunikira kuti apange luso lazakampani.
Okonza ayenera kutsogolera ntchito zawo m'njira yoti
kumaliza ntchito zina zofunikira pagulu.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani kuti kampani yanu ipanga fayilo ya
Ntchito ya ERP yomwe ili ndi gawo losungira.
Chifukwa chake ndiudindo wa omwe amapanga ERP kuti agwirizane ndi
malo osungira zinthu kuti asapikisane nawo
onaninso ntchito yomwe idayamba kale.
Chilango ndi mutu womwe uyenera kutanganidwa
ndi gulu lonse ndipo nthawi zambiri limakhazikitsidwa ndikukhazikika kwa a
mulingo woyang'anira.
Kodi otsogolera akufunitsitsa kutsatira njira yomwe yapangidwa? A
Njira yomwe imalonjeza kupanga zidziwitso zomwe zimasungidwa ku
end idzabweretsa phindu kumadera onse a bizinesi, koma mwina
kodi imasokoneza anthu kapena zolinga za dipatimenti? Kumbukirani mwambiwu
"Kuganizira za chilichonse ndikofunikira kuposa kuganiza za chinthu chimodzi".
Izi ndizowona m'mabungwe a BI.
Tsoka ilo, malo ambiri osungiramo zinthu amayesetsa kwambiri
Kuyesera kuthana ndi kubweretsa phindu ku dipatimenti inayake kapena ku
ogwiritsa ntchito, osaganizira pang'ono za bungwe mu
ambiri. Tiyerekeze kuti wamkulu wapempha thandizo kuchokera ku
nyumba. Gulu limayankha ndi ntchito ya masiku 90 yomwe
Sikuti kumangotumiza kokha chidziwitso chofotokozedwera ndi
executive koma amaonetsetsa kuti onse dati base amaphatikizidwa mulingo
atomiki asanalowetsedwe ukadaulo wa cube
pempholo.
Zowonjezerazi zimatsimikizira kuti olimbawo ndi
werehouse adzapindula ndi dati zofunikira kwa manejala.
Komabe, wamkuluyu adalankhula ndi makampani akunja kuti
tapemphanso pempholi lofananira ndi kutumiza osakwana 4
masabata.
Poganiza kuti gulu lomwe linali mnyumba ndiloyenera, a
Executive ali ndi kusankha. Ndani angathandizire kulanga kwa
zowonjezera zowonjezera zimafunikira kukulitsa zabwino
ogwira ntchito yophunzitsa kapena angasankhe kuzindikira zawo
yankho mwachangu. Yotsirizira ikuwoneka kuti yasankhidwadi
Nthawi zambiri ndipo zimangopanga zokhala ndi zidziwitso za
zomwe zimapindulitsa ochepa kapena munthu payekha.
Zolinga zazifupi komanso zazitali
Okonza mapulani ndi mapulani a projekiti ayenera kupanga imodzi
Kuwona kwakanthawi kwakapangidwe kapangidwe ndi mapulani a
amakula kukhala bungwe la BI. Mgwirizanowu wa
mapindu akanthawi kochepa ndikukonzekera kwakanthawi
zikuyimira nkhope ziwiri zoyeserera za BI. Kupeza kwakanthawi kochepa
Kutsirizika ndi gawo la BI lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi mayendedwe a
nyumba yako yosungiramo katundu.
Apa ndipomwe okonza mapulani, omanga mapulani ndi omwe amathandizira amayang'ana kwambiri
kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamalonda. Ndipafupipafupi pomwe
zomangamanga zimamangidwa, ukadaulo wagula ndi
njira zimayendetsedwa. Sanapangidwe kuti athane nawo
zofunikira monga momwe madera ena amagwiritsira ntchito.
Chilichonse chimachitika kuti athe kuthana ndi zofunikira
ochokera mdera linalake.
Kukonzekera kwakanthawi, komabe, ndi mbali inayo
wa BI. Apa ndi pomwe mapulani ndi ntchito zinawonetsetsa kuti zilipo
adapanga mawonekedwe aliwonse, matekinoloje osankhidwa ndi
Njira zopangidwa ndi diso pakampaniyo. Ndipo fayilo ya
kukonzekera kwanthawi yayitali komwe kumapereka mgwirizano
zofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti maubwino abizinesi amachokera kwa onse
zopindulitsa kwakanthawi kochepa zomwe zapezeka.
Lungamitsani khama lanu la BI
Un nyumba yosungiramo deta pawokha ilibe phindu lililonse. Mwa zina
mawu, palibe phindu lobadwa pakati pa matekinoloje a
nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi njira zothandizira.
Mtengo wa kuyesayesa kulikonse kosungira katundu umapezeka muzochitikazo
chifukwa cha malo osungira ndi zomwe zili
zophunzitsira zakula pakapita nthawi. Iyi ndi mfundo yofunika kumvetsetsa
musanayese kuyerekezera phindu lililonse
nyumba.
Nthawi zambiri, opanga mapulani ndi opanga amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wake
zakuthupi ndi luso la nyumba yosungiramo pomwe phindu lake ndi
yokhazikitsidwa ndi njira zamabizinesi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu ndi zambiri zopezeka bwino.
Apa pali vuto lomwe lapezeka BI: Kodi mungayamikire bwanji ndalama?
Ngati nyumba yokhayo ilibe phindu, opanga ma
polojekiti iyenera kufufuza, kufotokozera ndikusintha mapindu ake
zimatheka ndi anthu omwe adzagwiritse ntchito malo osungira
kukonza njira zamabizinesi kapena phindu la
zambiri zotetezedwa kapena zonse ziwiri.
Pazinthu zovuta, njira iliyonse yamalonda
zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi zoyeserera zingapindule
"Wowoneka" kapena "wofatsa". Zopindulitsa zambiri zimapereka chimodzi
metric yoonekera kuyeza kubwerera kwa ndalama (ROI) - malonda
Mwachitsanzo, tsegulirani zowerengera nthawi yowonjezera munthawiyo
zenizeni kapena zotsika mtengo zonyamula potumiza. Ndi zochulukirapo
Ndizovuta kufotokozera zabwino zochepa, monga kufikira bwino
zambiri, potengera kufunikira kwake.
Lumikizani polojekiti yanu kuti muphunzire za
Zopempha zamalonda
Nthawi zambiri, opanga mapulani amayesa kulumikiza mtengo
ya nyumba yosungiramo katundu yokhala ndi zolinga zamtundu wa kampaniyo. Mwa kunena kuti
“Mtengo wosungira katundu umadalira luso lathu
kukwaniritsa zofunikira zopempha ”timatsegula m'njira yosangalatsa
kulankhula. Koma paokha sikokwanira kudziwa ngati
kugulitsa ndalama ndizomveka. Ndi bwino kulumikiza reps
nyumba yosungiramo katundu yokhala ndi zopempha zodziwika bwino zamalonda.
Yesani ROI
Kuwerengera ROI pokonzekera kosungira kungakhale
zovuta kwambiri. Zimakhala zovuta makamaka ngati mwayi
chachikulu pakubwereza kwakanthawi ndichinthu chosaoneka kapena
zosavuta kuyeza. Kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti ogwiritsa ntchito amazindikira
zabwino ziwiri zazikulu zoyeserera za BI:
▪ Pangani luso lotha kupanga zisankho
▪ Pangani zidziwitso
Izi ndizofewa (kapena zofatsa) zofunikira. Ndiosavuta kuwona
tingathe bwanji kuwerengera ROI potengera zovuta (kapena
wamkulu) monga kutsika mtengo kwa mayendedwe, koma bwanji
timayesa kuthekera kopanga zisankho zabwino?
Izi ndizovuta kwa omwe amapanga projekiti pomwe
akuyesera kuti kampaniyo ipange ndalama mwanjira inayake
khama posungira. Kuchulukitsa kwa malonda kapena kutsika kwa mitengo
salinso mitu yayikulu yomwe imayendetsa chilengedwe cha BI.
M'malo mwake, mukuyang'ana mwayi wofunsira bizinesi
bwino kudziwa zambiri kuti dipatimenti inayake itha
pangani zisankho mwachangu. Izi ndizoyendetsa bwino ku
zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri kubizinesi koma ndizo
zododometsa kwambiri komanso zovuta kuzimvetsetsa pamiyeso yooneka.
Poterepa, kuwerengetsa ROI kumatha kukhala kopusitsa, ngati sikofunika.
Okonza mapulojekiti akuyenera kuwonetsa phindu
chogwirika kwa otsogolera kusankha ngati angawononge ndalama
kubwereza makamaka kumagwira. Komabe, sitikufunsanso zatsopano
njira yowerengera ROI, ndipo sitipanga pro kapena malingaliro aliwonse
motsutsana nacho.
Pali zolemba zambiri komanso mabuku omwe amapezeka omwe amafotokoza za maziko a
werengani ROI. Pali malingaliro apadera monga mtengo
pa Investment (YOU), yoperekedwa ndi magulu onga Gartner, kuti mutha
kufufuza. M'malo mwake, tizingoyang'ana mbali zoyambira za aliyense
ROI kapena malingaliro ena ofunikira omwe muyenera kulingalira.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ROI
Kuphatikiza pa mkangano wonena za maubwino "ovuta" motsutsana ndi ma "light"
zogwirizana ndi zoyeserera za BI pali zina zofunika kuziganizira
tikamagwiritsa ntchito ROI. Mwachitsanzo:
Pereka ndalama zochulukirapo pazoyeserera za DW zomwe zingachitike
mwanjira ina iliyonse
Tiyerekeze kuti kampani yanu idadutsa pamangidwe a
mainframe ku gawo logawidwa la UNIX. Kotero aliyense
ndalama zomwe zingathe (kapena mwina) kuzindikirika ndi khama
sayenera kunenedweratu kokha, ngati kwa onse (?), Ndi
nyumba yosungiramo katundu.
Osati kuwerengera ndalama zonse. Ndipo pali zinthu zambiri kuchokera
ganizirani. Taonani mndandanda uwu:
▪ Mtengo woyambira, kuphatikiza kuthekera.
▪ Mtengo wa zida zodzipereka zosungidwazo e
mauthenga
▪ Mtengo wa mapulogalamu, kuphatikiza kasamalidwe ka dati ndi zowonjezera
kasitomala / seva, mapulogalamu a ETL, matekinoloje a DSS,
kuwonera, kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu ndi kuyenda
mapulogalamu a ntchito ndi kutsatira,.
▪ Mtengo wamapangidwe dati, ndi kuzindikira, ndipo
kukhathamiritsa kwa
▪ Mtengo wopanga mapulogalamu umalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi khama
BI
▪ Mtengo wothandizira kunyumba, kuphatikiza kukhathamiritsa kwa
magwiridwe antchito, kuphatikiza pulogalamu yoyang'anira e
ntchito zothandizira
Ikani "Big-Bang" ROI.
Ntchito yomanga nyumba yosungiramo katundu ngati chinthu chimodzi komanso chachikulu
akuyembekezeka kulephera, chifukwa chake chiwerengeranso ROI kuti ichitepo kanthu
bizinesi yayikulu Kutsatsa kumeneku ndikodabwitsa, komanso kuti opanga
pitilizani kupanga zoyesayesa zowerengera phindu la zonse
khama.
Chifukwa opanga amayesa kupereka ndalama
pakuchita bizinesi ngati zikudziwika ndikudzivomereza
Kodi ndizovuta kuyerekezera kubwereza kwapadera? Zatheka bwanji? Sizili choncho
zotheka ndi zochepa zochepa. Musati muchite izo.
Tsopano popeza takhazikitsa zomwe sitiyenera kuchita tikamawerengera
ROI, nayi mfundo zina zomwe zingatithandize kutanthauzira kwa
Njira yodalirika yowerengera mtengo wazoyeserera zanu za BI.
Kupeza Chivomerezo cha ROI. Mosasamala za zanu
kusankha njira yolingalira phindu la kuyesayesa kwanu kwa BI, kuyenera
kuvomerezedwa ndi maphwando onse, kuphatikiza omwe akukonza mapulani,
othandizira ndi oyang'anira mabungwe.
Chepetsani ROI ku magawo omwe amadziwika. Gawo lofunikira kulowera
Kuwerengera koyenera kwa ROI ndikuwunika kuwerengera kumodzi
ntchito inayake. Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wowerengera mtengo
kutengera zofunikira zapabizinesi zomwe zakwaniritsidwa
Fotokozani mtengo wake. Monga tanenera, ndalama zambiri ziyenera kukhala
kulingalira. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalamazo siziyenera kuphatikizira okhawo omwe akukhudzidwa
kubwereza kokha komanso ku mtengo wogwirizana
kutsimikizika kuti mukutsatira miyezo yamakampani.
Kutanthauzira maubwino. Kulumikiza momveka bwino ROI ndi zofunikira
malonda, tiyenera kuzindikira mtundu wa
maubwino omwe angapangitse kukwaniritsa zofunikira.
Kuchepetsa mtengo ndi phindu pazopeza mtsogolo. Ndi njira
Njira yabwino yokhazikitsira kuwerengera kwanu pamtengo wapano
(NPV) mosiyana ndi kuyesa kulosera zamtsogolo mu
zasungidwa mtsogolo.
Sungani nthawi yanu yogawika ya ROI kukhala yocheperako. NDI '
zolembedwa bwino kwakanthawi komwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanu
ROI
Gwiritsani ntchito njira zingapo za ROI. Pali njira zambiri za
Zoneneratu za ROI ndipo muyenera kukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi kapena
kuphatikiza, kuphatikiza phindu lomwe lilipo, liwiro lamkati lobwerera
(IRR) ndikuchira.
Fotokozani njira yobwereza. Izi ndizofunikira pakuwerengera
mtengo uliwonse wautali. A
njira imodzi yobwereza zochitika zonsezo a
kutsatira.
Mavuto omwe atchulidwawa ndi omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi akatswiri
zanyumba zanyumba Kulimbikira kwa oyang'anira a
kukhala ndi "Big-Bang" ROI yoperekedwa ndikusokoneza kwambiri. Mukayamba zonse
kuwerengera kwanu kwa ROI powachepetsa kuzinthu zodziwikiratu komanso zogwirika, muli nazo
mwayi wabwino kulingalira kuwunika kolondola kwa ROI.
Mafunso okhudza zabwino za ROI
Kaya phindu lanu, lofewa kapena lolimba, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito
mafunso ofunikira kuti adziwe kufunika kwake. Kuti
Mwachitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo losavuta, kuyambira 1 mpaka 10, inu
Mutha kuzindikira zotsatira za kuyesetsa kulikonse pogwiritsa ntchito zotsatirazi
mafunso:
▪ Kodi mungayese bwanji kumvetsetsa kwa dati kutsatira izi
ntchito kampani yanu?
▪ Kodi mungayerekezere bwanji momwe zinthu zasinthira chifukwa cha
ntchitoyi?
▪ Kodi mungayesere bwanji momwe zinthu zatsopano zingakhalire ndi tanthauzo tsopano
zopangidwa ndi izi
▪ Zomwe zakhudzidwa ndimakompyuta atsopano e
kuchita chifukwa cha zomwe adaphunzira?
Ngati mayankho a mafunso awa ndi ochepa, ndizotheka kuti
kampaniyo siyofunika ndalama zomwe zidapangidwa. Mafunso ndi mkulu
kugoletsa mfundo zopindulitsa kwambiri ndipo ziyenera kutero
khalani otsogolera pakufufuza kwina.
Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwakukulu pakusintha kwamachitidwe
ziyenera kutsogolera opanga kuti awone momwe njirazi zilili
zasinthidwa. Mutha kupeza kuti zina mwazopindulitsa
ndizowoneka motero phindu la ndalama limakhala losavuta
kuyikidwa.
Kupindula kwambiri ndi kuyesa koyamba kwa
nyumba yosungiramo katundu
Zotsatira zazikulu kwambiri pakuchita kwanu bizinesi nthawi zambiri zimakhala mu
maulendo ochepa oyamba. Izi zoyeserera zoyambirira mwachikhalidwe
kukhazikitsa zofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu e
imakhazikitsa chithandizo pamaziko aukadaulo omwe angatsatire
Ntchito za BI.
Kawirikawiri zotsatira zonse za dati za ntchito ya
malo osungira amabweretsa phindu locheperako pantchito mu
ambiri. Izi ndizowona makamaka ngati kutero sikutero
imawonjezera mitu yatsopano kapena siyikwaniritsa zosowa zatsopano
gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito.
Izi ndizosunga mabatire
kuwonjezeka kwa dati olemba mbiri. Monga zoyeserera zotsatira zimafuna zambiri
dati ndi motani dati amatsanulidwa munyumba yosungira nthawi, ambiri a
dati sizikhala zofunikira kwenikweni pakuwunika komwe kwagwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi dati kugona
Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa dati muzimilira ndipo nthawi zonse zimakhala zokwera mtengo kuzisunga chifukwa
iwo sagwiritsidwa ntchito konse.
Kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani kwa omwe akuthandizani pulojekiti? Kwenikweni, i
oyamba othandizira amagawana zochulukirapo kuposa ndalama zogulira
Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zosanjikiza
chilengedwe chachikulu chaumisiri ndi zida zosungira,
kuphatikizapo organic.
Koma izi zoyambirira zimabweretsa phindu lalikulu motero opanga
nthawi zambiri amayenera kupereka zifukwa.
Ntchito zomwe zachitika pambuyo poti BI yanu itha kukhala ndi ndalama
wotsika (poyerekeza ndi woyamba) komanso wowongoka, koma osakhala ndi phindu lochepa
kwa kampani.
Ndipo eni mabungwe akuyenera kuyamba kulingalira
ponya kudzikundikira kwa dati ndi matekinoloje ocheperako.
Migodi Yachidziwitso: Migodi Dati
Zambiri mwazinthu zomangamanga zimafuna kusiyanasiyana kwa
matekinoloje ndi njira zopangira deta -
Mwachitsanzo, "othandizira" osiyanasiyana kuti awunikire mfundo zosangalatsa za
makasitomala, machitidwe a kampaniyo ndi ma dw. Izi
othandizira amatha kukhala maukonde apamwamba a neural ophunzitsidwa
zochitika zamphika, monga kufunikira kwa malonda mtsogolo kutengera
kukwezedwa kwamalonda; makina opangira malamulo a
chitani ndi zonse dato mikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, matenda
malangizo a zamankhwala ndi chithandizo; kapena ngakhale othandizira wamba
ndi udindo wopereka lipoti kwa oyang'anira akulu (pamwamba
oyang'anira). Nthawi zambiri njira zochotsera izi dati si
onetsetsani nthawi yeniyeni; chifukwa chake, ayenera kukhala ogwirizana
kwathunthu ndi mayendedwe a dati alireza.
Kusanthula Kwama intaneti
Kusanthula Kwapaintaneti
Kutha kugawanika, kuwaza, kukukuta, kubowola
ndikuwunika
nanga-ngati, chiri mkati mwakulinganiza, kwa cholinga cha suite
Ukadaulo wa IBM. Mwachitsanzo, kulingalira kwa ntchito kumagwira ntchito
online (OLAP) alipo a DB2 omwe amabweretsa kuwunika koyipa mu
injini ya Nawonso achichepere chimodzimodzi.
Ntchito zimawonjezera mawonekedwe azithunzi ku SQL pomwe
gwiritsani ntchito zabwino zonse zakukhala gawo lachilengedwe la DB2. Wina
chitsanzo cha kuphatikiza kwa OLAP ndi chida chotsitsira, DB2
Chowunikira cha OLAP Server. Njira imeneyi imalola ma cubes a
DB2 OLAP seva kuti ichitike mwachangu komanso mosavutikira
kusanthula kuti azindikire ndi kupereka malipoti a mfundo za dati zachilendo kapena zosayembekezereka
mu kyubu chonse kwa wofufuza zamalonda. Ndipo pamapeto pake, ntchito za
DW Center imapereka njira kuti omanga nyumba aziwongolera, pakati pa
zinthu zina, mbiri ya kiyibodi ya DB2 OLAP ngati gawo
mtundu wa njira za ETL.
Kusanthula Kwama Spatial Analysis
Malo amayimira theka la anangula a analytic (conduction)
zofunikira panorama
kusanthula kwakukulu (nthawi imayimira theka linalo). Mulingo wa atomiki
(mulingo wa atomiki) wanyumba yosungiramo, yoyimiriridwa Chithunzi 1.1
Zimaphatikizanso zoyambira za nthawi ndi malo. Zolemba
ya kusanthula nangula kwa nthawi ndi zambiri zamakalata
kusanthula danga la nangula. Zidindo za nthawi (Timestampampu)
amasanthula nthawi, ndipo zambiri zamakalata zimatsogolera
kusanthula mlengalenga. Chithunzicho chikuwonetsa geocoding - njira ya
kutembenuza ma adilesi kukhala mfundo mumapu kapena kulozera mlengalenga
kotero kuti malingaliro monga mtunda ndi mkati / kunja atha kukhala
amagwiritsidwa ntchito posanthula - yochitidwa pamlingo wa atomiki komanso kusanthula malo
zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa wofufuza. IBM imapereka zowonjezera
danga, lopangidwa ndi Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI),
al Nawonso achichepere DB2 kuti zinthu zapadera zikhale
amasungidwa ngati gawo labwino la Nawonso achichepere wachibale. DB2
Spatial Extenders, amaperekanso zowonjezera zonse za SQL za
Gwiritsani ntchito mwayi wowunika malo. Mwachitsanzo, zowonjezera za SQL kuchokera ku
funso loti
mtunda pakati pa ma adilesi kapena ngati mfundo ili mkati kapena kunja kwa dera
polygonal yofotokozedwa, ndi muyezo wowunika ndi Spatial
Wowonjezera. Onani mutu 16 kuti mumve zambiri.
Nawonso achichepere-Resident Zida Zida Nawonso achichepere-
Wokhalamo
DB2 ili ndi zinthu zambiri za SQL zokhala ndi BI zomwe zimathandiza
pakuwunika. Izi zikuphatikiza:
▪ Ntchito zobwezeretsanso kuti zizisanthula, monga "pezani
njira zonse zandege zochokera San Francisco a New York".
▪ Ntchito zowunikira pamndandanda, ntchito zowonjezera, kyubu
ndi ma rollups othandizira ntchito zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri
kokha ndi ukadaulo wa OLAP, tsopano ali gawo lachilengedwe la
injini ya Nawonso achichepere
▪ Kutha kupanga matebulo okhala ndi zotsatira
Ogulitsa a Nawonso achichepere atsogoleri amasakaniza zambiri zamtundu wa BI
Mu Nawonso achichepere chimodzimodzi.
Othandizira akuluakulu a data base akusakanikirana kwambiri ndi
Ntchito ya BI mu Nawonso achichepere chimodzimodzi.
Izi zimapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino komanso njira zina zoperekera mafayilo a
Mayankho a BI.
Zambiri ndi ntchito za DB2 V8 zakambidwa
mwatsatanetsatane m'mitu yotsatirayi:
Zomangamanga Zomangamanga ndi Maziko Oyang'anira Deta
(Chaputala 5)
▪ Zofunikira pa DB2 BI (Chaputala 6)
▪ Kufunsa Zotengera za DB2
Matebulo) (Chaputala 7)
▪ DB2 OLAP Ntchito (Chaputala 13)
▪ Kupititsa patsogolo BI DB2
Makhalidwe ndi Ntchito) (Chaputala 15)
Njira Yosavuta Yoperekera Data
Kutumiza kwa dati chosavuta
Zomangamanga zomwe zikuyimira Chithunzi 1.1 zikuphatikiza zingapo
nyumba dati thupi. Imodzi ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu ya dati ntchito.
Nthawi zambiri, ODS imakhala yokhazikika pamutu,
Integrated ndi panopa. Kodi mungapange ODS yothandizira, kutsatsa
Mwachitsanzo, ofesi yogulitsa. Kugulitsa kwa ODS kuphatikizika dati
kuchokera kumachitidwe osiyanasiyana koma zimangosunga, zotsatsa
Mwachitsanzo, zochitika zamasiku ano. ODS ikhoza kusinthidwa
ngakhale kangapo patsiku. Nthawi yomweyo, njira
Kankhani i dati ophatikizidwa mu ntchito zina. Kapangidwe kameneka ndi
mwapadera kuti aphatikize dati zamakono komanso zamphamvu e
atha kukhala woyenera kuchita nawo zowerengera zenizeni,
momwe mungaperekere othandizira makasitomala zambiri zamalonda
mitsinje yamakasitomala omwe akutenga zambiri zazogulitsa
kuchokera kunyumba yosungira yokha. Kapangidwe kena kowonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1.1 ndi
udindo wokhazikika kwa dw. Osangokhala malowa
kukhazikitsidwa kwa kuphatikiza koyenera, kwa mtundu wa dati, e
za kusintha kwa dati Zosowa panjira, koma zilinso
malo osungika odalirika komanso osakhalitsa a dati anayankha choncho
itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwunika kwenikweni. Ngati mwaganiza kutero
gwiritsani ntchito ODS kapena malo owerengera, amodzi
Zida zabwino kwambiri zodzaza nyumbazi dati kugwiritsa
magwero osiyanasiyana opangira ndi funso logawidwa modabwitsa la DB2.
Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha kusankha kwa DB2
wotchedwa DB2 Relational Connect (funso lokha) komanso kudzera pa DB2
DataJoiner (chinthu china chomwe chimapereka kugwiritsa ntchito,
kuyika, kusinthitsa komanso kuthekera kwa kuletsa a
Zowonongeka zogawidwa RDBMSs).
Njira imeneyi imalola akatswiri opanga mapulani kuti dati kumanga dati di
kupanga ndi njira zowunikira. Sikuti ukadaulo wokha ungathe
atha kusintha kusintha kulikonse komwe kungapemphedwenso
atha kuwonetsa zowunikira zenizeni, koma
amathanso kulumikizana ndi mabasiketi osiyanasiyana dati zambiri
otchuka, kuphatikizapo DB2, Oracle, Sybase, SQL Server,
Informix ndi ena. DB2 DataJoiner itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuchuluka
kapangidwe dati yovomerezeka ngati ODS kapena tebulo
okhazikika oyimiriridwa munyumba yosungira kuti ikonzedwe
zosintha msanga kapena zogulitsa. Kumene,
nyumba zomwezi dati zitha kukhala ndi anthu pogwiritsa ntchito
ukadaulo wina waukulu wopangidwira kubwereza wa dati, IBM
Chibale cha DataPropagator. (DataPropagator ndi chinthu china
kwa machitidwe apakati. DB2 UNIX, Linux, Windows ndi OS / 2 zikuphatikiza
ntchito zowerengera za dati monga mawonekedwe wamba).
Njira ina yosunthira dati kugwira ntchito mozungulira
kwa kampaniyo ndikophatikiza kogwiritsa ntchito njira ina
wodziwika kuti wosindikiza uthenga
luso wapadera amalola ulamuliro kuposa wina aliyense pakati
(kuloza) ndikusuntha dati kuzungulira kampaniyo. IBM ili ndi broker
wa uthenga womwe ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, MQSeries, kapena kusiyanasiyana
ya malonda omwe akuphatikizapo zofunikira za e-malonda, IBM
Webusayiti ya MQ.
Kuti mumve zambiri zamomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito MQ kuthandizira a
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu komanso malo a BI, pitani webusayiti wa bukhu. Pakali pano, ndi choncho
Ndikokwanira kunena kuti ukadaulo uwu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira
gwirani ndikusintha (pogwiritsa ntchito MQSeries Integrator) dati
oyendetsa ntchito omwe adatolera mayankho a BI. Apo
Ukadaulo wa MQ waphatikizidwa ndikuphatikizidwa mu UDB V8, yomwe
zikutanthauza kuti mizere ya uthengawu tsopano itha kuyendetsedwa
ngati kuti anali matebulo a DB2. Lingaliro la kuwotcherera kwa
queued ndi chilengedwe mauthenga Nawonso achichepere achibale mitu
kulinga kumalo operekera zamphamvu dati.
Zero-Latency Zero latency
Cholinga chachikulu cha IBM ndi kusanthula zero latency (zerolatency).
Monga momwe tafotokozera
Gartner, dongosolo la BI liyenera kuzindikira, kulowerera
ndikupereka chidziwitso kwa owunikira pakafunsidwa. Vuto,
kumene, izo zagona pa momwe kusakaniza dati zamakono komanso zenizeni
ndi mbiri yakale yofunikira, monga i dati mtundu wokhudzana / wa
trend, kapena kutengera kumvetsetsa, monga kufotokozera kwa
makasitomala
Izi zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, kuzindikiritsa makasitomala ad
chiopsezo chachikulu kapena chochepa kapena zinthu ziti i makasitomala adzagula zambiri
mwina ngati ali kale ndi tchizi m'ngolo zawo
kugula.
Kupeza latency ya zero kumadalira ziwiri
njira zofunika:
▪ Mgwirizano wathunthu wa dati zomwe zimasanthulidwa ndi
njira zokhazikitsidwa ndi zida zopangidwa ndi BI
▪ Makina operekera dati zothandiza kuonetsetsa kuti
kusanthula kwa nthawi yeniyeni kulidi kotheka
Zofunikira izi za latency sizosiyana ndi ziwirizi
zolinga zokhazikitsidwa ndi IBM ndikufotokozera pamwambapa.
Kuphatikiza kofulumira kwa dati ndi gawo la
kusakanikirana kosatayana kokonzedwa ndi IBM. Ndipo pangani dongosolo
kutumizidwa kwa dati kothandiza kumadalira kwathunthu
ukadaulo womwe ulipo womwe umachepetsa njira yoberekera ya
dati. Zotsatira zake, zolinga ziwiri mwa IBM ndizofunikira
kuzindikira lachitatu. IBM ikudziwonetsera yokha
ukadaulo wowonetsetsa kuti zero latency ndiyowona
zoyeserera.
Chidule / kaphatikizidwe
Bungwe la BI limapereka mapu apa mseu wa
pangani malo anu
moyenera. Iyenera kusinthidwa kuti iwonetse zosowa za
bizinesi yanu, yapano komanso yamtsogolo. Popanda masomphenya amangidwe
zazikulu, kubwereza masheya ndizochulukirapo
Kukhazikitsa kosavuta kosungira komwe kumachita zochepa
pangani bizinesi yayikulu, yophunzitsa.
Chovuta choyamba kwa oyang'anira ntchito ndi momwe mungafotokozere
ndalama zofunikira pakukula kwa bungwe la BI.
Ngakhale kuwerengera kwa ROI kwakhalabe kofunikira kwambiri kwa
zomwe zasungidwa, zikuyamba kukhala zovuta
kuneneratu ndendende. Izi zadzetsa njira zina za
kudziwa ngati mukupeza ndalama zanu. Pulogalamu ya
mtengo pakuikiza2 (YOU), mwachitsanzo, umapezeka
monga yankho.
Ikuyandikira okonza mapulani a dati ndi pa mapulani a polojekiti
dala ndikupereka chidziwitso kumabungwe a
ogwiritsa osati kungopereka chithandizo pa dati. Pali fayilo ya
kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwirizi. Chidziwitso ndichinthu chomwe chimapanga chimodzi
kusiyana pakupanga zisankho ndi kuchita bwino; pang'ono, i
dati akumanga midadada yopezera chidziwitsochi.
Ngakhale ndikutsutsa gwero dati kuthana ndi zopempha
malonda, chilengedwe cha BI chiyenera kugwira ntchito yayikulu
popanga zambiri. Tiyenera kutenga
zowonjezera zowonjezera, kuyeretsa, kusintha kapena
apo ayi pangani zidziwitso malinga ndi zomwe
ogwiritsa akhoza kuchitapo kanthu, chifukwa chake tiyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti
zochita ndi zisankhozo, ngati kuli koyenera, zimawonetsedwa
m'dera la BI. Tikasiya nyumba yosungiramo zinthu kuti izithandizira dati,
Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti mabungwe ogwiritsa ntchito azipanga zomwe zili
chidziwitso chofunikira kuchitapo kanthu. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti awo
Anthu ammudzi azitha kupanga zisankho zabwino, koma olimba
zimakhala ndi kusowa kwa chidziwitso komwe agwiritsa ntchito.
tsiku kuti okonza mapulani ndi mapulani a polojekiti amayambitsa ntchito
Zokhudza chilengedwe cha BI, amakhalabe ndiudindo pakampaniyo
mokulira. Chitsanzo chosavuta cha mbali ziwirizi
nkhope zakusinthidwa kwa BI zikupezeka gwero dati. Onse a
dati analandila pazofunsira zamalonda ayenera kukhala
amakhala mu gawo loyamba la atomiki. Izi zimatsimikizira kukula kwa
zidziwitso zamakampani, komanso kusamalira, kuthana ndi
zopempha zapadera zaogwiritsa zomwe zafotokozedweratu.

Kodi mudisa D ata W arehouse?
Malo osungira zinthu ndi mtima wamapangidwe azidziwitso
kuyambira 1990 ndipo imathandizira njira zidziwitso popereka zolimba
nsanja yophatikiza ya dati olemba mbiri yakale amatengedwa ngati maziko apambuyo pake
kusanthula. THE nyumba yosungiramo deta perekani mwayi wosakanikirana mu
dziko la machitidwe omwe sagwirizana. Tsiku
nyumba yosungiramo katundu yasintha kukhala chizolowezi. Malo osungira zinthu
amapanga ndi kusunga i dati zofunikira pakufotokozera zambiri e
kusanthula pamaziko a nthawi yayitali yakale. Zonse
izi zimaphatikizapo kudzipereka kwakukulu komanso kosalekeza pomanga e
posamalira nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Ndiye kodi a nyumba yosungiramo deta? A nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi:
▪ yokhazikika pamitu
▪ dongosolo losakanikirana
▪ nthawi zosiyanasiyana
▪ yosakhazikika (siyimitsa)
chopereka cha dati amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandizira zisankho mu
kukhazikitsa njira.
I dati kulowetsedwa mkati nyumba yosungiramo deta Dzuka kwambiri
milandu yochokera kumagwiridwe antchito. Pulogalamu ya nyumba yosungiramo deta yopangidwa ndi a
chosungira, chosiyana ndi ena onse a
system, yomwe ili ndi dati osinthidwa kale ndi
mapulogalamu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso zachilengedwe
ntchito.
Kutanthauzira kwenikweni kwa a nyumba yosungiramo deta ikuyenera kuyang'ana mozama
kufotokozera popeza pali zofunikira komanso tanthauzo la
thumba lofotokozera mawonekedwe osungira.
KUYAMBIRA KUKHALA KWA NKHANI
ZOTSATIRA
Mbali yoyamba ya nyumba yosungiramo deta ndichoti ndizachikhalidwe
osewera akulu pakampani. Kuweruza mayesero kudzera mwa i
dati ndizosiyana ndi njira zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimapereka
kuwongolera momwe ntchito imagwirira ntchito,
Njira yomwe gawo lalikulu limagawana ndi ambiri a
machitidwe otsogolera akale.
Dziko logwiritsira ntchito limapangidwa mozungulira ntchito ndi ntchito
monga ngongole, ndalama, makhadi akubanki ndi kudalira bungwe
zachuma. Dziko la dw limapangidwa mozungulira maphunziro
monga kasitomala, wogulitsa, malonda ndi bizinesi.
Kukhazikika pamitu kumakhudza kapangidwe ndi
pakuzindikira kwa dati amapezeka mu dw. Zowonjezera,
kutsutsana kwakukulu kumakhudza gawo lofunikira kwambiri la
kapangidwe kiyi.
Dziko logwiritsira ntchito limakhudzidwa ndimapangidwe a tsikulo
m'munsi ndi momwe amapangidwira. Dziko la
dw imangoyang'ana pamachitidwe dati Ili mkati
kujambula kwa Nawonso achichepere. Kapangidwe ka ndondomekoyi (mu mawonekedwe ake
classic) siyigawo lachilengedwe.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa kusankha kwamachitidwe / ntchito ndi kagwiritsidwe
Kusankha pamutu kumawululidwanso ngati kusiyana kwa zomwe zili
wa dati mwatsatanetsatane. THE dati del dw samaphatikizapo i dati Che
sizigwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza DSS mukamagwiritsa ntchito
ntchito yoyendetsedwa ndi dati muli i dati kukhutiritsa
nthawi yomweyo zofunikira / kukonza zomwe zingathe kapena
Kuchotsera kugwiritsa ntchito kwa wowunikira DSS.
Njira ina yofunikira momwe ntchito zayendera
ai dati kusiyana ndi dati ya dw ndi m'malipoti a dati. ine dati
ntchito imasunga ubale wopitilira pakati pa magome awiri kapena kupitilira apo
kutengera lamulo lamabizinesi lomwe likugwira ntchito. THE dati by Nyimbo za ku Malawi
Amakhala ndi nthawi yambiri ndipo magawanidwe omwe amapezeka mu dw ali
zambiri. Malamulo ambiri amalonda (chimodzimodzi, ambiri
malipoti a dati ) akuimiridwa mnyumba yosungira ya dati pakati pa awiri o
matebulo angapo.
(Kuti mumve tsatanetsatane wa momwe maubwenzi apakati pa dati kugona
woyendetsedwa mu DW, timanena za Tech Topic pamenepo
funso.)
Kuchokera pamalingaliro ena kupatula kusiyana
chofunikira pakati pa chisankho chazomwe mungagwiritse ntchito / momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito
kusankha mutu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamakina
ntchito ndi dati ndi DW.
KUKHALA KUKHALA KUKHALA
Chofunikira kwambiri mdera lachilengedwe ndikuti i dati anapeza
mkati mwa dw amaphatikizidwa mosavuta. NTHAWI ZONSE. POPANDA
Kupatulapo. Chofunika kwambiri cha chilengedwe ndikuti i dati
Zomwe zili mkati mwa nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndizophatikizidwa.
Kuphatikiza kumadziwulula m'njira zosiyanasiyana - pamisonkhano yayikulu
amadziwika kuti ndi ofanana, pamitundu yosinthika, mu
zomangidwa zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe a dati
zogwirizana, ndi zina zotero.
Kwa zaka zambiri opanga mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana achita
yokhala ndi zisankho zambiri zamomwe ntchito ikuyenera kuchitikira
khalani otukuka. Mtundu wosankha payekha komanso kapangidwe kake
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa opanga kumadziwulula mwa njira zana: mu
kusiyana kolemba, mawonekedwe ofunikira, mawonekedwe,
misonkhano ya chizindikiritso, ndi zina zotero. Kutha kwa onse
opanga mapulogalamu kuti apange mapulogalamu osagwirizana
ndi nthano. Chithunzi 3 chikuwonetsa zina mwazosiyana kwambiri
ndizofunikira munjira zomwe mapulogalamu amapangidwira.
Encoding: Encode:
Opanga mapulogalamu adasankha kulemba zam'munda -
kugonana - m'njira zingapo. Wopanga amayimira kugonana monga
"m" ndi "f". Wopanga wina amaimira kugonana ngati "1"
ndi "0". Wopanga wina amaimira kugonana ngati "x" e
"Y". Wopanga wina amaimira kugonana ngati "wamwamuna" e
"wamkazi". Sizitengera momwe kugonana kumabwerera mu DW. "M"
ndipo "F" mwina ndiabwino kwathunthu
choyimira.
Chofunika ndichakuti kulikonse komwe gawo lazakugonana limachokera,
mundawo umafika mu DW mosasinthasintha. Za
zotsatira pamene munda walowetsedwa mu DW kuchokera
ntchito pomwe yayimiridwa moyenera
"M" ndi "F", i dati ziyenera kusinthidwa kukhala mtundu wa DW.
Kuyeza kwa Zizindikiro: Kuyeza kwa
Zizindikiro:
Okonza mapulogalamu adasankha kuyeza payipi mu
njira zosiyanasiyana panjira
Zaka zina. Wopanga masitolo i dati payipi mu
masentimita. Wina wopanga mapulogalamu amasungira i dati
payipi potengera mainchesi. Wopanga wina kuchokera
malo ogwiritsira ntchito i dati wa mapaipi muma cubic miliyoni
pamphindi. Ndipo wopanga wina amasunga zidziwitso za
payipi potengera mayadi. Kaya gwero lake ndi liti, pomwe
Zambiri za mapaipi zimafika mu DW ayenera kukhala
kuyesedwa momwemonso.
Malinga ndi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi 3, nkhani zophatikiza
zimakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya ntchitoyi - mawonekedwe ake
thupi la dati, vuto la kukhala ndi magwero opitilira chimodzi a datiLa
nkhani zosavomerezeka zodziwika, mitundu ya dati
zosagwirizana, ndi zina zotero.
Kaya zotsutsana ndi chiyani, zotsatira zake ndizofanana -
i dati ziyenera kusungidwa mu DW m'modzi e
m'njira yovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi ngakhale magwiridwe antchito a
sitolo yosungira ndalama mosiyana i dati.
Wofufuza wa DSS akayang'ana DW, chandamale cha wofufuza
kuyenera kukhala kugwiritsa ntchito dati omwe ali mnyumba yosungira,
m'malo modera nkhawa za kudalirika kapena kusasinthika kwa
dati.
NTHAWI ZOSIYANASIYANA
Zonse ine dati mu DW ndizolondola panthawi ina.
Izi ndizofunikira pa dati mu DW ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi dati
wopezeka m'malo ogwirira ntchito. THE dati ya malo ogwiritsira ntchito ali
molondola monga nthawi yakufikira. Mwanjira ina,
m'malo ogwirira ntchito mukapezeka galimoto datiinde
dikirani kuti iwonetse miyezo yeniyeni monga nthawi yakufikira.
Chifukwa i dati mu DW ndizolondola monga nthawi ina mu
nthawi (mwachitsanzo, osati "pakali pano"), i dati opezeka mu DW
ndi "kusiyanasiyana kwakanthawi".
Nthawi yosiyana ya dati DW imanenedwa m'njira zambiri.
Njira yosavuta ndiyakuti i dati a DW akuyimira dati ake a
kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali - zaka zisanu mpaka khumi. M'maso mwake
nthawi yoyimiriridwa ndi malo ogwirira ntchito ndiyofupikitsa
▪ kuchokera pazinthu zomwe zilipo masiku ano kuchokera pa makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu makumi asanu ndi anayi
Mapulogalamu omwe ayenera kugwira ntchito bwino ndipo ayenera kukhala
kupezeka kwa ntchito yogulitsa kuyenera kukhala ndi
kuchuluka kochepa kwa dati ngati avomereza mulingo uliwonse wa
kusinthasintha. Chifukwa chake ntchito zogwiritsira ntchito zili ndi kuthekera
nthawi yayifupi, ngati mutu wamapangidwe a
ntchito zomvera.
Njira yachiwiri yomwe 'kusiyanasiyana kwa nthawi' imawonekera mu DW ili mu
kapangidwe kiyi. Makina aliwonse ofunikira mu DW amakhala,
kwathunthu kapena momveka bwino, chinthu chanthawi, monga
tsiku, sabata, mwezi, ndi zina zambiri. Nthawi yamagulu imakhala pafupifupi nthawi zonse
pansi pa kiyi yolumikizidwa yomwe imapezeka mu DW. Mwa awa
zochitika, nthawiyo idzakhalapo kwathunthu, monga momwe zingakhalire
komwe fayilo yonse imasindikizidwa kumapeto kwa mwezi kapena kotala.
Njira yachitatu yosiyanitsira nthawi ndikuwonetsa kuti i dati ndi
DW, yolembetsedwa moyenera, siyingakhale
kusinthidwa. THE dati a DW ali, pazinthu zonse zofunikira, ndi yayitali
mndandanda wazithunzi (chithunzithunzi). Zachidziwikire ngati zochepa chabe zili
zatengedwa molakwika, kenako zowonera zitha kukhala
kusinthidwa. Koma poganiza kuti zithunzizi zachitika
molondola, sasinthidwa akangomaliza. Mu zina
milandu ikhoza kukhala yosavomerezeka kapena yopanda tanthauzo yomwe zomwe zimangopezeka mu fayilo ya
DW amasinthidwa. THE dati kugwira ntchito, molondola monga momwe zilili
mphindi yofikira, amatha kusinthidwa momwe imadzionetsera
kufunika.
OSATI VOLATILE
Chofunika chachinayi cha DW ndikuti siyokhazikika.
Zosintha, kuyikapo, kuchotsa ndi kusintha kumapangidwa
pafupipafupi m'malo ojambulira-ndi-kujambula. Koma fayilo ya
kusokoneza koyambirira kwa dati zofunikira mu DW ndizochulukirapo
zosavuta. Pali mitundu iwiri yokha ya zochitika zomwe zimachitika mu fayilo ya
DW - kutsitsa koyamba kwa fayilo ya dati ndi mwayi wopeza dati. Palibe
zosintha zilizonse za dati (potanthauza
update) mu DW monga ntchito yanthawi zonse.
Pali zotsatira zamphamvu kwambiri zakusiyanaku
maziko pakati pa kukonza kwa ntchito ndi kukonza kwa DW. Pamwamba
kapangidwe, kufunika kokhala osamala pakusintha
anomalie sizoyenera mu DW, popeza kusinthira fayilo ya dati sizili choncho
zidachitidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pamapangidwe akuthupi,
Ufulu ukhoza kutengedwa kuti ukwaniritse mwayi wopezera dati,
makamaka polimbana ndi mitu yokhazikika komanso
kusokoneza thupi. Zotsatira zina za kuphweka
Ntchito za DW zili muukadaulo woyambira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito
yendetsani chilengedwe cha DW. Kuyenera kuthandizira zosintha
kujambula ndi mbiri pa intaneti (monga momwe zimakhalira ndi
kukonza kwaukadaulo) ukadaulo umafunika kukhala nawo
maziko ovuta kwambiri osavuta.
Ukadaulo womwe umathandizira kusunga ndi kuchira, kugulitsa
ndi kukhulupirika kwa dati ndi vuto ladzidzidzi lopezeka ndi yankho lake ndi
zovuta kwambiri komanso zosafunikira pakukonza DW.
Makhalidwe a DW, kapangidwe kake,
kuphatikiza kwa dati mkati mwa DW, kusiyanasiyana kwa nthawi ndi kuphweka
kasamalidwe ka dati, zonsezi zimabweretsa malo omwe ali, kwambiri
zosiyana ndi malo opangira ntchito. Gwero la pafupifupi zonse
dati ya DW ndiye malo ogwirira ntchito. Ndizoyesa kuganiza
kuti pali kusowa kwakukulu kwa dati pakati pa madera awiriwa.
M'malo mwake, malingaliro oyamba omwe anthu ambiri amakhala nawo ndi a
redundancy yayikulu ya dati pakati pa malo opangira ndi
DW. Kutanthauzira kotere ndikwachiphamaso ndipo kumatsimikizira
kusamvetsetsa zomwe zimachitika mu DW.
M'malo mwake pali kuchepa kwa kuchepa kwa dati pakati pa malo opangira
Mkonzi i dati wa DW. Tiyeni tiganizire izi:
▪ Ine dati zosefedwa dato kuti mudutse kuchokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito
kumalo a DW. Zambiri za dati samatha konse
kuchokera kumalo opangira. Kupatula kuti i dati zomwe zimafunikira
Kukonzekera kwa DSS kumawunikira komwe akukhala
▪ nthawi yokwanira ya dati ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi chilengedwe
kwa ena. THE dati m'malo ogwirira ntchito ndiwatsopano kwambiri. THE dati
mu DW ndi achikulire kwambiri. Kuchokera pamalingaliro
za nthawi yayitali, pamachitika zochepa kwambiri
pakati pa malo opangira ndi DW.
▪ DW ili ndi dati chidule chomwe sichipezeka
m'chilengedwe
▪ Ine dati zasintha kwambiri kuyambira
akamadutsa pa Chithunzi 3 akuwonetsa kuti ambiri
gawo la dati amasinthidwa kwambiri
kuti asankhidwe ndikusamukira ku DW. Ikani njira ina,
kwambiri dati amasinthidwa mwakuthupi e
mozama momwe amasunthidwira mu DW. Kuchokera pakuwona
kuphatikiza sikofanana dati amene amakhala
m'malo ogwirira ntchito.
Potengera izi, kusowa kwa dati pakati pa madera awiriwa ndi
chochitika chosowa, chomwe chimabweretsa kuchepa kwa 1% pakati pa awiriwa
mapangidwe.
Kapangidwe ka nyumba yosungira katundu
Ma DW ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Pali magawo angapo achidule komanso osiyanasiyana
tsatanetsatane yemwe amagawa ma DWs.
Zigawo zosiyanasiyana za DW ndi izi:
▪ Metadata
▪ Dati mwatsatanetsatane
▪ Dati mwatsatanetsatane wakale
▪ Dati mwachidule pang'ono
▪ Dati mwachidule kwambiri
Chofunika kwambiri ndikuti i dati mwatsatanetsatane
mafunde. Ndichofunika kwambiri chifukwa:
▪ Ine dati Zambiri zikuwonetsa zochitika zaposachedwa kwambiri,
zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala zosangalatsa kwambiri komanso
▪ i dati mwatsatanetsatane ndizambiri chifukwa ndi
amasungidwa pamalo otsika kwambiri a granularity e
▪ i dati Zambiri zaposachedwa zimasungidwa nthawi zonse
disk memory, yomwe imakhala yofulumira, koma yotsika mtengo e
zovuta kuchokera
I dati zambiri zakale ndizo dati zomwe zimasungidwa
kukumbukira zina massa. Imakhala ndi mwayi wopezeka mwa apo ndi apo ndipo ili
kusungidwa pamlingo watsatanetsatane wogwirizana ndi dati mwatsatanetsatane
mafunde. Ngakhale sikovomerezeka kusunga pa
kukumbukira kwina, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa dati ogwirizana ndi
kupeza mwa apo ndi apo kwa dati, kukumbukira kukumbukira kwa dati di
Zambiri zakale sizimasungidwa pa disk.
I dati mwachidule mwachidule ali dati zomwe zasungunuka kuchokera pansi
mulingo wazatsatanetsatane wopezeka pano. Izi
Mulingo wa DW nthawi zambiri umasungidwa mu memory memory. THE
mavuto amapangidwe omwe amaperekedwa kwa wopanga mapulani a dati
pomanga mulingo uwu wa DW ndi:
▪ Ndi gawo liti la nthawi lomwe chidule chomwe chachitika pamwambapa
▪ Zomwe zili, malingaliro ake afupikitsa pang'ono
zokhutira ndi dati
Gawo lotsatira la dati opezeka mu DW ndi a dati kwambiri
mwachidule. THE dati mwachidule kwambiri ndizoyenda komanso mosavuta
kupezeka. THE dati mwachidule kwambiri nthawi zina amapezeka
m'malo a DW komanso nthawi zina i dati mwachidule kwambiri ali
anapeza kunja kwa makoma aukadaulo omwe ali ndi DW.
(mulimonsemo, i dati Chidule kwambiri ndi gawo la DW
osatengera komwe i dati amakhala mnyumba).
Gawo lomaliza la DW ndi la metadata. Mwanjira zambiri
metadata imakhala mosiyana ndi ena dati
ya DW, chifukwa metadata ilibe chilichonse dato mwachindunji
otengedwa kuchokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito. Metadata ili ndi gawo lapadera e
zofunika kwambiri mu DW. Metadata imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati:
▪ chikwatu chothandizira wofufuza wa DSS kupeza mafayilo a
zomwe zili mu DW,
▪ chitsogozo chakujambula mapu a dati momwe i dati Anali
kusinthidwa kuchoka kumalo opangira zinthu kupita ku chilengedwe cha DW,
▪ chitsogozo cha ma algorithm omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita chidule pakati pa dati di
mwatsatanetsatane ei dati mwachidule pang'ono, i dati kwambiri
mwachidule,
Metadata imagwira gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'malo a DW
poyerekeza ndi zomwe adakhalapo m'malo ogwirira ntchito
ZOCHITIKA ZAKALE ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSIRA
Maginito tepi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusungira mtundu wa
dati. M'malo mwake pali zida zosiyanasiyana zoloweza pamtima zomwe
ayenera kuganiziridwa kuti asunge zakale dati di
mwatsatanetsatane.
Kutengera kuchuluka kwa dati, kuchuluka kwa kufikira, mtengo
za zida ndi mtundu wopezeka, ndizotheka kwathunthu
zida zina zidzafunika tsatanetsatane wakale
mu DW.
KUYENDA KWA DATA
Pali kuyenda koyenera komanso kodziwikiratu kwa milungu dati mkati mwa DW.
I dati lowetsani DW kuchokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito. (Dziwani: alipo
zina zosangalatsa kwambiri kupatula lamulo ili. Komabe, pafupifupi
onse dati lowetsani DW kuchokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito). tsiku kuti i dati
lowetsani DW kuchokera kumalo ogwirira ntchito, amasandulika momwe zakhala zikuchitikira
zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Ngati mutalowa mu DW, i dati lowetsani
tsatanetsatane wazomwe zikuchitika, monga zikuwonetsedwa. Imakhala komweko ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito
mpaka chimodzi mwazinthu zitatu izi zichitike:
▪ amayeretsedwa,
▪ Mwachidule, ndi / kapena
▪ ali
Njira zosatha mkati mwa kayendedwe ka DW i dati mwatsatanetsatane
a dati mwatsatanetsatane wakale, malingana ndi zaka za dati. Njira
kufotokozera mwachidule kumagwiritsa ntchito tsatanetsatane wa dati kuwerengera i dati
mwachidule pang'ono komanso mwachidule kwambiri dati. Pali
zina zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa (zomwe zidzakambidwe pambuyo pake).
Komabe, kawirikawiri, kwa ambiri dati anapeza
mkati mwa DW, kuyenda kwa dati ali ngati chithunzi.
KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO DATAWAREHOUSE
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti magawo osiyanasiyana a dati mu DW ayi
amalandira magwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana. Monga lamulo, apamwamba mulingo wa
kufupikitsa, kuphatikiza i dati amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ntchito zambiri zimachitika mu dati chidule kwambiri, pomwe wakale
dati zambiri sizinagwiritsidwepo ntchito. Pali chifukwa chabwino mu fayilo ya
sunthani bungwe ku paradigm yogwiritsa ntchito gwero. Zambiri zatero
chidule i dati, mwachangu komanso mosavutikira ndikuyenera kufikira dati. yekha
un shopu imapeza kuti imachita zambiri pamadongosolo a DWs,
ndiye kuchuluka kofananira kwama makina ambiri
amadya. Ndibwino kuti aliyense azitsutsidwa
monga mwachidule kwambiri mwachangu momwe zingathere.
Kwa masitolo ambiri, wowunikira DSS mu pre-chilengedwe DW adagwiritsa ntchito
dati pamlingo watsatanetsatane. Mwanjira zambiri kubwera a dati mwatsatanetsatane
amafanana ndi bulangeti yachitetezo, ngakhale atakhala kuti alipo
magawo ena achidule. Imodzi mwa ntchito za wokonza mapulani a dati è
sazolowereni wogwiritsa ntchito DSS kugwiritsa ntchito dati pamlingo wophatikiza
mwatsatanetsatane. Pali zifukwa ziwiri zomwe zilipo
ndi wokonza mapulani a dati:
▪ pokhazikitsa njira yobwezera, pomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amalipira
chuma chodya e
▪ zomwe zimasonyeza kuti nthawi yoyankha ingakhale yabwino kwambiri
anapezeka pamene khalidwe ndi i dati ili pamlingo wapamwamba
mwachidule, pomwe nthawi yoyankha yoyipa imachokera ku
khalidwe la dati pamunsi wotsika wa
ZINSINSI zina
Palinso zina zomanga ndi kuwongolera
DW.
Kuganizira koyamba ndi kwama indices. THE dati pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa
mwachidule akhoza momasuka indexed, pamene i dati
pamunsi mwatsatanetsatane amakhala ochenjera kwambiri momwe angakhalire
adalowetsedwa bwino. Kuchokera pachiwonetsero chomwecho, i dati pamilingo yayikulu ya
tsatanetsatane akhoza kukonzedwanso mosavuta,
pomwe voliyumu ya dati m'magulu apansi ndikukula kwambiri kotero kuti i dati sanali
iwo akhoza kukonzedwanso mosavuta. Zotsatira zake, mtunduwo
wa dati ndi ntchito yokhazikika yopangidwa ndi kapangidwe kake
maziko a DW amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pamlingo
tsatanetsatane wamakono. Mwanjira ina, zochitika zafanizo la
dati sizikugwira ntchito pamalingaliro achidule pafupifupi munthawi iliyonse.
Kulingalira kwina kwamapangidwe ndikuti kagawidwe ka
dati ndi DW.
Kugawa kungachitike m'magulu awiri - pamlingo wa dbms ndi al
mulingo wothandizira. Mugawidwe pamlingo dbmsiye dbms è
adadziwitsidwa za magawano ndikuyang'anitsitsa moyenera. Kutengera pa
magawano pa mlingo ntchito, yekha mapulogalamu ndi
adadziwitsidwa za magawano ndi udindo wawo
utsogoleri wasiyidwa kwa iye
Pansi pa msinkhu dbms, ntchito zambiri zimachitika zokha. Pali
kusinthasintha kambiri komwe kumakhudzana ndi kayendedwe kazokha ka
magawano. Pankhani yogawika pamlingo wogwiritsa ntchito dati ndi
nyumba yosungiramo deta, ntchito zambiri ndizolemba mapulogalamu, koma
mapeto ake ndi kusinthasintha mu kasamalidwe ka dati patsikuli
nyumba yosungiramo katundu
ZINTHU ZINA
Pamene zigawo za nyumba yosungiramo deta ntchito monga tafotokozera
pafupifupi onse dati, pali zina zofunikira zomwe ziyenera kutero
kukambirana. Chosiyana ndi cha dati zidule zapagulu
(mwachidule za anthu). Izi ndi dati mwachidule zomwe zakhala zikuchitika
kuwerengedwa kunja kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu. THE dati
Zolemba zapagulu zimasungidwa ndikuyang'aniridwa mu nyumba yosungiramo deta,
ngakhale monga tafotokozera pamwambapa akudziwika. THE
zachuma ntchito kubala kotala kotere dati monga
ndalama, zolipirira pakota, phindu la kotala, ndi zina zotero. Ntchitoyo
zochitidwa ndi owerengera ndalama zakunja kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Komabe, i dati kugona
amagwiritsidwa ntchito "mkati" mkati mwa kampani - kuchokera malonda, malonda, etc.
Vuto lina, lomwe silingakambidwe, ndi la dati kunja.
Mtundu wina waukulu wa dati zomwe zingapezeke pa tsiku
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu ndizomwe zimakhala ndi chidziwitso chokhazikika. Izi zimayambitsa
kufunika kusunga kwamuyaya i dati pamlingo umodzi
zatsatanetsatane pazifukwa zamakhalidwe kapena zamalamulo. Ngati kampani ikuwonetsa i
ogwira nawo ntchito pazinthu zowopsa pakufunika kutero dati
mwatsatanetsatane komanso kosatha. Ngati kampani ipanga chinthu chomwe
Zimakhudza chitetezo cha anthu, ndi mbali ziti za ndege, zomwe zilipo
kufunika kwa dati Zambiri, komanso ngati kampani
amalowa m'mapangano owopsa.
Kampaniyo singakwanitse kunyalanyaza tsatanetsatane wake
mzaka zingapo zikubwerazi, pankhani yoweruza milandu, kukumbukira, a
cholakwika chomanga, etc. kuwonekera kwa kampani
zitha kukhala zabwino. Chifukwa chake pali mtundu wapadera wa dati
kudziwika kuti ndi data yosatha.
SUMMARY
Un nyumba yosungiramo deta ndichinthu chokhazikika, chophatikiza, chosiyanasiyana cha
time, chopereka cha dati osasinthasintha pothandizira zosowa za
chisankho cha oyang'anira. Ntchito iliyonse yofunika ya
un nyumba yosungiramo deta ili ndi tanthauzo lake. Kuphatikiza apo pali zinayi
mlingo wa dati ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta:
▪ Nkhani yakale
▪ Tsatanetsatane waposachedwa
▪ Dati mwachidule pang'ono
▪ Dati mwachidule kwambiri
Metadata ndi gawo lofunikira la nyumba yosungiramo deta.
CHIPHUNZITSO
Lingaliro la kusungidwa kwa dati posachedwapa walandira
chidwi kwambiri ndipo chakhala chizolowezi cha m'ma 90. Izi ndizo
chifukwa chakwanitsa kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta kuthana ndi
zofooka pamakina othandizira monga i
machitidwe othandizira zisankho (DSS) ndi machitidwe azidziwitso
wamkulu (EIS).
Ngakhale lingaliro la nyumba yosungiramo deta zikuwoneka zolimbikitsa,
kukhazikitsa i nyumba yosungiramo deta itha kukhala yamavuto chifukwa
njira zazikulu zosungira. Ngakhale
zovuta za ntchito zosunga dati, ambiri ogulitsa
ndi alangizi omwe amasunga dati iwo amadzinenera izo
kusunga kwa dati zamakono sizimakhudza mavuto.
Komabe, koyambirira kwa kafukufukuyu, pafupifupi palibe
kafukufuku wodziyimira payokha, wokhwima komanso mwadongosolo adachitika. Za
Chifukwa chake, ndizovuta kunena zomwe zimachitikadi
mu mafakitale pomanga nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Kafukufukuyu adafufuza mchitidwe wosungirako wa dati
ena omwe akufuna kukhala ndi kumvetsetsa kopindulitsa
machitidwe aku Australia. Kufufuza kwa mabuku kunapereka
zochitika ndi maziko ophunzirira mwamphamvu.
Pali zotsatira zingapo kuchokera pakusaka uku. Choyamba
malo, kafukufukuyu adawulula zomwe zidachitika
panthawi yopanga nyumba yosungiramo deta. M'madera ambiri, i dati asonkhanitsidwa
adatsimikizira mchitidwe womwe udalembedwa m'mabuku. Chachiwiri
tsamba, zovuta ndi zovuta zomwe zingakhudze
Kukula kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta adadziwika kuchokera mu kafukufukuyu.
Pomaliza, zopindulitsa zomwe zimachokera ku mabungwe aku Australia ogwirizana nawo
kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta zaululidwa.
Chaputala 1
Nkhani zofufuza
Lingaliro la kusungidwa kwa deta lapeza kutchuka konse
Kuwonetseredwa ndipo wasintha ndikuyamba kuwonekera
90s (McFadden 1996, TDWI 1996, Shah ndi Milstein 1997,
Shanks ndi ena. 1997, Eckerson 1998, Adelman ndi Oates 2000). Ndiye
zitha kuwonedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zolemba patsikuli
kusungira zolemba zamalonda (Little ndi Gibson 1999).
Zolemba zambiri (onani, mwachitsanzo, Fisher 1995, Hackathon 1995,
Morris 1995a, Bramblett ndi King 1996, Graham et al. 1996,
Sakaguchi ndi Frolick 1996, Alvarez 1997, Brousell 1997, Clarke
1997, McCarthy 1997, O 'Donnell 1997, Edwards 1998, TDWI
1999) adanenanso za phindu lalikulu kwa mabungwe
zomwe zimakhazikitsa i nyumba yosungiramo deta. Iwo anachirikiza chiphunzitso chawo
ndi umboni wosatsutsika wa kukhazikitsa bwino, kubwerera kwakukulu
pa ziwerengero zachuma (ROI) komanso, kupereka chitsogozo
maumboni kapena njira zachitukuko cha nyumba yosungiramo deta
(Shanks et al. 1997, Seddon ndi Benjamin 1998, Little ndi Gibson
1999). Mwakuya kwambiri, Graham et al. (1996) ali nawo
lipoti la kubweza kwapakati pazaka zitatu zogulitsa za 401%.
Zambiri mwazomwe zilipo pano, komabe, zanyalanyaza
zovuta zogwira nawo ntchitozi. Ntchito za
nyumba yosungiramo deta nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta komanso zazikulu e
chifukwa chake amatanthauza mwayi waukulu wolephera ngati satero
kuyang'aniridwa mosamala (Shah ndi Milstein 1997, Eckerson 1997,
Foley 1997b, Zimmer 1997, Bort 1998, Gibbs ndi Clymer 1998, Rao
1998). Amafuna ndalama zambiri za anthu komanso
zachuma komanso, nthawi ndi kuyesetsa kuzimanga (Hill 1998, Crofts 1998). Pulogalamu ya
Nthawi yeniyeni komanso njira zofunikira zachuma zimayenderana
pafupifupi zaka ziwiri ndi madola mamiliyoni awiri kapena atatu (Braly 1995, Foley
1997b, Bort 1998, Humphries ndi al. 1999). Nthawi ndi njira izi
zachuma zimafunikira kuwongolera ndikuphatikiza mbali zambiri
mitundu yosungira zinthu zosiyanasiyana (Cafasso 1995, Hill 1998). Kumbali
zolingalira za hardware ndi mapulogalamu, ntchito zina, zomwe zimasiyanasiyana
kuchokera m'zigawo za dati ku njira zotsitsa za dati, kuchokera
kukumbukira kukumbukira kusamalira zosintha ndi meta dati
pophunzitsa ogwiritsa ntchito, ayenera kuganiziridwa.
Pomwe kafukufukuyu adayamba, panali zochepa kwambiri
kafukufuku wamaphunziro wochitidwa m'munda wosungiramo data,
makamaka ku Australia. Izi zidawonekera pakuchepa kwa nkhani
lofalitsidwa posungira zinthu ndi manyuzipepala kapena zolemba zina
ophunzira a nthawiyo. Zambiri mwa zolemba zamaphunziro
likupezeka anafotokoza zinachitikira US. Kuperewera kwa
Kafukufuku wamaphunziro mdera losungiramo zinthu zomwe zapangitsa kuti
Kufunafuna kafukufuku wovuta ndi maphunziro apamwamba (McFadden 1996,
Shanks ndi ena. 1997, Little ndi Gibson 1999). Makamaka, maphunziro
kafukufuku wa ndondomeko ya kukhazikitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta
zikuyenera kuchitidwa kuti zidziwitse ena
zambiri za kukhazikitsidwa kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta e
zikhala maziko a kafukufuku wamtsogolo (Shanks ed
zina. 1997, Little ndi Gibson 1999).
Cholinga cha phunziroli, chifukwa chake, ndikuphunzira zomwe kwenikweni
zimachitika mabungwe akasamalira ndikugwiritsa ntchito deta
nyumba yosungiramo katundu ku Australia. Makamaka, kafukufukuyu adzaphatikizira
kusanthula ndondomeko yonse ya chitukuko cha a nyumba yosungiramo deta,
kuyambira pakuyambitsa ndi kukonzekera kudzera pakupanga ndi
kukhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pambuyo pake m'mabungwe
Waku Australia. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufukuyu athandiziranso pamachitidwe omwe alipo
kuzindikira madera omwe kuchita kungapitirire
bwino ndi kusachita bwino ndi zoopsa zitha kuchepetsedwa kapena
kupewa. Kuphatikiza apo, chikhala maziko a maphunziro ena pa nyumba yosungiramo deta in
Australia ndipo adzadzaza kusiyana komwe kulipo pakali pano m'mabuku.
Mafunso ofufuza
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikuphunzira zochitika zomwe zikukhudzidwa
pokonza nyumba yosungiramo deta ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwawo mwa
Mabungwe aku Australia. Makamaka, zinthu zimaphunziridwa
Ponena za mapulani a polojekiti, chitukuko, al
ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi zoopsa zomwe zikufunsidwa. Chifukwa chake funsolo
za kafukufukuyu ndi:
“Kodi mchitidwe wapano wa nyumba yosungiramo deta ku Australia? "
Kuti muyankhe bwino vutoli, a
mafunso angapo ofufuzira. Makamaka, atatu
mafunso ang'onoang'ono adadziwika kuchokera m'mabuku, ndiye
zoperekedwa mu chaputala 2, kutsogolera ntchitoyi:
Ndili bwanji nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi mabungwe
Waku Australia? Ndi mavuto ati omwe amakumana nawo?
Kodi pali maubwino otani?
Poyankha mafunso awa, kujambula kunagwiritsidwa ntchito
kufufuza komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito kufunsa. Monga kafukufuku
kufufuza, mayankho a mafunso omwe ali pamwambapa siokwanira
(Shanks et al. 1993, Denscombe 1998). Pankhaniyi, ndi
triangulation imafunika kukonza mayankho ku izi
zopempha. Komabe, kufufuzako kudzapereka maziko olimba
ntchito yamtsogolo yowunika mafunso awa. Zambiri
zokambirana pazolungamitsa njira zofufuzira komanso kapangidwe kake
yafotokozedwa mu chaputala 3.
Kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu
Ntchito yofufuzayi idagawika magawo awiri: kafukufukuyu
lingaliro la kusungitsa deta ndi kafukufuku wamphamvu (onani
chithunzi 1.1), chilichonse chomwe chikufotokozedwa pansipa.
Gawo I: Kuphunzira moyenera
Gawo loyambirira la kafukufukuyu linali kupendanso
zolemba zapano pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yosungira zinthu kuphatikiza i
machitidwe othandizira zisankho (DSS), machitidwe azidziwitso
executive (EIS), the case studies of nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi malingaliro a tsiku
nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira za foum sui nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi milungu
magulu okumana a akatswiri ndi akatswiri otsogozedwa ndi gulu la
Kafukufuku wa Monash DSS, adathandizira gawo ili la kafukufukuyu
zomwe cholinga chake chinali kupeza zambiri pazochitikazo
nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndikuzindikira zoopsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chololedwa.
Munthawi imeneyi yophunzira, kumvetsetsa
malo ovuta akhazikitsidwa kuti apereke chidziwitso cha
maziko a kafukufuku wotsatira wotsatira. Komabe, izi
zinali zochitika nthawi zonse pochita kafukufuku wa
Kafukufuku.
Gawo II: Kafukufuku wa Epirical
Lingaliro latsopano posungira zinthu, makamaka
ku Australia, zidapangitsa kuti pakhale kafukufuku wofufuza
pezani chithunzi chachikulu chazomwe mukugwiritsa ntchito. Izi
gawo linachitika kamodzi komwe vuto linali
akhazikitsidwa kudzera pakuwunikanso mabuku. Lingaliro
ya kusungira zinthu zomwe zidapangidwa munthawi yophunzira ndi
idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholowera pamafunso oyambira a phunziroli.
Pambuyo pake, funsoli linawunikidwanso. Akatswiri masiku asanu ndi limodzi
nyumba yosungiramo katundu idachita nawo mayeso. Cholinga cha mayeso a
Mafunso oyambilira anali oti afufuze kuti zonse ndi zolondola
mafunso ena. Kutengera ndi mayeso, mafunso amafunsidwa
yasinthidwa ndipo mtundu wosinthidwa udatumizidwa ku
ophunzira nawo. Mafunso obwereranso panthawiyo anali
kusanthula kwa i dati m'matawuni, zithunzi ndi mawonekedwe ena. THE
kusanthula zotsatira za dati pangani chithunzithunzi cha
mchitidwe wosungira zinthu ku Australia.
DATA YOSUNGA CHINSINSI
Lingaliro la kusunga deta lasintha ndi kuwongolera
ukadaulo wamakompyuta.
Cholinga chake ndi kuthana ndi mavuto omwe magulu a
kuthandizidwa ndi mapulogalamu monga Decision Support System (DSS) e
Executive Information System (EIS).
M'mbuyomu chopinga chachikulu pantchitozi chakhala
Kulephera kwa mapulogalamuwa kupereka a data base
zofunikira pakuwunika.
Izi makamaka chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha ntchito ya
utsogoleri. Zokonda za oyang'anira kampani zimasiyana
nthawi zonse kutengera malo omwe amathandizidwa. Chifukwa chake i dati
chofunikira pakuchita izi kuyenera kutha
sinthani mwachangu kutengera gawo loyenera kulandira chithandizo.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti i dati ayenera kupezeka mwa mawonekedwe
zokwanira pakuwunika komwe kumafunikira. M'malo mwake, magulu othandizira a
ntchito anapeza zovuta zambiri m'mbuyomu kusonkhanitsa ndi
kuphatikiza dati kuchokera kuzinthu zovuta komanso zosiyanasiyana.
Gawo lonseli likuwonetsa mwachidule lingaliro la
kusungira deta ndikuwona momwe nyumba yosungiramo deta ndingadutse i
Nkhani Zothandizira Magulu Othandizira.
Mawu akuti "Nyumba yosungirako deta”Anatulutsidwa ndi William Inmon mu 1990.
Kutanthauzira kwake komwe kumatchulidwa nthawi zambiri kumawona Nyumba yosungirako deta kubwera
kusonkhanitsa dati okhazikika pamutu, ophatikizika, osasinthasintha, komanso osinthika
popita nthawi, kuthandizira zisankho.
Kugwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo ili Inmon akuwonetsa kuti i dati okhala
mu un nyumba yosungiramo deta ayenera kukhala ndi zotsatirazi 4
makhalidwe:
▪ Yogwirizana ndi mutuwo
▪ Ophatikizidwa
▪ Zosasintha
▪ Zosintha pakapita nthawi
Mwa Mutu Wokhazikika pa Nkhani kumatanthauza kuti i dati patsikuli
nyumba yosungiramo katundu m'malo akulu akulu omwe akhala
kutanthauziridwa mchitsanzo dati. Mwachitsanzo onse dati zokhudzana ndi makasitomala
zili mu gawo la phunziro makasitomala. Mofananamo onse
dati zokhudzana ndi malonda ali m'derali
Zamgululi.
Mwa Integrati Inmon zikutanthauza kuti i dati ochokera mosiyanasiyana
nsanja, machitidwe ndi malo amaphatikizidwa ndikusungidwa mkati
malo okha. Zotsatira zake dati ofanana ayenera kusinthidwa
mu mawonekedwe osasintha oti awonjezeke ndikuyerekeza
mosavuta.
Mwachitsanzo, amuna ndi akazi akuyimiridwa
ndi zilembo M ndi F m'dongosolo limodzi, ndipo 1 ndi 0 munjira ina. Chifukwa
aphatikize m'njira yoyenera, imodzi kapena zonse ziwiri ziyenera
asandulike kotero kuti mawonekedwe awiriwa akhale ofanana. Mu ichi
ngati titha kusintha M kukhala 1 ndi F kukhala 0 kapena mosemphanitsa. Yoyang'ana ku
mutu ndi kuphatikiza zikusonyeza kuti nyumba yosungiramo deta lapangidwira
perekani masomphenya ogwira ntchito komanso osunthika a dati pambali
a kampaniyo.
Zosasinthasintha zikutanthauza kuti i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta khalani
mogwirizana ndi kasinthidwe wa dati sikofunikira. M'malo mwake, aliyense
sinthani dati zoyambirira zimawonjezeredwa ku Nawonso achichepere ya tsikuli
nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti wolemba mbiri wa dati ili mu
nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Kwa Zosintha Pakapita Nthawi Inmon akuwonetsa kuti i dati Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta
nthawi zonse mumakhala zolembera nthawi ndipo i dati kapitidwe
amatha nthawi yayitali. Mwachitsanzo a
nyumba yosungiramo deta Mutha kukhala ndi zaka 5 zazikhalidwe zakale za makasitomala Dal
1993 mpaka 1997. Kupezeka kwa wolemba mbiri komanso nthawi
wa dati limakupatsani kupenda zochitika.
Un nyumba yosungiramo deta amatha kusonkhanitsa ake dati kuchokera kuma kachitidwe
OLTP; kuchokera koyambira dati akunja kwa bungwe ndi / kapena akatswiri ena
kujambula ma projekiti a dongosolo dati.
I dati zotulutsa zimatha kudutsa njira yoyeretsera, mkati
nkhaniyi i dati amasandulika ndikuphatikizidwa asanakhaleko
zasungidwa mu Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta. Kenako, i dati
wokhala mkati mwa Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta amapezeka
malowedwe ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto ndi zida zobwezeretsera. Kugwiritsa ntchito
zida izi wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto amatha kuwona mawonekedwe ophatikizidwa
a bungwe la dati.
I dati wokhala mkati mwa Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta kugona
amasungidwa zonse mwatsatanetsatane komanso mwachidule.
Mlingo wa chidule angadalire chikhalidwe cha dati. ine dati
mwatsatanetsatane atha kukhala dati zamakono ndi dati olemba mbiri
I dati zenizeni sizinaphatikizidwe mu nyumba yosungiramo deta mpaka i dati
Mu nyumba yosungiramo deta amatsitsimutsidwa.
Kuwonjezera kusunga i dati iwowo, a nyumba yosungiramo deta amathanso
sungani mtundu wina wa dato yotchedwa METADATA yomwe
fotokozani i dati kukhala kwake Nawonso achichepere.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya metadata: metadata yachitukuko ndi
kusanthula.
Development metadata imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira ndikusintha
njira zochotsera, kuyeretsa, kupanga mapu ndi kutsitsa kwa dati Mu
nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Zomwe zili mu metadata yachitukuko zitha kukhala nazo
tsatanetsatane wa machitidwe, tsatanetsatane wa zomwe ziyenera kutulutsidwa, fayilo ya
template dati ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi malamulo amakampani a
kutembenuka kwa dati.
Mtundu wachiwiri wa metadata, wotchedwa analytics metadata
imathandizira wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kudziwa zomwe zanenedwa
nyumba yosungiramo katundu kuti mupeze dati kupezeka ndi tanthauzo lake munjira
zomveka komanso zosagwiritsa ntchito luso.
Chifukwa chake metadata ya analytics imagwira ntchito ngati mlatho pakati pa deta
nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto. Metadata iyi ikhoza
muli mtundu wa bizinesi, mafotokozedwe a dati atolankhani
ku mtundu wa bizinesi, mafunso omwe afotokozedweratu ndi malipoti,
zambiri zamalowedwe ogwiritsa ntchito ndi index.
Kusanthula ndi chitukuko cha metadata chiyenera kuphatikizidwa kukhala chimodzi
metadata yophatikizika kuti igwire bwino ntchito.
Tsoka ilo, zida zambiri zomwe zilipo zili ndi zawo
metadata ndipo pakadali pano palibe miyezo yomwe ilipo
lolani zida zosungira zinthu kuti ziziphatikiza izi
metadata. Kuti athetse vutoli amalonda ambiri a
zida zazikulu zosungiramo deta zapanga Meta Data
Council yomwe pambuyo pake idakhala Meta Data Coalition.
Cholinga cha mgwirizanowu ndikupanga metadata
muyezo womwe umalola zida zosiyanasiyana zosungira zinthu za
sinthani metadata
Khama lawo linabweretsa kubadwa kwa Meta
Dongosolo Losinthira Data (MDIS) lomwe lingalole kusinthana
zidziwitso pakati pazakale zakale za Microsoft ndi mafayilo a MDIS ofanana.
Kukhalapo kwa dati zonse mwachidule / zolozera zambiri komanso mwatsatanetsatane amapereka
kwa wosuta kuthekera kochita DRILL DROWN
(kuboola) bwerani dati adalowetsedwa mwatsatanetsatane komanso mosemphanitsa.
Kukhalapo kwa dati mbiri mwatsatanetsatane imalola kupanga kwa
kusanthula kwamachitidwe pakapita nthawi. Kuphatikiza apo metadata yosanthula ikhoza
kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chikwatu cha Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta pa
thandizani ogwiritsa ntchito kupeza i dati zofunikira.
Poyerekeza ndimachitidwe a OLTP, ndikutha kwawo kuthandizira
kusanthula kwa dati ndikupanga lipoti, a nyumba yosungiramo deta zimawoneka ngati kachitidwe
zoyenera kwambiri pazidziwitso monga kuchita e
yankhani mafunso ndikupanga malipoti. Gawo lotsatira
idzawonetsa kusiyanasiyana kwamachitidwe awiriwa mwatsatanetsatane.
NYUMBA YOSANGALATSA ZOKHUDZANA NDI OLTP ZINTHU
Makina ambiri azidziwitso m'mabungwe
amayenera kuthandizira zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Izi
machitidwe omwe amadziwika kuti OLTP SYSTEMS, amatenga zochitika
kusinthidwa mosalekeza tsiku lililonse.
I dati mkati mwa machitidwewa nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa, kuwonjezeredwa kapena
zichotsedwa. Mwachitsanzo adilesi yamakasitomala imangosintha
amayenda kuchokera kumalo kupita kwina. Poterepa adilesi yatsopano
adzalembetsedwa posintha gawo la adilesi ya Nawonso achichepere.
Cholinga chachikulu cha machitidwewa ndikuchepetsa mtengo wa
zochitika ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimachepetsa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito.
Zitsanzo zamakina a OLTP zimaphatikizapo zochitika zazikulu monga kulemba
kuwerengera maoda, ma payroll, ma invoice, kupanga, ntchito za ai makasitomala.
Mosiyana ndi machitidwe a OLTP, omwe adapangidwira njira
kutengera zochitika ndi zochitika, i nyumba yosungiramo deta zinalengedwa
kuthandiza njira kutengera kusanthula kwa dati ndi U
njira zopangira zisankho.
Izi zimatheka pokhapokha kuphatikiza i dati kuchokera kumachitidwe osiyanasiyana
OLTP ndi akunja mu "chidebe" chimodzi cha dati, monga tafotokozera
mu gawo lapita.
Monash Data Njira Zosungira Zinthu
Njira yochitira nyumba yosungiramo deta Monash idapangidwa ndi
ofufuza ochokera ku Monash DSS Research Group, kutengera
zolemba za nyumba yosungiramo deta, pazomwe zachitika pothandizira
kukhazikitsidwa kwa magawo amachitidwe, pokambirana ndi ogulitsa a
mapulogalamu oti mugwiritse ntchito pa nyumba yosungiramo deta, pagulu la akatswiri
pogwiritsira ntchito nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Magawo ake ndi awa: Kuyamba, Kukonzekera, Kukula, Ntchito ndi
Kufotokozera. Chithunzicho chikufotokozera momwe zimakhalira o
kusinthika kwachitukuko cha a nyumba yosungiramo deta kugwiritsa ntchito
mivi iwiri yomwe imayikidwa pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana. Mu ichi
"iterative" ndi "chisinthiko" mawu amatanthauza kuti, aliyense
Gawo la njirayi, ntchito zakukhazikitsa ndizotheka
nthawi zonse muzifalitsa kubwerera m'mbuyomu. Izi ndizo
chifukwa cha mtundu wa ntchito ya nyumba yosungiramo deta momwe
zopempha zoonjezera kuchokera ku gawolo zimatenga nthawi iliyonse
wosuta wotsiriza. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi yakukula kwa a
ndondomeko ya nyumba yosungiramo deta, Imodzi imafunika ndi wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto
gawo latsopano kapena gawo, lomwe silinali la
dongosolo loyambirira, izi zikuyenera kuwonjezeredwa pamakina. Izi
zimayambitsa kusintha kwa ntchitoyi. Zotsatira zake ndikuti
mapangidwe ayenera kusintha zofunikira pazolemba zomwe zidapangidwa pakadali pano
panthawi yopanga. Nthawi zambiri, mkhalidwe wapano wa
projekiti iyenera kubwerera kumalo opangira kumene
pempho latsopano liyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndikulembedwa. Wosuta
final ayenera kuwona zolembedwazo ndikusinthidwa ndipo
zosintha zomwe zachitika mgawo lachitukuko. Kumapeto kwa
Ntchitoyi idayenera kupeza mayankho abwino kuchokera ku ntchitoyi
magulu onse, gulu chitukuko ndi wosuta gulu. THE
mayankho amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukonza ntchito zamtsogolo.
Kukonzekera maluso
Ma DW amakonda kukhala akulu kwambiri kukula ndikukula
mwachangu kwambiri (Best 1995, Rudin 1997a) kutsatira izi
kuchuluka kwa dati olemba mbiri omwe amasunga kuyambira nthawi ya moyo wawo. Apo
Kukula kumayambitsanso dati zowonjezera zofunika ndi
ogwiritsa kukulitsa mtengo wa dati zomwe ali nazo kale. Za
moyenera, zosowa za dati angathe
limbikitsidwa kwambiri (Eckerson 1997). Chifukwa chake
ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa, kukonza mapulani a
mphamvu, yomwe dongosolo lomwe limangidwe limatha kukula nawo
zosowa zomwe zikukula (Best 1995, LaPlante 1996, Lang 1997,
Eckerson 1997, Rudin 1997a, Foley 1997a).
Pokonzekera kuchepa, munthu ayenera kudziwa
Kukula kwakukula kwakunyumba yosungira, mitundu yamafunso
zikuyenera kuchitika, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kumathandizidwa (Best
1995; Rudin 1997b, Foley 1997a). Pangani mapulogalamu osavuta
Pamafunika kuphatikiza ma scalable and technical server technology
mawonekedwe owoneka bwino (Best 1995, Rudin 1997b.
Zonsezi ndizofunikira pakupanga pulogalamu
zowopsa kwambiri. Makina osasintha a seva amatha
zikhale zosavuta komanso zopindulitsa kuwonjezera zosungira, kukumbukira ndi
CPU yopanda ntchito zonyoza (Lang 1997, Telephony 1997).
Pali njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu zotengera ma seva: compute
symmetric angapo (SMP) ndikukonzanso kwakukulu
ofanana (MPP)) (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Seva imodzi
SMP nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ma processor angapo ogawana kukumbukira,
Mabasi ndi zina (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999).
Ma processor ena amatha kuwonjezeredwa kuti awonjezeke
ake mphamvu zowerengera. Njira ina yowonjezera
mphamvu kuwerengera kwa seva ya SMP, mumaphatikizapo zingapo
Makina a SMP. Njira imeneyi imadziwika kuti clustering (Humphries
et al. 1999). Komano seva ya MPP ili ndi ma processor angapo aliyense
ndimakumbukiro ake, mabasi ndi zinthu zina (IDC 1997,
Humphries ndi al. 1999). Purosesa aliyense amatchedwa mfundo. A
onjezerani mphamvu zowerengera zitha kupezeka
kuwonjezera ma node owonjezera kuma seva a MPP (Humphries et al.
1999).
Kufooka kwa maseva a SMP ndikuti zochuluka kwambiri zomwe zimatulutsidwa
(I / O) itha kusokoneza mabasi (IDC 1997). Izi
Vuto silimachitika m'maseva a MPP kuyambira lirilonse
purosesa ili ndi mabasi ake omwe. Komabe, kulumikizana
Pakati pa mfundo iliyonse amakhala ochedwa pang'onopang'ono kuposa mabasi
a ma SMP. Kuphatikiza apo, ma seva a MPP amatha kuwonjezera wosanjikiza
zovuta zina kwa omwe akupanga mapulogalamu (IDC
1997). Chifukwa chake, kusankha pakati pamaseva a SMP ndi MPP kumatha kusinthidwa
pazinthu zambiri, kuphatikiza zovuta zamafunso, ubale
mtengo / magwiridwe antchito, mphamvu yofunikira pokonzekera,
Mapulogalamu atetezedwa ndikuwonjezeka kukula kwa Nawonso achichepere
ya dw ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto.
Njira zingapo zojambulidwa zopangira
zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera luso. Chimodzi
imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zosiyanasiyana zidziwitso monga masiku, masabata, miyezi ndi zaka.
Kukhala ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana zidziwitso, Nawonso achichepere akhoza kugawidwa
zidutswa zamagulu (Inmon et al. 1997). Wina
Njira ndikugwiritsa ntchito matebulo achidule omwe amangidwa
mwachidule dati da dati mwatsatanetsatane. Chifukwa chake, i dati Zowonjezera ndizambiri
yaying'ono kuposa mwatsatanetsatane, yomwe imafunikira malo ochepera kukumbukira.
Chifukwa chake dati tsatanetsatane akhoza kusungidwa mgulu la
chosungira chosavuta, chomwe chimasunganso chosungira china.
Ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito matebulo achidule kungapulumutse malo a
kukumbukira, zimafunikira kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti ziwasinthe komanso momwe angathere
mogwirizana ndi zosowa zamalonda. Komabe, njirayi ndi
chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito molumikizana ndi maluso
m'mbuyomu (Best 1995, Inmon 1996a, Chauduri ndi Dayal
1997).
KUFOTOKOZERA Nyumba yosungirako deta Amisiri
Mapangidwe Tanthauzo la maluso
zomangamanga ndi dw
Omwe amalandila kusungitsa deta amakhala ndi pakati
kukhazikitsa kokhazikika kwa dw komwe onse dati, kuphatikizapo
i dati kunja, adalumikizidwa limodzi,
malo osungira thupi (Inmon 1996a, Bresnahan 1996, Peacock 1998).
Ubwino waukulu wa njirayi ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto
Ndimatha kupeza malingaliro pamlingo wazamalonda
(mawonedwe antchito onse) a dati bungwe (Ovum 1998). Wina
Ubwino ndikuti imapereka kukhazikika kwa dati Attraverso
bungwe, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali mtundu umodzi wokha kapena
Kumasulira kwa matchulidwe aliwonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chosungira cha dw
(reposity) metadata (Flanagan ndi Safdie 1997, Ovum 1998). Pulogalamu ya
Kuipa kwa njirayi, kumbali inayo, ndikuti ndiyokwera mtengo komanso kovuta
kumangidwa (Flanagan ndi Safdie 1997, Ovum 1998, Inmon et al.
1998). Pasanapite nthawi yaitali kuchokera kumangidwe osungirako dati
centralized anatchuka, lingaliro la m'zigawo kusanduka
zazing'onozing'ono za dati kuthandizira zosowa za
ntchito zina (Varney 1996, IDC 1997, Berson ndi Smith
1997, nkhanga 1998). Machitidwe ang'onoang'ono awa amachokera kuzambiri
chachikulu nyumba yosungiramo deta pakati. Amatchedwa tsiku
malo osungira maofesi kapena ma data odalira.
Zomangamanga za data mart zimadziwika kuti
zomangamanga zitatu zomwe mzere woyamba uli ndi deti
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zapakati, yachiwiri imakhala ndi nkhokwe za dati
departmental ndipo lachitatu limakhala ndi mwayi wopeza dati ndi zida za
kusanthula (Demarest 1994, Inmon et al. 1997).
Ma marts amtundu nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pambuyo pa nyumba yosungiramo deta
centralized inamangidwa kukwaniritsa zosowa za
Zofotokozera zamagulu (White 1995, Varney 1996).
Malo ogulitsa ma data i dati zofunikira kwambiri zokhudzana ndi tsatanetsatane
mayunitsi (Inmon et al. 1997, Inmon et al. 1998, IA 1998).
Ubwino wa njirayi ndikuti sipadzakhala dato sanali
Integrated ndi kuti i dati iwo sadzakhala ochulukira mkati mwa deta
marts kuyambira onse dati amachokera ku gawo la dati kuphatikiza.
Ubwino wina ndikuti padzakhala maulalo ochepa pakati pa chilichonse
data mart ndi magwero okhudzana a dati chifukwa deta iliyonse mart ili nayo
gwero la dati. Kuphatikiza ndi zomangamanga m'malo, ogwiritsa
mathero amatha kupitilirabe mwachidule dati
bungwe labizinesi. Njirayi imadziwika kuti
njira yotsika-pansi, momwe ma marts amapangidwira pambuyo pa tsikulo
nyumba yosungiramo katundu (peacock 1998, Goff 1998).
Kuchulukitsa kufunika kowonetsa zotsatira koyambirira, ena
mabungwe ayamba kupanga mayendedwe odziyimira pawokha
(Flanagan ndi Safdie 1997, White 2000). Poterepa, zidziwitso zimayenda
amatenga zawo dati molunjika kuchokera pazoyambira za dati OLTP osati kuyambira pamenepo
kusungidwa kwapakati komanso kophatikizika, pothetsa kufunikira kwa
khalani ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu yapakati.
Deta iliyonse ya deta imafuna kulumikizana kumodzi komwe imachokera
di dati. Kuipa kokhala ndi maulalo angapo tsiku lililonse
mart ndikuti, poyerekeza ndi zomangamanga ziwiri zam'mbuyomu,
kuchuluka kwa dati imakula kwambiri.
Deta iliyonse ya deta iyenera kusunga zonse dati kwanuko kofunikira ku
alibe mphamvu pamakina a OLTP. Izi zimayambitsa dati
amasungidwa mosiyanasiyana ma marts (Inmon et al. 1997).
Choipa china pazomangidwe izi ndikuti zimabweretsa
kukhazikitsidwa kwa zolumikizana zovuta pakati pa ma marts azidziwitso ndi awo
magwero a dati zomwe ndizovuta kuchita ndikuwongolera (Inmon ed
zina. 1997).
Chovuta china ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto sangathe mphamvu
pezani kuwunikira kwa chidziwitso cha kampani kuyambira i dati
pazosiyanasiyana zama data siziphatikizidwa (Ovum 1998).
Komabe choyipa china ndikuti pakhoza kukhala zopitilira chimodzi
tanthauzo la matchulidwe aliwonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazosanja zomwe amapanga
Kusagwirizana kwa dati mu bungwe (Ovum 1998).
Ngakhale zovuta zomwe takambirana pamwambapa, zodziyimira pawokha zimayenda
amakopabe chidwi cha mabungwe ambiri (IDC 1997).
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala osiririka ndikuti amakula msanga
ndipo zimafunikira nthawi yocheperako ndi zinthu zina (Bresnahan 1996, Berson e
(Adasankhidwa) Smith 1997, Ovum 1998). Zotsatira zake, amatumikira
monga ma projekiti omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikira
maubwino ndi / kapena zolakwika mwachangu pantchitoyo (Parsaye
1995, Braly 1995, Newing 1996). Poterepa, kuchokera ku gawo
Kukhazikitsa mu projekiti yoyesera kuyenera kukhala kocheperako koma kofunikira
bungwe (Newing 1996, Mansell-Lewis 1996).
Pofufuza zomwe zinachitika, ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto ndi oyang'anira angathe
sankhani zopitiliza kapena kuimitsa ntchitoyi (Flanagan ndi Safdie
1997).
Ngati lingaliro lipitilira, zidziwitso zimayendera madera ena
zizimangidwa chimodzi ndi chimodzi. Pali njira ziwiri za
ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kutengera zosowa zawo pakupanga deta
matrs odziyimira pawokha: ophatikizidwa / ophatikizidwa komanso osagawanika (Ovum
1998)
Mu njira yoyamba, deta yatsopano iliyonse iyenera kumangidwa
kutengera ma marts apano ndi mtundu dati ntchito
kuchokera ku kampaniyo (Varney 1996, Berson and Smith 1997, Peacock 1998).
Kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito mtunduwo dati za kampani zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira
onetsetsani kuti pali tanthauzo limodzi lokha la mawu aliwonse
amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu azidziwitso, izi zikuwonetsetsanso kuti tsikulo
ma marts osiyanasiyana atha kuphatikizidwa kuti apereke chithunzi cha
zambiri zamakampani (Bresnahan 1996). Njira iyi ndi
omwe amatchedwa kuti pansi-up ndipo ndi abwino kwambiri pakakhala choletsa
njira zachuma komanso nthawi (Flanagan ndi Safdie 1997, Ovum 1998,
peacock 1998, Goff 1998). Mu njira yachiwiri, ma data amayenda
yomangidwa imatha kukwaniritsa zosowa za gawo linalake.
Chosiyana cha federal data mart ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta kugawidwa
momwe Nawonso achichepere server hub middleware imagwiritsidwa ntchito kujowina ambiri
ma data amayenda mu gawo limodzi la dati kugawidwa (White 1995). Mu
nkhaniyi, i dati makampani amagawidwa ma marts angapo.
Zopempha zomaliza zimatumizidwa ku Nawonso achichepere
server hub middleware, yomwe imatulutsa zonse dati chofunika ndi deta
marts ndikubwezeretsanso zotsatira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto. Izi
Njira imapereka zidziwitso zamabizinesi kutha kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Komabe,
mavuto a ma marts sanatheretu
kudziyimira pawokha. Palinso zomangamanga zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito zomwe zili
adayitanitsa nyumba yosungiramo deta pafupifupi (White 1995). Komabe, iyi
zomangamanga, zomwe zafotokozedwa mu chithunzi 2.9, si zomangamanga
chosungira cha dati zenizeni popeza sizimasuntha katunduyo
kuchokera kachitidwe ka OLTP mpaka nyumba yosungiramo deta (Demarest 1994).
M'malo mwake, zopempha za dati ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto adutsa fayilo ya
Machitidwe a OLTP omwe amabwezeretsa zotsatira atakonza
zopempha zogwiritsa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti zomangamanga zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito
kuti apange malipoti ndikupanga zopempha, sangapereke i
dati mbiri yakale ndi mbiri yamakampani kuyambira i dati
kuchokera kuma kachitidwe osiyanasiyana a OLTP sanaphatikizidwe. Chifukwa chake, iyi
zomangamanga sizingakwaniritse kusanthula kwa dati zovuta zomwe zimatsatsa
chitsanzo cha nyengo.
Kusankhidwa kwa ntchito yofikira ndi
kuchira kwa dati
Cholinga chomanga nyumba yosungiramo deta ndikuwonetsa
zambiri zothetsa ogwiritsa ntchito (Inmon et al 1997, Poe 1996,
McFadden 1996, Shanks Et al 1997, Hammergren 1998); chimodzi kapena
kulumikiza angapo ndi ntchito kuchira dati ziyenera kuperekedwa. Kuti
lero, pali mitundu yambiri ya mapulogalamuwa omwe wogwiritsa ntchito angathe
sankhani (Hammergren 1998, Humphries et al 1999). Pulogalamu ya
mapulogalamu osankhidwa amatsimikizira kupambana kwa khama
chosungira cha dati mu bungwe chifukwa
mapulogalamu ndi gawo lowonekera kwambiri la nyumba yosungiramo deta kwa wogwiritsa ntchito
chomaliza (Inmon et al 1997, Poe 1996). Tsiku labwino
nyumba yosungiramo katundu, iyenera kuthandizira kuwunika kwa dati
wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto (Poe 1996, Seddon ndi Benjamin 1998, Eckerson
1999). Chifukwa chake "mulingo" wazomwe wogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto akufuna kukhala
amadziwika (Poe 1996, Mattison 1996, Inmon et al 1997,
Humphries et al 1999).
Mwambiri, ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto akhoza kukhala m'magulu atatu
magulu: ogwiritsa ntchito, owunika bizinesi ndi ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu (Poe
1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Ogwiritsa ntchito Executive amafunika
Kufikira mosavuta malipoti omwe adatchulidwa kale (Humphries ed
ena 1999). Ubalewu ukhoza kupezeka mosavuta ndi
kusanja kwamenyu (Poe 1996). Komanso, malipoti akuyenera
kufotokoza zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi
monga matebulo ndi ma tempulo kuti mupereke mwachangu
zambiri (Humphries et al 1999). Ofufuza zamabizinesi, omwe satero
atha kukhala ndi kuthekera kwakumanga maubwenzi
zero mwa iwo okha, akuyenera kuti athe kusintha magawano apano a
akwaniritse zosowa zawo (Poe 1996, Humphries et al
1999). Ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, Komano, ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kumapeto omwe
Amatha kupanga ndikulemba zopempha ndi malipoti kuchokera
zero (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Ndi omwe
pangani malipoti amitundu ina ya ogwiritsa (Poe 1996, Humphries
Et al 1999).
Zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto atsimikiziridwa ziyenera kuchitika
mwayi wopezeka ndikubweza dati pakati pa onse
zomwe zilipo (Poe 1996, Inmon et al 1997).
Kufikira dati ndi zopezera zida akhoza kukhala
amagawidwa m'magulu anayi: chida cha OLAP, chida cha EIS / DSS, chida chofunsira ndi
chida chofotokozera ndi kusanja deta.
Zida za OLAP zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga mafunso ena komanso
awo opangidwa Nawonso achichepere ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta. Kuphatikiza izi
lolani ogwiritsa ntchito kubowoleza kuchokera dati general kwa iwo
mwatsatanetsatane.
Zida za EIS / DSS zimapereka malipoti oyang'anira ngati kusanthula "bwanji ngati"
ndi mwayi wopeza malipoti omwe akonzedwa m'mamenyu. Malipoti ayenera kukhala
kutanthauziratu ndikuphatikizidwa ndi mindandanda yazosavuta kuti muziyenda mosavuta.
Zida zofunsira ndi malipoti zimalola ogwiritsa ntchito kupanga malipoti
zodzozedweratu komanso zenizeni.
Zida zopangira deta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira maubale omwe
zitha kuwunikiranso zatsopano pazakuiwalika kwa dati ndi
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale.
Pamodzi ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa zofunikira za mtundu uliwonse wa wogwiritsa ntchito, i
zida zosankhidwa ziyenera kukhala zowoneka bwino, zogwira mtima komanso zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Ayeneranso kukhala ogwirizana ndi magawo ena amangidwe e
yokhoza kugwira ntchito ndi machitidwe omwe alipo. Amanenanso kuti
sankhani zida zopezera deta ndi kupeza mitengo ndi magwiridwe antchito
wololera. Zina zomwe mungaganizire zikuphatikizapo kudzipereka kwa
wogulitsa chida pothandizira mankhwala awo ndi zomwe zimapanga
zomwezo zidzakhalanso mukutulutsidwa mtsogolo. Kuonetsetsa kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito ogwiritsa ntchito
pogwiritsa ntchito malo osungira zinthu, gulu lachitukuko limaphatikizapo
ogwiritsa ntchito posankha zida. Pamenepa
kuwunika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kuyenera kuchitidwa.
Kukweza phindu lazosungira zomwe gulu lachitukuko lingathe
imaperekanso mwayi wapaintaneti m'malo awo osungira zinthu. A
datawarehouse yolumikizidwa ndi intaneti imalola ogwiritsa ntchito kufikira dati
kuchokera kumadera akutali kapena poyenda. Komanso zambiri zitha kutero
kuperekedwa pamtengo wotsika pochepetsa ndalama
maphunziro.
2.4.3 Nyumba yosungirako deta Ntchito Gawo
Gawoli liri ndi zochitika zitatu: tanthauzo la njira zamasiku
kulimbikitsanso, kuwongolera zochitika zosungira zinthu ndikuwongolera
chitetezo chosungira zinthu.
Tanthauzo la njira zotsitsimutsa
Pambuyo poyika koyamba, i dati Mu Nawonso achichepere ya nyumba yosungira zinthu
amayenera kutsitsimutsidwa nthawi ndi nthawi kuti abereke
zosintha zopangidwa pa dati zoyambirira. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kusankha
nthawi yotsitsimutsa, kodi kangati
Tsitsimutsani dati. Zimapangidwa kuti zitheke
kutsitsimula kwa dati pomwe dongosololi lingatengeredwe kunja. Apo
mlingo wotsitsimula umatsimikiziridwa ndi gulu lodalira chitukuko
pazogwiritsa ntchito. Pali njira ziwiri zotsitsimutsira
datawarehouse: kutsitsimula kwathunthu komanso kutsitsa mosalekeza kwa
kusintha.
Njira yoyamba, kutsitsimutsa kwathunthu, imafuna kutsitsanso fayilo ya
onse dati kuyambira pachiyambi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti onse dati chofunika ayenera
kutulutsidwa, kutsukidwa, kusinthidwa ndikuphatikizidwa pakutsitsimula kulikonse Izi
Njira ziyenera kupewedwa momwe zingathere chifukwa
zimatenga nthawi ndi zinthu zambiri.
Njira ina ndikutsatirabe
kusintha. Izi zikuwonjezera i dati zomwe zasinthidwa
kuchokera kumapeto kotsitsimula komaliza kwa nyumba yosungira zinthu. Kuzindikiritsa
zolemba zatsopano kapena zosinthidwa zimachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa
dati zomwe ziyenera kufalikira kumalo osungira deta iliyonse
zosintha popeza izi zokha dati zidzawonjezedwa ku Nawonso achichepere
ya nyumba yosungira zinthu.
Pali njira zosachepera 5 zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutapa
i dati chatsopano kapena chosinthidwa. Kuti mupeze njira yabwino ya
kutsitsimula kwa dati Kusakaniza kwa njirazi kungakhale kothandiza
pezani zosintha zonse m'dongosolo.
Njira yoyamba, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito timestampamp, imaganiza kuti ikubwera
kupatsidwa kwa onse dati adasintha ndikusintha timestamp kotero
kuti athe kuzindikira zonse mosavuta dati kusinthidwa ndi zatsopano.
Njirayi, komabe, sinagwiritsidwe ntchito ambiri
gawo la machitidwe amakono.
Njira yachiwiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito fayilo ya delta yopangidwa ndi
ntchito yomwe ili ndizosintha zokha zomwe zidapangidwa ku dati.
Kugwiritsa ntchito fayiloyi kumathandizanso kuti pulogalamuyi isinthike.
Komabe, ngakhale njirayi sinagwiritsidwepo ntchito ambiri
ntchito.
Njira yachitatu ndikusanthula fayilo ya log, yomwe
imangokhala ndi zofananira ndi fayilo ya delta. Mmodzi yekha
kusiyana ndikuti fayilo ya chipika idapangidwira njira yochotsera komanso
zingakhale zovuta kuzimvetsa.
Njira yachinayi ndikusintha nambala yothandizira.
Komabe nambala yambiri yofunsira ntchito ndi yakale ndipo
chofooka; chifukwa chake njirayi iyenera kupewedwa.
Njira yomaliza ndikufanizira dati magwero ndi fayilo
chachikulu cha dati.
Kuwongolera zochitika zosungira zinthu
Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu ikangotulutsidwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndiye
zofunikira kuziwunika pakapita nthawi. Poterepa, woyang'anira
yosungira zinthu zitha kugwiritsa ntchito chida chimodzi kapena zingapo zowongolera e
kuwongolera kuwunika momwe nyumba yosungira zinthu imagwiritsidwira ntchito. Makamaka
zambiri za anthu ndi nthawi zitha kusonkhanitsidwa
zomwe amapeza posungira zinthu. Inu dati mbewu zingapangidwe
mbiri ya ntchito yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati cholowetsera
pakukhazikitsa ndalama zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito akubweza. Chargeback
imalola ogwiritsa ntchito kudziwitsidwa za mtengo wogwiritsira ntchito
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuwongolera zosungira zinthu zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito
kuzindikira mitundu ya mafunso, kukula kwake, chiwerengero cha mafunso pa
tsiku, nthawi zoyankha, magawo adakwaniritsidwa komanso kuchuluka kwake
di dati kukonzedwa. Cholinga china chochitira kafukufuku wa
datawarehouse ndikuzindikira dati zomwe sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi dati
atha kuchotsedwa m'malo osungira zinthu kuti akwaniritse nthawi
kuyankha kwamafunso ndikuwongolera kukula kwa
dati amene amakhala mkati mwa data base ya nyumba yosungira zinthu.
Kuwongolera chitetezo cha malo osungiramo data
Malo osungiramo data ali dati kuphatikiza, kutsutsa, tcheru zimenezo
angapezeke mosavuta. Pachifukwa ichi kuyenera
kutetezedwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito osaloledwa. Njira imodzi
kukhazikitsa chitetezo ndikugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya dbms
kupereka mwayi wosiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ogwiritsa ntchito. Mu izi
njira, mbiri iyenera kusungidwa kwa mtundu uliwonse wa wogwiritsa ntchito
mwayi. Njira ina yotetezera malo osungiramo data ndikuyibisa
monga kwalembedwamo data base za datawarehouse. Kufikira ku
dati ndi zida zobweza ziyenera decrypt the dati ndisanapereke i
zotsatira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.
2.4.4 Nyumba yosungirako deta Gawo Lotumiza
Ndi gawo lomaliza la kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka nkhokwe ya data. The
ntchito zomwe zichitike panthawiyi zikuphatikiza maphunziro a
ogwiritsa ntchito kusungirako deta ndikuwunikanso
ya nyumba yosungira zinthu.
Maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito
Maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kuchitidwa kaye
kupeza dati warehouse data ndi kugwiritsa ntchito
kubweza. Kawirikawiri, magawo ayenera kuyamba ndi
chiyambi cha lingaliro la kusunga kwa datikwa
zomwe zili m'nkhokwe ya data, mpaka meta dati ndi zoyambira zake
za zida. Kenako, ogwiritsa ntchito apamwamba kwambiri amathanso kuphunzira
matebulo akuthupi ndi mawonekedwe a ogwiritsa ntchito deta ndi zida za
kubweza.
Pali njira zambiri zophunzitsira ogwiritsa ntchito. Mmodzi mwa
izi zimapereka kusankha kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri kapena akatswiri osankhidwa ndi a
gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito, kudalira utsogoleri ndi luso lawo
kulankhulana. Awa amaphunzitsidwa mwayekha pa
zonse zomwe akuyenera kudziwa kuti adziwe
dongosolo. Atamaliza maphunzirowa, amabwerera ku ntchito yawo e
amayamba kuphunzitsa ena ogwiritsa ntchito momwe angagwiritsire ntchito dongosolo. Pa
kutengera zomwe aphunzira, ogwiritsa ntchito ena akhoza kuyamba
fufuzani malo osungiramo zinthu zakale.
Njira ina ndikuphunzitsa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri chimodzimodzi
nthawi, ngati mukuphunzira m'kalasi. Njira iyi
ndizoyenera pamene pali ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri omwe amafunika kuphunzitsidwa
nthawi yomweyo. Njira inanso ndiyo kuphunzitsa
wogwiritsa aliyense payekhapayekha, m'modzi ndi m'modzi. Njira iyi ndi
zoyenera pamene pali ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa.
Cholinga cha maphunziro a ogwiritsa ntchito ndikudzidziwitsa okha
ndi mwayi dati ndi zida zopezera komanso zomwe zili mu
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Komabe, ogwiritsa ntchito ena akhoza kuthedwa nzeru
kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chomwe chaperekedwa panthawi ya gawoli
maphunziro. Choncho ambiri ayenera kuchitidwa
sinthani magawo chithandizo chopitilira ndikuyankha
ku mafunso enieni. Nthawi zina gulu la
ogwiritsa ntchito kuti apereke chithandizo chamtunduwu.
Kusonkhanitsa mayankho
Malo osungiramo data akatulutsidwa, ogwiritsa ntchito angathe
gwiritsa i dati kukhala m'malo osungiramo zidziwitso pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
Makamaka, akatswiri kapena ogwiritsa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito dati Mu
nkhokwe ya data:
1 Dziwani zomwe kampani ikuchita
2 Unikani mbiri yogula ya makasitomala
3 Gawani i makasitomala Mkonzi i
4 Perekani ntchito zabwino kwambiri kwa makasitomala - Sinthani mautumiki
5 Pangani njira malonda
6 Pangani ziwerengero zopikisana pakusanthula mtengo ndi chithandizo
ulamuliro
7 Kuthandizira kupanga zisankho mwanzeru
8 Dziwani mipata yotulukira
9 Konzani njira zamabizinesi apano
10 Onani phindu
Potsatira malangizo a chitukuko cha malo osungiramo deta, adatha
sinthani machitidwe angapo kuti mupeze mayankho
kuchokera ku gulu lachitukuko komanso anthu ammudzi
ogwiritsa ntchito.
Zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa zitha kuganiziridwa pa
mkombero wotsatira wachitukuko.
Popeza malo osungiramo data ali ndi njira yowonjezereka,
m'pofunika kuphunzira bwino ndi zolakwa zakale
zomwe zikuchitika.
2.5 Chidule
M'nkhani ino, pali njira zingapo
mabuku. Gawo 1 lidakambirana za lingaliro la
datawarehouse ndi gawo lake mu sayansi yamasankho. Mu
gawo 2 anafotokoza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati
zosungiramo data ndi machitidwe a OLTP. Gawo 3 lidakambirana za
Njira yosungiramo data ya Monash yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito
mu gawo 4 kufotokoza ntchito zomwe zikukhudzidwa
chitukuko cha malo osungiramo deta, mfundozi sizinakhazikitsidwe
kufufuza mozama. Zomwe zimachitika zenizeni zimatha kukhala
zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe mabuku amanena, komabe izi
Zotsatira zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga katundu wofunikira
tsindikani mfundo yosungiramo deta ya kafukufukuyu.
Chaputala 3
Kafukufuku ndi njira zopangira
Mutuwu ukukamba za kafukufuku ndi njira zopangira
phunziro ili. Gawo loyamba likuwonetsa njira zofananira
ziliponso kuti mudziwe zambiri
Zoyenera kusankha njira yabwino kwa imodzi zikukambidwa
makamaka kuphunzira. Njira ziwiri zikukambidwa mu gawo 2
osankhidwa ndi mfundo zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa; mwa awa adzasankhidwa ndi
adatengera zifukwa zomwe zili mu gawo 3 pomwe zili
zifukwa zochotsera muyeso wina zidaperekedwanso. Apo
Gawo 4 likuwonetsa ntchito yofufuza ndi gawo 5 le
mfundo.
3.1 Kafukufuku m'machitidwe azidziwitso
Kufufuza mu machitidwe azidziwitso sikungokhala chabe
ku gawo laukadaulo koma liyeneranso kuwonjezeredwa kuti liphatikizepo
zolinga zokhudzana ndi khalidwe ndi dongosolo.
Tili ndi ngongole iyi ku malingaliro a maphunziro osiyanasiyana kuyambira
chikhalidwe kwa sayansi zachilengedwe; izi zimabweretsa kufunika kwa a
mitundu ina ya njira zofufuzira zokhudzana ndi njira zochulukira
ndi qualitative kugwiritsidwa ntchito kachitidwe chidziwitso.
Njira zonse zofufuzira zomwe zilipo ndizofunika, makamaka zosiyanasiyana
ofufuza monga Jenkins (1985), Nunamaker et al. (1991), ndi Galliers
(1992) amatsutsa kuti palibe njira yeniyeni yeniyeni
kuchita kafukufuku m'magawo osiyanasiyana a chidziwitso; Poyeneradi
njira ingakhale yoyenera kufufuza kwina koma ayi
kwa ena. Izi zikutifikitsa pakufunika kusankha njira yomwe
ndiyoyenera pulojekiti yathu yofufuza: pa izi
kusankha Benbasat et al. (1987) akunena kuti ziyenera kuganiziridwa
chikhalidwe ndi cholinga cha kafukufuku.
3.1.1 Mtundu wa kafukufuku
Njira zosiyanasiyana zochokera ku chikhalidwe cha kafukufuku angakhale
amagawidwa m'mitundu itatu yodziwika bwino mu sayansi
chidziwitso: positivist, kutanthauzira komanso kufufuza mozama.
3.1.1.1 Kafukufuku wa Positivist
Kafukufuku wa Positivist amadziwikanso kuti maphunziro asayansi kapena
zamphamvu. Imayesa kuti: “kufotokoza ndi kulosera zomwe zidzachitike mu
dziko lachiyanjano lomwe limayang'ana pafupipafupi komanso maubwenzi oyambitsa
pakati pa zigawo zake ”(Shanks et al 1993).
Kafukufuku wa Positivist amadziwikanso ndi kubwerezabwereza,
zosavuta ndi zotsutsa. Komanso positivist kafukufuku amavomereza
kukhalapo kwa ubale wapatsogolo pakati pa zochitika zomwe zaphunziridwa.
Malinga ndi Galliers (1992), taxonomy ndi njira yofufuzira
kuphatikizidwa mu paradigm ya positivist, yomwe siimalekera ku izi,
m'malo mwake pali zoyeserera zasayansi, zoyeserera zakumunda,
maphunziro a zochitika, maumboni a theorem, zolosera ndi zoyerekeza.
Pogwiritsa ntchito njirazi ofufuzawo amavomereza kuti zochitikazo
kuphunziridwa kutha kuwonedwa mosamalitsa komanso mosamalitsa.
3.1.1.2 Kafukufuku wotanthauzira
Kafukufuku wotanthauzira, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa phenomenology kapena
anti-positivism imafotokozedwa ndi Neuman (1994) monga "analysis
mwadongosolo tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha zochita kudzera mwachindunji e
kuwunika mwatsatanetsatane kwa anthu muzochitika zachilengedwe kuti
kufika pakumvetsetsa ndi kutanthauzira momwe
anthu amapanga ndikusunga dziko lawo lachiyanjano ”. Maphunziro
otanthauzira amakana lingaliro la zochitika zomwe zawonedwa
zitha kuwonedwa mwachidwi. Ndithudi iwo ali okhazikika
pa matanthauzo aumwini. Komanso, ofufuza omasulira satero
amaika matanthauzo ofunika kwambiri pa zochitika zomwe amaphunzira.
Njirayi imaphatikizapo maphunziro okhazikika / otsutsana, zochita za
kafukufuku, maphunziro ofotokozera / otanthauzira, kafukufuku wamtsogolo ndi masewera a
udindo. Kuwonjezera kafukufuku ndi nkhani maphunziro akhoza kukhala
zikuphatikizidwa munjira iyi momwe zimakhudzira maphunziro a
anthu kapena mabungwe mkati mwazovuta
za dziko lenileni.
3.1.1.3 Kafukufuku wovuta
Kafukufuku wovuta ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri mu sayansi
chikhalidwe koma posachedwapa walandira chidwi cha ofufuza
m'munda wa machitidwe azidziwitso. Lingaliro la filosofi kuti
chikhalidwe cha anthu chimapangidwa ndi kupangidwanso ndi anthu,
komanso machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zochita zawo ndi machitidwe awo. Zawo
luso, komabe, limayanjanitsidwa ndi kuganiziridwa zingapo
chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi ndale.
Komanso kafukufuku wotanthauzira, kafukufuku wovuta amatsutsa kuti
kafukufuku wa positivist alibe chochita ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo amanyalanyaza
chisonkhezero chake pa zochita za anthu.
Kafukufuku wovuta, kumbali ina, amatsutsa kafukufuku wotanthauzira
kukhala omvera kwambiri komanso chifukwa sikufuna kuthandiza
anthu kusintha miyoyo yawo. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa
kufufuza mozama ndi njira zina ziwirizo ndi gawo lake lowunika.
Pomwe cholinga cha positivist ndi miyambo yotanthauzira ndi ya
kulosera kapena kufotokoza momwe zinthu zilili kapena zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kafukufuku wovuta
cholinga chake ndikuwunika mozama ndikusintha zenizeni zomwe zili m'munsimu
situdiyo.
Ofufuza ovuta nthawi zambiri amatsutsa momwe zinthu zilili kuti
chotsani kusiyana pakati pa anthu ndikuwongolera mikhalidwe ya anthu. Apo
kafukufuku wovuta ali ndi kudzipereka ku kawonedwe kachitidwe ka
zochitika za chidwi, choncho, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotalika.
Zitsanzo za njira zofufuzira ndi maphunziro a mbiri yakale komanso
maphunziro a ethnographic. Kafukufuku wovuta, komabe, sizinali choncho
amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu kafukufuku wa machitidwe azidziwitso
3.1.2 Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu
Pamodzi ndi chikhalidwe cha kafukufuku, cholinga chake chingagwiritsidwe ntchito
kutsogolera wofufuzayo posankha njira inayake
Kafukufuku. Cholinga cha polojekiti yofufuza ndizogwirizana kwambiri
malo osaka molingana ndi kusaka komwe kumakhala
magawo atatu: yomanga chiphunzitso, mayeso a chiphunzitso ndi kuyengedwa kwa
chiphunzitso. Chifukwa chake, kutengera nthawi yokhudzana ndi kafukufukuyu, a
pulojekiti yofufuza ikhoza kukhala ndi cholinga chofotokozera, chofotokozera
kufufuza kapena kulosera.
3.1.2.1 Kafukufuku wofufuza
Kafukufuku wofufuza cholinga chake ndi kufufuza mutu
zatsopano kwathunthu ndikupanga mafunso ndi malingaliro oti mufufuze
m'tsogolo. Kafukufuku wamtunduwu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga
chiphunzitso kuti apeze maumboni oyambilira kudera latsopano.
Kawirikawiri njira zofufuzira zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga milandu
maphunziro kapena phenomenonological maphunziro.
Komabe, ndizothekanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochulukira monga
zofufuza kapena zoyeserera.
3.1.3.3 Kafukufuku wofotokozera
Kafukufuku wofotokozera cholinga chake ndi kusanthula ndi kufotokozera mwachikulu
fotokozani zochitika zina za bungwe. Izi
ndizoyenera kumanga malingaliro ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito
kutsimikizira kapena kutsutsa zongopeka. Kafukufuku wofotokozera nthawi zambiri
kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito miyeso ndi zitsanzo. Njira zofufuzira zoyenera kwambiri
amaphatikizapo kufufuza ndi kusanthula mbiri.
3.1.2.3 Kafukufuku wofotokozera
Kafukufuku wofotokozera amayesa kufotokoza chifukwa chake zinthu zimachitika.
Imamangidwa pa mfundo zomwe zaphunziridwa kale ndipo zimayesa kupeza
zifukwa za mfundo izi.
Choncho kafukufuku wofotokozera nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pa kafukufuku
ofufuza kapena ofotokozera ndipo ndi chothandizira pofuna kuyesa ndi kuyeretsa
ziphunzitso. Kafukufuku wofotokozera nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maphunziro a zochitika
o Njira zofufuzira pofufuza.
3.1.2.4 Kafukufuku woteteza
Kafukufuku wodzitetezera akufuna kulosera zochitika ndi machitidwe
powona kuti akuphunziridwa (Marshall ndi Rossman
1995). Kuneneratu ndiko kuyesa kwasayansi kowona.
Kafukufuku wamtunduwu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kufufuza kapena kusanthula
dati olemba mbiri. (Yemwe 1989)
Zokambirana pamwambapa zikuwonetsa kuti pali angapo
njira zofufuzira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza
makamaka. Komabe, payenera kukhala njira yeniyeni yomwe ili yoyenera kwambiri
zina za mtundu wina wa kafukufuku. (Galiers
1987, Yin 1989, De Vaus 1991). Choncho, wofufuza aliyense ali nazo
ayenera kuwunika bwino mphamvu ndi zofooka za
njira zosiyanasiyana, kuti atengere njira yoyenera yofufuzira e
yogwirizana ndi ntchito yofufuza. (Jenkins 1985, Pervan ndi Klass
1992, Bonomia 1985, Yin 1989, Himilton ndi Ives 1992).
3.2. Njira zofufuzira zomwe zingatheke
Cholinga cha polojekitiyi chinali kuphunzira zochitika mu
Mabungwe aku Australia omwe ali ndi i dati kusungidwa ndi imodzi
mapangidwe a nyumba yosungiramo deta. tsiku yomwe, pakadali pano, ilipo imodzi
kusowa kwa kafukufuku m'dera losungiramo data ku Australia,
pulojekiti yofufuzayi idakali m'gawo lazambiri
kufufuza ndipo ali ndi cholinga chofufuza. Kuwona zomwe zidachitika mu
Mabungwe aku Australia akutengera kusungirako deta
kumafuna kutanthauzira kwa chitaganya chenicheni. Chifukwa chake, a
Lingaliro la filosofi lomwe limayang'anira ntchito yofufuza likutsatira
kutanthauzira kwamwambo.
Pambuyo powunikira mozama njira zomwe zilipo, zidadziwika
njira ziwiri zofufuzira zomwe zingatheke: kufufuza ndi zochitika
(zofufuza), zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza
kufufuza (Shanks et al. 1993). Galliers (1992) amatsutsa izi
kukwanira kwa njira ziwirizi pa phunziroli lomwe mu
taxonomy ake revisited kunena kuti ndi oyenera kumanga
zangongole. Magawo awiri otsatirawa akukambirana njira iliyonse mu
mwatsatanetsatane.
3.2.1 Njira yofufuzira kafukufuku
Njira yofufuzira kafukufuku imachokera ku njira yakale ya
kalembera. Kalembera amakhala ndi kutolera zambiri kuchokera
anthu onse. Njira iyi ndi yokwera mtengo komanso yosatheka, mu
makamaka ngati anthu ali ochuluka. Choncho, poyerekeza ndi
kalembera, kafukufuku nthawi zambiri amayang'ana pa
sonkhanitsani zambiri za chiwerengero chochepa, kapena zitsanzo, za
oimira anthu (Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994). A
chitsanzo chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu komwe kumachokera, mosiyanasiyana
milingo yolondola, malinga ndi kapangidwe ka chitsanzo, the
kukula ndi kusankha njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito (Fowler 1988, Babbie
1982, Neuman 1994).
Njira yofufuzira imatanthauzidwa ngati "zithunzi za machitidwe,
zochitika kapena malingaliro pa nthawi inayake, yogwiritsidwa ntchito
mafunso kapena zoyankhulana, zomwe zimachokera
anapanga "(Galliers 1992: 153) [chithunzi cha mafayilo,
zochitika kapena mawonedwe pa nthawi inayake, yogwiritsidwa ntchito
mafunso kapena zoyankhulana, momwe angapangire malingaliro]. The
kafukufuku amakhudzana ndi kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso pazinthu zina
za kafukufukuyu, wopangidwa ndi anthu angapo
mafunso (Fowler 1988). Ngakhale mafunso awa ndi zoyankhulana, amene
kuphatikiza kuyankhulana kwapa foni ndi maso ndi kuyankhulana kokhazikika,
ndi njira zosonkhanitsira za dati zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu
kufufuza (Blalock 1970, Nachmias ndi Nachmias 1976, Fowler
1988), kuwunika ndi kusanthula kungagwiritsidwe ntchito (Gable
1994). Mwa njira zonsezi zosonkhanitsira ma dati, kugwiritsa ntchito
mafunso ndi njira yotchuka kwambiri, chifukwa imatsimikizira kuti i dati
zosonkhanitsidwa zimakonzedwa ndikusinthidwa, motero zimathandizira kuti
Gulu la chidziwitso (Hwang 1987, de Vaus 1991).
Mu kusanthula dati, njira yofufuzira nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito
kachulukidwe njira, monga kusanthula ziwerengero, koma akhoza kukhala
Njira zamakhalidwe abwino zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito (Galliers 1992, Pervan
ndi Klass 1992, Gable 1994). Nthawi zambiri, i dati zosonkhanitsidwa ndi
amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula magawo ogawa ndi mayanjano
(Fowler 1988).
Ngakhale kufufuza nthawi zambiri kumakhala koyenera kufufuza
kuthana ndi funso lakuti 'chiyani?' (chiyani) kapena kuchokera pamenepo
kutenga, monga 'quantum' (motani) ndi 'quant'è' (ndi zingati), esse
akhoza kufunsidwa kudzera pa funso lakuti 'chifukwa chiyani' (Sonquist ndi
Dunkelberg 1977, Yin 1989). Malinga ndi Sonquist ndi Dunkelberg
(1977), kafukufuku wofufuza amaloza malingaliro ovuta, pulogalamu ya
kuunikira, kufotokoza kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kutukuka zitsanzo za
khalidwe laumunthu. Komanso, kafukufuku angagwiritsidwe ntchito
kuphunzira malingaliro ena a anthu, mikhalidwe,
maganizo akale, makhalidwe, ziyembekezo ngakhale makhalidwe
kapena alipo (Neuman 1994).
Kafukufukuyu amalola wofufuzayo kuti apeze mgwirizano pakati pa
chiwerengero cha anthu ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zachibadwa kuposa
njira zina (Sonquist ndi Dunkelberg 1977, Gable 1994). The
kafukufuku amalola ofufuza kuti agwirizane ndi dera
kufalikira komanso kufikira olembetsa ambiri (Blalock 1970,
Sonquist ndi Dunkelberg 1977, Hwang ndi Lin 1987, Gable 1994,
Neuman 1994). Pomaliza, kafukufuku angapereke chidziwitso
zomwe sizikupezeka kwina kulikonse kapena mu fomu yofunikira kuti iwunikenso
(Fowler 1988).
Komabe, pali zolepheretsa pofufuza. Mmodzi
kuipa kwake ndikuti wofufuza sangapeze zambiri
za chinthu chophunziridwa. Izi ndichifukwa choti ma
kufufuza kumachitika panthawi inayake, choncho,
pali chiwerengero chochepa cha zosinthika ndi anthu omwe wofufuza angathe
kuphunzira (Yin 1989, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994, Denscombe 1998).
Vuto linanso ndiloti kuchita kafukufuku kungakhale
okwera mtengo kwambiri malinga ndi nthawi ndi chuma, makamaka ngati
kumaphatikizapo kuyankhulana maso ndi maso (Fowler 1988).
3.2.2. Njira Yofufuzira
Njira yofufuzira kafukufuku imaphatikizapo kuphunzira mozama
Mkhalidwe wina muzochitika zake zenizeni mu a
nthawi yotchulidwa, popanda kulowererapo kulikonse ndi
wofufuza (Shanks & C. 1993, Eisenhardt 1989, Jenkins 1985).
Makamaka njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza maubwenzi apakati
zosinthika zomwe zikuphunziridwa muzochitika zinazake
(Galliers 1992). Kufufuza kungaphatikizepo milandu kapena
angapo, kutengera zomwe zafufuzidwa (Franz ndi Robey 1987,
Eisenhardt 1989, Yin 1989).
Njira yofufuzira kafukufuku imatchedwa "kufufuza
epirical yomwe imaphunzira zochitika zamasiku ano mkati mwa
nkhani yake yeniyeni, pogwiritsa ntchito magwero angapo osonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kapena
mabungwe angapo monga anthu, magulu, kapena mabungwe ”(Yin 1989).
Palibe kulekanitsa momveka bwino pakati pa chochitikacho ndi nkhani yake e
palibe kuwongolera koyesera kapena kuwongolera zosinthika (Yin
1989, Benbasat et al 1987).
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zosonkhanitsira dati kuti angathe
kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira yofunsira, yomwe ikuphatikizapo
kuwunika mwachindunji, kuwunika kwa zolemba zakale, mafunso,
kuwunika zolembedwa ndi zoyankhulana zokonzedwa. Kukhala
njira zosiyanasiyana zosonkhanitsira dati, mafunso
kulola ochita kafukufuku kuthana ndi zonsezi dati qualitative kuti
kuchuluka nthawi yomweyo (Bonoma 1985, Eisenhardt 1989, Yin
1989, Gable 1994). Monga momwe zilili ndi njira yofufuzira, a
wofufuzayo amakhala ngati wowonera kapena wofufuza osati
monga wochita nawo mbali mu bungwe lomwe likuphunziridwa.
Benbasat et al. (1987) amanena kuti njira yofufuzira ndi
makamaka oyenera kumanga chiphunzitso kafukufuku, amene
imayamba ndi funso lofufuza ndikupitilira maphunziro
ya chiphunzitso panthawi yosonkhanitsa dati. Kukhala
komanso oyenera siteji
za chiphunzitso cha zomangamanga, Franz ndi Robey (1987) akusonyeza kuti
njira yofufuzira ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito zovuta
theory stage. Pamenepa, malinga ndi umboni wosonkhanitsidwa, umodzi
chiphunzitso choperekedwa kapena chongoyerekeza chimatsimikiziridwa kapena kutsutsidwa. Komanso, kufufuza ndi
ndizoyeneranso kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mafunso 'monga' kapena
'Chifukwa chiyani' (Yin 1989).
Poyerekeza ndi njira zina, kafukufuku amalola wofufuzayo
jambulani zambiri zofunika mwatsatanetsatane (Galliers
1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Komanso, kufufuza kulola
wofufuza kuti amvetsetse chikhalidwe ndi zovuta za njira zomwe amaphunzira
(Benbasat et al 1987).
Pali zovuta zinayi zazikulu zokhudzana ndi njirayi
kufufuza. Choyamba ndi kusowa kwa kuchotsedwa koyendetsedwa. Apo
Malingaliro a ofufuza amatha kupotoza zotsatira ndi zomaliza
za phunziro (Yin 1989). Yachiwiri drawback ndi kusowa
kuyang'anitsitsa. Mosiyana kuyesera njira, ndi
wofufuza wofufuza sangathe kulamulira zochitika zomwe anaphunzira
popeza amawunikidwa muzochitika zawo zachilengedwe (Gable 1994). The
kuipa chachitatu ndi kusowa replicability. Izi ndichifukwa chake
kuti wofufuzayo sangathe kuwona zochitika zomwezo, e
sangathe kutsimikizira zotsatira za kafukufuku wina (Lee 1989).
Pomaliza, chifukwa cha kusabwerezabwereza, zimakhala zovuta
phatikiza zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku kafukufuku umodzi kapena zingapo (Galliers
1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Mavuto onsewa, komabe, amalephera
ndi zosagonjetseka ndipo, kwenikweni, kuchepetsedwa
wofufuza akugwiritsa ntchito zoyenera (Lee 1989).
3.3. Tsimikizirani njira yofufuzira
kutengera
Kuchokera ku njira ziwiri zofufuzira za kafukufukuyu, the
kufufuza kumatengedwa ngati koyenera kwambiri. Kufunsa ndiko
anatayidwa potsatira kuganizira mozama za wachibaleyo
zabwino ndi zofooka. Kusavuta kapena kosayenera kwa aliyense
njira ya phunziro ili ikukambidwa pansipa.
3.3.1. Njira yofufuzira yosayenera
wa kufunsa
Njira yofufuzira imafuna kuphunzira mozama za imodzi
zochitika zina mkati mwa bungwe limodzi kapena angapo a
nthawi (Eisenhardt 1989). Pankhaniyi, nthawi akhoza
kupyola nthawi yoperekedwa ya phunziroli. Wina
chifukwa chosatengera njira yofufuzira ndikuti zotsatira zake
amatha kuvutika chifukwa chosowa kukhwima (Yin 1989). Kugonjera
wa ofufuza akhoza kukhudza zotsatira ndi ziganizo. Wina
chifukwa n'chakuti njira imeneyi ndi yoyenera kufufuza pa mafunso
za mtundu wa 'momwe' kapena 'chifukwa chiyani' (Yin 1989), pomwe funso lofufuza
pa phunziro ili ndi la mtundu wa 'chiyani'. Chomaliza koma osati chosafunikira
Chofunika kwambiri, ndizovuta kubwereza zotsatira kuchokera ku imodzi yokha
kufufuza kochepa (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Pansi pa
zomveka izi, kafukufuku kafukufuku njira si
adasankhidwa kukhala osayenera pa phunziroli.
3.3.2. Kusavuta kwa njira yofufuzira
kufufuza
Pamene kafukufukuyu anachitidwa, mchitidwe wa datawarehousing
sichinavomerezedwe mofala ndi
Mabungwe aku Australia. Kotero, panalibe zambiri
za kukhazikitsidwa kwawo mkati mwa
Mabungwe aku Australia. Zomwe zilipo zinabwera
ndi mabungwe omwe adakhazikitsa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito deta
nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Pachifukwa ichi, njira yofufuzira kafukufuku ndiyo kwambiri
oyenera popeza amalola kupeza zambiri zomwe sizili
kupezeka kwina kapena mu mawonekedwe ofunikira kuti aunike (Fowler 1988).
Kuphatikiza apo, njira yofufuzira kafukufuku imathandiza wofufuzayo
dziwani bwino zochitika, zochitika, kapena zochitika
kuwonedwa panthawi yopatsidwa (Galliers 1992, Denscombe 1998).
Chidule chafunsidwa kuti chiwonjezeke
chidziwitso cha zomwe Australia adakumana nazo pakusunga deta.
Apanso, Sonquist ndi Dunkelberg (1977) amanena kuti zotsatira za
kafukufuku wofufuza ndi wamba kuposa njira zina.
3.4. Survey Research Design
Kufufuza kwa mchitidwe wosungirako deta kunachitika mu 1999.

Anthu omwe ankawaganizira anali mabungwe
Anthu aku Australia omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi maphunziro osungira deta, monga iwo analiri
mwina mukudziwa kale za i dati zomwe amasunga ndipo,
Choncho, likhoza kupereka mfundo zothandiza pa kafukufukuyu. Apo
chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuwafuna chinadziwika ndi kafukufuku woyamba wa
Mamembala onse aku Australia a 'The Data Warehousing Institute' (Tdwiaap).
Gawoli likukamba za kamangidwe ka gawo la kafukufuku
kusanthula mozama kwa kafukufukuyu.
3.4.1. Njira yosonkhanitsa dati
Kuchokera ku njira zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza kafukufuku
(mwachitsanzo mafunso kudzera pa imelo, kuyankhulana patelefoni ndi kuyankhulana
personal) (Nachmias 1976, Fowler 1988, de Vaus 1991), pa
phunziro ili anatengera mafunso ndi makalata. Choyamba
chifukwa chotengera chomalizachi ndi chakuti chitha kukwaniritsa a
anthu amwazikana (Blalock 1970, Nachmias e
Nachmias 1976, Hwang and Lin 1987, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994).
Kachiwiri, zolemba zamakalata ndizoyenera kwa omwe atenga nawo mbali
wophunzira kwambiri (Fowler 1988). Mafunso ndi makalata a izi
phunziroli linaperekedwa kwa othandizira projekiti yosungiramo data,
otsogolera ndi / kapena oyang'anira polojekiti. Chachitatu, mafunso pa
makalata ndi oyenera pamene muli ndi mndandanda otetezeka
ma adilesi (Salant ndi Dilman 1994). TDWI, mu nkhani iyi, a
mgwirizano wodalirika wosunga zosungiramo data unapereka mndandanda wamakalata
a mamembala ake aku Australia. Ubwino wina wa mafunso
positi pokhudzana ndi mafunso a foni kapena zoyankhulana
payekha ndi kuti amalola olembetsa kuyankha zambiri
kulondola, makamaka pamene olembetsa ayenera kufunsa
amalemba kapena kukambirana mafunso ndi anthu ena (Fowler
1988).
Chiwopsezo chotheka chikhoza kukhala nthawi yomwe zimatengera
funsani mafunso positi. Nthawi zambiri, mafunso pa
makalata amachitidwa motere: tumizani makalata, adikireni
amayankha ndikutumiza chitsimikiziro (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989).
Chifukwa chake, nthawi yonseyi imatha kukhala yayitali kuposa nthawi yofunikira
zoyankhulana zaumwini kapena zoyankhulana pafoni. Komabe, a
nthawi yonse imatha kudziwika pasadakhale (Fowler 1988,
Denscombe 1998). Nthawi yothera pochita zofunsa mafunso
munthu sangadziwike pasadakhale chifukwa zimasiyana
kuyankhulana ndi winayo (Fowler 1988). Zoyankhulana pafoni
zitha kukhala zachangu kuposa zolemba zamakalata ndi
zoyankhulana payekha koma iwo akhoza kukhala mkulu mlingo wa kusowa
kuyankha chifukwa chakusapezeka kwa anthu ena (Fowler 1988).
Kuphatikiza apo, zoyankhulana patelefoni nthawi zambiri zimangokhala pamndandanda wa
mafunso ochepa (Bainbridge 1989).
Kufooka kwina kwa mafunso a makalata ndi kuchuluka kwa
kusowa kuyankha (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989, Neuman
1994). Komabe, zotsutsana zidatengedwa ndi kuyanjana
kafukufukuyu ndi bungwe lodalirika pankhani ya data
kusungirako katundu (ie TDWI) (Bainbridge 1989, Neuman 1994), the
zomwe zimatumiza makalata awiri okumbutsa kwa amene sanayankhe
(Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994) komanso amaphatikizanso kalata
lomwe limafotokoza cholinga cha phunziroli (Neuman 1994).
3.4.2. Analysis unit
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikupeza zambiri zokhudza
kukhazikitsa kusungirako deta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake
m'mabungwe aku Australia. Chiwerengero cha anthu
amapangidwa ndi mabungwe onse aku Australia omwe ali nawo
kukhazikitsidwa, kapena kukhazikitsidwa, i nyumba yosungiramo deta, mu
mabungwe omwewo ndiye amalembetsedwa. Mafunso
inatumizidwa ku mabungwe omwe akufuna kulera ana awo
di nyumba yosungiramo deta. Njirayi imatsimikizira kuti chidziwitsocho
zosonkhanitsira zimachokera kuzinthu zoyenera kwambiri za bungwe lililonse
wotenga nawo mbali.
3.4.3. Chitsanzo cha kafukufuku
Mndandanda wamakalata wa omwe adafunsidwawo adapezeka kuchokera
TDWI. Kuchokera pamndandandawu, mabungwe a 3000 aku Australia
asankhidwa ngati maziko a zitsanzo. A
kalata yowonjezera idafotokoza za ntchitoyi komanso cholinga cha kafukufukuyu,
pamodzi ndi khadi loyankhira ndi envelopu yolipiriratu
kubweza mafunso anamaliza anatumizidwa chitsanzo.
Mwa mabungwe 3000, 198 adavomera kutenga nawo gawo
kuphunzira. Mayankho ochepa chotere anali kuyembekezera dato il
chiwerengero chachikulu cha mabungwe aku Australia omwe anali nawo panthawiyo
kukumbatirana kapena anali kukumbatirana tsiku strategy
zosungiramo katundu m'mabungwe awo. Choncho, a
Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akuyembekezeka kuchita nawo kafukufukuyu chinali 198 okha
mabungwe.
3.4.4. Zomwe zili m'mafunso
Mapangidwe a mafunsowa adatengera chitsanzo cha deti
Kusungirako zinthu za Monash (zokambidwa kale mu gawo 2.3). The
zomwe zili pamafunso zidachokera pakuwunika kwa
mabuku operekedwa m'mutu 2. Kope la mafunso
zotumizidwa ku kafukufuku zingapezeke
mu Zowonjezera B. Mafunsowo ali ndi magawo asanu ndi limodzi, omwe
magawo a chitsanzo chothandizidwa amatsatira. Ndime zisanu ndi chimodzi zotsatirazi
fotokozani mwachidule zomwe zili mu gawo lililonse.
Gawo A: Zambiri zokhudza bungwe
Gawoli lili ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi mbiri ya
mabungwe omwe akutenga nawo gawo. Komanso, ena mwa mafunso ndi
zokhudzana ndi momwe ntchito yosungiramo deta ya
wotenga nawo mbali. Zachinsinsi monga dzina
za bungwe sizinaululidwe pakuwunika kafukufuku.
Gawo B: Yambani
Mafunso omwe ali mu gawoli akugwirizana ndi ntchito yoyambira
kusunga deta. Mafunso afunsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji
ndi za oyambitsa ntchito, othandizira, luso ndi chidziwitso
zofuna, zolinga za chitukuko cha data warehousing ndi
zoyembekeza za ogwiritsa ntchito.
Gawo C: Kupanga
Gawoli lili ndi mafunso okhudzana ndi ntchito za
kukonzekera kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Makamaka, mafunso ndi
nenani za kukula kwa ntchitoyo, nthawi ya ntchitoyo, mtengo wake
za polojekiti ndi kusanthula mtengo / phindu.
Gawo D: Chitukuko
Mu gawo lachitukuko muli mafunso okhudzana ndi ntchito za
Kukula kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta: kusonkhanitsa zofunikira za ogwiritsa ntchito
chomaliza, magwero a dati, chitsanzo chomveka cha dati, prototypes, ndi
kukonza luso, zomangamanga luso ndi kusankha kwa
zida zopangira ma data warehousing.
Gawo E: Ntchito
Mafunso okhudzana ndi ntchito ed
kuchuluka kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta, momwe zimasinthira ku
gawo lotsatira la chitukuko. Apo khalidwe la deta, njira za
kutsitsimula kwa dati, granularity wa dati, kuchuluka kwa data
nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi nkhani zachitetezo cha nyumba yosungiramo deta anali pakati
mitundu ya mafunso anafunsidwa.
Gawo F: Chitukuko
Gawoli lili ndi mafunso okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito tsikuli
nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Wofufuzayo anali ndi chidwi
kwa cholinga ndi phindu la nyumba yosungiramo deta, ndemanga ndi njira
njira zophunzitsira ndi njira yoyendetsera deta
nyumba yosungiramo katundu anatengera.
3.4.5. Mayankho
Ngakhale kafukufuku wa positi amatsutsidwa chifukwa chokhala ndi a
kuyankha kochepa, njira zatengedwa kuti ziwonjezeke
kuchuluka kwa kubweza (monga tafotokozera kale gawo lina
3.4.1). Mawu akuti 'response rate' amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa
anthu muzofufuza zinazake zomwe zimayankha
mafunso (Denscombe 1998). Zotsatirazi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito
fomula yowerengera kuchuluka kwa mayankhidwe a phunziroli:
Chiwerengero cha anthu amene anayankha
Mlingo woyankha =
————————————————————————————— X 100
Chiwerengero cha mafunso omwe atumizidwa
3.4.6. Mayeso oyendetsa ndege
Mafunsowo asanatumizidwe ku chitsanzo, mafunso ndi
adayesedwa poyesa oyendetsa ndege, monga adanenera Luck
ndi Rubin (1987), Jackson (1988) ndi de Vaus (1991). Cholinga cha
kuyesa koyendetsa ndikuwulula zonse zosasangalatsa, zosamveka bwino komanso zofotokozera
mafunso ovuta kutanthauzira, kulongosola aliyense
matanthauzo ndi mawu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kuzindikira pafupifupi nthawi
akufunika kuti amalize mafunso (Warwick ndi Lininger 1975,
Jackson 1988, Salant ndi Dilman 1994). Mayeso oyendetsa anali
kuchitidwa posankha maphunziro omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi amenewo
za maphunziro omaliza, monga adanenera Davis e Cosenza (1993). Mu
phunziro ili, asanu deta warehousing akatswiri anali
osankhidwa ngati maphunziro oyesa. Pambuyo pa mayeso aliwonse oyendetsa, amakhala
kuwongolera kofunikira kwapangidwa. Kuchokera pamayesero oyendetsa ndege omwe adachitika, i
omwe adatenga nawo gawo adathandizira kukonzanso ndikukhazikitsanso
mtundu womaliza wa mafunso.
3.4.7. Njira Zowunika Di Dati
I dati za kafukufuku wosonkhanitsidwa m'mafunso otsekedwa ndi
adawunikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yowerengera
amatchedwa SPSS. Ambiri mwa mayankhowo adawunikidwa
pogwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zofotokozera. Mafunso angapo
anabwerera osakwanira. Izi zidachitidwa ndi akuluakulu
kuonetsetsa kuti i dati osowa sanali mmodzi
zotsatira za zolakwika zolowetsa deta, koma chifukwa chiyani mafunso samatero
anali oyenera kulengeza, kapena olengeza sanasankhe
yankhani funso limodzi kapena angapo achindunji. Mayankho awa
zosowa ananyalanyazidwa pa kusanthula dati ndipo wakhala
olembedwa ngati '- 9' kuti atsimikizire kuchotsedwa kwawo panjira
kusanthula.
Pokonzekera mafunso, mafunso otsekedwa anali
perekani nambala kunjira iliyonse. Nambala
ndiye idagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera dati pa kusanthula
(Denscombe 1998, Sapsford ndi Jupp 1996). Mwachitsanzo, panali
zosankha zisanu ndi chimodzi zotchulidwa mu funso 1 la gawo B: malangizo
oyang'anira, wamkulu wamkulu, dipatimenti ya IT, unit
za bizinesi, alangizi ndi zina zambiri. Mu fayilo ya dati wa SPSS, ndi
kusintha kwapangidwa kusonyeza 'woyambitsa ntchito',
yokhala ndi zilembo zisanu ndi chimodzi: '1' ya 'board of directors', '2'
kwa 'maudindo apamwamba' ndi zina zotero. Kugwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Likertin
ena mwa mafunso otsekedwa amaloledwanso
chizindikiritso chomwe sichifuna kuyesetsa kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe
manambala ofanana omwe adalowa mu SPSS. Kwa mafunso ndi
mayankho osakwanira, omwe sanali ogwirizana,
njira iliyonse idawonedwa ngati yosinthika imodzi yokhala ndi ziwiri
zilembo zamtengo wapatali: '1' chifukwa cha 'chodziwika' ndi '2' cha 'chosadziwika'.
Mafunso otseguka adachitidwa mosiyana ndi mafunso
chatsekedwa. Mayankho a mafunso awa sanalembedwe
SPSS. M’malo mwake, iwo anaunika ndi manja. Kugwiritsa ntchito izi
mtundu wa mafunso amakulolani kuti mudziwe zambiri za malingaliro
zofotokozedwa mwaufulu ndi zokumana nazo za olembetsa
(Bainbridge 1989, Descombe 1998). Pamene kuli kotheka, zachitika
gulu la mayankho.
Kwa kusanthula kwa dati, njira zowerengera zosavuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito,
monga kuchuluka kwa mayankho, tanthauzo, kupatuka kokwerera
amatanthauza ndi apakatikati (Argyrous 1996, Denscombe 1998).
Mayeso a Gamma anali kuchita kuti apeze miyeso yochuluka
mayanjano pakati dati ordinals (Norusis 1983, Argyrous 1996).
Mayesowa anali oyenerera chifukwa masikelo a ordinal omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito sanali
anali ndi magulu ambiri ndipo amatha kuwonetsedwa patebulo
(Norusis 1983).
3.5 Chidule
M'mutu uno, njira zofufuzira ndi
mapangidwe omwe adatengera phunziroli.
Kusankha njira yoyenera kwambiri yofufuzira a
kuphunzira kwapadera kukuchitika
ganizirani malamulo angapo, kuphatikizapo chilengedwe ndi mtundu
kufufuza, komanso ubwino ndi zofooka za aliyense zotheka
njira (Jenkins 1985, Benbasat et al. 1097, Galliers ndi Land 1987,
yin 1989, Hamilton and ives 1992, Galliers 1992, neuman 1994). Onani
kusowa kwa chidziwitso chomwe chilipo komanso chiphunzitso chake
za kukhazikitsidwa kwa data warehousing ku Australia, kafukufukuyu ndi
kufufuza kumafuna njira yomasulira yofufuza ndi luso
kufufuza kufufuza zochitika za mabungwe
Wa ku Australia. Njira yosakira yomwe mwasankha yasankhidwira
sonkhanitsani zambiri zokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa lingaliro la tsikulo
nyumba zosungiramo katundu ndi mabungwe aku Australia. A
Mafunso a positi adasankhidwa ngati njira yosonkhanitsira dati. Le
kulungamitsidwa kwa njira yofufuzira ndi njira yosonkhanitsira dati
zosankhidwa zidzaperekedwa m'mutu uno. Zinalinso
adapereka zokambirana pagawo la kusanthula, chitsanzo
zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchuluka kwa mayankho, zomwe zili mufunso, ndi
kuyesedwa koyambirira kwa mafunso ndi njira yowunikira dati.

Kupanga a Nyumba yosungirako deta:
Kuphatikiza Ubale Wamagulu ndi Dimensional Modelling
ZOKHUDZA
Sitolo i dati ndivuto lalikulu masiku ano kwa ambiri
mabungwe. Vuto lalikulu lachitukuko
za kusungirako za dati ndi mapangidwe ake.
Mapangidwewo ayenera kuthandizira kuzindikira malingaliro mu data
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi magwero ena a dati komanso mmodzi
kumvetsetsa kosavuta komanso kothandiza pakukhazikitsa deta
nyumba yosungiramo katundu.
Zambiri zosungiramo mabuku dati analimbikitsa
kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a mgwirizano wamagulu kapena mawonekedwe amiyeso
kuyimira chojambula cha nyumba yosungiramo deta.
Mu nyuzipepala timasonyeza mmene onse
zizindikiro zikhoza kuphatikizidwa mu njira ya
kujambula kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta. Njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mwadongosolo
kufufuzidwa mu phunziro lachidziwitso ndipo amadziwika mu angapo
zofunikira ndi akatswiri.
DATA WAREHOUUS
Un nyumba yosungiramo deta kaŵirikaŵiri amatanthauzidwa kukhala "wokhazikika pa phunziro,
zophatikizika, zosinthika nthawi, komanso zosonkhanitsira zosasinthika zomwe zimathandizira
za zisankho za oyang'anira "(Inmon ndi Hackathon, 1994).
Nkhani zokhazikika komanso zophatikizika zikuwonetsa kuti nyumba yosungiramo deta è
opangidwa kuti awoloke malire ogwira ntchito a dongosolo la legaci pa
perekani mawonekedwe ophatikizika a dati.
Kusintha kwa nthawi kumakhudza mbiri yakale kapena mndandanda wa nthawi dati in
un nyumba yosungiramo deta, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mayendedwe asanthulidwe.
Zosasinthika zikuwonetsa kuti nyumba yosungiramo deta siziri mosalekeza
kusinthidwa ngati a Nawonso achichepere pa OLTP. M'malo mwake ndi zaposachedwa
nthawi ndi nthawi, ndi dati kuchokera mkati ndi kunja magwero. The
nyumba yosungiramo deta lapangidwa makamaka kuti lifufuze
osati kukhulupirika kwa zosintha ndi magwiridwe a
ntchito.
Lingaliro la kusunga i dati sichili chatsopano, chinali chimodzi mwa zolinga
kasamalidwe ka dati kuyambira 1982s (Il Martin, XNUMX).
I nyumba yosungiramo deta amapereka zomangamanga dati za kasamalidwe
machitidwe othandizira. Machitidwe othandizira oyang'anira amaphatikizapo chisankho
Machitidwe othandizira (DSS) ndi ma Executive Information System (EIS).
A DSS ndi makina azidziwitso apakompyuta omwe ali
idapangidwa kuti ipititse patsogolo ndondomekoyi ndipo chifukwa chake kugwidwa kwa
chisankho chaumunthu. EIS nthawi zambiri ndi njira yoperekera
dati zomwe zimathandiza kuti mabizinesi aziwona mosavuta
wa dati.
Kamangidwe kake ka a nyumba yosungiramo deta ikuwonetsa udindo wa
nyumba yosungiramo deta mu chithandizo cha utsogoleri. Kuwonjezera pa kupereka
zomangamanga dati kwa EIS ndi DSS, al nyumba yosungiramo deta ndizotheka
ipezeni mwachindunji kudzera m'mafunso. THE dati kuphatikizidwa mu deti
nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zimatengera kuwunika kwa chidziwitso chofunikira cha
kasamalidwe ndipo amatengedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zitatu: machitidwe olowa mkati,
Machitidwe apadera ogwiritsira ntchito deta ndi magwero a deta akunja. THE
dati m'machitidwe amkati amkati nthawi zambiri amakhala osafunikira,
zosagwirizana, zotsika, komanso zosungidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana
kotero ziyenera kuyanjanitsidwa ndi kutsukidwa zisanalowedwe mu
nyumba yosungiramo deta (Inmon, 1992; McFadden, 1996). THE dati kuchokera
kuchokera ku machitidwe osungira dati ad hoc komanso kuchokera ku magwero dati
zakunja zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera (kusintha, kusintha) i
dati kuchokera ku machitidwe a cholowa.
Pali zifukwa zambiri zopangira a nyumba yosungiramo deta,
zomwe zimaphatikizapo kupanga zisankho zabwino pogwiritsa ntchito
zambiri zenizeni (Ives 1995), kuthandizira pakuwunika
pa bizinesi yonse (Graham 1996), ndi kuchepetsa ndalama za
kupereka kwa dati kwa EIS ndi DSS (Graham 1996, McFadden
1996).
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wapeza, pafupifupi, kubwerera kwa
ndalama za i nyumba yosungiramo deta 401% pambuyo pa zaka zitatu (Graham,
1996). Komabe, maphunziro ena amphamvu a nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi
anapeza mavuto aakulu kuphatikizapo kuvutika kuyeza ndi
kugawira mapindu, opanda chifuno chomveka, kuchipeputsa
cholinga ndi zovuta zosungirako i dati, mu
makamaka ponena za magwero ndi ukhondo wa dati.
Sitolo i dati angaganizidwe ngati yankho
ku vuto la kasamalidwe dati pakati pa mabungwe. Apo
kusintha kwa dati monga chikhalidwe gwero izo wakhala mmodzi wa
nkhani zazikulu pakuwongolera machitidwe azidziwitso kuzungulira
dziko kwa zaka zambiri (Brancheau et al. 1996, Galliers et al. 1994,
Niederman et al. 1990, Pervan 1993).
Njira yotchuka yoyendetsera dati m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi atatu zinali
chitukuko cha chitsanzo dati chikhalidwe. Chitsanzo dati chikhalidwe chinali
opangidwa kuti apereke maziko okhazikika a chitukuko cha machitidwe atsopano
mapulogalamu ndi Nawonso achichepere ndi kumanganso ndi kuphatikiza cholowa
machitidwe (Brancheau et al.
1989, Goodhue et al. 1988: 1992, Kim ndi Everest 1994).
Komabe, pali mavuto ambiri ndi njira iyi, mu
makamaka, zovuta ndi mtengo wa ntchito iliyonse, komanso nthawi yayitali
zofunikira pazotsatira zowoneka bwino (Beynon-Davies 1994, Earl
1993, Goodhue et al. 1992, Periasamy 1994, Shanks 1997).
Il nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi database yosiyana yomwe imakhalapo ndi cholowa
ma database m'malo mowasintha. Choncho amalola kuti
kuwongolera kasamalidwe ka dati ndi kupewa kumanganso zodula
za machitidwe a legacy.
NJIRA ZOMWE ZINALIPO MPAKA TSIKU ZOjambula
NYUMBA YOSUNGIRA
Ndondomeko yomanga ndi kukonza a nyumba yosungiramo deta
ziyenera kumveka bwino ngati njira yachisinthiko osati a
Chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha moyo (Chikhumbo, 1995, Shanks,
O'Donnell ndi Arnott 1997a). Pali njira zambiri zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi a
polojekiti ya nyumba yosungiramo deta monga kuyambitsa, kukonzekera;
zidziwitso zopezedwa kuchokera pazofunikira zomwe mamenejala akampani adapempha;
magwero, kusintha, kuyeretsa kwa dati ndi kulunzanitsa kuchokera cholowa
machitidwe ndi magwero ena a dati; njira zobweretsera zomwe zikuchitika;
kuwunika kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta; ndi zopanda pake za ndondomekoyi
chisinthiko ndi kumanga a nyumba yosungiramo deta (Shins, O'Donnell
ndi Arnott 1997b). M’magazini ino tikambirana mmene tingachitire zimenezi
jambula i dati kusungidwa munkhani ya njira zina izi.
Pali njira zingapo zopangira zopangira data
nyumba yosungiramo mabuku (Inmon 1994, Ives 1995, Kimball 1994
McFadden 1996). Iliyonse mwa njirazi ili ndi mwachidule
kuunikanso ndi kuwunika mphamvu zawo osati.
Inmon's (1994) Njira ya Nyumba yosungirako deta
Design
Inmon (1994) adapereka njira zinayi zobwerezabwereza kuti apange tsiku
nyumba yosungiramo katundu (onani Chithunzi 2). Chinthu choyamba ndi kupanga chitsanzo
dati social kuti amvetse momwe i dati akhoza kuphatikizidwa
pazigawo zogwira ntchito mkati mwa bungwe
pa kugawa dati sitolo m'madera. Chitsanzo dati idapangidwira
kusunga dati zokhudzana ndi kupanga zisankho, kuphatikiza dati
mbiri, ndi kuphatikiza dati kuwerengeredwa ndi kuphatikizidwa. Gawo lachiwiri ndi
zindikirani magawo omwe akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Izi ndi zochokera
pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe bungwe linalake likufuna. Chachitatu
sitepe ikuphatikizapo kujambula a Nawonso achichepere kwa gawo la phunziroli, amayika
chidwi chapadera chimaperekedwa pakuphatikiza milingo yoyenera ya granularity.
Inmon amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bungwe ndi ubale. Chachinayi
sitepe ndi kuzindikira machitidwe a magwero dati zofunika ndi chitukuko
njira zosinthira kupeza, kuyeretsa ndi mawonekedwe i dati.
Mphamvu za njira ya Inmon ndizo chitsanzo dati chikhalidwe
amapereka maziko a kuphatikiza kwa dati mkati mwa bungwe
ndi kukonzekera kwa zothandizira pakukula kobwerezabwereza kwa tsikuli
nyumba yosungiramo katundu. Zoyipa zake ndizovuta komanso mtengo wojambula
chitsanzo dati chikhalidwe, zovuta kumvetsetsa machitidwe a mabungwe e
maubwenzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumitundu yonse, kuti dati social ndi kuti dati
kusungidwa ndi gawo la phunziro, ndi kuyenerera kwa dati ndi
kujambula kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta za kukwaniritsidwa kwa Nawonso achichepere
zachibale koma osati za Nawonso achichepere multidimensional.
Ives' (1995) Njira ya Nyumba yosungirako deta
Design
Ives (1995) akupereka njira zinayi zojambulira a
dongosolo lazidziwitso lomwe amawona kuti likugwira ntchito pakupanga tsiku
nyumba yosungiramo katundu (onani Chithunzi 3). Njirayi imadalira kwambiri
Information Engineering pakupanga machitidwe azidziwitso
(Martin 1990). Chinthu choyamba ndicho kudziwa zolinga, zifukwa
zizindikiro zofunikira komanso zopambana komanso zofunikira kwambiri. THE
njira zazikulu zamabizinesi ndi chidziwitso chofunikira ndi
kuumbidwa kutitsogolera ife ku chitsanzo dati chikhalidwe. Gawo lachiwiri
kumakhudza chitukuko cha kamangidwe kake dati
kusungidwa ndi magawo, Nawonso achichepere di nyumba yosungiramo deta, zigawo zake
ukadaulo wofunikira, gulu la chithandizo chamagulu
zofunika kukhazikitsa ndi kugwira ntchito ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta. Chachitatu
sitepe zikuphatikizapo kusankha zofunika mapulogalamu phukusi ndi zida.
Gawo lachinayi ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kamangidwe ka
nyumba yosungiramo deta. Ives amalemba kuti asungidwe dati ndi womangidwa
ndondomeko yobwerezabwereza.
Mphamvu ya njira ya Ives ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe aukadaulo
kudziwa zofunikira za chidziwitso, kugwiritsa ntchito chokhazikika
ndondomeko yothandizira kusakanikirana kwa nyumba yosungiramo deta,
kusankha koyenera kwa hardware ndi mapulogalamu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito angapo
njira zowonetsera za nyumba yosungiramo deta. Zolakwa zake
iwo ndi achibadwidwe mu zovuta. Zina ndizovuta kulowa
kukhala misinkhu yambiri Nawonso achichepere zonse'interno del nyumba yosungiramo deta in
nthawi yoyenera ndi mtengo.
Kimball's (1994) Njira ya Nyumba yosungirako deta
Design
Kimball (1994) adapereka njira zisanu zobwerezabwereza pojambula tsiku
nyumba yosungiramo katundu (onani Zithunzi 4). njira yake makamaka
odzipereka pa kujambula kwa solo nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma templates
zowoneka bwino m'malo mwa zitsanzo za mabungwe ndi maubale. Kimball
santhulani zitsanzo za miyesoyo chifukwa ndizosavuta kuzimvetsa
oyang'anira mabizinesi amachita bwino pochita
kufunsira zovuta, ndi kapangidwe ka Nawonso achichepere thupi ndi zambiri
bwino (Kimball 1994). Kimball amavomereza kuti chitukuko cha a
nyumba yosungiramo deta ndizobwerezabwereza, ndipo izo nyumba yosungiramo deta chithandizo chosiyana
kuphatikizika mwa kugawikana mu matebulo a miyeso
wamba.
Gawo loyamba ndikuzindikira gawo lomwe liyenera kukhala
wangwiro. Njira yachiwiri ndi yachitatu ikukhudza kutsanzira
wa dimensional. Mu gawo lachiwiri miyeso imazindikiritsa zinthu za
chidwi m'dera la phunzirolo ndipo amagawidwa mu tebulo lowona.
Mwachitsanzo, mu gawo lazogulitsa miyeso yachiwongola dzanja
angaphatikizepo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zogulitsidwa ndi dola
ngati ndalama zogulitsa. Gawo lachitatu ndi kuzindikira
miyeso yomwe ndi njira zomwe angasankhidwe m'magulu i
mfundo. Pankhani yogulitsa, miyeso yoyenera
angaphatikizepo chinthu, malo ndi nthawi. Apo
fact table ili ndi fungulo la magawo ambiri kuti mulumikizane ndi iliyonse
wa ma dimension tables ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chiwerengero chochuluka kwambiri
chachikulu kwenikweni. Mosiyana, matabwa saizi amakhala
zofotokozera za miyeso ndi zina zomwe
angagwiritsidwe ntchito kugawa mfundo. Tebulo lodziwikiratu e
miyeso yokhudzana ndi lingaliro limapanga chomwe chimatchedwa chimodzi
nyenyezi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake. Chinthu chachinayi chikukhudza
kumanga a Nawonso achichepere multidimensional kuti azichita bwino
nyenyezi dongosolo. Gawo lomaliza ndikuzindikira makina oyambira dati
zofunika ndi kukhazikitsa njira zosinthira kupeza, kuyeretsa
ndi fomati i dati.
Mphamvu za njira ya Kimball zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo
dimensional kuyimira i dati zosungidwa zomwe zimapanga
zosavuta kumva ndi kumabweretsa imayenera thupi kapangidwe. A
dimensional model yomwe imagwiritsanso ntchito zonse ziwiri
machitidwe Nawonso achichepere mgwirizano ukhoza kukhala wangwiro kapena machitidwe
Nawonso achichepere multidimensional. Zolakwa zake zimaphatikizapo kusowa
za njira zina zothandizira kukonzekera kapena kuphatikiza kwa
nyenyezi zambiri mkati mwa chimodzi nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi
Kuvuta kupanga kuchokera kumapangidwe osasinthika kwambiri mu a
dimensional model a dati m'madongosolo achilengedwe.
McFadden's (1996) Njira ya Data
Warehouse Design
McFadden (1996) akupereka njira zisanu zoyendetsera
jambula a nyumba yosungiramo deta (onani Chithunzi 5).
Njira yake imachokera ku kaphatikizidwe ka malingaliro ochokera m'mabuku
ndipo imakhazikika pamapangidwe a imodzi yokha nyumba yosungiramo deta. Choyamba
sitepe ikuphatikizapo kusanthula zofunikira. Ngakhale zenizeni
njira sizinalembedwe, zolemba za McFadden zimazindikira
bungwe dati mafotokozedwe ndi mawonekedwe awo, ndipo amatanthauza owerenga a Watson
ndi Frolick (1993) pazofunikira kujambula.
Mu sitepe yachiwiri, chitsanzo cha ubale wa bungwe chikujambulidwa
nyumba yosungiramo deta kenako amatsimikiziridwa ndi atsogoleri abizinesi. Chachitatu
sitepe ikuphatikizanso kuwunikira mapu kuchokera kudongosolo lakale
ndi magwero akunja a nyumba yosungiramo deta. Chinthu chachinayi chikukhudza
njira mu chitukuko, kutumiza ndi kalunzanitsidwe wa dati Mu
nyumba yosungiramo deta. Mu gawo lomaliza, dongosolo limaperekedwa
opangidwa ndi kutsindika makamaka pa mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito.
McFadden akuwonetsa kuti zojambulazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala
obwerezabwereza.
Mphamvu za njira ya McFadden zimaloza kutenga nawo mbali
ndi atsogoleri abizinesi pakuzindikira zofunika komanso
kufunika kwa chuma dati, kuyeretsa ndi kusonkhanitsa. Iye
zolakwika zimakhudza kusowa kwa njira yogawanitsa a
ntchito yabwino ndi nyumba yosungiramo deta m'magawo ambiri ophatikizika, ndi apo
Kuvutikira kumvetsetsa za bungwe ndi maubwenzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga
nyumba yosungiramo deta.

boma CEO

👍Othandizira pa intaneti | Katswiri wa Web Agency mu Digital Marketing ndi SEO. Web Agency Online ndi Web Agency. Kwa Agenzia Web Online kupambana pakusintha kwa digito kumatengera maziko a Iron SEO version 3. Zapadera: Kuphatikiza System, Enterprise Application Integration, Service Oriented Architecture, Cloud Computing, Data yosungiramo zinthu, nzeru zamabizinesi, Big Data, portal, intranets, Web Application Kupanga ndi kasamalidwe ka nkhokwe zaubale komanso zamitundu yambiri Kupanga malo olumikizirana ndi media media: kugwiritsa ntchito ndi Zithunzi. Online Web Agency amapereka makampani ntchito zotsatirazi: -SEO pa Google, Amazon, Bing, Yandex; -Web Analytics: Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager, Yandex Metrica; -Kutembenuka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito: Google Analytics, Microsoft Clarity, Yandex Metrica; -SEM pa Google, Bing, Amazon Ads; -Social Media Marketing (Facebook, Linkedin, Youtube, Instagram).

Onani Full Bio

Intaneti Marketing Nawonso achichepere dbms Nyumba yosungirako deta Data Sayansi Online malonda Ukachenjede watekinoloje Wothandizira Webusayiti Kutsatsa Marketing