Database Management System ndi mgwirizano

Patsamba lino tikufuna kulankhula za: "DBA yakutali mgwirizano pakati pa makampani "

Sangalalani ndikuwerenga.

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Zambiri

SOURCE : Claudio VENTURINI

MUTU : Mapangidwe ndi Kukula kwa Nyumba yosungirako deta m'malo ogwirizana

Wolankhula: Dr. Andrea MAURINO

Woyang'anira: Dr. Angelo SIRONI

Zigawo za thesis ya digiri ya Claudio Venturini yoperekedwa kwa Stefano Fantin yolembedwa ndi Andrea Maurino, pulofesa wa payunivesite ya University of Studies, amaperekedwa kuti adziwe zambiri. Milan Bicocca, ngati chida chowerengera ndi zolemba.

Kugwirizana: zovuta za IT

Muzochitika zogwirira ntchito pali mabungwe awiri kapena kuposerapo omwe amagwira ntchito mumpikisano wamsika mkati mwa msika wina, ndipo komabe amafunika kugwirizana pazinthu zina zamalonda. Zifukwa zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana ndipo zakhala zikutsutsana kwambiri ndi kafukufuku wa zachuma, kayendetsedwe ka mabungwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka chidziwitso.

Kawirikawiri, mgwirizano wa mgwirizano pakati pa ochita masewera osiyanasiyana ukhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi chifuniro cha omwe atenga nawo mbali pawokha, kapena kuperekedwa ndi anthu ena. Pachiyambi choyamba, ochita masewerawa amazindikira mogwirizana ndi mwayi wopeza phindu lofanana, lomwe palibe aliyense wa iwo amene angalandire mumpikisano wokhawokha. Chitsanzo ndi kusinthana kwa chidziwitso ndi cholinga chokweza zinthu kapena ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa makasitomala. Komabe, muzochitika zachiwiri, zochitikazo zimaphatikizapo wosewera wachitatu, yemwe ali ndi mphamvu zokakamiza kapena kulimbikitsa kusinthana kwa chidziwitso pakati pa omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Chochitika chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti mabungwe ena amakakamizidwa ndi lamulo kuti achite nawo mgwirizano.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a IT, mgwirizano umadziwika kuti ochita nawo masewerawa amayenera kusinthanitsa zidziwitso, popanda kuphatikiza kwathunthu machitidwe awo azidziwitso. Kusinthana kwa chidziwitsoku kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa bwino, chifukwa kugwirizanitsa kungakhale kopindulitsa ngati gawo la mgwirizano wa chiyanjano limapereka phindu kwa onse omwe atenga nawo mbali, choncho samapanga mpikisano kwa wosewera payekha. Mavuto ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga pulogalamu yamapulogalamu omwe amaphatikiza izi m'malo ogwirira ntchito ndi awa:

Kuzindikiritsa chidziwitso chomwe chiyenera kugawidwa, kumvetsetsa zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa ndikuphatikizidwa, kuti zikhale zothandiza kwa mabungwe onse okhudzidwa.

Njira zophatikizira zimasankha njira zoyenera zogwirira ntchito zophatikizira, zonse zomwe zikuyenera kutsatiridwa komanso momwe zimakhalira ndi zomangamanga ndi machitidwe omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Derali limaphatikizansopo nkhani zokhudzana ndi kuthetsa kusagwirizana kwa mawu pakati pa chidziwitso chochokera ku mabungwe osiyanasiyana.

Scalability kuchuluka kwa mabungwe omwe akutenga nawo gawo pakuchita nawo mgwirizano kumatha kukhala motsatana, ndipo kumasiyana pakapita nthawi: ndikofunikira kuti zomangazo zikhale zokwanira kuti zigwirizane. dati akhoza kuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo ndi kuphweka wachibale.

Kusinthasintha Kuphatikizidwa kwa machitidwe osiyanasiyana a chidziwitso kumawonjezera mwayi woti osachepera mmodzi wa iwo adzasintha pakapita nthawi. Kuthekera kumeneku ndikwapamwamba kwambiri pazidziwitso zambiri zophatikizika zomwe zilipo, ndipo zimayimira vuto makamaka pamene kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso chogawidwa ndipamwamba. Choncho dongosololi liyenera kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kusintha kwa machitidwe osiyanasiyana ophatikizika a chidziwitso.

Chitetezo chimatsimikizira chitetezo chazomwe zimafalitsidwa, kudzera mu njira zoyenera zoyendetsera mwayi

Zinsinsi zimatsimikizira zinsinsi za zomwe zasindikizidwa, pofuna kupewa kuti m'modzi mwa omwe akuchita ziwonetsero asadziwe zambiri zamabungwe ena, mwachitsanzo kudzera muzowukira. Makamaka, m'pofunika kupeza bwino pakati pa zothandiza dati kugawana, ndi cholinga chochita kafukufuku wowunika, ndi mlingo wofunikira wachinsinsi.

Katundu wa  dati  mphindi i  dati  zimasindikizidwa, bungwe likhoza kutaya mphamvu zake. Vutoli limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa wosewera wachitatu, komanso kudalira komwe mabungwe omwe akukhudzidwa

iwo akubwezeretsani inu. M'malo mwake, nthawi zina gulu lachitatu limatha kukhala ndi udindo woyang'anira dati adagawana.

Kuti athetse mavutowa, IT iyenera choyamba kuzindikira zomanga, nsanja ndi matekinoloje ofunikira kuti aphatikizidwe ndi kusinthana kwa chidziwitso. Kachiwiri, iyenera kufotokozera chitsanzo chokwanira chachitukuko, makamaka chokhudza gawo lotolera zofunikira. Pansipa tidzasanthula mwatsatanetsatane momwe zingathere kukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zasonyezedwa pazochitika zenizeni za chitukuko cha dongosolo losungiramo deta.

Nthawi zambiri DW imagwiritsidwa ntchito pounika kuchuluka kwa zochitika zomwe zingasangalatse bizinesi ya bungwe, monga kugulitsa, kugula kapena kuchuluka kwazinthu. Chifukwa chake imagwira ntchito ndi manambala, monga kuchuluka kwazinthu kapena mitengo. Kuti izi zitheke, bungwe la DW limakonza mfundozo m’njira yoti zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pofufuza pofuna kuthandizira zisankho. THE dati amachotsedwa kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana mkati mwa bungwe, ndikuphatikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yophatikizira, kuti apeze masomphenya ogwirizana. Panthawi imeneyi amathanso kuyeretsa, pamapeto pake amaphatikizidwa mu DW.

DW imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pamagawo osiyanasiyana. Mabungwe oyang'anira amawagwiritsa ntchito powunikira zovuta zosiyanasiyana zamabizinesi, kuti athandizire zisankho zawo.

Ogwiritsa ntchito ena atha kuzigwiritsa ntchito pongopanga malipoti apanthawi ndi nthawi, omwe nthawi zina amatha kuwululidwa kunja kwa bungwe.

Mu DW yopangidwa m'malo ogwirizana, magwero amodzi a dati ali ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo amaphatikizidwa kuti ayang'ane zochitika zomwe sizikukhudza anthu koma onse otenga nawo mbali. .

ma cooperative Nyumba yosungirako deta  (CDW):

dongosolo silimagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha mkati mwa bungwe. M'malo mwake, dongosololi ndi lotseguka, ndipo limatha kupereka chidziwitso kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ogwiritsa ntchito:

mabungwe omwewo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi mgwirizano, omwe atha kupeza malingaliro ochulukirapo amsika momwe amagwirira ntchito

utsogoleri wa boma, womwe ungapemphe dati kuti agwire ntchito zowongolera

nzika ndi ogula kuti apange unyolo kupanga momveka bwino.

Mgwirizano, Mpikisano, Mgwirizano

M'zaka zaposachedwapa olemba ena adatsindika kufunikira kwa njira zogwirira ntchito zopangira phindu mkati mwa bizinesi.

Kupyolera mu chiphunzitso cha masewera ndizotheka kutengera masamu machitidwe a ochita bizinesi kuti aphunzire zisankho zawo. M'masewera aliyense wopikisana naye amagwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe angasankhe panjira iliyonse. Kupindula kwa kusuntha kumatanthauzidwa ndi ntchito ya mphotho, yomwe imagwirizanitsa chiwerengero cha chiwerengero ndi kusuntha kulikonse kopangidwa ndi wophunzirayo. Nthawi zambiri mphothoyo imayimira kupindula kapena kutayika kwa ndalama, ndipo chifukwa chake ikhoza kukhala a

mtengo woipa. Cholinga cha osewerawa ndi kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mphotho zomwe amapeza pamasewera osiyanasiyana.

Popanda kulowa mwatsatanetsatane woyimira masamu, zochitika zitatu za mpikisano, mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano zitha kudziwika motere:

Mpikisano Gulu ndi gulu lodzipatula kuyerekeza ndi osewera ena amsika, ndipo cholinga chokhacho pamasewerawa ndikufunafuna mphotho yayikulu kuposa yomwe otsutsa amapeza, potsatira mwayi. Muzochitika zamasewerawa, kupambana komwe kwaperekedwa kwa m'modzi mwa osewera kumafanana ndi kutayika kofanana kwa mdani, chifukwa chake titha kulankhula zamasewera a zero-sum. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mu masewera amtunduwu ntchito za mphotho za otenga nawo mbali zosiyanasiyana zimasiyana kwambiri ndi wina ndi mnzake: chifukwa chake palibe chilengedwe chenicheni chamtengo wapatali, koma m'malo mwake pali kusamutsidwa kwa mtengo pakati pa osewera.

Mgwirizano Mabungwe omwe amasewera amayendetsedwa ndi zokonda zosinthana, motero amakhala ndi mphotho zomwe zimagwirizana. Kawirikawiri, kuyanjana kumakhazikika pa ubale wodalirana, m'njira yosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zimachitika mumpikisano. Nkhani iyi

ikhoza kuyimiridwa ndi masewera owerengera abwino, momwe kupanga mtengo kumatheka ndipo kumakhala kofanana kwambiri pomwe osewera amatengera njira yomwe ikufuna kutsata zomwe amakonda: izi zikupanga kusalimbikitsa kwamphamvu kutengera khalidwe la mwayi.

Mgwirizano Mgwirizano wamagulu ndi zochitika zosakanizidwa zomwe otenga nawo mbali amatsata zokonda zina. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika mu mgwirizano, chidwi chachikulu cha bungwe sichili

zimagwirizana bwino ndi chidwi cha omwe atenga nawo mbali pamasewerawa. Chifukwa chake palibe ubale wakukhulupirirana kwathunthu pakati pa osewera: m'malo mwake, ndizotheka kuti mphotho ya osewera ena imakonda kuchita mwamwayi. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti masewerawa ali ndi ndondomeko yabwino koma yosinthika, yomwe ingapangitse phindu lofanana pakati pa onse omwe akutenga nawo mbali, koma osati chilungamo. Muzochitika izi, kusatsimikizika kumapangidwa chifukwa osewera alibe njira yowerengera phindu lomwe angalandire kuchokera ku mgwirizano. Kukayikakayika kumeneku kungayambitse kutengera mwayi, zomwe zimachepetsa kutenga nawo mbali mu mgwirizano.

Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, kuwunika kothekera kuyenera kuperekedwa kwa mabungwe onse okhudzidwa, choncho asaphatikizepo i dati mwa mmodzi yekha wa iwo.

Kugwirizana kuchokera pamalingaliro a IT

Phindu limodzi Mgwirizano pakati pa anthu awiri kapena kuposerapo kuti tipindule nawo. Mlandu weniweni ndi ntchito yoyendayenda padziko lonse lapansi yoperekedwa ndi makampani amafoni am'manja, omwe amapikisana kuti akope makasitomala, koma panthaŵi imodzimodziyo amagwirizana kutsimikizira kupezeka kwa matelefoni akunjanso kumaiko akunja, kugawana ndalama zimene anthu amapeza chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mafoni padziko lonse. Ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kukhazikitsa njira zosinthira Call Detail Record ndikugwirizanitsa makina oyitanitsa. Chitsanzo chachiwiri ndi ntchito zolipirira mayendedwe apamsewu, monga Telepass. Ngakhale maukonde amsewu aku Italy ali ndi makampani angapo omwe akupikisana nawo, amagwirizana kuti apereke chithandizo cha Telepass pamaneti onse. Komanso mu nkhani iyi otaya mosalekeza wa m'pofunika dati m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana kuti aziyang'anira zolipiritsa za oyendetsa galimoto.

Stakeholder con il potere di forzare la coopetizione In alcuni scenari  di  busi- ness si ha la presenza di uno stakeholder con potere a sufficienza per instaurare    un rapporto di cooperazione tra altri stakeholder in competizione tra loro. Un scenario  di  questo  tipo  si  è  creato  in  Italia  in  seguito  all’istituzione  della  Borsa Continua Nazionale del Lavoro (BCNL), un portale web con l’obiettivo di favorire l’incontro tra domanda e offerta di lavoro. In questo caso lo Stato ha imposto per legge alle varie agenzie di job placement pubbliche e private di cooperare mettendo a disposizione nel portale alcune informazioni dei profili dei richiedenti lavoro che esse gestiscono.  Un secondo esempio è quello del parallel sourcing, modello tipico    di approvvigionamento di materiale nell’industria automobilistica giapponese [?]. In questo caso un’organizzazione si rifornisce di materiale da più fornitori differen-    ti, mantenendo il rapporto con ciascuno per un lungo periodo. Questo garantisce una fornitura costante di materiale e contribuisce a creare una forte competizione tra i fornitori. Tuttavia essi sono anche obbligati a scambiare conoscenza tra loro relativamente ai problemi di produzione e alle relative soluzioni.

Statistical Information Systems Boma la Public Administration, kapena makampani akuluakulu, atha kusankha kuphatikizira pang'ono machitidwe awo azidziwitso kuti akhale ndi chidziwitso chokhudza kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuti athandizire zisankho komanso kusanthula ziwerengero.

Kuphatikizika kwa machitidwe a chidziwitso cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali kumatanthawuza kumanga dongosolo lachidziwitso la federal, lomwe limalola kusinthana kwa chidziwitso pakati pa mabungwe omwe akukhudzidwa. Pakati pa zovuta zazikulu pamakina omanga ndi awa

Zamakono

Pankhani ya mgwirizano, palidi nkhani za bungwe. Kusanthula koyamba m'lingaliroli kunachitika ndi cholinga chowunika zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yopambana kapena yolephereka, kufotokoza mbiri ya omwe akuchita nawo gawo lophatikizana, kuyika m'magulu omwe angathe kukhala nawo, ndikuzindikira magawo ofunikira pomanga dongosolo.

Mu projekiti yomanga makina azidziwitso ogwirizana, mogwirizana, osewera otsatirawa atha kudziwika:

Coopetition board Committee Komiti yomwe ili ndi udindo wolimbikitsa mgwirizano pochita ngati mkhalapakati pakati pa mabungwe omwe akukhudzidwa ndikuwongolera ntchitoyo.

Opanga zisankho Gulu la mamanenjala a mabungwe osiyanasiyana omwe akukhudzidwa, omwe ali ndi mphamvu yosankha kufunikira kopereka pulojekitiyo komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe angapereke.

Ntchito Yogwirizanitsa Ntchito Yofunika Kwambiri (CPKR) Gulu la anthu a mabungwe omwe ali ndi udindo woyanjanitsa bungwe ndi komiti ya Coopetition Board, kuti achite mgwirizano. Nthawi zambiri amakhala anthu audindo wotsikirapo kuposa ochita zisankho, koma amakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu mumgwirizano.

Olembawo akuwunikira kuti nthawi zina kuti akwaniritse zolinga za polojekitiyo pangafunike kulowererapo pazantchito za bungwe, makamaka ngati kuli kofunikira kuthana ndi zovuta zamabizinesi.  dati. Kukonzanso kwawo ndi ntchito yowononga ndalama zambiri, motero ndikofunikira kuti opanga zisankho amvetsetse kuchuluka kwa mtengo wowonjezera womwe wabweretsa ku bungwe. Kupanda kutero sangakhale okonzeka kuyika ndalama zokwanira, malinga ndi ndalama za anthu komanso zachuma. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka ngati mgwirizano ukukakamizidwa ndi anthu ena.

Udindo wa ma CPKR ndiwofunika kwambiri kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yopambana, chifukwa ali ndi udindo wopangitsa kuti mgwirizano ukhale wotheka popereka njira zoyenera pakati pa bungwe ndi mayiko akunja. Mlandu wamba wa CPKR ndi akatswiri a dipatimenti ya IT, omwe amayenera kukonzekera ma Hardware ndi mapulogalamu apulogalamu ofunikira kuti alole kulumikizana kwa bungwe ndi federation. Nthawi zina ma CPKR sangawone phindu lachindunji poyambitsa dongosolo latsopanoli, motero sangafune kutenga nawo gawo mu mgwirizano. Kuphatikizanso apo, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amadzipeza ali mumkhalidwe wogonjera kwa opanga zosankha. Ngati omalizawo sakufuna kuyika ndalama zokwanira pantchitoyo, ndizotheka kuti angosiya gawo laling'ono la maola ogwirira ntchito omwe akupezeka ku CPKR kuti akwaniritse ntchitoyi.

DBA yakutali pakati pamakampani m'njira yogwirizana

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Zofunika za

Informatics kwa bungwe

Gawo loyamba la maphunzirowa: maphunziro 1-6

Zolemba zolembedwa ndi:

Antonio Ceparano, Vincenzo Ferme, Monica Menoncin, Alessandro Re

Kutsimikiziridwa ndi Pulofesa Giorgio De Michelis kuti awonetsetse kuti palibe zolakwika.

ZIMENE ZINTHU ZINTHU ZINTHU ZINTHU ZINTHU ZINTHU AMALIMBIKITSIRA NDI DOCTOR STEFANO FANTIN .

Mbiri yaukadaulo wazidziwitso m'mabungwe

Makampani amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma automatisms ndi makina ngakhale makompyuta asanabwere, mwachitsanzo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 makina adagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ofesi yolembera pogwiritsa ntchito makhadi olamulidwa ndi njira zosankhidwa, kapena kufotokoza mwachidule zambiri ndi akaunti, monga Tabulating. kapena Makina Owerengera.

International Business Machines, IBM, anabadwira m'gawoli: poyamba anagulitsa machitidwe obweza, omwe ankachitidwa kambirimbiri pamwezi; chifukwa chake panali machitidwe opangira ma invoice, koma osati owongolera: ziwerengero sizinapangidwe ndipo panalibe malo osungira ma voliyumu akulu. dati.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 30 ndi 40, magulu atatu ogwira ntchito ankagwira ntchito pa makompyuta opangidwa ndi makompyuta: Alan Turing ku England, ndi cholinga chopanga njira yolembera zolinga zankhondo, Konrad Zuse ku England. Germania (da alcuni reputato il vero inventore del

calculator electronic) ndi John von Neumann ndi timu ya ENIAC ku America. Anthu a ku America makamaka anali ndi ubwino, pambuyo pa nkhondo, kuona udindo wa makompyuta m'mabungwe kotero kuti amawalowetsa m'madera awa.

Lingaliro la chowerengera chosinthika, komabe, lidayamba kale nthawi iyi: kale m'ma 1800 Charles Babbage adapanga makina owerengera, "injini yosiyana."". Makinawa, komabe, adakhudzidwa ndi zovuta zamakina ndipo sanamangidwe konse ndi Babbage (kupanga molingana ndi mapangidwe apachiyambi kudamalizidwa mu 1991, Science Museum ku London). Pambuyo pake Babbage adapanga "Analytical Engine", makina ovuta kwambiri, omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito makadi okhomerera, omwe amatha kukhalapo zokonzedwa mwakufuna. Inali ndi mayunitsi a masamu, kuyendetsa kayendedwe ndi kukumbukira: inali mapangidwe oyambirira a kompyuta ya Turing-complete.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50 zinadziwika kuti kompyuta ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu bizinesi ndi kayendetsedwe ka anthu, omwe bungwe lawo linali kuvutika ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa dati. Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo, mabungwe akuluakulu okha ndi malo ofufuzira (monga malo) ndi asilikali angakwanitse kugula chowerengera.

M'zaka za m'ma 60, ukadaulo wazidziwitso udalowa m'makampani mofalikira komanso chifukwa cha ntchito ya IBM, yomwe idapanga mainframe yoyamba, System/360. (1964), yopangidwa kuti ikhale ndi kufalikira kwakukulu m'mabungwe apakati / akulu anthawi imeneyo.

Mu nthawi imeneyo nayenso Italia panali kupanga ma calculator apakompyuta a mabungwe, chifukwa cha Olivetti. Kampaniyi idapangidwa ndi magulu awiri ogwira ntchito: a Pisa malingaliro ndi mawonekedwe a makinawo adachitika, ku Ivrea kunali malo ogulitsa malonda ndi kuyanjana ndi kasitomala. Kukula kwa makompyuta, mu nthawi ino, kunali kovuta komanso kosangalatsa, popeza njira zachitukuko sizinalipo zomwe zimatsimikizira kupanga makina ogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

M'kupita kwa nthawi matekinoloje amenewa anafalikira ndipo kompyuta inakhala njira yoyendetsera zinthu zonse zomwe zingathe kusindikizidwa.

Masiku ano, poyerekeza ndi zaka 40 zapitazo, makompyuta asintha kwambiri. Pakhala kusintha kochuluka kuyambira nthawi ya makhadi okhomeredwa, koma zomvetsa chisoni pakhalanso mavuto osapeŵeka obwera chifukwa cha kusintha kumene kumafuna. Pakalipano, nthawi iliyonse yomwe timayambitsa kusintha timayenera kuthana ndi matekinoloje omwe alipo kale (cholowa), nthawi zambiri osalembedwa bwino kapena osalembedwa konse, kuwoneratu kusakanikirana ndi nthawi zosamuka, kumenyana ndi kukana kwa ogwiritsa ntchito.

M'bungwe lamakampani pali kuyendetsa kogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta mosalekeza pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Chofunikira kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga dati kuwongolera, zambiri zosalongosoka, komanso kufunikira kowerengera mobwerezabwereza kapena zovuta.

3-mbali masomphenya

M'kati mwa bungwe muli magawo atatu omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi machitidwe azidziwitso:

kukula ntchito, zokhudzana ndi kulembetsa zowona za kampani, zofunikira pakuwongolera kwake;

kukula kupanga zisankho, zokhudzana ndi kukonza chidziwitso kuti apange Business Intelligence;

kukula migwirizano, zokhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kuyankhulana ndi chidziwitso chimayenda mkati mwa kampani komanso ndi otsogolera akunja, ofunikira kuti athe kutenga pakati.

Kugwira ntchito kwa machitidwe azidziwitso kumayenderana ndi dongosolo labwino la zochitika ndipo chifukwa chake phindu kwa ogwira ntchito okhudzidwa (akhale ogwira ntchito, othandizana nawo, ogulitsa katundu, boma).

Gawo ili la machitidwe azidziwitso, lotchedwa "nkhope zitatu", linaperekedwa m'nkhani ziwiri11 kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 90, gulu la akatswiri ochokera ku mayunivesite osiyanasiyana ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana anathandizira kufunikira koganizira mbali zitatu zopanga dongosolo logwira ntchito.

Nkhope zitatu za dongosololi siziyenera kumveka ngati zigawo za dongosolo, koma monga mbali zitatu za kampani zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pakupanga machitidwe atsopano.

Ngakhale kuti machitidwe oyambirira a chidziwitso anabadwira kuti azithandizira ntchito, panthawi ya kusintha kwawo kulekanitsa koyenera kwa nkhope za 3 za dongosololi sizinachitike, koma zimagwirizanitsa mu zigawo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapanga dongosolo lonse; machitidwewa adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mwapadera ndipo aliyense waiwo anali ndi, mkati mwake, mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse wa nkhope zitatu. Mwachitsanzo, kusinthika kwa machitidwe othandizira ntchito kunapitilira panthawi yobadwa ndi chitukuko cha machitidwe a Business Intelligence.

Izi zinathandiza kuti pakhale machitidwe opangidwa ndi zigawo zosiyana koma zogwirizana. Chilichonse mwa zigawozi chimakhala ndi chisinthiko chosiyana ndi ena ndipo kukula kwa dongosolo kumakhala ndi zosankha zokhudzana ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa kuphatikiza kwa machitidwe omwe alipo. Komabe, zisankho zophatikizirazi zimabweretsa kusakhazikika komanso zosankha zamtsogolo: kupangidwa kwa mapulogalamu kumapitilira zaka (zaka 10 kapena 15) ndikufunsa mosalekeza machitidwe omwe alipo. Zosankha zomwe zidapangidwa m'mbuyomu zimakhudzana ndi maubwenzi omwe alipo pakati pa zigawozo komanso zomwe zapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zomwe zikuchitika, osati pamlingo wadongosolo, komanso pamlingo wa tsankho: zikhulupiriro ndi zizolowezi zomwe zakhazikika pakampani, makamaka. muzochitika zokhazikika kwambiri.

Zigawo zitatu zomwe taziwona ziyenera kuonedwa ngati mbali zitatu za vuto lomwelo osati zigawo zitatu zosiyana.

Thandizo la ntchito

Ukadaulo wazidziwitso udalowa m'makampani omwe ali m'malo ofunikira komanso ochulukira: chidziwitso chofunikira cha kampaniyo ndi chomwe chingatsatidwenso ndi zomwe kampaniyo imachita pazachuma komanso zogulitsa. Chifukwa chake madera atatu oyamba kulumikizidwa pakompyuta anali

kasamalidwe ka malo osungiramo katundu ndi kupanga mapulani;

accounting, kasamalidwe;

kasamalidwe ka ogwira ntchito.

Ukadaulo woyamba wazidziwitso m'bungwewu umagwirizana ndi kupanga chizindikiritso chodziwika bwino cha zowona zamakampani zomwe zitha kutsatiridwanso kuzinthu zachuma. Izi tsopano zakhala zofunika kwambiri chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti ntchito za kampaniyo ziwonekere. Masiku ano ndikofunikira kuti kuwonetsetsa uku kukhalepo molingana ndi nyumba zamalamulo zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa chake mkati mwa bungwe la miyeso yayikulu pali zofunikira zomwe sizingakwaniritsidwenso popanda kuthandizidwa ndiukadaulo wazidziwitso.

Machitidwe omwe amakhudzana ndi kayendetsedwe ka izi dati zofunika pa ntchito a kampani (nyumba yosungiramo katundu, ogwira ntchito, ma invoicing), mwachitsanzo, omwe amathandiza kampani pabizinesi yake, amatchedwa machitidwe othandizira ntchito.

Tiyeni titenge mwachitsanzo kampani yopeka yomwe imapanga zoseweretsa: chinthu chilichonse chopangidwa chimafotokozedwa ndi bilu yake yazinthu, mwachitsanzo, ndi mndandanda wa zigawo zake zonse, ndipo kusiyanasiyana kulikonse pamitengo yazinthu kumabweretsa chinthu chosiyana: mwachitsanzo ma Barbies onse. ali ndi mikono 2 ndi miyendo iwiri, koma ena ali ndi tsitsi lofiira, ena ali ndi chovala china, ndi zina zotero. Tikhoza kuzindikira malonda ndi zosiyana zake zonse pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zapadera.

Chilichonse chili ndi katundu wa nyumba yosungiramo katundu: tili ndi chidwi chodziwa kuti tili ndi ma Barbi angati komanso kuti tapanga angati.

Zogulitsazo ziyenera kugulitsidwa: chifukwa chake kampani iyenera kuyang'anira ma invoice okhudzana ndi malondawo. Tsopano tikhoza kugwirizanitsa ndalama ndi katundu ndikuwona kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimabwera pa chinthu chilichonse.

Kudzera mu dongosolo lazidziwitso titha kukhala ndi chidziwitso pazogulitsa ndi denaro.

Pogwirizana ndi zinthu zomaliza, kuti apange chinachake, zipangizo zomwe zikubwera zimafunika, choncho tidzayenera kulemba zinthu zomwe zikubwera komanso ndalama zomwe zikugwirizana nazo ndi zolemba.

Pomaliza m'pofunika kupereka ogwira. Zambiri ndi:

mbiri (zaumwini, zachuma);

udindo mu bungwe;

zisonyezo zokhudzana ndi dongosolo la mabonasi opangira.

Thandizo lachigamulo

Komabe, kuyendetsa bungwe kumapitilira kuyang'anira zowona za kampani: kuti mukule, kuwongolera ndikukulitsa kampaniyo ndikofunikira kupanga zisankho motengera momwe zinthu ziliri komanso zovuta (mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kapena kuchepa kwa kufunikira kwa chinthu) zomwe zimalepheretsa kampaniyo, i.e. kupanga zisankho zozikidwa pa mfundo ndi mfundo zachuma.

Osati zokhazo: kampaniyo imathanso kupatuka panjira yake osazindikira ngati, mwachitsanzo, njira zogulitsira zili zopindulitsa kwambiri kapena zocheperako (kapena zimayimira kutayika), kampaniyo mosadziwa imatha kupita njira zosayembekezereka.

Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kufunsa mafunso okhudzana ndi zinthu zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha, kapena zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri zosankha zamakampani. Kuti tichite zimenezi n'zotheka kumanga zitsanzo mothandizidwa ndi calculators kutanthauzira bwino dati zindikirani.

Chifukwa chake madongosolo amafunikira omwe amalola mwayi wopeza chidziwitso chonse chothandiza, mwachitsanzo chokhudzana ndi gawo la kuthekera kwa munthu yemwe akufunsayo komanso zothandiza pochita ntchito zaluso, kuti athe kuyankha, koma kusiya. mlingo wabwino wa ufulu wokhoza kuyankha moyenera.

Machitidwe otere, omwe amathandiza pa kayendetsedwe ka bungwe, amatchedwa machitidwe a malonda kasamalidwe.

Machitidwewa amakulolani kuti mugwiritse ntchito njira zomasulira zomwe zimathandiza pokonzekera ndi kusankha mtsogolo motengera zomwe kupanga-kugulitsa mphamvu kumapanga.

Kutanthauzira kwamphamvu izi kumachitika ndi nzeru bizinesi (BI), ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku chilango chimenecho, kapena njira zaukadaulo, zomwe zimafufuza dati zomwe kampaniyo ili nazo kale, koma zomwe (mwapang'ono) sizikudziwa. Njira zowunikira ndi zisankho ndi gawo la BI.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, machitidwe a BI adasinthanso: m'mbuyomu, machitidwewa anali olunjika machitidwe odziwa zambiri, kapena machitidwe osonkhanitsa dati, koma zosowa zamabizinesi zasintha kwazaka zambiri ndipo makampani akufunsa mafunso osiyanasiyana kuposa kale. M'malo mwake, sikuti amangogwira ntchito kuti apititse patsogolo kampaniyo, malo ogwirira ntchito ndi zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa, koma momwe msika umakhala ndi gawo lomwe kampaniyo imapanga imakhudza momwe amagwirira ntchito munthawi yochepa komanso yayitali.

Chifukwa chake, kampaniyo imafunikira:

kudzipanga nokha ndi machitidwe ake kuti zitsimikizire kusinthasintha kwabwino kwa kusintha;

kukhala ndi antchito okhoza komanso osinthasintha;

Kuwongolera zidziwitso zambiri ndi maubale ndi mabungwe ena (anthu, makampani ena, ...).

Choncho, Business Intelligence iyenera kukhala yokwanira kuthandizira ndikuwongolera zosankha za kampani, potsatira njira yake: machitidwe a ERP, obadwa m'zaka za m'ma 60 / 70, anali ndi makampani okhazikika kwambiri, koma momwe zinthu zilili panopa ndizosiyana. Sikokwaniranso kupanga i dati pa ntchito ya manejala, koma muyenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chowonjezera, kuchita zowunikira zovuta komanso zodula. Chifukwa chake timafunikira machitidwe azidziwitso apadera pazosowa izi.

Chitsanzo cha momwe machitidwe asinthira kuchoka ku kasamalidwe ka ntchito kupita ku chithandizo cha zisankho ndi cha nkhokwe.

Kamodzi kasamalidwe ka nyumba yosungiramo katundu kunali kusonkhanitsa kwa dati Zofunikira pakuwongolera kwake: kusanja masheya, zida zopangira ndi zinthu zomaliza.

Masiku ano dongosololi ndi lalikulu ndipo limayendetsa, kuwonjezera pa datikupanga ndi kukonza mapulani.

Dongosololi limadutsa magawo angapo achisinthiko:

ma aligorivimu oyambira a dongosolo chonse: kutengera ndalama zopangira ei

zolepheretsa kupanga zimatsimikizira milingo ndi ma rhythm omwe ayenera kusungidwa (kufufuza chiphunzitso)

kutsatiridwa bwino kwambiri kwa dongosololi ndi zovuta zomveka bwino za nthawi: mndandanda wa ntchito zomwe ziyenera kuchitika komanso kuwongolera kwawo (logistics + automation)

m'makina akulu kwambiri, kasamalidwe sikungakhale kodzipangira okha, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kutsegulira Business Intelligence (chisankho machitidwe)

Ngakhale oyang'anira, monga nyumba yosungiramo zinthu, asintha pakapita nthawi: makinawo atachita zocheperako, adapereka chithandizo pakukonza ma invoice ndi bajeti, koma masiku ano chisinthiko chikukankhira pakukonzekera ndi kupanga, kuwongolera (kuyang'anira) ntchito ndi ntchito.

Kuphatikiza kwa Ntchito ndi Zosankha mu machitidwe a ERP

Kuphatikizana pakati pa machitidwe othandizira ntchito ndi machitidwe anzeru zamabizinesi akupitilirabe mpaka mawonekedwe a ERP, Enterprise Resource Planning, omwe amatenga gawo lachidziwitso chimodzi pamoyo wakampani. Machitidwewa, omwe adafikira kufalikira kwakukulu m'zaka za m'ma 90, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani onse apakati/akuluakulu ndipo akufalikira kwambiri m'makampani apakati/aang'ono.

Chinthu chotsogola pamsikawu ndi SAP.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ERP (osati kwenikweni SAP) ndi chiyambi chatsopano cha kampaniyo: kuphatikiza chidziwitso ndi kasamalidwe kake kokhazikika koma kokhazikika kumalola malingaliro ovuta (kuwerengera malire a ndalama, zochitika za solvency / insolvency ...).

Chifukwa chake kumasulira kapangidwe ka bizinesi kukhala chitsanzo cha ERP ndi njira yabwino yomvetsetsa momwe makampani amapangidwira komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito. Komabe, ndi ERPs n'zovuta kulanda zenizeni za makampani monga "jenereta a chidziwitso", ndipo zimakhala zosatheka kuwayimilira mwatsatanetsatane.

M'malo mwake, vuto loyimira kampaniyo limabwera chifukwa chakuti machitidwe a ERP omwe akupezeka pano amachokera ku mtundu umodzi wamakampani otsogola (chitsanzo cha ARIS), pomwe m'dziko lamakono ndizofala kuzindikira mabungwe omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a matrix. , momwe anthu alibe kudalira m'modzi (kuchokera kwa wamkulu), koma kawiri: kumodzi kwa kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito (chidziwitso chomwe anthu ali nacho, mwachitsanzo, wopanga ali ndi "mlengi wamkulu" wotchulidwa) ndi wina wa ntchito ( pulojekiti yomwe akugwira ntchito, mwachitsanzo wojambulayo ali ndi "wotsogolera polojekiti" pa ntchito yomwe akugwira ntchito panopa).

Choncho pali mameneja ambiri a wogwira ntchito m'modzi, omwe angakhale ndi mikangano.

Kuphatikiza apo, ma ERP ali ndi malire okhudzana ndi kusinthika kwa kampani: kampani siingathe kulosera momwe idzasinthire komanso momwe idzasinthire. Makina apakompyuta amayenera kutengera kusintha kwamakampani, koma nthawi zina ERP imakhala yopangidwa mwadongosolo kwambiri moti sizingafanane ndi kusintha kwa kampaniyo ndipo cholakwikachi chimadzetsa kusakhazikika komwe kumalepheretsa kusinthika kwamakampani.

Pamapeto pake, posankha ERP, muyenera kumvetsetsa:

kuphatikiza dati: ERP mwachiwonekere sangathe kunyalanyaza dati zamakampani, omwe ndi ambiri komanso osalongosoka, pakufunika kugwiritsa ntchito malo osungiramo data

ndi mavuto ati omwe amabwera poyendetsa kampani yonse ndi ERP

Choncho, ndi makhalidwe otani a kampani yomwe imatenga ERP inayake ndi kuti ndi iti yomwe ikugwirizana ndi mavutowa (mwachitsanzo, makhalidwe a makampani a dziko linalake, mwachitsanzo, a ku Italy amasiyanitsidwa ndi miyambo ndi kasamalidwe ka mabanja, ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakatikati. kukula, kukana kusintha)

Kasamalidwe ka chidziwitso

Kampani ikaganiza zolowa gawo lina la msika, silingayambe kuyambira pomwe: pali njira zomwe zimayenera kuchitidwa ndipo pali magawo omwe amayenera kufufuzidwa mosamala. Kuphunzira kwa ochita mpikisano ndi msika ndikofunikira osati kungosokoneza njira zomwe zingatheke kutengera, komanso kuti athe kufananiza zotsatira za njira zake ndi zomwe zilipo kale.

Zosankha zomwe zimatengedwa mkati mwa kampani ndi chifukwa cha ndondomeko, yomwe siili yovomerezeka kapena yodziwika bwino. Ngakhale kuti ena ayesa kukhazikitsa njirazi komanso momwe anthu amaganizira, zotsatira zake ndizakuti machitidwe a anthu sakhala omwe mumayembekezera.

Mwambiri, njira yophunzirira msika imakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri zofunika:

gawo la dialogic, kapena kulankhulana pakati pa anthu. Ngati alibe chidziwitso chokwanira, atha kufunsa wina momveka bwino kapena mosapita m'mbali.

M'makampani "wopanga zisankho zomaliza" amatchedwa Chief Executive Officer (CEO) zomwe mwina zimathandizidwa ndi khonsolo, yomwe ikunena. CEO ayenera lankhulani pafupipafupi ndi anthu onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi, kusinthanitsa zidziwitso kuti tipeze njira zobweretsera phindu kukampani.

gawo lazolemba, kapena kusinthana ndi/kapena kugawana zikalata. Osati kokha pali kulankhulana pakati pa anthu, koma palinso kusinthana kwa zolemba zofunika kuti mukhale ndi maziko amodzi omwe mungakambirane. Zambiri zimasonkhanitsidwa ndipo maphunziro amachitika pamsika womwe mukufuna kulowa nawo, komanso momwe mungalowe mumsika.

Kudziwa ndi kasamalidwe ka zidziwitso ndi gawo lofunikira pamagawo onse momwe ndikofunikira kusankha mtundu wina wa chisankho, osakhudzana kwenikweni ndi dati zina za kampaniyo, koma nthawi zambiri zimagwirizana ndi dati wosatsimikizika.

Magawo awiri omwe adakumana ndi chisinthiko mwanjira iyi mzaka zaposachedwa ndi a malonda ndi yamalonda, makamaka ya malonda zomwe sizimakhazikika pa dati zosatsimikizika - monga zamalonda - koma ziyeneranso kutanthauzira machitidwe a anthu.

Machitidwe a chidziwitso kwa malonda ndipo malonda samabadwira m'dera la machitidwe othandizira ntchito, koma m'dera la kukonza zidziwitso ndikusintha ku kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka chidziwitso, chifukwa ayenera kuganiziranso zambiri zowonjezera, kuphatikizapo zakunja.

Ukadaulo wazidziwitso uyenera kulumikizana ndi njira yovuta yolumikizirana ndi kugawana zidziwitso. Ndipo iyenera kukumana ndi vuto lovuta kuti liwaphatikize ndikupereka mayankho ku zosowa zamakampani.

Njira yolankhulirana tsopano ikutsatira njira yomwe imasiya kampaniyo ndikutsegula mndandanda wamavuto atsopano. M'gawo la zida zapakhomo, mwachitsanzo, makampani sadziwa zawo makasitomala Chomaliza, chifukwa chowonadi chomwe chilipo ndichakuti zida zapakhomo zimagulitsidwa m'masitolo amitundu yambiri, komwe kuli mkhalapakati, woyang'anira shopuzomwe zimakhazikitsa ubale wodalirika ndi kasitomala. Ngakhale amisiri okonza nthawi zambiri amakhala amitundu yambiri, ndipo kampaniyo imadzipeza yolephereka kuyankhulana ndi kasitomala chifukwa sichimalumikizana mwachindunji. Chifukwa chake, opanga amayenera kutsegula njira zoyankhulirana ndi zawo makasitomala, koma ntchito imeneyi si yosavuta kuchita, chifukwa nthawi zambiri maganizo okha makampani ndi makasitomala zimachitika pokhapokha ine makasitomala sakhuta.

Kwa kampani, kukambirana ndi kasitomala ndikofunikira monga kugulitsa chinthu, chifukwa kumatanthauza kukhulupirika kwake. Mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo, njira yokhala ndi kasitomala idapangidwa kudzera m'malo oimbira foni. Komabe, posachedwapa, ICT ikufalikira kwambiri ndipo sikuti imakhala ndi udindo ku ofesi yakumbuyo, koma imatenga gawo latsopano pakulankhulana kwamakasitomala.

Kulumikizana ndi kasitomala komanso kasamalidwe kakukambirana kwachititsa kuti madipatimenti osiyanasiyana akampani atengere njira yawo yolumikizirana pakapita nthawi. Komabe, pakufunika kuyanjana pakati pa madipatimentiwa, ndipo izi zimabweretsa vuto pophatikiza zida zomwe madipatimenti osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito. Zokambirana zamakasitomala, motero, zimaphwanya malire amakampani ndikubweretsa vuto la komwe mungayike zida kuti athe kukambirana izi; kampani iliyonse ili ndi mbiri yeniyeni yophatikizana, zomwe zimadalira mbiri ya kampaniyo.

Kukambirana kokhudza kupanga ndi kupanga zinthu zatsopano kotero kuli ndi magawo awiri:

gwero lakunja, loperekedwa ndi khalidwe la mpikisano ndi katundu wawo ndi khalidwe la makasitomala;

gwero lamkati, loperekedwa poyerekezera pakati pa zolosera zamalonda ndi malonda enieni.

Kuyanjana ndi kasitomala kumachitikanso kudzera mu "machitidwe ogwirira ntchito" (mwachitsanzo, machitidwe othandizira ntchito), omwe akuyenda pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku gawo lomwe likugwirizana kwambiri ndi kampaniyo ndi bizinesi yake yayikulu, kupita ku gawo loyandikira kwa wogwiritsa ntchito pophatikiza zambiri. ntchito ndi zopereka kwa ogula.

Tekinoloje imatilola kukulitsa nthawi ya machitidwe othandizira ntchito, kusintha kwambiri kuyanjana komwe timakhala nako ndi kasitomala.

Mwachitsanzo, makampani amasiku ano olankhulana ndi mafoni amatcha makina omwe amayendetsa maukonde a telefoni "machitidwe opangira" ndipo kuyimba nambala yafoni ndikulumikizana ndi makina ogwiritsira ntchito, ngakhale kulumikizana uku sikukuwonedwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito.

Komano, machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani a e-malonda kubwera Amazon, amawonekera kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amakhazikitsa mtundu wa zokambirana ndi dongosololi (mwachitsanzo, the Amazon amapereka mabuku ogwiritsa ntchito omwe angasangalale nawo potengera zosankha za ogwiritsa ntchito ena).

Kuyanjana ndi wogwiritsa ntchito ndikofunikira pamene kampani ikufuna kugwirizanitsa malonda kuti agulitsidwe ndi uthenga wofalitsidwa: pamene kampani ikuganiza za kukhalapo kwake, malonda omwe amagulitsa ndi ubale wake ndi msika, amayerekezera zomwe zilipo momwe zingathere. Izi zimachitika pogwira ntchito pazomwe munthu ali nazo, zomwe zimachokera dati (ie kuchokera ku manambala omwe asonkhanitsidwa), komanso kuchokera ku chidziwitso chosakhala manambala chomwe kampani imapeza kuchokera kwa omwe akupikisana nawo e. makasitomala.

Gawo ili la kasamalidwe ka chidziwitso likukulirakulira m'mabungwe amakono, ndi gawo latsopano.

Ndipo ndizosangalatsa kuwona kuti makampani ena amalumikizana mwamphamvu ndi i makasitomala ndipo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro a anthu komanso ubale wamakasitomala. Mwachitsanzo, kwa FIAT 500, a webusaitiyi (Masiku 500 msika usanayambe) womwe unasonkhanitsa zizindikiro za makasitomala kuthekera komanso mtsogolo komanso zomwe zidakhudza zomwe zidaperekedwa kumsika (mwachitsanzo, bolodiloli linali chinthu chokonzedwanso kukumbukira cha 500 choyambirira molingana ndi zomwe anthu amawonetsa).

Kutanthauzira kwa msika kuyenera kudutsa muzochita ndi zomwe zingatheke makasitomala.

Kuti tichite izi, timakhala ndi chidwi ndi zida zogwiritsira ntchito chidziwitso ndi mgwirizano (groupware). Kulankhulana, mkati ndi kunja, ndikofunikira kuti kampani ikhale yopambana.

Zida zonse zomwe zikufalikira m'mabungwe zimakhazikika kwambiri pakuwongolera chidziwitso, osati kungotanthauzira msika, komanso kulola kugawana chidziwitso mkati mwawo. wa kampani; mwachitsanzo, kampani yokhala ndi maofesi apadera komanso akutali (mwachitsanzo Milan e Rome), atha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera zidziwitso ndi kulumikizana kuti abweretse zokumana nazo pafupi, kulepheretsa kukula kwa ma nuclei awiri osiyana ndipo potero kupereka kutanthauzira ndi kuphatikiza luso.24.

Kasamalidwe ka chidziwitso alinso ndi chidwi kwa iwo omwe akuyenera kupanga zisankho zing'onozing'ono komanso zocheperako, mwachitsanzo ntchito yamakasitomala yomwe iyenera kupereka mayankho ku mafunso. makasitomala atha kugwiritsa ntchito ma FAQ, mwachitsanzo, mayankho a mafunso wamba okhazikika kuyambira pazomwe amagawana. Koma mtundu uliwonse wa ndondomeko yovomerezeka, chifukwa chakuti ndi yovomerezeka, imakhala ndi zosiyana. Mwa chikhalidwe chawo, sangathe kukhala okhazikika ndipo ena sangathe kuthetsedwa. M'madera ena kupatulako kumagwira ntchito yofunikira, monga m'maboma a boma, mwachitsanzo, kumene akuti kuchotserako kumayimira pafupifupi theka la milandu.

Njirazi zimatsatiridwa ndi chidziwitso: ngati ndondomekoyi sichiyendetsedwa bwino, ngakhale kuyankhulana kwa chidziwitso sikungatheke.

Palinso njira zina, kupanga zisankho kapena kupanga, zomwe zingathe kukonzedwa, koma momwe polojekiti ikugwiritsidwira ntchito imakhudza kukwaniritsidwa kwake ndipo sikoyenera kuti polojekitiyi ikhale yolimba kwambiri. Pazifukwa izi, munthu akhoza kuganiza kuti ndondomekoyi ndikuyenda kwa zokambirana zomwe zili ndi ndondomeko zokhazikika komanso zolondola mkati mwake.

Pali njira zopangira zisankho ndi njira zopangira zomwe sizingakhale zolimba kwambiri, chifukwa kuyenda kwa zokambirana kumakhala kofunikira monga zopinga za mapangidwe kapena mawonekedwe.

Kuphatikiza kwa madera a 3

Mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo, maiko a machitidwe ogwirira ntchito ndi zisankho ndi machitidwe oyendetsera chidziwitso anali osiyana kotheratu komanso osagwirizanitsa; pakati pa machitidwewa, komabe, palibe mtunda wosawerengeka. Poyambirira, kuti mupeze ndikugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe onsewa, makompyuta aumwini amagwiritsidwa ntchito: pasanakhale makina odzipatulira pa ntchito iliyonse, koma pakali pano makompyuta ali padziko lonse ndipo machitidwe angapezeke pamalo omwewo. Makompyuta nawonso akufalikira ndipo akuchulukirachulukira pakati pa kulumikizana: mu 80s, pakufunika

"Ndi makompyuta angati omwe kampani yanga ikufunika?", Yankho linaperekedwa "ochuluka kapena ochepa monga momwe mulili ndi mafoni", ichi ndi chizindikiro choyamba cha momwe kompyuta yakhalira chida chofunikira choyendetsera kulankhulana.

Kotero kwa zaka zambiri, kuwonjezera pa machitidwe azidziwitso a kasamalidwe ka dati za kampaniyo, machitidwe akhazikitsidwa pakuwongolera kampani, chidziwitso ndi kulumikizana. Njira yapangidwa dati kuyambira kachitidwe ka zidziwitso za malipiro ndi kasamalidwe kupita ku kachitidwe kamagulu kagulu kamene kali ndi zidziwitso zapang'onopang'ono komanso zosalondola kwenikweni.

Kuyenda kwa chidziwitso ndi kuphatikiza kwa gulu la zida ndi machitidwe othandizira ntchito kumatanthauza kuti, kwenikweni, palibenso machitidwe omwe ali ndi dati static. Mwachitsanzo, palibenso machitidwe oyendetsera ntchito zolipira antchito, chifukwa zimaphatikizidwa munjira yovuta kwambiri yoyendetsera ntchito. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupereka zambiri kwa antchito, kuwonjezera pa ubale wa ntchito, kukonza mgwirizano ndi kampani.

Kusintha kwa machitidwe azidziwitso, omwe akuphatikizana kwambiri ndi zolemba zowona ndi kutuluka kwa mauthenga, kumagwirizananso ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso makamaka kusintha kwa momwe ubale wa ntchito umawonekera: wakhala mgwirizano pakati pa antchito ndi kampani. Kampaniyo ili ndi chidwi chowunika antchito ake ndikukhalabe ndi zokambirana nawo pamikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, wogwira ntchitoyo samangoyesedwa kuchokera pamwamba, komanso ndi anzake (kuwunika kwa anzawo). Machitidwe a zidziwitso zamakampani amalozera kwambiri machitidwe oyang'anira ogwira ntchito omwe ali otseguka kwa ogwira ntchitowo, kuwapatsa mwayi wofotokozera momwe amagwirira ntchito, zolinga zomwe zakhazikitsidwa, ndi zina zambiri.

Matekinoloje omwe alipo lero pazokambirana ndi kusinthana zidziwitso ndi awa:

imelo: yomwe imalandiridwa padziko lonse lapansi, momwe njira yolumikizirana ilili zopangidwa zokha;

ndi skype: zothandiza kwambiri pakulankhulana pakamwa;

misonkhano yamakanema pakati pa anthu angapo: kuposa Skype yolumikizana pakati anthu ambiri;

telefoni.

Zolemba zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zimasinthidwa, zomata, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta komanso zothandiza, koma zimapanga redundancy ndi kusokonezeka kwina chifukwa zimagwirizanitsidwa, koma sizinaphatikizidwe, pazokambirana ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhalapo m'matembenuzidwe angapo, choncho si apadera komanso osakhala bwino. kulinganizidwa kwakanthawi.

Pofuna kuthana ndi kuipa kwa zomata m'lingaliro ili, machitidwe enieni adapangidwa: machitidwe oyendetsera zolemba. Pali angapo, imodzi mwamabaibulo otchuka kwambiri ndi wiki.

ndalama

Mtengo waukulu womwe umabwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ma Calculator ndi awa:

kugula

unsembe

kukonza

oyendetsa maphunziro (maphunziro aukadaulo kwa akatswiri omwe amagwira ntchito kumeneko)

Kampani ikatembenukira kukampani yakunja kuti ipeze ntchito. Ndikofunikira kuyang'anira bwino zomwe kampaniyo ikuzindikira (bizinesi yayikulu), chilichonse chomwe chili kunja chimatengedwa ngati mtengo (kutulutsa).

Mgwirizano wakunja ndi mapangano aatali komanso ovuta pomwe kampani imapempha ntchito zakunja zomwe sizikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi "luso lake lalikulu", mwachitsanzo, kampaniyo imatumiza kunja zonse zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zomwe kampaniyo iyenera kukwaniritsa. Timayesa kusuntha zomwe zili luso la kampani kunja, ndikuzipanga mtengo, koma timasunga pazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa kampani.

Magawo omwe kutumizidwa kunja kudayamba kuchitidwa anali ICT, logistics komanso, posachedwapa, komanso kayendetsedwe kake. Ubwino womwe muli nawo ndikuti bungweli limamasuka ndi zolemetsa zina zomwe zimakwezedwa kumakampani akunja monga ntchito (timagwiritsa ntchito kudziwa momwe zakunja), zotsatira zachindunji ndikuti kuwongolera kwachindunji komanso kosalekeza pazomwe zikuchitika pakugulitsa kunja kumatayika.

Kuyerekeza mtengo ndi vuto lalikulu paukadaulo wazidziwitso, makamaka ngati mukungoganizira za ndalama zomwe mungasungire zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito luso laukadaulo (Ex: ndi imelo ndizovuta kuyerekeza komwe mukusungira).

Chiwerengero chomwe chimatengera mtengo malinga ndi izi chimatha kuchepetsa mtengo waukadaulo wazidziwitso

ndiye IOC (Chief Information Officer), chifukwa zikusonyeza kuti mphamvu zake sizidalira ndalama zomwe amayendetsa, koma ndalama zomwe amasungira kampaniyo.

Zomwe zilipo panopa m'mabungwe zili ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana

tekinoloje yasintha ndikukonzanso mozungulira ERP powonjezera zidutswa. Mulingo wa heterogeneity umasokonekera chifukwa pali makina onse a batch ndi makina apaintaneti (ochokera pa intaneti, ....)

kupeza mautumiki onse operekedwa ndi machitidwewa kumachitika kudzera pa kompyuta yanu.

Vuto la anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito umisiri komanso kwa omwe amawapanga ndikuwona zomwe zilipo ndipo kutero ndikofunikira kupeza njira zokhwima.

Kafukufuku wosankhidwa: "United Parcel Services (UPS): kutumiza phukusi ndi e-malonda mayankho", ad kuimba ya Center for Information System (MIT).

Introduzione

Chifukwa cha mapaketi ake okwana 15 miliyoni patsiku, UPS ndiye mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi pamayendedwe amagulu.

Kampaniyo, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1907 pansi pa dzina la American Messenger Company, idakulitsa mbiri yake ngati kampani yodalirika komanso yodalirika yoyendera m'zaka za zana lino, mpaka kumapeto kwa 2000 idakhala bungwe lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe lili ndi pafupifupi 13 miliyoni. maphukusi amanyamulidwa tsiku lililonse kupita kumayiko opitilira 200.

M'zaka zaposachedwa idakulitsa bizinesi yake kupitilira mayendedwe "osavuta" a zinthu: popanga ndalama pakufufuza ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuthekera kwa IT, yabweretsa mautumiki ambiri owonjezera.

Kukula kwaukadaulo kwa kampaniyo sikunali chisankho chotsatiridwa ndi zofunikira zenizeni. Kuyambitsidwa kwa ntchito zaukadaulo kwambiri ndi opikisana nawo m'ma 80 sikunadzutse mu kasamalidwe chikhumbo chilichonse chofuna kutsanzira ndipo panalidi kusafuna kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoposa 1% ya bajeti yapachaka pamakina a IT. Kunali kokha kusintha kwa kasamalidwe mu 1986 komwe kunabweretsa kusintha kopindulitsa, komwe kunapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri komanso kupanga malo osungiramo anthu ambiri. Pakati pa 1986 ndi 1996, UPS idatsanulira ndalama zoposa $11 miliyoni mu IT, kukulitsa gulu lake la akatswiri a IT kuchoka pa 100 kufika kupitirira 4000.

Chisankhochi chakhala ndi zotsatira pa machitidwe, pa ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa makasitomala, kukhathamiritsa kwa bizinesi, maubwenzi ogwirizana ndi kasamalidwe ka ogwira ntchito.

System

Kumayambiriro koyambilira kwa ndalama mu IT, UPS nthawi yomweyo idamanga malo ku New Jersey odzipereka kusungirako ndi kukonza dati; zovuta izi zimayenera kusewera gawo la Nawonso achichepere Zowona ndi zidziwitso zonse zokhudzana ndi bungwe, zomwe zimapereka malo amodzi olowera nthambi zonse zakampani.

Dongosolo lapakati linali lofunikira koposa zonse kuti zitsimikizire kuthekera kotsata, mwachitsanzo, kudziwa komwe kuli phukusi nthawi zonse. Izi zatsopano, zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi mpikisano, zinayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi makasitomala. Chifukwa chake UPS idawona kuti ndikofunikira kuyikapo ndalama

netiweki ya capillary yomwe ingalole kufalikira kwa chidziwitso ichi: netiweki, yomwe idatenga dzina la UPS Net, idakhazikitsidwa mu 1990.

Il Nawonso achichepere sichinayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chokha chokhudza maphukusi (chiwerengero chokulirapo kale, zozungulira 200 pa chinthu chilichonse chotumizidwa) komanso zazinthu zina: mayendedwe, dati wa makasitomala ndi antchito. Kasamalidwe ka dati zakhudza kwambiri bizinesi ya UPS, njira zake zamagulu ndi njira zogwirira ntchito.

Ndi maziko olimba, UPS idayamba kulowa muukadaulo wabizinesi yake. Mu 1993 idayambitsa DIAD, makina ozindikiritsa ma parcel omwe, munthawi yeniyeni, amazindikira phukusi ndikukonzanso Nawonso achichepere ndi ntchito zomwe zachitika pamenepo (kunyamuka, zoyendera, kusonkhanitsa, etc.). DIAD ili ndi mini-terminal, yomwe imachokera pa Windows Mobile, dato imayendetsedwa ndi aliyense amene amayang'anira maphukusi. The terminal ili ndi zolumikizira zamakono (kumasulidwa kwachinayi, komwe kukugwiritsidwa ntchito pano, kuli ndi Wi-Fi ndi GPRS, komanso bluetooth ndi infrared kuti athe kulumikizana ndi makompyuta ndi osindikiza) komanso GPS, kuthandiza madalaivala kukhathamiritsa kwa misewu ndikusintha momwe phukusili lilili. Kuwunika kwazomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ma DIAD kukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa dati zomwe kampaniyo imagwiritsa ntchito polemba i makasitomala, kukhathamiritsa kayendedwe ka katundu ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zotengera ntchito. Komanso, bwerani dati "zolakwika" zilizonse kapena zapadera zimawonekera pokonzekera zotumiza makasitomala, zomwe zimalola UPS kupereka upangiri ndi ntchito zokonzanso. Kukhathamiritsa kwa kutumiza, gawo lakale la kafukufuku wantchito lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito paukadaulo wazidziwitso, limayang'anira ntchito za UPS.

Kuphulika kwa intaneti padziko lonse m'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 90 kunatsegula mwayi watsopano, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale mautumiki osiyanasiyana ozikidwa pa. Intaneti (UPS Online Tools). Fu una delle prime compagnie a dotarsi di un proprio webusaitiyi e, molto prima della teorizzazione del cosidetto e-malonda, adawona kuthekera kodziyika pakati pa opanga ndi ogula, kudula ogulitsa ndi ogawa kuchokera mu unyolo.

Makina onse apakompyuta adapangidwa mkati mwa UPS. Mapulogalamu ambiri sanakhalebe okhawo omwe ali ndi udindo wa kampani - mwachitsanzo, njira zomwe tatchulazi kapena zowerengera mtengo zomwe zasinthidwa munthawi yeniyeni padziko lonse lapansi - koma zaperekedwa kuti zitheke. makasitomala: aliyense amene angafune akhoza kuphatikiza mapulogalamuwa mu mapulogalamu awo, ngakhale mu machitidwe a ERP. UPS imapereka ma API ndi zolemba, ndikungofunsa chizindikiro.

Pokumbukira kusinthaku kwa zomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito - kuchoka pakugwiritsa ntchito mkati kupita ku chitukuko chogwirizana ndi makasitomala - Madipatimenti a IT ayamba kupanga njira yogwirizanirana komanso yokhazikika:

kukhazikitsidwa mwadongosolo kwa miyezo yotseguka kwapangitsa kuti UPS ikhale yopambana poyambirira, ndipo masiku ano makampani ambiri amaphatikiza magwiridwe antchito a UPS mu mapulogalamu awo;

modularity yathandizira kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi kukonzanso ma code, kupititsa patsogolo kupititsa patsogolo ndi kukhazikitsa kwatsopano. Tsoka ilo, zovuta za bajeti zimayimitsa ulendowu. Mbali imeneyi idzaoneka bwino m’ndime ya gulu.

Mapangidwe apamwamba kwambiri a machitidwe omwe akufotokozedwa mpaka pano anali ovuta kwambiri kusokoneza mwadzidzidzi pakagwa masoka; kampani ngati UPS silingakwanitse kutsika. Pachifukwa ichi, mu 1996 mkulu wa zidziwitso adaganiza zoyambitsa malo owonetsera deta ofanana ndi Atlanta zomwe zimagwira ntchito zonse, kuwonetsetsa kuti bizinesi ipitirire. Kulimba komanso kuchita bwino kwa UPS ndikwambiri kotero kuti kampaniyo imatha

zimatsimikizira kutumiza mu nthawi yochepa kwambiri mawindo (ngakhale ola limodzi la ntchito zovuta).

Pakati pazambiri zamakono zazaka zaposachedwa, UPS yakhazikitsa ma tag a RFID pamaphukusi ake apadera, kusankha komwe kwafulumizitsa njira zozindikirira ndikuthana ndi vuto lowerenga ma tag (monga ma barcode) pamaphukusi osawoneka bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yozindikiritsa mawu (UPS Interactive VoiceResponse) idapangidwa kuti ichepetse ntchito yamunthu pamasinthidwe amafoni. Monga momwe tikuonera, UPS imayang'anitsitsa kusinthika kwa machitidwe ake ndipo imalandira teknoloji iliyonse yatsopano yomwe ingawonjezere zokolola.

Organizzazione

Zosankha zaukadaulo ku UPS zimapangidwa potengera kusanthula kwa data dati zosonkhanitsidwa ndi malo awiri opangira deta dati, analinganiza mkati nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi kuperekedwa kudzera mu dongosolo lazambiri zamabizinesi. Ponena za njira zanthawi yayitali, UPS imachita mosalekeza ntchito zanzeru komanso koposa zonse kusanthula msika. Poyang'ana nthawi ndi nthawi zomwe mpikisano wapereka, imatha kuyesa kudzaza kusiyana (kutengera mpikisano).

Zosankha mkati mwa UPS zidapangidwa poyambira potengera zigamulo zochokera ku komiti yayikulu yoyang'anira. Kutsatira ndondomeko ya makompyuta, komiti yotsogolera ya IT idayambitsidwa, yopangidwa ndi akatswiri anayi omwe, gawo lachinayi lililonse, amaika chitsogozo chaukadaulo. M'chaka, bungweli limasonkhanitsa malingaliro ndi zopempha kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana a kampani; popeza, monga tanenera, madipatimenti a IT onse asonkhanitsidwa m'maofesi awiri ofanana - ndipo sizikuwonekeratu kuti magulu ang'onoang'ono amaperekedwa ku zosowa za nthambi imodzi - mapulojekiti apakati amakomera. Popeza palibe bajeti yopanda malire, ndidasankha mapulojekiti oti ndikhazikitse, ndikuyitanitsa patsogolo; kufunika kwake kumawerengedwa ndi komiti yotsogolera pamaziko a ndalama zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa ndi zopindulitsa: ndondomeko yothandizira chisankho i dati, kutengera magawo monga kuyembekezera kubwerera kwa ndalama, zotsatira za machitidwe / njira zina, ndi zina zotero. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu zimakambidwa ndipo mwina zimachepetsedwa; potsiriza bajeti ndi zothandizira anthu zimaperekedwa. Chofunikira kwambiri pamakinawa ndikuti njira yopangira zisankho imakonda ntchito zazifupi chifukwa ngati kukhazikitsa kumatenga nthawi yopitilira chaka, UPS imakhulupirira kuti msika udasintha kale chitukuko chisanathe.

Komiti yotsogolera imafuna kuti ntchito zonse ziziwonetsa mawonekedwe ndi zithunzi za kampaniyo. Pachifukwa ichi amasankha patebulo ma templates kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pa pulogalamu iliyonse yopangidwa; bungwe lonse liyenera kutsatira izi.

Ponena za zolinga zomwe sizikukhudzana mwachindunji ndi IT, oyang'anira apamwamba a UPS amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zomwe zimatchedwa migodi, kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi pa nsanja ya Radian6 yomwe imayang'anira malo ochezera apakati (mabwalo, mabulogu, Facebook, It, Twitter, YouTube, etc.) ndipo amapereka chidule cha dashboards mbiri ya kampani pa intaneti. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimasungidwa mosamala palinso kugwiritsa ntchito mtunduwo.

Kuti mufufuze mwayi watsopano, UPS ilinso nayo dato kuyambika kwa gawo lotchedwa e-Ventures, lomwe limakhudza kuzindikira malire atsopano a bizinesi pa intaneti, osati chifukwa cha zochitika za mpikisano komanso zomwe zingatsegule mgwirizano watsopano ndi makampani ena. Chinthu choyamba cha e-Ventures, chovomerezedwa ndi

oyang'anira akuluakulu mu 2000, anali UPS e-Logistics, nsanja yokwanira yoyang'anira zotumiza pa intaneti kwa makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito UPS monga chonyamulira chawo. Lingaliro la e-Logistics ndikupereka phukusi limodzi lophatikizika lomwe limapereka chithandizo chilichonse chomwe mungafune: kuchokera ku kasamalidwe ka malo osungiramo zinthu mpaka kutsata, kasamalidwe ka madongosolo, chithandizo chamafoni, ndi zina zambiri. E-Ventures imapanga pafupifupi malingaliro abwino makumi atatu pachaka.

Mu 1997 UPS idakhazikitsa thumba lotchedwa UPS Strategic Enterprise Fund, lomwe limayang'anira, kuwunika ndikuyika ndalama m'makampani omwe akutuluka kumene omwe amafufuza misika yatsopano ndi matekinoloje omwe angasangalatse. Ndi thumba lomweli lomwe lidazindikira ndikupangitsa kuti Impinj Inc., wopanga ma tag a RFID apezeke mu 2004.

mgwirizano

Monga tawonera m'ndime zam'mbuyomu, UPS ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makasitomala:

anthu apayekha omwe amatumiza mapepala;

makampani omwe amadalira kuti apereke mapepala awo makasitomala

(malonda a pa intaneti popanda oyimira pakati amtundu uliwonse);

makampani omwe samatumiza maphukusi okha komanso amapezerapo mwayi pamakompyuta awo.

Kulumikizana ndi a makasitomala mtundu woyamba unali makamaka kudzera m'malo oimbira foni, koma ndi kuphulika kwa intaneti zambiri za ntchito zothandizira zapatutsidwa ku imelo. Mwachitsanzo, ndizotheka kulandira zidziwitso za imelo za momwe kutumizako, kapena kuyang'ana mwachindunji kuchokera patsamba. Kuchepa kwa ogwira ntchito patelefoni, komwe njira yozindikiritsa mawu yathandiziranso, yalola UPS kupanga bizinesi yatsopano: kuloledwa kwa ogwira nawo ntchito kumakampani omwe ali nawo (UPS Business Communication Services).

Mabungwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ntchito za IT amathanso kulumikizana ndi UPS kudzera pagawo latsamba lomwe lingapezeke kudzera muzotsimikizira. Pofuna kupewa kukhutiritsa zopempha zambiri zomwe zimabwerezedwa, UPS yakhazikitsa ma FAQ angapo m'zilankhulo zonse komanso chidziwitso chomwe mungayesere kupeza yankho mwachangu.

Pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa mgwirizano umene umachitika popanda kukhudzidwa ndi machitidwe a ad hoc, ndipo ndi ogwirizana omwe sasonyeza chidwi ndi mautumiki owonjezera. Makampaniwa amayandiridwa ndi woyang'anira akaunti yazamalonda pakompyuta yemwe amapereka chilichonse kuchokera ku UPS portfolio yomwe, kutengera kusanthula kwa katundu ndi katundu, ingakhale yopindulitsa.

Kugwirizana kwamkati mu UPS kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana:

Ogwira ntchito zoyang'anira amagwira ntchito pafoni ndi/kapena imelo; ntchito zopezera matikiti opezeka pa intaneti zimayang'anira kayendetsedwe ka ntchito pazinthu zaukadaulo; ntchito ya ad hoc, komanso yochokera pa intaneti, imasamalira kusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza malingaliro atsopano omwe adzawunikidwa kumapeto kwa chaka ndi komiti yotsogolera ya IT.

Madalaivala amalumikizana ndi nthambi kapena likulu kudzera pa DIAD mini-terminal, yomwe imalumikizidwa nthawi zonse. Maofesi oyang'anira amatha kutumiza zidziwitso zachangu (mwachitsanzo zamayendedwe, kusintha kopita, ndi zina zotero), kuzipangitsa kuti ziwonekere pachiwonetsero.

Zofunikira za IT za bungwe

Gawo lachiwiri la maphunzirowa: maphunziro 7-12

Zolemba zolembedwa ndi:

Antonio Ceparano, Vincenzo Imani, Monica Menoncin, Alessandro Re

Kutsimikiziridwa ndi Pulofesa Giorgio De Michelis kuti awonetsetse kuti palibe zolakwika.

MANKHWALA AKULIMBIKITSA NDI DOCTOR STEFANO FANTIN

Kuti tidziwitse zaluso mu kampani, ndikofunikira kudziwa zaukadaulo zomwe tili nazo. Ndizofunikira komanso zimatsagana ndi kusinthika kwa machitidwe azidziwitso ndipo kuti chisinthikochi chichitike, matekinoloje ayenera kuganiziridwa.

luso

60s/70s

Kachitidwe anatengera: machitidwe oyang'anira ntchito.

Malo: mu nyumba1/mu ntchito.

umisiri: Mainframe2

Makampani ali mkati mwa chitukuko cha mafakitale, chuma cha padziko lonse chikuyenda bwino kuchokera kunkhondo ndipo mabizinesi akukula kwambiri. Komabe, izi sizichitika paliponse, koma m'mayiko ochepa otukuka. L'Italia, pakukhazikitsidwa kwa matekinoloje azidziwitso (osati m'mapangidwe awo, monga momwe Olivetti akuwonetsera), anali kumbuyo pang'ono kumayiko ena.

80s/90s

Kachitidwe anatengera: machitidwe oyendetsera bizinesi.

Malo: m'nyumba.

umisiri: pa malo ogwirira ntchito ku LAN, VPN nthawi zina, ma network a nyenyezi

Makampani akutukuka, koma vuto loyamba la mafuta likuwonekera: ndikudzutsa, koma likuwoneka ngati gawo losakhalitsa. Vuto la mafuta ndilolepheretsa kukula kwachuma ndipo limasiya mkhalidwewo ndi kusakhazikika kwakukulu: m'mayiko ambiri muli kukwera kwa inflation, ndalamazo zimachepetsedwa ndipo mphamvu ndi ntchito zikuwonjezeka. Inali nthawi imeneyi pomwe lingaliro lakukula m'madera omwe ntchito inali yotsika mtengo idakula. Izi zikusintha zinthu kwambiri: mu Italia m'zaka zimenezo kunali kusintha kwabwino kwa makampani oyendetsa chitukuko, omwe mpaka pano adayang'ana kwambiri kupanga zinthu zotsika mtengo. Chifukwa chake, makampani amatuluka omwe amayenerera kuchita bwino kwa ntchito yawo (nsalu, mafashoni, makaniko, chemistry). M'magawo osiyanasiyana, "Made in Italy" imakhala yofanana ndi khalidwe. Koma kutukuka kwa zimphona monga Russia, India ndi China kumabweretsa zinthu zomwe sizinawonekere ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino yazachuma: kuchulukirachulukira kochulukirachulukira ndipo maiko awa amapezeka m'mikhalidwe yomwe sinachitikepo.

90s/00s

Kachitidwe anatengeraChithunzi: ERP.

Malo: nyumba / Outsource.

umisiri: Cholinga Chachikulu (mwachitsanzo PC) kudzera Intaneti

Panthawi imeneyi chuma chimayendetsedwa ndi zifukwa ziwiri zazikulu: kusakhazikika komanso mpikisano wowonjezereka. Makampani amayesa kudziyika okha, kupeza maudindo ena ndi matekinoloje ena. Makampani atha kuganiza kuti ali ndi chiwongolero china chokhudza kusuntha kwawo; pamene chuma chitukuko chuma anali wochuluka ndipo panali chitsimikiziro cha kukhala nawo zaka zotsatira, motero kukhala ndi ufulu woyendetsa kwa kusintha kwadongosolo ngakhale kwakanthawi kochepa, tsopano m'pofunika kukonzekera bwino ntchito chuma kwa nthawi yaitali. . Makamaka paukadaulo wamagetsi ndi makompyuta, kusakhazikika kwa dziko lamakono kumatanthauza kuti chinthu chopambana panthawi inayake sichingakhale nthawi yayitali pamsika. Izi ndi zoona kwakanthawi kochepa komanso, makamaka, munthawi yayitali.

00s/10s

Tidakali mu game!

10s/20s

Kodi chidzachitike n'chiyani?

Ukadaulo woyamba kupezeka ndi mainframe (IBM S/3603 ali m'gulu la oyamba kulowa nawo kampani). Mu gawo la ITC, zatsopano ndi zazikulu ndipo makampani ambiri amabadwa, amakula kwambiri, koma amasowa msanga, nthawi zina amatengeka (monga Netscape, wotchuka chifukwa cha osatsegula a dzina lomwelo, tsopano ndi kugawanika kwa AOL) , nthawi zina osati.

Kapangidwe ka msika waukadaulo wazidziwitso kumapereka malamulo okhwima kwambiri pazatsopano.

Ndi kufalikira kwa maulumikizidwe oyamba, ma terminals olowera kutali ndi kompyuta yapakati (stellar topology) adabadwa. Kenako maukonde opangidwa ndi kuyika ma seva apakatikati. Pambuyo pake imafika Internet, maziko omwe amatilola kuphatikizira a

mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomanga (yambiri, anzawo anzako4, kasitomala-server5, mphete…). Mu Internet chilichonse chapakati pakati pa ma terminals awiri olumikizirana chimabisika, mapangidwewo amatanthauzidwa pambuyo poti maukonde apangidwa. Zimatipatsa ufulu wochititsa mantha: sitifunikiranso dongosolo lomwe limatilola kubweretsa dongosolo. Internet ndithudi ndi luso laumisiri lalikulu (m’lingaliro lachingerezi la mawuwa, kutanthauza miyeso yaikulu).

Ulendo wa mbiri yakalewu ndi wofunikira pakumvetsetsa machitidwe azidziwitso komanso, makamaka, matekinoloje, chifukwa:

mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe ambiri, ndi ana aakazi azikhalidwe zawo ndipo zomwe amakumana nazo zimapangitsa kusiyana;

chikhalidwe ndi ndale ndi gawo lalikulu la chilengedwe;

chisinthiko ndi chikhalidwe cha zojambulajambula ndizonso ntchito ya njira za ogwiritsa ntchito.

Tikuchulukirachulukira kuchitira umboni kusinthika kwa zisankho za kampani kutengera kusinthika kwake makasitomala.

Monga momwe Klee akusonyezera mu "Angelus Novus" yake ndikofunikira kuti "Mngelo wazinthu zatsopano ayang'ana zakale" kapena m'malo mwake ndikofunikira kuyang'ana zakale kuti achite zinthu zatsopano.

Chisinthiko chotheka cha machitidwe azidziwitso

Machitidwe a ERP, olamulidwa ndi SAP ndi Oracle, anabadwa mu 70s. Iwo anapangidwira makampani omwe anali ndi matekinoloje osiyana ndi mapangidwe kusiyana ndi omwe alipo panopa, omwe adapangidwira malo omwe msika unali wokhazikika.

Choncho zikuwonekeratu kuti pali kufunikira koyambitsa zatsopano, koma timachepetsedwa ndi zifukwa zina, chachikulu ndicho kukana kusintha kwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito machitidwe omwe alipo panopa, monga kusintha kumafuna kuphunzira ndi kuphunzira chinachake chatsopano (chomwe chiri. osalandiridwa nthawi zonse).

Makina ogwiritsira ntchito omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano ndiwo makamaka

Unix (zaka 40)

Windows (zaka 30)

Linux (zaka 20)

Machitidwewa adabadwa m'nthawi yomwe ukadaulo wazidziwitso udakhazikitsidwa pamakompyuta ang'onoang'ono. M'kupita kwa nthawi machitidwe omwewa afalikira kumalo ogwirira ntchito ndi ma seva.

Ndizodetsa nkhawa kuti m'dziko lamakono mulibe machitidwe ovuta kwambiri kuposa omwe alipo: kuyang'ana mwachitsanzo pa intaneti, munthu angaganize zoyambitsa makina atsopano omwe amathandizira ma tag a tsamba limodzi la chikalata.

"9x factor"

Kuyesera kuyambitsa zatsopano, ndikofunikira kunena kuti luso lazopangapanga lili ndi phindu loyenera lomwe lingakhale ndi wogwiritsa ntchito womaliza.

Munthu akapanga zatsopano, ayenera kudziwa kuti adzanena kuti izi ndi zamtengo wapatali kuwirikiza katatu kuposa zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito amaziwona. Izi zili choncho chifukwa woyambitsa amangowona chinthu chatsopano, koma samawona kufunika kosintha chilengedwe chomwe amakhalamo. Anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje ndi omwe amapatsidwa luso lamakono adzanenanso kuti phindu la katatu kuzinthu zomwe amadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa zinawatengera khama kuti aphunzire choncho amapereka phindu ndendende chifukwa amadziwa kuzigwiritsa ntchito.

Chifukwa chake kuti zatsopano zikhale ndi mwayi wosintha zomwe zilipo, ziyenera kukhala zabwinoko kasanu ndi kamodzi ("9x factor"), mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kukhala kosiyana kwambiri, komwe kumasinthadi miyoyo ya anthu.

Kuti muthe kuyambitsa zatsopano, m'pofunika kupanga machitidwe omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri (zopanda phindu) zophunzirira zomwe zimalowetsamo zomwe zilipo kale, kupititsa patsogolo luso la wogwiritsa ntchito, koma kuti zigwirizane mwachibadwa mu chilengedwe chomwe chilipo.

ZINTHU:

Chogulitsa ndi chinthu chogwiritsidwa ntchito wamba chomwe mikhalidwe yake simatchulidwe kawirikawiri, chifukwa imafotokozedwa komanso kutengera mulingo. Ndi wopanda thupi amene amabala zabwino, popeza palibe kusiyana kwa chinthucho pamsika. Ganizilani, mwachitsanzo, za espresso kapena mapepala a mapepala: pali miyezo yapamwamba yomwe ilipo tsopano ndipo sikufunika kutchulidwa kapena kusiyanitsa.

Ubwino wa chinthu nthawi zambiri umakhala wapamwamba kuposa chinthu chotsika mtengo, makamaka chifukwa chakuti chimakwaniritsa miyezo yapamwamba komanso yotsimikizika. M'malo mwake, mtundu wa malonda ad hoc ndi wapamwamba kuposa wazinthu.

Ukadaulo ukakhala chinthu chamtengo wapatali, zikutanthauza kuti mavuto omwe amakumana nawo atha: imayikidwa bwino mdera lanu (mwachitsanzo, cholembera, chosindikizira chaofesi). M'dziko la machitidwe azidziwitso, ngati tikuyang'ana gawo, koma osakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe liyenera kuchita pogwira ntchito, ndiye kuti tikuyang'ana chinthu.

M'makampani a IT, kufunikira kwatsopano kukusokoneza, chifukwa zatsopano zomwe zimayambitsidwa zimakhala zochepa kwambiri m'dongosolo ndipo izi zimayika malonda onse pachiopsezo: popanda zatsopano, ndalama zimachepa.

Koma sikophweka kuyambitsa zatsopano, makamaka kwa kampani yayikulu: ngati ili ndi malonda ambiri pamsika, izi zimawonedwa ngati muyezo. Kuyambitsa kwatsopano kumatsegula mkono pakuwona kwa muyezo, motero kumayambitsa nthawi ya kusintha komwe wopikisana naye angalowe mumsika ndikukhalapo wofunikira.

Kukula kwa mpikisano sikungopanga zatsopano, koma kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zifike kumalo omwewo. Kwa makampani otsogola m'gawoli, kuyambitsidwa kwazinthu zatsopano:

zimapanga kutayika kwa ubale wakale ndi msika;

sichimapanga phindu lalikulu lachuma;

kumawonjezera chisokonezo pakati pa makasitomala;

imamangiriza kampaniyo ku zatsopano zokha: ngati zitalephera, zikanakhala zonse chifukwa sizingatheke kubwerera.

Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kupanga malo abwino olumikizirana ndi kasitomala, kukopa chidwi chawo kuti athe kuyambitsa zatsopano pamsika. Monga tanena kale, zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa ziyenera kukhala zopindulitsa kwambiri pamaphunziro a zero.

Ponena za kampani, zikuwonekeratu kuti zosowa zake zikhoza kusintha. Zosankha zam'mbuyomu zomwe kampani idachita zidakhudza kachitidwe ka chidziwitso chomwe imagwiritsa ntchito. Momwemonso, kapangidwe kake kazambiri ka kampani kamakhudza tsogolo lake: zomwe zilipo, zosankha ndikupanga tsankho (kuti zimveke ngati zikhulupiriro ndi zizolowezi chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwakukulu).

Mwachitsanzo, mpaka zaka za m'ma 60 / 70s ankaganiziridwa kuti chinenero chozungulira (i.e. pamene ellipsis imapezeka, mwachitsanzo, kuchotsedwa kwa mawu) inali yogwirizana ndi synchrony (ie ndi kupitiriza kwakanthawi), koma osati ndi malo a interlocutors (kukambirana kungatheke. kupangidwanso pafoni). Komabe, kubwera kwa imeloyo kwasintha kukhudzika kumeneku: palibe kulumikizana kapena komwe kumakhudza kamvedwe kathu ka chilankhulo, zomwe zimatengera zomwe zikuchitika. Dziko lapansi silinasinthe chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa izi, koma kumvetsetsa kumeneku kumatithandiza kukhala ndi pakati pa chinthu chatsopano.

Kuti timvetsetse machitidwe azidziwitso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'bungwe, nkhani ziwiri ziyenera kuganiziridwa:

mbiri yaukadaulo, chifukwa ngati kampani idabadwa pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, matekinoloje omwe adzatengedwe adzakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mbiri;

mbiri yamakampani, chifukwa kwamakampani ambiri mbiriyo siili yofananira, koma kutengera kuphatikizika, kuthamangitsidwa, kugulidwa, chifukwa chake machitidwe awo azidziwitso asintha nawo.

Kusintha kwa kampani ndikofunikira kwa iwo omwe amapanga machitidwe azidziwitso: machitidwe azidziwitso ndi magulu osunthika ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri.

Kuti mupange zidziwitso zamakampani, choyamba ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa zomwe mabungwe amafunikira. Gawo loyamba ndikutanthauzira zosowa za kampaniyo ndikuphunzira kumvetsetsa zovutazo, kuyesa kumvetsetsa momwe zimagwirira ntchito. M'malo mwake, masiku ano mabungwe sangathenso kunena zomwe akufuna popanda kulingalira yankho lomwe angafune (mwachitsanzo, samafunsa kuti "azitha kuyang'anira mayendedwe", koma amafunsa "a. Nawonso achichepere za Logistics). Choncho ndi ntchito yathu kudziwa kutanthauzira zosowa izi: kampani iliyonse ili ndi zolinga ndi zifukwa zosiyana, choncho tifunika kupanga machitidwe omwe amayankha zosowa zilizonse.

Choncho, vuto loyamba ndiloti:

pezani zidziwitso zonse zomwe zingatheke, chifukwa ndizosatheka kuzipeza zonse, popeza palibe amene amadziwa gawo lililonse ladongosolo lomwe ali nalo,

kukhala wokhoza kulangiza kampaniyo pazosankha zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa, kumvetsera zosowa zake.

Ndiye tikufuna kusiyanitsa mbali zitatu za machitidwe, kusanthula milingo ya kuphatikizika pakati pa mfundo izi, kuzindikira mfundo za kukhazikika, mavuto omwe akubwera (adzatiwonetsa komwe mafunso omwe angatembenuzire mfundo zolimba kukhala zovuta zidzachokera. ).

Poganizira kukhwima komwe mavuto amakumana nawo, funso silikhalanso la kuphatikiza a dato X ndi a dato Y, koma ndikutanthauzira kuthekera kwa kuphatikiza. Ndalama zophatikizira ziyenera kuchepetsedwa, kulola kuti bungwe lisinthe kwambiri mawonekedwe ake.

Vuto lina lomwe muyenera kukumana nalo ndi komwe mungayike mautumiki: ndizotheka kupatsa kampaniyo imelo, koma ngati pali kasamalidwe ka kasitomala, mwachitsanzo, titha kuphatikiza imelo ndi dongosololi. M'malo mwake, machitidwe ambiri owongolera zolemba masiku ano amaphatikiza matekinoloje monga ma imelo.

Vuto lophatikizana limapezekanso m'derali: momwe timapitira ku i

groupware, m'pamene timakhala ndi mavuto ophatikizana okhudzana ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso magawo ake ogwiritsira ntchito.

Per ragionare meglio, faremo un quadro di quello che c’è in Italia, pazifukwa ziwiri:

mwina tidzadzipeza tikusanthula mabungwe aku Italy;

Makampani aku Italy ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera.

Makampani aku Italy

Makampani aku Italy amayenera kugawidwa m'magulu omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera, koma nthawi zonse amatha kuzindikira kampani iliyonse. Izi zimatitsogolera pakutha kupanga malingaliro ad hoc pakampani iliyonse, koma mokhazikika komanso mofanana.

TheItalia è uno dei più importanti produttori manifatturieri del mondo ed è il 5° esportatore al mondo, in Europe è secondo solo alla Germania. A parte i beni culturali, l’industria manifatturiera è la nostra prima risorsa e ci permette di avere un buon tenore di vita.

Pamsika, ndife olimba m'magawo ena a B2C (Business To Consumer), zazikuluzikulu ndizo mafashoni, mipando, zipangizo “zoyera” (mafiriji, makina ochapira, ndi zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zoyera). Ndife olimba kwambiri mu zida zazing'ono zapakhomo, pakati pa zoyamba padziko lapansi. Timagwiranso ntchito pazaulimi ndi zida zaulimi.

Makampani opanga makina ndi amphamvu kwambiri, osati m'magalimoto ndi njinga zamoto zokha, komanso mumakaniko a B2B (Business to Business): ayisikilimu, mapepala ndi makina opangira matabwa.

Ndife atsogoleri pakati pa opanga matailosi, mafelemu agalasi, utoto ndi ma varnish. Utsogoleri womwe tili nawo ndi chifukwa cha luso komanso khalidwe lapamwamba, osati chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malonda. Utsogoleriwu sunatsimikizidwe konse: opikisana nawo omwe ali ndi zitukuko zachitukuko amatha kuziyika pamavuto.

M'dziko lathu pali makampani osangalatsa masauzande ambiri omwe ali ndi mbiri zosiyanasiyana; izi zikutanthauza kuti tilibe makampani akuluakulu, kupatula omwe boma liri ndi gawo lalikulu komanso momwe lingathe kuchita ndikuwongolera, koma zomwe sizigwira ntchito pa msika weniweni waulere.

LMakampani aku Italy amatha kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mikhalidwe ina:

amapikisana padziko lonse lapansi;

ndi ang'onoang'ono (osati onse, koma tili ndi mabizinesi ambiri apakatikati ndi ang'onoang'ono);

ndi zatsopano;

akhazikika m'gawo;

kukhala ndi maukonde;

amatsogoleredwa ndi mbuye / woyambitsa;

amavutika kuti apitirire mbadwo woyamba kapena wachiwiri;

amakula mofulumira;

alibe makompyuta.

Pokhala makampani ang'onoang'ono koma opikisana padziko lonse lapansi, amatchedwa "pocket multinationals". Zogulitsa zawo zimawonedwa ngati zosakhazikika. Iwo ndi makampani obadwa ndipo akadali okhazikitsidwa mu "maboma a mafakitale", kugwirizanitsa ndi makampani ena motero kupanga maukonde amakampani ndi mabungwe omwe ali amphamvu pamlingo wapadziko lonse lapansi. Kuchita bwino kwa maukonde kumakhudza magwiridwe antchito awo. Zigawo za mafakitale motero zimakhala madera omwe ali ndi makampani abwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.

Pokhala ozika mizu m’gawoli, ambiri mwa amalonda amakampaniwa akugwiranso ntchito yopititsa patsogolo gawoli, chifukwa ngati gawolo lili bwino, ntchitoyo imakhalanso yabwinoko.

Utsogoleri wamakampaniwa nthawi zambiri umalumikizidwa ndi munthu m'modzi, bwana kapena woyambitsa omwe ali ndi luso lazamalonda.

Aliyense amene alowa m'malo mwa mtsogoleri wachikoka sapeza chipambano chofanana kapena chithandizo chofanana: ayenera kudziwa momwe angayendetsere mwaluso osati mwachikoka. Kuti atsogolere makampaniwa, mtsogoleriyo amachita zinthu zambiri: palibe anthu apadera malonda, pa zosankha zanzeru kapena pa maubwenzi ndi anthu, koma munthu mmodzi amachita zonse.

Makampani oterowo amavutika kuti apitirire m'badwo wachiwiri kapena wachitatu. Komanso, vuto lalikulu limabwera kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku yotsatira: popeza makampani ambiri a ku Italy amayendetsedwa ndi mabanja, "obadwira m'galimoto", kutsatizana kwa kampani kumakhala vuto chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha olowa nyumba, chomwe chikuwonjezeka kuchokera kumodzi. m'badwo mpaka wina. Ndiye nthawi zina zimakhala zotsika mtengo kugulitsa kampani ikapeza ndalama.

Makampani aku Italy nawonso ndi anzeru kwambiri: amapanga zinthu zatsopano ndikupikisana kuti azichita bwino.

Ngakhale zili choncho, iwo alibe makompyuta ponena za chirichonse chomwe sichikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi mankhwala ndi ndondomeko yopangira, kapena m'malo mwake njira zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha ndalama kukhala mankhwala ndi mosemphanitsa. Kwa amalonda a ku Italy, teknoloji yachidziwitso ndi chinthu chomwe chimabwera pambuyo pake, pamene sizingatheke kuzipewa, ndi chiyembekezo chosawononga kampaniyo ndi mawu oyamba awa. M'malo mwake, Iyenera kukhala chinthu chofunikira pabizinesi: makampani monga Ikea, Zara, RyanAir ali ndi machitidwe azidziwitso omwe ali ofunikira pabizinesi yawo. Chisinthiko cha Ikea, mwachitsanzo, chinatsagana ndi kusinthika kwa machitidwe awo a IT (makamaka mayendedwe, komanso kusinthana kwa malamulo ndi chidziwitso mkati mwa kampani).

Komabe, kukula kwamakampani aku Italy ndikwachangu, kotero kuti machitidwe awo nthawi zambiri amafanana ndi mafakitale apamwamba kwambiri. Chitsutso choperekedwa ndi akatswiri azachuma kumakampani athu ndikuti magawo ake ndi "zachikhalidwe" momwe mulibe kukula, koma chifukwa cha zatsopano komanso kusintha kwakukulu m'gawoli, kukula kumachitikabe.

Mwachitsanzo, mu makampani a eyewear Luxottica adatha kukonzanso msika, kukhala ndi udindo wopanga mafelemu ndi udindo wa wogulitsa, kukhala ndi phindu lalikulu pamtengo wowonjezera (motero adzipeza yekha kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi makasitomala komwe angalandire mayankho achindunji pazogulitsa zake komanso za omwe akupikisana nawo).

Zatsopano sizingakhalepo nthawi zonse: 3M yadzipatsa yokha code ya zatsopano, zomwe chaka chilichonse kampaniyo iyenera kukonzanso osachepera 25% ya zitsanzo zake. Izi ndi zoyamikirika, koma ngati mukuganiza za kampani ya mafashoni yomwe chaka (kapena chocheperapo, miyezi 4 pa nkhani ya Zara) imakonzanso zosonkhanitsira zitsanzo zake, zimafunikira njira yosiyana kwambiri.

Ukadaulo wazidziwitso uyenera kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira mkati mwakampani, uyenera kupanga phindu lowonjezera osati kukhala wocheperako. Timachita ndi ukadaulo wazidziwitso womwe umatenga gawoli, kotero tili ndi chidwi chomvetsetsa momwe tingathandizire kampani yaku Italy.

tsiku kuti makampani amakula mwachangu, timafunikira machitidwe azidziwitso achisinthiko: the

kukula kwa bizinesi kumafuna machitidwe kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto atsopano; vuto lomwe liyenera kukumana nalo silimangowonjezera kuchuluka kwa machitidwe, koma ndikuwapangitsa kukhala osinthika kuthana ndi mavuto atsopano.

Pokhala makampani ochezera a pa Intaneti, utsogoleri wawo umagwirizana kwambiri ndi kuyanjana pakati pa makampani: machitidwe "otseguka" amafunikira, kumene kutseguka sikumayendetsedwa ndi mbali imodzi yokha (ya makampani omwe munthu amachitira nawo), koma kumene kuli kotheka kusintha, kudziwa momwe angagwirizanitse ndi mauthenga a anthu ena.

Pakati pa machitidwe otseguka, ena ndi a Logistics: kukhala m'thumba la mayiko ambiri, kuchuluka kwa mayiko omwe amagwira ntchito ndikofunikira, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudziwa momwe mungayendetsere zotumiza chifukwa chilichonse chomwe sichinaphonyedwe ndikugulitsa komwe kungathe kutayika. Mwa kulinganiza bwino, zotulukapo zabwino kwambiri zingatheke.

Makampani opanga nzeru sangathe kupanga ndalama zaka zambiri, chifukwa ndalama zimakhala ndi moyo waufupi. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zosankha zimapangidwa zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamagulu onse azinthu. Choncho anamaliza ndalama.

Kukwanitsa kwa mameneja ndikofunika, chifukwa awa ndi makampani omwe ali ndi mavuto otsatizana. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuyang'anira bwino nzeru zamabizinesi ndi chidziwitso. Chidziwitsocho chimadaliranso mtengo wa gwero: ngati gwero lovomerezeka limapereka ndemanga pa lingaliro linalake, ndemangayo imakhala yopindulitsa kwambiri. Wopanga wamkulu wa Apple akuti kupanga chinthu kumayamba ndi "masomphenya" za mankhwala.

Kampani imayambira kumalo akomweko, pomwe ikukula ikukhalabe komweko, koma imayamba kukhala ndi maofesi kapena maofesi m'madera ena / mayiko. Chifukwa chake maukonde amalo amapangidwa omwe amayenera kukhala odziwika bwino komanso omasuka kwa anthu omwe amayenda mkati mwa netiweki iyi. M'malo mwake, makampani akuwononga ndalama zambiri kukulitsa malo omwe ali.

Chifukwa chake machitidwewa amapezeka kuti ali m'malo omwe kuli kofunikira kuyang'anira zochitika zosayembekezereka, ndipo ndikofunikira kuti adziwe momwe angasinthire.

Public Administration (PA)

Mabungwe aboma ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi omwe ali payekha: ali ndi ubale wofunikira kwambiri ndi malamulo, pomwe ubale ndi msika kulibe (ngakhale kuyenera). Ulamuliro waku Italy umawoneka moyipa kwambiri kotero kuti sitikuzindikira (zochepa) zabwino zomwe tili nazo. Mwachitsanzo, gawo la zaumoyo ndi gawo lomwe limagwira ntchito bwino ndipo tili ndi phindu labwino pazachuma kuposa mayiko ena ambiri.

La PA italiana ha difetti consolidati, molte imprese non vengono in Italia perchè non sanno quando potranno operare, per la lentezza burocratica nota di questo Paese.

Mosiyana ndi makampani, PA sazindikira ntchito zomwe sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito: palibe kudzikundikira kwa zinthu zosagulitsidwa m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu, koma, makamaka, pali anthu omwe sagwira ntchito (ndipo nthawi zambiri anthuwa samadandaula nawo), kotero kutayikirako kumakhala kovuta kupeza. Palibe amene amayesa ntchito za PA; muyeso wa utumiki ukufunika.

In Italia da qualche anno è in corso un processo di cambiamento, che ha delle linee guida “nascoste”, una delle quali è quella di mettere al centro il cittadino – cosa che stanno cercando di fare anche le aziende con i loro makasitomala. Chifukwa chake titha kuganiza kuti PA ndi mabizinesi ali ndi malo ochitira misonkhano.

Chiyambi cha ndondomeko ya kusintha chinali dato kuchokera ku mfundo za lamulo ili lomwe linabweretsa, pakati pa ena, 3 zosintha zofunika:

Utsogoleri uliwonse uyenera kukhazikitsa ntchito zomwe umapereka, kapena njira zoyendetsera ntchito zomwe umayang'anira;

pa ndondomeko iliyonse, ikaperekedwa kwa nzika, payenera kukhala woyang'anira; choncho nzikayo iyenera kudziwa yemwe ali ndi udindo pa ntchitoyo;

pa ndondomeko iliyonse yoyang'anira, pali nthawi yochuluka yomwe ntchitoyo iyenera kuperekedwa.

Chinachake chinali kusowa mu lamulo ili kuti likhale kusintha: silimawonetsa munthu wodalirika pamagulu onse a kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngakhale mlandu uliwonse utakhala ndi manejala akaperekedwa kwa munthu payekha, palibe manejala wazochitikazo (mwachitsanzo, pali woyang'anira pasipoti yanga, koma palibe mapasipoti onse).

Kuti asinthe izi, pakufunikanso china, chomwe sichinapangidwebe: kayendetsedwe ka anthu ayenera kuthandiza nzika pazosowa zake. Lamulo limatenga malo achiwiri ku zosowa za nzika, koma liyenera kulemekezedwa. Chifukwa chake, PA iyenera kuwongolera nzika pazosankha ndi njira zoyenera kuti apeze zomwe akufuna, osati kungogwiritsa ntchito lamulo, kusiya nzikayo chifundo chake.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati banja likufuna chilolezo chomanga chipinda cha mwana wawo, ziribe kanthu momwe chipindachi chimapangidwira: ndichokwanira kukhala nacho, chifukwa pali chosowa ichi. Chifukwa chake nzikayo ili wokonzeka kutsatira malamulo (omwe ali ofunikira kwambiri kuposa kufunikira), koma popeza nzikayo siyimatsogozedwa kugwiritsa ntchito malamulowo, chilolezocho chidzakanidwa, njirayo imwalira ndipo nzikayo sidzakhutitsidwa, pomwe m'malo mwake. PA amuperekeze ndikumuuza kuti: "kuti upeze chipinda uyenera kuchita izi m'malo mwake".

Ngati chilichonse chikuyenera kukhala chothandizira, zikuwonekeratu kuti machitidwewo ayenera kukhala osiyana kwambiri.

Dongosolo liyenera kundipangitsa kuti ndizipezeka nthawi zonse dati maziko (mwachitsanzo, ndinagula zomangira 20 zamtundu wa A), popeza kuchokera pazidziwitso izi ndizotheka kudziwa zatsopano (mwachitsanzo, ndikadali ndi zomangira zamtundu wa A) ndikutha kuchitapo kanthu movutikira kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri komanso zosowa.

Kuti mukhale ndi zosinthazi, ma modular machitidwe amafunikira: amatilola kuti tiziphatikizanso zambiri, popeza amazipatula.

La crescita dell’azienda porta alla confusione nella sua organizzazione interna: in Italia raramente si fa l’analisi delle persone impiegate, della loro operatività e del valore che esse producono, idea più tipica del Giappone e dei Paesi anglosassoni. Tutto ciò che non fa parte del valore aggiunto andrebbe abolito, quindi se il sistema informatico permette l’analisi delle informazioni, consentendo il risparmio, il guadagno aumenta.

Makampani aku Italy ali ndi zosowa zatsopano zomwe zimabwera chifukwa cha msika. Mu kayendetsedwe ka anthu, pazifukwa zosiyana kwambiri ndi kampani, pali chiwongolero champhamvu chopita ku zatsopano. Pali mikhalidwe iwiri yokhudzana ndi lusoli:

chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chuma chachuma, zatsopano zotsika mtengo zimakondedwa;

luso liyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chokweza magwiridwe antchito komanso kusintha malingaliro a anthu, kupereka mphotho malinga ndi zolinga zawo, koma munthu ayenera kukhala ndi njira kuti athe kukhazikitsa zolinga zoyenera. Popanda ukadaulo wazidziwitso sitikudziwa zolinga zomwe zikukhazikitsidwa.

Mapulogalamu a modular

Kuti tipange machitidwe osinthika, osinthika komanso osinthika, tiyenera kukhala ndi modularity, mwachitsanzo, katundu yemwe amatilola kupanga dongosolo lapansi (kuchokera pansi).

Choyamba muyenera kukhala ndi ma modules, kotero muyenera "archive" ya ma modules. Ziyenera kukhala zosinthika, mwachitsanzo, ziyenera kukhala zotheka kusintha module ndi gawo lina lofanana, ndipo izi zimachitika polola kusinthana kwa chidziwitso pakati pa ma modules kudzera m'malo ofotokozera: kuyanjana kwa zigawozo sikuyenera kusiyana ndi kusiyana kwa ma modules. .

Mapulogalamu a modular amapeza paradigm yatsopano yophatikizana pakati pa zigawo ndi chitukuko cha mashups (mapulogalamu osakanizidwa a intaneti), mwachitsanzo, kupanga china chake kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo kugwiritsa ntchito ma API omwe adapangidwa koyamba ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana, kenako ndikuphatikizidwa kuti apange chinthu chatsopano.

Kodi ma modules ayenera kukhala ophweka bwanji mu modular system?

Mafomu ayenera kupangidwa mophweka momwe angathere. Kampani iliyonse imatha kuthana ndi maubwenzi ovuta kwambiri (monga kasamalidwe ka ogwira ntchito) mwanjira yosiyana kwambiri, koma magwiridwe antchito oyambira amakhalabe ofanana (mwachitsanzo, malipiro). Ma module ang'onoang'ono amalola kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kochulukirapo, nthawi yocheperako komanso kusinthika kosalekeza (mwachitsanzo, ngati mulekanitsa mawonekedwe a wogwiritsa ntchito, muyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti ndizokhazikika, mwachitsanzo, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito copy-paste mosasamala kanthu za dongosolo lomwe UI idapangidwa).

Vuto lomwe limabwera ndiloti, momveka bwino, momwe mungakwaniritsire kuyanjana pakati pa ma module. Dongosolo lalikulu lidapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukhala ndi chidziwitso chochuluka cholumikizidwa pamodzi mkati mwa dongosolo lokha, kupitilira apo idalola kuti chidziwitso chogwirizanacho chiziyendetsedwa mwanjira yapadera.e

kupeza zilolezo, ndikukhala ndi i dati iwo amwazikana ndipo njira zotsimikizira zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana.

Kuwola uku kumatipatsa ife, nthawi yomweyo, ufulu wambiri: i dati tikhoza kuziika kulikonse kumene tikufuna, ndikuzigawira mmene tikufunira.

Kuphatikiza kwa zigawo zonse, Nawonso achichepere, ma modules ndi ma interfaces, sizichitika mopanda phokoso, koma zimachitika pa nsanja: ndizomwe zimatilola kuti tichite kugwirizanitsa, choncho m'pofunika kufotokozera bwino nsanjayi.

Zomwe zimalola kulengedwa kwa machitidwe a modular ndizoposa zonse zomwe zili pamtundu wa chidziwitso chomwe chimasinthidwa ndi ma modules: payenera kukhala kulemberana makalata mu zotheka kulankhulana kumayenda pakati pa ma modules. Titha kukhala ndi machitidwe olembera osinthika ngati tili ndi chikalata chimodzi, koma mpaka pano chosiyana chenicheni chachitika: kachitidwe kolemba kambiri kokhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri. Izi zili ndi zoyipa ziwiri:

ngati mulingo umagwirizana ndi dongosolo, dongosololo limakhala lachilengedwe chonse,

izi zimakonda kukonda kutsekedwa kwa msika, chifukwa pali muyeso womwe palibe wina aliyense angapange, kotero kufalikira kwambiri kumakhala kolimba kwambiri.

Ndondomekoyi ndi chitsanzo cha ntchito yodutsa poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu ena onse, chifukwa payenera kukhala ndondomeko, choncho ndizomveka kuti muziyendetsa pamlingo wa dongosolo, osati pa mlingo wa ntchito. Dongosolo ndi nsanja yomwe timagwiritsira ntchito mapulogalamu, momwe timawapangitsa kuti azilankhulana. Izi zimatithandiza kuti tisiyanitse dati kuchokera ku mapulogalamu. Izi zimathandizira kwambiri kupanga zidziwitso: titha kuphatikiza ma dati zamakampani awiri mosavuta kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana kuti mupeze zomwezo dati.

Kuphatikiza machitidwe azidziwitso ndikofunikira pakuphatikizana kwamakampani. Kukhala ndi mafomu osavuta kumapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kugawana zambiri kuposa kutenga mafomu ovuta.

Modularity nthawi zambiri imakhalapo kale malinga ndi malingaliro akunja: a wogwiritsa ntchito. Ndipotu, amawona dongosolo limodzi panthawi imodzi, mwachitsanzo, amawona chidutswa chokha chomwe amachigwiritsa ntchito ndikuchiwona ngati gawo losiyana ndi ena onse. Kuwonekera modularity ndiye sitepe yoyamba yopita ku modularity weniweni.

Izi zimatithandiza kupanga zatsopano komanso zophatikizana ndi mautumiki. Mawonekedwe a dongosolo amakhala odalira chilengedwe cha wogwiritsa ntchito: dongosolo limayankha pamene wogwiritsa ntchito akufunikira, kotero nthawi yodikira imakhala yofunikira kuti muyese mphamvu ya dongosolo.

Ndikofunikira kuti mawonekedwewo apangidwe kuyambira kwa wogwiritsa ntchito, kuchokera pazomwe amachita: wogwiritsa ntchito amazolowera njira, ngakhale zitakhala zowopsa komanso zopanda nzeru.

Pomaliza, nsanja iyenera kudziwa kuti ndi nsanja: sikuti iyenera kuloleza kuchitidwa kwa ma module, koma iyeneranso kukhala ndi ntchito zonse zomwe zitha kukhala zodutsa (mwachitsanzo, ajenda, imelo) zomwe zitha kupezeka ndi zoyambira zamadongosolo ( monga ndi copy-paste). Kwa dongosolo, izi zitha kuwoneka ngati

ntchito zachilendo, koma ndizofunikira kuti muthe kujowina zigawozo.

Platform = system + transversal services.

Pulatifomu si dongosolo ndipo sililowa m'malo mwake, makamaka ngati muli ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana (Windows, Linux, Mac…), momwe pulogalamu yapakati imatenga, kuwonetsa machitidwe angapo ngati amodzi.

Chifukwa chake, ma modular system ayenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osachepera 4:

ma modules ayenera kukhala osavuta;

ma modules ayenera kukhala osinthika;

mukufunikira nsanja yomwe ili ndi mautumiki ofunikira kuti muphatikizidwe;

mawonekedwe ayenera kupangidwa kuti akwaniritse wogwiritsa ntchitoyo.

Makhalidwe onsewa amagwirizanitsidwa ndi chisinthiko: ma modules amalola kusinthika kosiyana ndikulola kusintha kwa dongosolo. Pulatifomu ndi mawonekedwe ake, nawonso, azitha kusinthika molingana ndi ma protocol ndi njira.

Kuphatikiza machitidwe

Makina aposachedwa, kwa ambiri, amagawidwa mbali zomwe zimachitika ndi zinthu zina mwazomwe zimachitika, bajeti, mapepala okhala ndi ndalama zokwanira, komanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri), komanso zomwe zili ndi zonse zomwe zogwirizana ndi kampaniyo. Chilichonse mwa magawowa chimaphatikizapo, mwa njira yake, zinthu zamagulu atatu (monga lamulo, gawo lililonse limachita mosiyana).

Ndi chisinthiko cha kampaniyo, ndikukulitsidwa komanso kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake, kufunikira kumamveka kwa dongosolo lazidziwitso lovuta kwambiri, kuphatikiza zina. dati ndi ma modules ena. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pazophatikiza zomwe zakhazikitsidwa, kuyankha kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri. Kuphatikiza kumachitika makamaka pophatikiza mbali zosiyanasiyana pamlingo umodzi Nawonso achichepere: chigawo chilichonse chili ndi a Nawonso achichepere zomwe zikutanthauza mbali zosiyanasiyana, ndipo timaphatikiza zidziwitso zonse za izo Nawonso achichepere.

Nthawi zambiri, i Nawonso achichepere iwo ndi maubwenzi ndipo kusakanikirana kuli pamlingo wa chidziwitso, koma matekinoloje ena amachititsa kuti zitheke kugwirizanitsa zinthu.

Ngati mukufuna kuphatikiza mbali ziwiri mwanjira yosiyana, njira zopangira ma ERP ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. M'malo mwake, kuphatikiza kotereku kulibebe mu ERPs: mutha kuchita zina zophatikizira dati da Nawonso achichepere angapo, koma izi zimafuna kuchotsedwa kwa chidziwitsocho chisanayambe kuphatikizidwa mu gawo la migodi ya data.

Kuphatikizika bwino ndi gawo lofunikira kwa kampaniyo, popeza m'mabungwe amasiku ano, imodzi mwamavuto akulu ndikuyankha mokwanira komanso mwachangu kusinthika kwamisika komwe sikungadziwike mosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, kutuluka kwa misika yatsopano yachuma monga

Brazil, Russian, Indian and Chinese one (yotchedwa "BRIC"), imabweretsa mavuto kwa makampani a ku Italy, omwe ayenera kumvetsetsa momwe angalowetse m'misikayi ndikusowa chidziwitso chomwe sichipezeka mu ERP. Pachifukwa ichi, pakufunika nyumba yosungiramo deta ndi migodi ya data. Oyang'anira bungwe amafuna kuti zidziwitso zomwe akufuna ziperekedwe nthawi zoyankhira pakati pa sabata imodzi ndi mwezi umodzi: kunja kwa izi, kampaniyo imapanga zisankho popanda dati zofunikira komanso umisiri wodziwa zambiri umataya ntchito yake, motero zimawonedwa ngati chopinga kapena vuto. Popanga dongosolo la Business Intelligence, ndikofunikira kuganizira mafunso onse omwe abwana angakufunseni ndikukonzekera dongosolo kuti lizitha kupereka yankho. Ukadaulo wazidziwitso uyenera kutsatira chitukuko cha kampani!

Ngati kampaniyo sigula, koma ikukulitsa msika wake chaka ndi chaka padziko lonse lapansi, dongosololi liyenera kusinthidwa kuti ligwirizane ndi kukula.

Ngati kampaniyo ikugwiritsa ntchito zida zonse zapakati, nsanja iyenera kusinthika mwanjira iyi. Chifukwa chake payenera kukhala kusinthika kwa nsanja yogwiritsira ntchito mozungulira, ndi nthawi yapakati pa 6 ndi 12 miyezi. Pamwamba pa nsanja yogwiritsira ntchito, komabe, pali tekinoloje, yomwe ili yosiyana kwambiri, chifukwa ikufotokoza momwe matekinoloje azidziwitso amayendetsedwa; ndizofunikira pakuchita bwino kwa zisankho pamlingo wa nsanja yofunsira komanso kuthetsa mavuto. Chisinthiko chake pankhaniyi ndi chazaka zambiri ndipo chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse kuti zitsimikizire kuti zomangamanga ndizoyenera zosowa zathu.

Chifukwa chake pali magawo atatu oti muthe kuyang'anira kuti mupereke mayankho olondola:

nsanja yaukadaulo (zaka zambiri)

nsanja yofunsira (miyezi 6/12)

nkhani imodzi (sabata/mwezi)

Komabe, kugawikana kumeneku m'magulu sikophweka kuzindikira: ngakhale kulipo, sikumveka bwino. Tangoganizani chitsanzo cha ENI, yomwe ikupanga dongosolo la mtambo

computing, wobadwa ndi malingaliro osiyana ndi a mtambo, kenako anasintha chifukwa zofuna za kampaniyo zinasinthanso.

Gawoli likufotokozeranso chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito zigamba kumayendera machitidwe a ERP, omwe amapereka mayankho mwachangu kumavuto atsopano, koma osasintha kamangidwe ka dongosolo, m'malo mwake amangowonjezera.

Kuphatikiza zigawo ndi ntchito yofunikira, chifukwa zida zophatikizika zimasunga nthawi ndikuchepetsa zolakwika chifukwa cholemba pamanja. dati. Zowona za bungwe ndizofanana kulikonse (kuwongolera ntchito zogulidwa kapena kuperekedwa, poganizira zomwe zimalowa ndikutuluka pakampani, ndi zina zambiri) ndipo pamaziko awa kampaniyo imakhazikitsa zolinga zake (kugula zingati, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zogulira). kupanga, etc.). Ukadaulo wazidziwitso umathandizira bizinesi osati pazinthu izi zokha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida monga maimelo, ma intranet, makina ochezera pavidiyo, e-malonda, Ndi zina zotero.

Tekinoloje imakulolani kuti muchotse ntchito zina, koma imapanga zina.

Pazochita zamagulu nthawi zonse pamakhala ntchito zosafunikira pakupanga zidziwitso zothandiza, chifukwa chake mfundo zitatu ziyenera kukumbukiridwa:

ntchito yowonjezereka sikungathetsedwe nthawi yomweyo;

ngati ntchitoyo imakhalabe yosasinthika, pali kuchepa kwa ntchito yofunikira;

komabe, ngati tapanga dongosolo kuti lithandizire ogwiritsa ntchito, ogwiritsa ntchito

adzafuna kuloŵererapo kwa anthu.

Pali mtundu wapakati pakati pa ntchito yomwe tingapulumutse ndi zosowa zatsopano: mwa kuchepetsa ntchito yachizolowezi, ndizotheka kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya ntchito.

Chitsanzo: Kulipira

Tengani mwachitsanzo kusiyana pakati pa invoice ndi dongosolo: limapezeka pokhazikitsa, koma kwenikweni zolemba ziwirizi zili ndi chidziwitso chofanana. Kukhala ndi dongosolo lomwe limapanga invoice kuyambira pa dongosololi limakupatsani mwayi wowongolera njirayi mwachangu komanso ndi zolakwika zochepa. Mpaka zaka zingapo zapitazo, kampani ikagula zinthu, zolemba zomwe zidapangidwa ndi kampani yopereka zida zinali 3:

dongosolo;

invoice ya ogulitsa;

chikwama chopakira.

Chifukwa chake kunali kofunikira kuchita cheke pa sitepe iliyonse: kuyitanitsa-bilu, ma invoice oyitanitsa, invoice-bilu. Zimenezi zinali zoonekeratu kuti zinali zodula kwambiri, pokhudzana ndi nthawi ndi ndalama, choncho masitepewo anayenera kuchotsedwa.

Kuti athe kuwachotsa, kampani yogulayo ikhoza kulamula zomwe woperekayo akufuna: dongosololo limalandiridwa pokhapokha ngati biluyo ili yofanana ndi dongosolo. Kuti agwirizane ndi chiletsochi, momveka bwino, kampani yopereka katunduyo iyenera kuyika malire pa kayendetsedwe ka dongosolo, mwachitsanzo pokana kusinthika kotsatira komweku. Wogula amachepetsa ndalama, koma udindowo umaperekedwa kwa kampani yopereka katundu yomwe iyenera kudzinenera kuti ili ndi udindowu.

Yankho lachiwiri likhoza kukhala mgwirizano pakati pa wogula ndi wogulitsa pokhazikitsa kuti dongosolo liri lotseguka mpaka kutumiza kuyambika: pokhapokha dongosolo silingasinthidwe ndipo invoice imaperekedwa. Izi zimachepetsa macheke ofunikira pakati pa dongosolo ndi invoice, koma ndi wosungira katundu yemwe, panthawiyi, amatenga udindo popereka chitsimikizo kwa woyang'anira pa katundu wobwera.

Kachitidwe ka Ontological

Ndi machitidwe omwe pang'onopang'ono amakhala okhwima, kodi tingagwire ntchito bwanji? Ndizotheka kuchita izi ngati tipanga chisankho chowonjezera kuwala.

Kupereka yankho ku funso kumafuna kufufuza pakati pa magwero onse a chidziwitso. Izi zitha kuchitika pa intaneti (potengera kuti nthawi zoyankhira zimaloleza) kapena osagwiritsa ntchito intaneti (polemba a Nawonso achichepere wa mayankho).

Ngati funso lathu silinayankhidwe mu dati zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa kudzera mumigodi ya data, tikufuna kudziwa ngati pali njira zina zophatikizira dati kuti ndipeze yankho.

Tiyeni tiyang'ane, mwachitsanzo, nkhani yomwe kampani ikufuna kupatula makampani kapena anthu omwe ali onse makasitomala omwe amapereka. Ali ndi nambala ya msonkho kapena nambala ya VAT ngati chizindikiritso, chifukwa chake nambala imodzi imazindikiritsa gulu limodzi. Pophatikiza i dati deta ndikugwiritsa ntchito redundancy, ndizotheka kulinganiza chidziwitsocho mwanjira yatsopano ndipo, m'njira yosavuta, kuzindikira bungwe lomwe ndi kasitomala ndi wopereka.

Mtengo wowonjezera umatheka pamene, osati kugawa makasitomala ndi ogulitsa, tikukamba za gulu lambiri, oyankhulana, omwe amaphatikizapo maphunziro ena (mwachitsanzo PA, monga tauni yomwe misonkho imalipidwa). Lingaliro, pankhaniyi, ndikulingalira lingaliro, osati mawu ofotokozera, ngati mzati wophatikiza. Izi zimatithandiza kupewa kugwirizanitsa maziko dati ndipo chifukwa chake yesetsani kuphatikiza kuwala.

Makasitomala ndi ogulitsa ndi mawu osakira omwe amandilola kuzindikira ena mwamabungwe omwe ndili nawo paubwenzi.

Pakadali pano ndizotheka kupanga dongosolo la otilowa nawo, omwe ndi anthu kapena mabungwe ovomerezeka, omwe angakhale makampani atsopano oti akhale nawo paubwenzi, koma omwe sali. makasitomala kapena ogulitsa (monga masepala, oyandikana nawo). Chifukwa chake timazindikira kuti timalumikizana ndi gulu la anthu komanso gulu la mabungwe ovomerezeka.

Pali njira yolowera ku Nawonso achichepere mwa kugwirizana komwe sikunawonekere: timapeza i makasitomala omwenso ndi ogulitsa chifukwa timanena za kapangidwe ka dati, koma, kujowina i dati ndikupeza kulumikizana, sitidalira zomwe timapeza, komanso kuperewera komanso kapangidwe kake (mwachitsanzo, ndingadziwe bwanji ngati Mac Donalds ndi McDonald's ndi kampani yomweyi?).

Kuti tipewe kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osakira, mwachitsanzo, kuti tipewe kuzindikiritsa mabungwe omwe ali ndi kalembedwe ka mawu, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe a ontological: sitikhala ndi chidwi ndi mawu ofananirako a gulu linalake, koma tikufuna kumvetsetsa kapangidwe ka dziko, mwachitsanzo, ontology.

Ontology ndi china chosiyana ndi semantics: yomalizayo imalumikizidwa ndi zilankhulo, pomwe ma ontologia amalumikizidwa ndi maiko. Ontology ndi phunziro la kukhala, kapena "m'mene tilili padziko lapansi", pamene semantics imagwirizanitsidwa ndi zilankhulo: kuti zikhale ndi tanthauzo, chinenero chiyenera kukhalapo. Dziko lapansi limapangidwa ndi chilankhulo, chomwe chimatilola nthawi zonse kupita kupitilira zomwe timawona, ndi ontology parla wa dziko linalake.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati titanthauzira mawu oti "skyscraper" ngati "nyumba yayitali kuposa X metres", chiganizo cha

lembani "Ndinapita kunyumba ndi skyscraper m'thumba mwanga" sizimamveka mu ontology yomwe tafotokoza, pomwe ontology imadziwiratu mawu oti "skyscraper" komanso tanthauzo la "statuette-chikumbutso chomwe chimabalanso nyumba", kuti chiganizo chingakhale ndi tanthauzo lenileni.

Kukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati Nawonso achichepere, timalongosola dziko: ndi dziko limene limati limasankha mawu omwe timagwiritsa ntchito. Dziko loterolo nthawi zonse limakhala ndi malire: chiwerengero cha mfundo za moyo wa bungwe zimakhala ndi malire. Dziko lokhudzidwa ndi chinenero ndilopanda malire ndipo ndi chinenero tikhoza kuimira dziko lililonse, chifukwa chinenero chimakhudza zomwe zingatheke, osati zomwe zilipo. Mulimonsemo, ndizomveka zomwe zimatifikitsa ku chiyambi cha semantics: ndi malingaliro omwe amati ngati wina akupereka chithandizo, ndiye kuti ndi wothandizira, popeza tikudziwa kuti utumiki ndi mtundu wa zopereka.

Ontology imatilola kuti tilekanitse magawo awiri: kuphatikiza ndi kuphatikiza komaliza. Kuphatikizika kumakhudza kubweretsa pamodzi zomwe zimatisangalatsa, ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira pakuphatikiza: ngati ndili ndi zolemba ziwiri zofanana. dati ndi kusonkhanitsa tanthauzo lake, kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwapangidwa. Kuphatikiza kwenikweni kwa mafayilo (kuphatikiza kapena kusintha) ndi gawo laling'ono.

Ndizotheka kugwirizanitsa zomwe zili mu Nawonso achichepere, komanso zolemba ndi makanema, pogwiritsa ntchito semantics. Ubwino wokhala ndi zambiri Nawonso achichepere, osati imodzi yokha, ndi yakuti tikhoza kusunga nei Nawonso achichepere chidziwitso chowunikira pamlingo wa atomiki.

Tiyenera kutha kugwirizanitsa chidziwitsocho kuti tipeze yankho lokhazikika lomwe limatilola kukulitsa mtengo ndikutsimikizira ubale wolondola ndi onse. makasitomala (kutha kuyankha chimodzimodzi).

Kuti timvetse zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zomwe, tiyeni tiganizire chitsanzo chomwe chimachokera ku lingaliro la Webusaiti: titha kugwiritsa ntchito ma tag kuzinthu, kuti tizindikire zidziwitso zonse. Vuto ndi njirayi ndikuti titha kugwiritsa ntchito ma tag m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyimira chinthu chomwecho (ma tag ndi okhudzana ndi mawu). Yankho lachiwiri ndikulozera ku gawo la semantic, kudutsa mu lexicon (i.e. kugwiritsa ntchito mawu kupeza ma tag) ku semantics (pezani malingaliro ndi mabungwe).

Komabe, ma semantics omwe timawakonda ndi osiyana ndi a zilankhulo zachilengedwe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zolinga zazikulu kuposa zomwe zikufunsidwa. Chifukwa cha semantics titha kuwonetsa chilankhulo momwe tingafotokozere dziko lomwe tikufuna, lomwe ndi ontology.

Ontology akhoza kufotokozedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo zomveka, chimodzi mwazodziwika kwambiri ndi OWL (Chiyankhulo cha Webusaiti cha Ontology).

Kupyolera mu izo, timatha kusuntha m'dziko ndikutanthauzira zenizeni. Ndi kufotokoza kwachidule, kothandiza pokhudzana ndi zomwe tikufuna kuchita.

Mu ontology maubale apakati pa mfundo amatanthauzira zomwe zingatheke ndi zomwe zikugwirizana ndi ontology yomwe ikufunsidwa, osati kunja kwake, ndipo ndi yokwanira ndi zomwe tingachite.

Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pofotokoza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo ngati kampani ina ikufuna kudziwa za kampani ina. Pankhaniyi m'pofunika kupeza njira kugwirizanitsa mfundo zosiyanasiyana. Kugwiritsa ntchito abstraction ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:

matenda a bungwe;

matenda a munthu;

makina kuzindikira.

Mtundu wofotokozera umatengera yankho lomwe tikufuna kupereka: matenda atatuwa ndi ogwirizana, ngakhale malingalirowa akuwoneka kuti ali m'magulu osiyanasiyana.

Lililonse la maguluwa limakhazikitsa mndandanda wa ufulu ndi ntchito mu ubale wa munthuyo ndi bungwe.

mtambo Komiti

Pakati pa nsanja zaukadaulo zomwe tili nazo, ndi mtambo computing imadziwonetsera yokha ndi malo owopsa: ngakhale mbali imodzi imatha kupereka mwayi waukulu, kumbali ina ndizovuta kwambiri m'malo omwe amayambitsidwa, motero kuwopseza makampani.

Kale poyambira, komanso mophatikizika kwambiri kuyambira zaka 10 mpaka 15 zapitazo, ukadaulo wazidziwitso udadziwonetsa ngati ntchito kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, ndiye kuti, ngati chinthu chomwe chimakonda kutulutsa m'malo mwa m'nyumba. Makompyuta oyambirira anali makina okwera mtengo, mainframes, kotero bungwe silinagule makina onse, koma linalipira kuti liziyendetsa ndikuyendetsa mapulogalamu ake; komabe, makinawo adakhalabe mu "Center Center" yomwe idapatsa kampaniyo mwayi uwu.

Chifukwa cha kusinthika kwaukadaulo, zovuta zamtunduwu zatha: makampani adasamukira kukupanga mapulogalamu apanyumba kapena kugula zomwezo kuchokera kwa ogulitsa apadera. Mwachiwonekere izi zapangitsa kuti gawo la ICT lichuluke kwambiri m'makampani osiyanasiyana, zomwe zidawatsogolera kuti akumane ndi vuto ngati kusankha kupanga mapulogalamu awoawo kunali kokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Makampani oyamba kukumana ndi vutoli anali makampani akuluakulu, omwe kwenikweni adafuna kusuntha gawo lonse la ICT kunja, kutchula mapangano akunja: ma network, ma seva, kukonza tsiku ndi tsiku, chitukuko cha mapulogalamu, sizinalinso ntchito zamkati za kampaniyo. ndipo zitha kuwonedwa ngati ntchito ina iliyonse, komanso pankhani yowongolera ndi kuchepetsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ndalama.

Kutumiza kunja kunali kopambana chifukwa kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza ntchito zabwino kwambiri

alipo pamsika. Kampaniyo sinathe kukwaniritsa khalidweli, chifukwa kawonedwe kake ka dziko lapansi kanali kokha kokha.

Komabe, kachitidwe kameneka kanafuna luso linalake kwa makampani popereka makontrakitala otumizira kunja, kuti atsimikizire mtundu wa ntchito zovuta kwambiri zomwe zidagulidwa. Chifukwa chake, anthu odziwa ICT amafunikira omwe amatha kuyendetsa bwino ntchitoyo ndipo, chifukwa chake, zenizeni zokhazo zidakhala zosafunikira mkati mwa kampaniyo. Potengera matekinoloje kuchokera kwa ogulitsa akunja, komabe, pali zotsatira zoyipa: sizingatheke kusunga woperekayo pansi paulamuliro, zomwe pakapita nthawi zimakonda kuchepetsa khalidwe, kuyambitsa kukhwima ndi kuonjezera ndalama.

Malingaliro awa amakakamizika kuti makampani abwerere m'mbuyo, mwachitsanzo, kukhala ndi madipatimenti a IT, kapena kupanga makampani limodzi ndi omwe amawapereka kuti apiteko kunja, kuti athe kukhala ndi mphamvu zowongolera ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa komanso pulogalamu ya eni ake.

Ndipo ndi mu chimango ichi kuti mtambo kompyuta.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro amalingaliro, a mtambo computing idabadwa kuchokera ku lingaliro la grid computing, ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya makompyuta omwe amafalitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi m'njira yabwino, ndiko kugwiritsa ntchito osagwiritsidwa ntchito. Lingaliroli limagwiritsidwa ntchito pogawana mafayilo anyimbo pa intaneti, kudzera pamaneti pomwe aliyense ali kasitomala komanso seva (Peer-to-Peer). Vutolo

za zomangamanga izi ndikuti sizingatheke kudziwa woyang'anira gawo, chifukwa ndizosatheka kudziwa kuti ndi seva iti pomwe i dati.

Yankho lofalitsidwali lagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'munda wasayansi, kuthandizira mphamvu kugawa makompyuta. Komabe, pamafunika kuphatikizika kwakukulu pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito, kuchepetsa kukula kwa grid computing yokha. Ngakhale zili choncho, makampani omwe ali ndi ma seva ambiri amatembenukira ku gululi, ngakhale amayendetsedwa ndi zosowa za msika (ganizirani za Google ed Amazon). Msika wamakompyuta wa gridi ukutsika pano.

Lingaliro kumbuyo kwa mtambo computing ndikuti ogwiritsa ntchito ndi ogwiritsa ntchito, sawona momwe ntchitoyi imagwiritsidwira ntchito ndipo amagwira ntchito pamalo odziwika ndi driveization.

mtambo Computing VS Mainframe: Amafanana mwalingaliro, koma amasiyana kwambiri pankhani ya hardware.

mtambo Computing VS Grid: Osagwiritsanso ntchito lingaliro la anzawo.

mtambo Computing VS Outsourcing: Kampaniyo sipereka njira yakeyake yazidziwitso.

The hardware kwa mtambo nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti aziyika mu chidebe cha ma seva 100, 1000, 2000 omwe ali okongoletsedwa kale komanso okhazikika, okonzeka "kugulitsidwa".

Kukhazikika kwa malo osungira data kumalola kasamalidwe kosiyana komanso kosavuta mu gawo losunga zobwezeretsera, makamaka poganizira kuti, kukhala ndi makina ofanana, kubwezeretsa zosunga zobwezeretsera kumachepetsedwa mpaka nthawi yosinthira. dati.

Il mtambo computing ndi yabwino poyambira, chifukwa palibe chifukwa choyendetsera kusamuka kuchokera ku machitidwe akale, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri. Malingaliro a mtambo Kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta kumatengera lingaliro la kulipira pakugwiritsa ntchito, kapena kupangitsa anthu kulipira makasitomala kuchuluka kolingana ndi zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Zothandizira zimaperekedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi zomangamanga, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kumakhala kosunthika ndipo kumadalira pa zosowa za nthawiyo. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi ndalama ndikukulirakulira limodzi ndi zosowa za kampani.

Kuchokera pazachuma, muzochitika zomwe kugwiritsa ntchito mtambo computing sichimakakamizidwa, pali phindu lomwe limasiyanasiyana pakati pa 30% ndi 70% pakampani. Komabe, pangakhale zopinga, zomwe zimabweretsa ndalama zowonjezera, monga kufunikira kopeza i dati (pazifukwa zachinsinsi kapena zamalamulo), kapena kufunika kosintha makonda anu ntchito.

Kupereka kwa mtambo Computing imadziwika ndi zinthu zitatu zazikulu:

Infrastructure ngati ntchito (Infrastructure ngati Service, kapena IaS), kumene ntchito yoperekedwa ndi wothandizira mtambo ndiye maziko enieni a "mtambo", wopangidwa ndi mphamvu kompyuta, yosungirako ndi maukonde. Makasitomala amatha kuyendetsa pulogalamu yawoyawo (kuphatikiza machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito) pazida izi.

Platform ngati Service (Platform as Service, kapena PaaS), komwe ntchito yoperekedwa ndi mwayi wokhala ndi nsanja, yoperekedwa ndi wopereka mtambo, pomwe kasitomala amatha kuyendetsa mapulogalamu ake.

Mapulogalamu monga Service (Mapulogalamu monga Service, kapena SaaS), komwe wogulitsa wa mtambo amakonzekera pulogalamu ya kasitomala ndipo amalipira kokha nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito pulogalamuyo.

Funso lomwe limadzutsa mtambo ndi zachinsinsi ndi chitetezo cha dati, koma izi zikhoza kuthetsedwa kokha ndi cholinga cha kusintha kwakukulu kwa filosofi yomwe ili pansi pa lamulo lathu.

Zazinsinsi ndi Mwini wa Dati

Mu kasamalidwe ka dati pa intaneti momveka bwino vuto lachinsinsi limakhalapo. Vuto silochuluka kuti i dati zitha kukhala zapagulu, monga momwe wina angagwiritsire ntchito molakwika. Kuzunzidwa kwa dati tcheru, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kosaloledwa, ndizomwe ziyenera kulangidwa (mwachitsanzo, ngati dati za matenda a wogwira ntchito adagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwachotsa ntchito, izi zitha kukhala zosayenera komanso zosaloledwa).

Vuto lachiwiri ndi umwini wa dati: akulamulira ndani? Iyi ndi nkhani yomwe kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri ilibe ntchito, chifukwa amagawana zomwe zadziwika kale. Komabe, kukhala dati pokha paukonde, kukhala ndi zomwe zili mkati mwake si zenizeni; zikanatheka tikadakhala ndi kope lopanda intaneti.

Pano pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya mapulogalamu operekedwa kumsika kudzera mtambo kompyuta:

template Google, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pulogalamu yokhazikika ipezeke,

template Amazon, yomwe imapereka mapulogalamu a mashup kuti apange mapulogalamu osinthika.

Ndi ubwino wake, ndi mtambo kumabweretsanso zovuta: choyamba kusamuka kwa machitidwe apano kupita ku mtambo ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri (ndicho chifukwa choyambira, a mtambo, imayimira mwayi), koma mumakhala pachiwopsezo chokhala akaidi a ogulitsa, makamaka ngati mukufuna kusintha supplier muyeneranso kusuntha dati, chifukwa chake mukufunikira zitsimikizo kuchokera kwa ogulitsa kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zanu dati mu mapulogalamu operekedwa ndi mavenda osiyanasiyana.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a Hardware, the mtambo computing ikuwoneka ngati chida chopanda malire: wogwiritsa ntchito sakhalanso ndi vuto la kukula, kupitilira apo palibenso chifukwa chowoneratu mavuto, koma ndizotheka kungoyang'ana mautumiki omwe aperekedwa komanso mtundu wawo.

Kuti mukhale ndi Mapulogalamu ngati Service, pulogalamuyo iyenera kukhala ndi zofunikira zomwe zimathandizira kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mtambo kompyuta. Makamaka, ziyenera

kukhala modular (ndi ma ontologies, makamaka oyang'anira ontology papulatifomu, amagwira ntchito kwambiri m'gawoli),

kukhala ophatikizika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mapulogalamu apano,

kupatukana dati ndi mapulogalamu.

Ponena za mapulogalamu amakono a ERP, monga SAP, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pamapulatifomu mtambo, ayenera kukhala modular. Kuti izi zitheke, dongosololi liyenera kugawidwa m'ma module potengera ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa (kuphatikiza ma Nawonso achichepere) zomwe muyenera kulumikizana nazo

nsanja yopangidwa ndi mtambo kompyuta. Lingaliro ndikusintha njira zophatikizira mkati ndi njira zophatikizira zakunja: okhawo omwe angathe kuchita izi atha kudzipanga okha ngati manejala wa mtambo. Mwanjira iyi pulogalamuyo imataya phindu, ndikupangitsa kuti pulogalamu ya Open Source ipangidwe, chifukwa chilichonse chimasinthidwa kukhala ntchito yoperekedwa ndi mtambo.

M'malo mwake, ndi pulogalamu ya Open Source yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri pa Mapulogalamu monga Utumiki, popeza aliyense amene angayipange amathanso kunyalanyaza zovuta zakuphatikizana ndi nsanja ndipo, m'malo mwake, ndiye woyang'anira. mtambo amene ayenera kuthana ndi mbali iyi. Ndendende, kupanga pulogalamu ya Open Source sikungoyang'ana omvera ambiri, koma kumatha kulumikizana ndi opereka chithandizo ochepa. mtambo makompyuta omwe amatha kugulitsa pulogalamuyo ngati ntchito kwa omvera ambiri.

Lingaliro la kuphatikiza ma modules, gawo lofunikira limaseweredwa ndi ontologies, chifukwa mbali imodzi amatsimikizira kupitiriza ndi omwe alipo ndipo mbali inayo akhoza kuyendetsedwa ndi wogulitsa. mtambo.

UPS ndiye mtsogoleri wapadziko lonse lapansi pamayendedwe amagulu.

Pansipa pali kufotokozera za kuphatikiza kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana (mgwirizano / bungwe / machitidwe).

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti, poganizira kukula kwa kampaniyo, momwe bizinesi yake ikukhalira komanso kuchuluka kwa matekinoloje omwe amatengera, kufotokozera kwathunthu kukanakhala kupyola malire omwe amaperekedwa pa lipotili; kotero tidzayesa kupereka mwachidule mbali zazikuluzikulu.

Kuphatikiza

Kuphatikizika koyamba pakati pa mbali zomwe zingakambidwe ndikuti pakati pa dongosolo ndi bungwe. UPS ndi kampani yayikulu, koma inali ndi chidziŵitso chodzipangira yokha kuyambira pachiyambi data base monga gawo lapakati ndi monolithic. Malo a New Jersey - monga mapasa ake aku Georgia, ndithudi - amakhala ndi angapo Nawonso achichepere zomwe zili (mwazidziwitso zina):

i dati kwa oyang'anira ogwira ntchito;

i dati, kusinthidwa mu nthawi yeniyeni, pa malo osungiramo katundu ndi njira zoyendera zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, zogawidwa mu intermodal transport network;

zambiri zamakampani ogawana nawo ei makasitomala (omalizawa adasinthanso nthawi yeniyeni, kutengera zomwe zimachokera ku ma terminals a DIAD ndi tsambalo Intaneti);

i dati polemba zikalata zandalama (balance sheet, ndondomeko ya ndalama, etc.).

Monga kampani kuimba ngakhale kunja kwa United States, mbali zina zagawidwanso kunja. Chitsanzo ndi data base kasamalidwe ka ogwira ntchito, mwachilengedwe chake chophatikizidwa ndi machitidwe owunikira zachuma: ogwira ntchito ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito zimasungidwa Nawonso achichepere dziko, koma zambiri zimaphatikizidwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndikusinthidwa kukhala ndalama zaku US; ntchito zilizonse zoletsa kupanga zimadziwika ndikuthetsedwa munthawi yochepa. Kufunika kongotsatira zowerengera ndalama kwathandiza UPS kupanga njira zina, kuphatikiza kupanga malipiro.

Kasamalidwe ka mashifiti ndi nthawi yopumira adapangidwanso kuti azidzipangira okha: ogwira ntchito amagawidwa Nawonso achichepere kutengera mtundu wa gawo, maphunziro ndi dera (tiwona mu ndime yotsatira momwe izi zikuyimira kale zinthu.

kwa ontology); pempho la tchuthi - lomwe liyenera kupangidwa pasadakhale - likulowetsedwa mu pulogalamu yomwe imapereka chivomerezo cha mapulani kwa atsogoleri agawo. Njirayi, yogwira ntchito bwino pamapepala, yapangitsa kuti ogwira ntchito ayambitse mlandu wotsutsana ndi UPS, chifukwa sichinali "chosinthika" kwa anthu omwe mwadzidzidzi ali ndi zolepheretsa kapena olumala).

I dati zokhudzana ndi nyumba zosungiramo katundu ndi zoyendera ndiye maziko a ntchito za UPS, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito zake zitheke posapanga katundu. Mapulogalamu onse adapangidwa ndi kampaniyo pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi ndipo akuphatikizidwa kwambiri: onse amatchula zofanana data base ndipo pamakhala kutuluka kosalekeza kwa chidziwitso kupita ndi kuchokera ku mapulogalamu.

Mwachitsanzo, kasitomala akapempha phukusi kuti litumizidwe, zambiri zake zimalowetsedwa - kuyambira pachiyambi kapena ngati zosintha - (makamaka zolozera zolipira, zotsimikizika kudzera muzolumikizana ndi ma interbank systems). dati za phukusi (kunyamula ndi kutumizira malo, malo ena otheka ngati satolera, mtengo wotumizira wowerengeka okha ndikuvomerezedwa ndi kasitomala, ndi zina). Ngongole imapangidwa nthawi yomweyo ikalandiridwa ndi dongosolo la chitsimikiziro chotumizira (chochokera ku DIAD terminal).

M'badwo wa dongosolo umapangitsanso kuti chilengedwe cha mbiri yomwe imatumizira makina ogwiritsira ntchito, omwe amaphatikizapo kudziwitsa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe akukhudzidwa. Dongosolo lothandizira la UPS limayang'anira kukhathamiritsa kotumiza kwa phukusi, potengera njira yochepera yotengedwa ndi ma vani ndi mapaketi omwe amanyamulidwa ndi iwo, ndikuganiziranso omwe akugwira nawo ntchito patchuthi chomwe tatchulawa komanso ndandanda yopuma. Izi zonse ndi zitsanzo za kuchuluka kwa kuphatikiza komwe kumakwaniritsidwa ndi machitidwe akampani.

Monga tawonetsera kale mu chikalata chapitachi, komanso momwe zimakhalira zomwe zanenedwa mpaka pano pamayendedwe a dati kuchokera kwa akunja kupita kwa amitundu Nawonso achichepere pakati, ntchito yaikulu yosungiramo katundu ikuchitika. UPS ili ndi a Nawonso achichepere ya ma terabytes angapo omwe amakhala laibulale yazidziwitso zantchito (OIL), gulu lalikulu la dati, yopangidwa pamiyeso yosiyana ya granularity, yomwe ikufotokoza mwachidule ntchito za gulu. OIL idabadwira koyambirira kuti ipititse patsogolo bungwe lamkati pa nthaka yaku America ndikukonza njira kwakanthawi kochepa, koma kuyambira 1999 imaphatikiza zidziwitso zonse zapadziko lapansi ndipo kuyambira koyambirira kwa 2000s ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuphatikiza mapulogalamu a pulaneti. luntha komanso kusanthula kwapaintaneti.

I dati magulu akhoza kufunsidwa ndi oyang'anira bungwe; monga tanenera mu chikalata china, ambiri dati za granularity zabwino kwambiri zimapezekanso kudzera pa API ndi makasitomala, mwachitsanzo zambiri za momwe katundu watumizidwa. THE makasitomala iwowo amatha kuphatikiza chidziwitsochi m'makina awo mosavuta chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwadongosolo kwa UPS kwa miyezo yotseguka.

Monga tafotokozera m'chikalata china, UPS ili ndi ntchito yomwe imapanga zatsopano zamakono, kusonkhanitsa malingaliro kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito. Malingaliro amatumizidwa kudzera pa intaneti, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudzera pa intranet ya kampani.

Ontology yophatikiza

Poyerekeza za ontology kumbuyo kwa kuphatikiza kwa UPS, munthu atha kuyamba kuchokera kwa osewera omwe akuchita nawo bizinesi yake yayikulu: zonyamula katundu. Choncho, tili ndi Phukusi la kalasi , kutengedwa kuchokera ku Malo amodzi kupita ku ena; zoyendera zitha kuganiziridwa ndi maubwenzi awiri "transportFrom" ndi "transportTo", ngati wina sakuphatikiza

kutengera ma transnational ndi ma multimodal. Parcel imatha kukhala ndi magawo angapo apadera - kutengera mawonekedwe ake - ndipo iyenera kukhala ndi Malo anthawi yomweyo, kutsatira geolocation.

Phukusili nthawi zambiri limatumizidwa ndi kasitomala; poganizira za kukula kwa mautumiki osiyanasiyana a UPS - zomwe sizimaphatikizapo zonyamula katundu - chidwi chachikulu chiyenera kuperekedwa ku kufotokozera makalasi ndi makhalidwe omwe amachokera. Ntchito iliyonse yoperekedwa, yamtundu uliwonse, imakhudza "ntchito" ya Dongosolo lamitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga Kutumiza.

Zitha kuchitika kuti kasitomala alinso Wopereka. The ontology ikhoza kufotokozera gulu lapamwamba la aggregation CompanyPartner ngati izindikira kuti nthawi imodzi ndi kampani yamtundu wa Makasitomala ndi Wopereka, kapena ngati yachitapo gawo limodzi ndi oda imodzi.

Big Brown, monga momwe amatchulidwira mu UPS jargon, amapangidwa makamaka ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito omwe amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana komanso mosiyanasiyana (Tchati cha Gulu). Panonso, dongosololi liyenera kukhala lolondola, ndikugogomezera kwambiri zinthu zokhudzana ndi danga / nthawi: wogwira ntchito azigwira ntchito m'chigawo cholondola, kapena m'malo mophatikiza malo pa intaneti padziko lonse lapansi, adzalemba ndondomeko yolondola pa Sabata lake la Ntchito. ndi zina zotero. Ontology yamtunduwu imapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupanga zodziwikiratu pakupanga masinthidwe opumira. Mwa kuwonetsera mokwanira makhalidwe ena monga ziyeneretso, maudindo, zolemba zautumiki ndi zaka zautumiki, kasamalidwe amapatsidwa mwayi wochuluka - komanso moyenerera - kuyesa ntchito ya ogwira ntchito.

Zambiri mwa izi dati zilipo kale mu machitidwe a UPS, osungidwa mkati mwa Nawonso achichepere adadziwika m'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi. Ena atha kutuluka kuchokera ku "mawonedwe" oyenera pa nkhokwe kapena kudzera muzochita zamigodi.

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👍Othandizira pa intaneti | Katswiri wa Web Agency mu Digital Marketing ndi SEO. Web Agency Online ndi Web Agency. Kwa Agenzia Web Online kupambana pakusintha kwa digito kumatengera maziko a Iron SEO version 3. Zapadera: Kuphatikiza System, Enterprise Application Integration, Service Oriented Architecture, Cloud Computing, Data yosungiramo zinthu, nzeru zamabizinesi, Big Data, portal, intranets, Web Application Kupanga ndi kasamalidwe ka nkhokwe zaubale komanso zamitundu yambiri Kupanga malo olumikizirana ndi media media: kugwiritsa ntchito ndi Zithunzi. Online Web Agency amapereka makampani ntchito zotsatirazi: -SEO pa Google, Amazon, Bing, Yandex; -Web Analytics: Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager, Yandex Metrica; -Kutembenuka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito: Google Analytics, Microsoft Clarity, Yandex Metrica; -SEM pa Google, Bing, Amazon Ads; -Social Media Marketing (Facebook, Linkedin, Youtube, Instagram).

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Intaneti Marketing Nawonso achichepere dbms Nyumba yosungirako deta Data Sayansi Online malonda Ukachenjede watekinoloje Wothandizira Webusayiti Kutsatsa Marketing