Taariikhda tignoolajiyada macluumaadka ee ururada
Shirkaduhu waxa ay bilaabeen in ay adeegsadaan automatism-ka iyo mishiinada xittaa ka hor imaanshaha kombayutarada, tusaale ahaan horraantii 1900-meeyadii mashiinada waxa loo isticmaali jiray in lagu habeeyo diiwaanka iyada oo la isticmaalayo kaarar la dalbaday iyo hababka xulashada, ama in la soo koobo macluumaadka iyo xisaabaadka, sida Tabulating or Accounting Machines.
Mashiinnada Ganacsiga Caalamiga ah, IBM, ayaa si sax ah ugu dhashay qaybtan: markii hore waxay iibisay nidaamyada qaansheegta, kuwaas oo la sameeyay kumanaan jeer bishii; Sidaa darteed waxaa jiray nidaamyo lagu soo saarayo qaansheegyada, laakiin ma ahan kuwa maaraynta: ma jirin tirakoob, mana jirin meel lagu kaydiyo tiro badan oo ah dati.
A metà degli anni 30 e degli anni 40, tre gruppi di lavoro principali lavorano sui calcolatori elettronici programmabili: Alan Turing in Inghilterra, con l’obiettivo di realizzare un sistema di crittazione per scopi bellici, Konrad Zuse in Germania (da alcuni reputato il vero inventore del calcolatore elettronico) e John von Neumann con il team dell’ENIAC in America. Gli americani in particolare hanno avuto il merito, dopo la guerra, di vedere un ruolo dei calcolatori all’interno delle organizzazioni e di introdurli quindi in questi ambienti.
Fikradda xisaabiyaha barnaamijka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka hor muddadan: horeba bartamihii 1800-meeyadii Charles Babbage wuxuu abuuray mashiinka farsamada si uu u sameeyo xisaabinta, "mashiinka kala duwan". Mashiinkan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa saameeyay dhibaatooyin makaanik ah, waligiisna ma dhisin Babbage (wax soo saarka sida ku cad naqshadihii asalka ahaa waxaa la dhameeyay 1991, Matxafka Sayniska ee London). Babbage ayaa markii dambe naqshadeeyay "mashiinka falanqaynta", mashiin xitaa ka sii adag, kaas oo isticmaali jiray kaararka feerka, oo awood u leh in loo habeeyo sida la doono. Waxay lahayd unugyo xisaabeed, xakamaynta socodka iyo xusuusta: waxay ahayd naqshadii ugu horreysay ee kumbiyuutarka Turing-dhameystiran.
Dhammaadkii 50-meeyadii waxaa la ogaaday in xisaabiyaha loo isticmaali karo ganacsiga iyo maamulka guud, kaas oo ururkoodu uu la ildarnaa tiro aad u badan. dati. Kharashka badan awgiis, ururada waaweyn iyo xarumaha cilmi-baadhista (sida meel bannaan) iyo ciidanka ayaa awood u leh inay awoodaan xisaabiyaha.
Sannadihii 60-aadkii, tignoolajiyada macluumaadka ayaa ugu dambeyntii shirkadaha u soo gashay qaab baahsan sidoo kale waxaa mahad leh doorka IBM, oo soo saartay qaab-dhismeedka ugu horreeya, Nidaamka / 360 (1964), oo loogu talagalay in lagu yeesho faafin aad u ballaaran oo ka jira hay'adaha dhexdhexaadka ah / waaweyn ee muddadaas. .
In quell’epoca anche in Italia vi era una produzione di calcolatori elettronici per le organizzazioni, grazie ad Olivetti. Quest’azienda era composta da due gruppi di lavoro: a Pisa naqshadeynta fikradda iyo muuqaalka mashiinka ayaa la fuliyay, Ivrea waxaa ku yaal xarunta ganacsiga ee iibka iyo isdhexgalka macaamiisha. Horumarinta kombuyuutarrada, xilligan, waxay ahayd caqabad iyo tacabur, maadaama hababka horumarinta ee dammaanad qaadaya abuurista mashiinnada aadka loo isticmaali karo aysan weli jirin.
Muddo ka dib tignoolajiyadaasi way faafeen oo kombuyuutarku wuxuu noqday hab lagu maareeyo dhammaan macluumaadka la isku halayn karo.
Maanta, marka loo eego 40 sano ka hor, tignoolajiyada macluumaadka wax badan ayaa isbeddelay. Waxaa jiray horumar badan tan iyo maalmihii kaararka feerka, laakiin nasiib darro waxaa sidoo kale jiray dhibaatooyin lama huraan ah oo ka dhashay isbeddelka hal-abuurku u baahan yahay. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, mar kasta oo aan soo bandhigno isbeddel waa inaan la macaamilnaa tignoolajiyada jira (dhaxalka), inta badan si liidata loo diiwaangeliyo ama aan gabi ahaanba la diiwaangelin, saadaasha isdhexgalka iyo waqtiyada socdaalka, oo aan iska hor imaado iska caabinta isticmaale.
Ururada ganacsiga waxaa jira riixis loogu talagalay isticmaalka joogtada ah ee xisaabiyeyaasha sababo kala duwan. Kuwa ugu cadaadiska badan ayaa ah tiro aad u badan oo ah dati si loo maareeyo, inta badan macluumaadka aan habaysan, iyo baahida loo qabo in la sameeyo xisaabinta soo noqnoqda ama adag.
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