Ugcino lweenkcukacha kunye noCwangciso lweZibonelelo zeShishini | I-DWH kunye ne-ERP

KOOVIMBA IDATHA OKUPHAMBILI : IMBALI ED IMVUKELO

Imixholo emibini eyongameleyo yethekhnoloji yeshishini kwiminyaka yoo-90 yayiyi yokugcina idatha kunye ne-ERP. Ixesha elide le mijelo mibini inamandla ibiyinxalenye ye-IT yeshishini ngaphandle kokuba ne-intersection. Kwaba ngathi bayinto kwaye bachasene nomcimbi. Kodwa ukukhula kwazo zombini ezi ziganeko kukhokelele ekudibaneni kwazo. Namhlanje iinkampani zijongene nengxaki yento yokwenza ne-ERP kunye yokugcina idatha. Eli nqaku liza kuchaza ukuba zeziphi iingxaki kunye nendlela ezilungiswa ngayo ziinkampani.

EKUQALENI...

Ekuqaleni yayikho i yokugcina idatha. Indawo yokugcina idatha yazalelwa ukuchasana nenkqubo yesicelo sokusetyenzwa kwentengiselwano. Ngeentsuku zokuqala ukunkqaya dati yayilungiselelwe ukuba ibe yindawo nje echaseneyo nezicelo zokusetyenzwa kwentengiselwano. Kodwa kule mihla kukho imibono entsonkothileyo ngakumbi yokuba yintoni a yokugcina idatha. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje yokugcina idatha ifakelwe kwisakhiwo esinokubizwa ngokuba yi-Corporate Information Factory.

UMZIKO WENGCACISO WENKCAZELO (CIF)

I-Corporate Information Factory inamacandelo oyilo oluqhelekileyo: ukuhlanganiswa kwekhowudi kunye noshintsho oludibanisayo dati ngelixa mna dati ziyahamba ukusuka kwimeko-bume yesicelo ukuya kwimeko-bume ye yokugcina idatha yenkampani; a yokugcina idatha yenkampani apho i dati ababhali-mbali abaneenkcukacha nabadibeneyo. I yokugcina idatha yeshishini isebenza njengesiseko apho zonke ezinye iindawo zokusingqongileyo zinokwakhelwa phezu kwaso yokugcina idatha; indawo yokugcina idatha yokusebenza (ODS). I-ODS sisakhiwo esixubeneyo esiqulathe umba othile we yokugcina idatha kunye neminye imiba yokusingqongileyo kwe-OLTP; data marts, apho amasebe ahlukeneyo anokuba nenguqulelo yawo ye yokugcina idatha; a yokugcina idatha uphononongo apho abacinga ngenkampani banokungenisa imibuzo yabo yeeyure ezingama-72 ngaphandle kwesiphumo esibi kwi yokugcina idatha; kunye nenkumbulo yomgca ekufutshane, apho dati endala kwaye dati iinkcukacha ezininzi zingagcinwa kwi cheap.

PHI I-ERP IHLANGANISA NE IMZIKO YOLWAZI LWENKCAZELO

I-ERP idityaniswa ne-Corporate Information Factory kwiindawo ezimbini. Ikakhulu njengesicelo esisisiseko esibonelela i dati yesicelo soku yokugcina idatha. Kule meko i dati, eveliswe njengemveliso yenkqubo yokuthengiselana, idityaniswe kwaye ilayishwe kwi yokugcina idatha yenkampani. Ikhonkco lesibini phakathi kwe-ERP kunye ne-CIF yi-ODS. Ngokwenene, kwiindawo ezininzi i-ERP isetyenziswa njenge-ODS yakudala.

Kwimeko apho i-ERP isetyenziswe njengesicelo esisisiseko, i-ERP efanayo ingasetyenziswa kwi-CIF njenge-ODS. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba i-ERP iza kusetyenziswa kuzo zombini iindima, kufuneka kubekho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwamaziko amabini. Ngamanye amazwi, xa i-ERP idlala indima yesiseko sesicelo kunye ne-ODS, amaqumrhu amabini oyilo kufuneka ahlulwe. Ukuba ukuphunyezwa okukodwa kwe-ERP kuzama ukuzalisekisa zombini iindima ngaxeshanye ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubakho iingxaki ekuyilweni nasekuphunyezweni kweso sikhokelo.

II-ODS EZAHLUKENEYO KUNYE NEZICELO EZISISEKO

Kukho izizathu ezininzi ezikhokelela ekwahlulweni kwamacandelo ezakhiwo. Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekwahluleni amacandelo ahlukeneyo oyilo lwezakhiwo kukuba icandelo ngalinye loyilo linombono walo. Isicelo esisisiseko sisebenza injongo eyahlukileyo kune-ODS. Zama ukukhawulelana

imbono yesiseko sesicelo kwihlabathi le-ODS okanye ngokuphambeneyo akuyona indlela efanelekileyo yokusebenza.

Ngenxa yoko, ingxaki yokuqala ye-ERP kwi-CIF kukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho umahluko phakathi kwezicelo ezisisiseko kunye ne-ODS.

IIMFANELO ZENGCACISO KWISHISHINI UMZINZI WEENGCACISO

Ukufezekisa ubumbano phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo oyilo lweCIF, kufuneka kubekho imodeli dati. Iimodeli ze dati zisebenza njengekhonkco phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo oyilo lwezakhiwo ezifana nezicelo ezisisiseko kunye ne-ODS. Iimodeli ze dati baba "yimephu yendlela yengqondo" ukufumana intsingiselo echanekileyo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oyilo lwe-CIF.

Ukuhamba kunye nale ngcamango, ingcamango kukuba kufuneka kubekho ipateni enye enkulu kunye enye dati. Ngokucacileyo kufuneka kubekho ipateni dati kwicandelo ngalinye kwaye ngaphezu koko kufuneka kubekho indlela enengqiqo edibanisa imifuziselo eyahlukeneyo. Icandelo ngalinye loyilo-ODS, izicelo ezisisiseko, yokugcina idatha yenkampani, njalo njalo.. - idinga imodeli yayo ye dati. Kwaye ke kufuneka kubekho inkcazo echanekileyo yokuba le mifuziselo ye dati bajongana kunye.

SHINGA I IDATHA YE-ERP KWIDATHA UMNQOPHISO

Ukuba imvelaphi ye dati sisicelo esisisiseko kunye/okanye i-ODS, xa iERP ifaka i dati Nel yokugcina idatha, olu fakelo malwenze kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi "granularity". Ngokulula phinda uphinde okanye udibanise i dati njengoko bephuma kwisiseko sesicelo se-ERP okanye i-ERP ODS ayiyona into efanelekileyo yokwenza. THE dati iinkcukacha ziyafuneka kwi yokugcina idatha ukwenza isiseko senkqubo yeDSS. Enjalo dati ziya kubunjwa kwakhona ngeendlela ezininzi ngedatha yedatha kunye nokuhlola yokugcina idatha.

Ukushukuma kwe dati ukusuka kwindawo yesicelo esisiseko seERP ukuya yokugcina idatha yenkampani yenziwe ngendlela ekhululekile ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kuhamba kwenzeka malunga neeyure ezingama-24 emva kohlaziyo okanye ukudalwa kwe-ERP. Inyaniso yokuba "ivila" intshukumo ye dati Nel yokugcina idatha yenkampani ikuvumela ukuba dati evela kwi-ERP ukuya "kuhlalisa". Kanye i dati zigcinwe kwisiseko sesicelo, emva koko ungahambisa ngokukhuselekileyo i dati ye-ERP kwishishini. Enye injongo enokuthi iphunyezwe ngenxa yentshukumo "yovila" ye dati kukucandwa okucacileyo phakathi kweenkqubo zokusebenza kunye neDSS. Ngentshukumo "ekhawulezayo" ye dati umgca phakathi kweDSS kunye nokusebenza uhlala ungacacanga.

Intshukumo ye dati ukusuka kwi-ODS ye-ERP ukuya yokugcina idatha yenkampani yenziwa ngamaxesha athile, rhoqo ngeveki okanye ngenyanga. Kule meko ukuhamba kwe dati isekelwe kwimfuneko “yokucoca” ezindala dati ababhali-mbali. Ngokwemvelo, i-ODS iqulethe i dati ezintsha kakhulu kunezo dati iimbali ezifunyenwe kwi yokugcina idatha.

Ukushukuma kwe dati Nel yokugcina idatha phantse akwenziwa “iholesale” (kwindlela yomthengisi). Khuphela itheyibhile kwindawo ye-ERP ukuya yokugcina idatha ayinangqiqo. Indlela eyinyani kakhulu kukuhambisa iiyunithi ezikhethiweyo ze dati. Kuphela ke dati ezitshintshileyo ukususela kuhlaziyo lokugqibela lwe yokugcina idatha zezona kufuneka zisiwe kwi yokugcina idatha. Enye indlela yokwazi ukuba zeziphi dati zitshintshile ukusukela uhlaziyo lokugqibela kukujonga izitampu zexesha ze dati ifunyenwe kwindawo yeERP. Umyili ukhetha zonke iinguqu ezenzeke ukususela kuhlaziyo lokugqibela. Enye indlela kukusebenzisa iindlela zokubamba utshintsho dati. Ngolu buchule iingodo kunye neeteyiphu zejenali ziyahlalutywa ukuze kubonwe ukuba zeziphi dati kufuneka isuswe kubume be-ERP ukuya kuleyo ye yokugcina idatha. Ezi ndlela zobuchule zezona zilungileyo njengoko iilogi kunye neetheyiphu zejenali zinokufundwa kwiifayile ze-ERP ngaphandle kwesiphumo esingaphezulu kwezinye izibonelelo ze-ERP.

EZINYE IINGXAKI

Enye yeengxaki ze-ERP kwi-CIF yinto eyenzekayo kweminye imithombo yesicelo okanye i-ai dati ye-ODS ekufuneka befake isandla kuyo yokugcina idatha kodwa abayonxalenye yokusingqongileyo kwe-ERP. Ngenxa yokuvalwa kwe-ERP, ngakumbi i-SAP, izama ukudibanisa izitshixo ezivela kwimithombo yangaphandle ye dati kunye nam dati evela kwiERP ngexesha lokuhamba i dati Nel yokugcina idatha, ngumngeni omkhulu. Kwaye yintoni kanye kanye amathuba ukuba i dati yezicelo okanye i-ODS ngaphandle kwendawo ye-ERP iya kudityaniswa kwi yokugcina idatha? Amathuba aphezulu kakhulu.

FUMANA IDATHA IMBALI UKUSUKA ERP

Enye ingxaki nge dati ye-ERP kukuba isuka kwimfuno yokuba nayo dati ababhali-mbali ngaphakathi yokugcina idatha. Ngokuqhelekileyo i yokugcina idatha iimfuno dati ababhali-mbali. Kwaye itekhnoloji yeERP ayizigcini ezi dati zembali, ubuncinane hayi ngokomlinganiselo ukuba kuyimfuneko kwi yokugcina idatha. Xa isixa esikhulu dati iilogs ziqala ukudibanisa kubume be-ERP, loo meko ifuna ukucocwa. Umzekelo, masithi a yokugcina idatha kufuneka ilayishwe neminyaka emihlanu ye dati zembali ngelixa iERP igcina ubuninzi beenyanga ezintandathu kwezi dati. Logama nje inkampani yanelisekile ukuqokelela inani dati zembali njengoko ixesha lihamba, ke akukho ngxaki usebenzisa ERP njengomthombo i yokugcina idatha. Kodwa xa i yokugcina idatha kufuneka abuyele emva exesheni athabathe oothixo dati iirekhodi ezingazange ziqokelelwe ngaphambili kwaye zigcinwe yi-ERP, ngoko imeko ye-ERP ingasebenzi kakuhle.

I-ERP NE-METADATA

Enye ingqwalasela yokwenza malunga ne-ERP e yokugcina idatha yile ikwimetadata ekhoyo kwimeko-bume ye-ERP. Kanye njengoko imetadata ihamba ukusuka kwindawo ye-ERP ukuya kwi yokugcina idatha, imetadata kufuneka ihanjiswe ngendlela efanayo. Ukongezelela, imethadatha kufuneka iguqulwe ibe yifomathi kunye nesakhiwo esifunekayo kwiziseko zophuhliso yokugcina idatha. Kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwemetadata yokusebenza kunye nemetadata yeDSS. Imetadata esebenzayo ikakhulu yeyomphuhlisi kunye neye

umdwelisi wenkqubo. Imetadata yeDSS yeyomsebenzisi wokugqibela. Imethadatha ekhoyo kwizicelo ze-ERP okanye ii-ODS kufuneka ziguqulwe kwaye olu tshintsho aluhlali lulula kwaye luthe ngqo.

UKUFUMANA IDATHA ye-ERP

Ukuba iERP isetyenziswa njengomthengisi we dati nge-il yokugcina idatha kufuneka kubekho ujongano oluluqilima oluhamba i dati ukusuka kubume be-ERP ukuya kokusingqongileyo yokugcina idatha. Ujongano kufuneka:

• ▪ kube lula ukuyisebenzisa
• ▪ vumela ufikelelo ku dati ye ERP
• ▪ ukufumana intsingiselo ye dati ezisiwa kuwo yokugcina idatha
• ▪ Uyayazi imida ye-ERP enokuthi ivele xa ufikelela kwi- dati ye ERP:
• ▪ intembeko ekubhekiselelwe kuyo
• ▪ Ubudlelwane phakathi kwabalawuli
• ▪ Ubudlelwane obucacileyo obunengqiqo
• ▪ Indibano yesicelo
• ▪ zonke izakhiwo ze dati ixhaswa yiERP, njalo njalo...
• ▪ ube nokufikelela ngokufanelekileyo dati, ngokubonelela:
• ▪ intshukumo ngqo ye dati
• ▪ ukufumana utshintsho dati
• ▪ Ukuxhasa ufikelelo kwangethuba dati
• ▪ baqonde ubume be dati, kwaye nangokunjalo… I-INTERFACE NGESAP Ujongano lunokuba ziindidi ezimbini, ezasekhaya okanye zentengiso. Ezinye zeendawo eziphambili zentengiso ziquka:

• ▪ SAS
• ▪ Izisombululo Eziyintloko
• ▪ D2k, njalo njalo... IITEKNOLOJI EZININZI ERP Ukuphatha imeko ye-ERP ngokungathi yitekhnoloji enye yimpazamo enkulu. Zininzi iitekhnoloji ze-ERP, nganye inamandla ayo. Abona bathengisi baziwayo kwimarike ngaba:

• ▪ I-SAP
• ▪ Oracle Financials
• ▪ PeopleSoft
• JD Edwards
• ▪ Iibhaans SAP I-SAP yeyona software inkulu kwaye ibanzi yeERP. Izicelo ze-SAP ziquka ezininzi iintlobo zezicelo kwiindawo ezininzi. I-SAP inegama lokuba:

• ▪ inkulu kakhulu
• ▪ Kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza ukuphumeza
• ▪ ufuna abantu abaninzi kunye nabacebisi ukuba baphumeze
• ▪ Idinga abantu abakhethekileyo ukuze iphunyezwe
• ▪ Idinga ixesha elininzi lokuyiphumeza Kananjalo iSAP inegama lokunkqaya dati ngokusondeleyo, okwenza kube nzima kumntu ongaphandle kwendawo ye-SAP ukufikelela kuzo. Amandla e-SAP kukuba iyakwazi ukubamba kunye nokugcina inani elikhulu dati. Kutshanje iSAP ibhengeze injongo yayo yokwandisa izicelo zayo yokugcina idatha. Zininzi izinto ezilungileyo kunye nezingalunganga ekusebenziseni i-SAP njengomthengisi yokugcina idatha. Inzuzo kukuba i-SAP sele ifakiwe kwaye abaninzi abacebisi sele beqhelana ne-SAP.
  Izinto ezingeloncedo zokuba ne-SAP njengomthengisi we yokugcina idatha zininzi: I-SAP ayinamava kwihlabathi le yokugcina idatha Ukuba i-SAP ingumthengisi we yokugcina idatha, kuyimfuneko "ukukhupha" i dati ukusuka kwiSAP ukuya yokugcina idatha. Iinkcukacha Irekhodi ye-SAP yenkqubo evaliweyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba kube lula ukufumana i-SAP kuyo (???). Kukho iindawo ezininzi zelifa elinika amandla i-SAP, njenge-IMS, i-VSAM, i-ADABAS, i-ORACLE, i-DB2, njalo njalo. I-SAP igxininisa kwindlela “engaqanjwanga apha”. I-SAP ayifuni kusebenzisana nabanye abathengisi ukuba basebenzise okanye benze i yokugcina idatha. I-SAP igxininisa ekuveliseni yonke isoftware yayo ngokwayo.

Nangona i-SAP iyinkampani enkulu kwaye inamandla, inyaniso yokuzama ukubhala kwakhona iteknoloji ye-ELT, i-OLAP, ulawulo lwenkqubo kunye nesiseko sekhowudi dbms kuphambene nje. Endaweni yokuthatha isimo sengqondo sentsebenziswano kunye nababoneleli yokugcina idatha Ixesha elide, i-SAP ilandele indlela yokuba "bazi ngcono". Esi simo sengqondo sibuyisela umva impumelelo enokuthi i-SAP ibe nayo kwindawo yokugcina idatha.
Ukwala kwe-SAP ukuvumela abathengisi bangaphandle ukuba bafikelele ngokukhawuleza nangokunobubele kwezabo dati. Eyona nto ingundoqo yokusebenzisa i yokugcina idatha ifikeleleka lula dati. Ibali lonke le-SAP lisekelwe ekwenzeni kube nzima ukufikelela dati.
Ukunqongophala kwamava e-SAP ekujonganeni nomthamo omkhulu we dati; kwintsimi ye yokugcina idatha kukho imiqulu ye dati zange ibonwe kwiSAP kunye nokuphatha ezi zixa zikhulu ze dati kufuneka ube neteknoloji efanelekileyo. Kubonakala ngathi i-SAP ayiqapheli lo mqobo wezobuchwepheshe okhoyo ukuze ungene kwintsimi yokugcina idatha.
Inkcubeko yoshishino ye-SAP: I-SAP yakhe ishishini ekufumaneni i dati ukusuka kwinkqubo. Kodwa ukuze wenze oku kufuneka ube nesimo sengqondo esahlukileyo. Ngokwemveli, iinkampani zesoftware ebezilungile ekufumaneni idatha kwindawo azikhange zibe zilungile ekufumaneni idatha ukuba ihambe ngenye indlela. Ukuba i-SAP ilawula ukwenza olu hlobo lokutshintsha, kuya kuba yinkampani yokuqala ukwenza njalo.

Ngamafutshane, kuyathandabuzeka ukuba ngaba inkampani kufuneka ikhethe i-SAP njengomthengisi we yokugcina idatha. Kukho imingcipheko enzulu kakhulu kwelinye icala kwaye imivuzo embalwa kakhulu kwelinye. Kodwa kukho esinye isizathu esidimazayo ukukhetha i-SAP njengomthengisi yokugcina idatha. Kuba zonke iinkampani kufuneka zibe nazo yokugcina idatha kuzo zonke ezinye iinkampani? I yokugcina idatha yintliziyo yokhuphiswano. Ukuba yonke inkampani yamkele okufanayo yokugcina idatha bekuya kuba nzima, nangona kungenakwenzeka, ukufumana inzuzo yokhuphiswano. I-SAP ibonakala icinga ukuba a yokugcina idatha inokubonwa njengekuki kwaye olu lolunye uphawu lwengqondo yabo "yokufumana idatha kwi" izicelo.

Akakho omnye umthengisi weERP ogqwesileyo njengeSAP. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuya kubakho iinkampani eziza kuhamba ngendlela ye-SAP yeyabo yokugcina idatha kodwa mhlawumbi ezi yokugcina idatha Ii-SAP ziya kuba zikhulu, zibiza, kwaye zichithe ixesha ukuyila.

Ezi meko zibandakanya imisebenzi efana nokulungiswa kweebhanki, iinkqubo zokubhukisha iinqwelomoya, iinkqubo zezikhalazo ze-inshurensi, njalo njalo. Ukwenziwa ngcono kwenkqubo yentengiselwano, kwabonakala ngakumbi imfuneko yokwahlula phakathi kwenkqubo yokusebenza kunye neDSS (iNkqubo yeNkxaso yesiGqibo). Nangona kunjalo, nge-HR kunye neenkqubo zabasebenzi, awukhe ujongane nenani elikhulu lentengiselwano. Kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, xa umntu eqeshwe okanye eshiya inkampani le yirekhodi yentengiselwano. Kodwa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkqubo, iHR kunye neenkqubo zabasebenzi azinantengiselwano ezininzi. Ngoko ke, kwiinkqubo ze-HR kunye nabasebenzi akucaci ngokupheleleyo ukuba kukho imfuneko yeDataWarehouse. Ngeendlela ezininzi ezi nkqubo zilumanyano lweenkqubo zeDSS.

Kodwa kukho enye into ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa ujongana ne-datawarehouse kunye nePeopleSoft. Kwizangqa ezininzi, i dati I-HR kunye nezibonelelo zomntu zisesibini kwishishini eliphambili lenkampani. Uninzi lweenkampani zenza, zithengisa, zibonelela ngeenkonzo njalo njalo. Iinkqubo zeHR kunye nabasebenzi zihlala zisesibini (okanye zixhasa) umgca weshishini oyintloko wenkampani. Ngoko ke, iyalingana kwaye ayincedi a yokugcina idatha eyahlukileyo kwi-HR kunye nenkxaso yezibonelelo zomntu.

I-PeopleSoft yahluke kakhulu kwi-SAP kule nkalo. Nge-SAP, kunyanzelekile ukuba kubekho a yokugcina idatha. NgePeopleSoft, ayicacanga yonke into. Indawo yokugcina idatha iyakhethwa ngePeopleSoft.

Eyona nto ilungileyo inokutshiwo kwi dati PeopleSoft kukuba yokugcina idatha ingasetyenziselwa ukugcina i dati ezinxulumene nobutyebi obudala babantu kunye nobuqu. Isizathu sesibini sokuba kutheni inkampani ifuna ukusebenzisa i yokugcina idatha a

ukungahambi kakuhle kwendawo yePeopleSoft kukuvumela ukufikelela kunye nokufikelela ngokukhululekileyo kwizixhobo zokuhlalutya, ai dati nguPeopleSoft. Kodwa ngaphaya kwezi zizathu, kunokubakho iimeko apho kukhethwa ukuba kungabi nendawo yokugcina idatha dati PeopleSoft.

Isishwankathelo

Kukho iingcamango ezininzi ezinxulumene nokwakhiwa kwe-a yokugcina idatha ngaphakathi kwesoftware yeERP.
Ezinye zezi:

• ▪ Kuyavakala ukuba ne yokugcina idatha ngubani ojongeka njengaye nawuphi na kushishino?
• ▪ I-ERP ibhetyebhetye kangakanani yokugcina idatha isoftware?
• ▪ I-ERP yokugcina idatha isoftwe inokusingatha umthamo we dati ebekwe eyokugcina idatha arena"?
• ▪ Yintoni umkhondo wokugawulwa kwemithi umthengisi weERP akwenzayo xa ejongene nokulula nokungabizi, kuthatha ixesha, ai? dati? (ithini irekhodi yabathengisi be-ERP ekuhanjisweni kwedatha engabizi, ngexesha, kulula ukufikelela kuyo?)
• ▪ Ithini ingqiqo yomthengisi weERP malunga noyilo lweDSS kunye nomzi mveliso wolwazi weshishini?
• ▪ Abathengisi beERP bayayiqonda indlela yokufumana dati ngaphakathi kokusingqongileyo, kodwa uqonde nendlela yokuzithumela ngaphandle?
• ▪ Uvuleleke kangakanani umthengisi weERP kwizixhobo zokugcina idatha?
  Zonke ezi ngqwalasela kufuneka zenziwe xa kumiselwa indawo ekuza kubekwa kuyo yokugcina idatha eya kubamba i dati yeERP kunye nabanye dati. Ngokubanzi, ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinyanzelisayo sokwenza ngenye indlela, kunconywa ukwakha yokugcina idatha ngaphandle kwendawo yomthengisi we-ERP. ICAPITOLO 1 Isishwankathelo soMbutho we-BI Amanqaku aphambili:
  Oovimba bolwazi basebenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo kubukrelekrele boshishino (BI) bokwakha:
  Inkcubeko yenkampani kunye ne-IT inokunciphisa impumelelo yokwakha imibutho ye-BI.

Itekhnoloji ayiseyiyo into ethintelayo kwimibutho ye-BI. Ingxaki yabaqulunqi bezakhiwo kunye nabacwangcisi beeprojekthi akukhona ukuba iteknoloji ikhona, kodwa ingaba banokuphumeza ngokufanelekileyo iteknoloji ekhoyo.

Kwiinkampani ezininzi a yokugcina idatha ingaphezulu kancinane kunedipozithi yokwenziwa esasaza i dati kubasebenzisi abayidingayo. THE dati zitsalwa kwiinkqubo zemithombo kwaye zihlaliswa zibe zizakhiwo ekujoliswe kuzo nge yokugcina idatha. Mna dati banokucocwa nangaliphi na ithamsanqa. Nangona kunjalo akukho xabiso elongezelelweyo elongezelelweyo okanye eliqokelelwe yi dati ngexesha lale nkqubo.

Ngokusisiseko, i-passive dw, eyona nto ingcono, ibonelela kuphela i dati icocekile kwaye iyasebenza kwimibutho yabasebenzisi. Ukudalwa kolwazi kunye nokuqonda kohlalutyo kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubasebenzisi. Ukujonga ukuba i-DW (Indawo yokugcina idatha) ingaba impumelelo ixhomekeke. Ukuba sigweba impumelelo kwisakhono sokuqokelela ngokufanelekileyo, ukudibanisa kunye nokucoca i dati iqumrhu ngokwesiseko esiqikelelwayo, ngoko ke ewe, i-DW iyimpumelelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba sijonga ukuqokelela, ukuhlanganiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi lombutho ngokubanzi, ngoko i-DW iyasilela. I-DW ibonelela ngexabiso elincinci okanye alinalo ulwazi. Ngenxa yoko, abasebenzisi banyanzelekile ukuba benze, ngaloo ndlela bedala ulwazi lwe-silos. Esi sahluko sinikezela ngombono obanzi wokuphinda kuqalwe kwakhona ishishini leBI (Business Intelligence) uyilo. Siqala ngenkcazo yeBI kwaye emva koko singene kwiingxoxo zoyilo lolwazi kunye nophuhliso, ngokuchaseneyo nokubonelela ngokulula dati kubasebenzisi. Iingxoxo ke zijolise ekubaleni ixabiso leenzame zakho zeBI. Siphetha ngokuchaza ukuba i-IBM ihlangabezana njani neemfuno zoyilo lwe-BI zombutho wakho.

Inkcazo yoyilo lwe BI umbutho

Iinkqubo ezinamandla zolwazi olusekwe kwintengiselwano ngoku zilulungelelwano lwemihla kwishishini ngalinye elikhulu, ngokufanelekileyo ibeka ibala lokudlala leenkampani kwihlabathi liphela.

Ukuhlala ukhuphisana, nangona kunjalo, ngoku kufuna iinkqubo ezijolise kuhlalutyo ezinokuguqula amandla enkampani okufumana kwakhona nokusebenzisa ulwazi esele benalo. Ezi nkqubo zokuhlalutya zivela ekuqondeni kubutyebi be dati ekhoyo. I-BI inokuphucula ukusebenza kulo lonke ulwazi kwishishini lonke. Amashishini anokuphucula ubudlelwane bomthengi-nomthengisi, aphucule imveliso kunye nenzuzo yenkonzo, avelise amaxabiso amatsha kunye angcono, alawule umngcipheko, kwaye phakathi kwezinye ezininzi iinzuzo zinciphise iindleko kakhulu. Nge-BI, inkampani yakho ekugqibeleni iqalisa ukusebenzisa ulwazi lomthengi njenge-asethi ekhuphisanayo nombulelo kwizicelo ezineenjongo zentengiso.

Ukuba neendlela ezifanelekileyo zoshishino kuthetha ukuba neempendulo eziqinisekileyo kwimibuzo engundoqo efana nale:

• ▪ Ngubani wethu abathengi Ngaba zisenza sifumane imali eninzi, okanye zisenza silahlekelwe yimali?
• ▪ Apho sihlala khona abathengi Malunga ne shop/ kwindawo yokugcina impahla rhoqo?
• ▪ Zeziphi iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zethu ezinokuthengiswa ngempumelelo kwaye kubani?
• ▪ Ziziphi iimveliso ezinokuthengiswa ngempumelelo yaye koobani?
• ▪ Liliphi iphulo lokuthengisa elinempumelelo ngakumbi yaye ngoba?
• ▪ Ngawaphi amajelo okuthengisa asebenza kakhulu kweziphi iimveliso?
• ▪ Indlela esinokuluphucula ngayo ulwalamano lwethu nabo balungileyo abathengi? Iinkampani ezininzi ziye dati kunzima ukuphendula le mibuzo.
  Iinkqubo zokusebenza zivelisa izixa ezikhulu zemveliso, abathengi, kunye neendleko dati ukusuka kumanqaku okuthengisa, ukugcinwa, inkonzo yabathengi kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso yobugcisa. Umceli mngeni kukukhupha kunye nokusebenzisa olu lwazi. Iinkampani ezininzi zenza inzuzo kuphela kumaqhezu amancinane azo dati kuhlahlelo lobuchule.
  I dati eseleyo, ihlala idityaniswa ne dati ukufumana imithombo yangaphandle efana neengxelo zikarhulumente, kunye nolunye ulwazi oluthengiweyo, ngumgodi wegolide olinde nje ukuphononongwa, kwaye dati bafuna nje ukucocwa kumxholo wolwazi wombutho wakho.

Olu lwazi lunokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusukela ekuyileni isicwangciso seshishini ngokubanzi ukuya kunxibelelwano lobuqu kunye nababoneleli, ngamaziko okufowuna, i-invoyisi, Internet kunye nezinye iingongoma. Imeko yeshishini yanamhlanje iyalela ukuba i-DW kunye nezisombululo ze-BI ezinxulumeneyo zivele ngaphaya kokuqhuba izakhiwo zeshishini lemveli. dati njengokuba ndi dati inqanaba leatom eliqhelekileyo kunye "neenkwenkwezi/iifama zetyhubhu".

Into efunekayo ukuze uhlale ukhuphisana kukudityaniswa kobuchwepheshe bemveli kunye nomgangatho ophezulu kwinzame zokuxhasa uhlalutyo olubanzi lomhlaba.
Okokugqibela, imeko-bume ngokubanzi kufuneka iphucule ulwazi lwenkampani xa iyonke, iqinisekise ukuba amanyathelo athathiweyo ngenxa yohlalutyo olwenziweyo aluncedo ukuze wonke umntu azuze.

Umzekelo, masithi ubeka eyakho indawo abathengi kwiindidi zomngcipheko ophezulu okanye ophantsi.
Ingaba olu lwazi luveliswa yimodeli yezimayini okanye ezinye iindlela, kufuneka zifakwe kwi-DW kwaye zenziwe zifikeleleke nakubani na, ngokusebenzisa nasiphi na isixhobo sokufikelela, njengeengxelo ezimileyo, ii-spreadsheets, iitheyibhile, okanye i-online analytical processing ( OLAP ).

Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku, uninzi lolu hlobo lolwazi luhlala kwi-silos dati kwabantu okanye amasebe avelisa uhlalutyo. Intlangano xa iyonke inokubonakala kuncinane okanye akukho kwaphela ukuze iqondwe. Kuphela ngokudibanisa olu hlobo lwesiqulatho solwazi kwishishini lakho i-DW onokuthi uphelise iisilos zolwazi kwaye uphakamise indawo yakho ye-DW.
Kukho imiqobo emibini emikhulu ekuphuhliseni umbutho we-BI.
Okokuqala, sinengxaki yentlangano ngokwayo kunye nokuziphatha kwayo.
Ngelixa singenakunceda ngotshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo wombutho, sinokunceda ukuqonda amacandelo e-BI yombutho, uyilo lwawo, kunye nendlela ubuchwepheshe be-IBM obuququzelela ngayo uphuhliso lwayo.
Umqobo wesibini wokoyisa ukungabikho kwethekhnoloji edibeneyo kunye nolwazi lwendlela ebiza yonke indawo ye-BI ngokuchasene necandelo elincinci nje.

I-IBM isabela kwiinguqu zokudibanisa iteknoloji. Luxanduva lwakho ukubonelela uyilo oluqapheleyo. Olu lwakhiwo kufuneka luphuhliswe ngetekhnoloji ekhethiweyo yokuhlanganiswa okungathintelekiyo, okanye ubuncinci, kunye neteknoloji ehambelana nemigangatho evulekileyo. Kwakhona, abaphathi benkampani yakho kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ishishini le-Bi lenziwa ngeshedyuli hayi elo lokuvumela uphuhliso lwezisele zolwazi ezivela kwii-ajenda zokusebenzela, okanye iinjongo.
Oku akuthethi ukuba imeko-bume ye-BI ayikhathaleli ukusabela kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zabasebenzisi abohlukeneyo; endaweni yoko, kuthetha ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwezo mfuno zomntu ngamnye kunye neemfuno zenzelwe inzuzo yombutho wonke we-BI.
Inkcazo yoyilo lombutho we-BI inokufumaneka kwiphepha lesi-9 kuMfanekiso 1.1 Uyilo lwezakhiwo lubonisa umxube otyebileyo wobugcisa kunye nobuchule.
Ukusuka kwimbono yendabuko, i-architecture ibandakanya amacandelo alandelayo okugcina

Umaleko weAtom (uMaleko weAtom).

Esi sisiseko, intliziyo ye-Dw yonke kwaye ke ngoko ingxelo yesicwangciso.
I dati ezigcinwe apha ziyakugcina imfezeko yembali, iingxelo ze dati kwaye iquke i-metriki efunyenweyo, kunye nokucocwa, ukuhlanganiswa, nokugcinwa kusetyenziswa imodeli yemigodi.
Konke ukusetyenziswa kwezi zilandelayo dati kunye nolwazi olunxulumeneyo luvela kolu lwakhiwo. Lo ngumthombo obalaseleyo wemigodi dati kunye neengxelo ezinemibuzo ecwangcisiweyo yeSQL

Isitora sokusebenza se dati okanye isiseko sengxelo ye dati(Ivenkile yedatha yokusebenza (ODS) okanye ukunika ingxelo sedata.)

Esi sisakhiwo se dati yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukunika ingxelo yobugcisa.

I dati ezigcinwe kwaye kunikwe ingxelo ngazo ngaphezulu kwezi zithinteli zinokungena kwindawo yokugcina impahla kusetyenziswa indawo yeqonga, apho inokusetyenziselwa umqondiso wobuchule.

Indawo yokudlala.

Indawo yokuqala yokumisa uninzi dati yenzelwe indawo yokugcina impahla yindawo yombutho.
Apha ndi dati ziyadityaniswa, zicocwe kwaye zitshintshwe zibe dati iingeniso eziza kuzalisa isakhiwo sogcino

Umhla imarts.

Le nxalenye yoyilo imele ubume be dati isetyenziswe ngokukodwa kwi-OLAP. Ubukho bedatamarts, ukuba i dati zigcinwe kwizicwangciso zeenkwenkwezi ezigqumayo dati multidimensional kwindawo yobudlelwane, okanye kwiifayile ze dati ubunini obusetyenziswa bubuchwepheshe obuthile be-OLAP, obufana ne-DB2 OLAP Server, ayifanelekanga.

Umqobo kuphela kukuba i-architecture iququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwe dati multidimensional.
Uyilo loyilo lukwabandakanya itekhnoloji ye-Bi ebalulekileyo kunye nobuchule obahlulwe ngolu hlobo:

Uhlalutyo lwendawo

Isithuba lulwazi oluza kuhlalutya kwaye lubalulekile ukugqiba isisombululo. Indawo inokumela ulwazi malunga nabantu abahlala kwindawo ethile, kunye nolwazi malunga nokuba indawo leyo ikhoyo ngokwasemzimbeni ngokunxulumene nehlabathi liphela.

Ukwenza olu hlalutyo, kufuneka uqale ngokudibanisa ulwazi lwakho kwizilungelelanisi zesibanzi kunye ne-longitude. Oku kubhekiselwa kuyo njenge "geocoding" kwaye kufuneka ibe yinxalenye yesicatshulwa, inguqu, kunye nenkqubo yokulayisha (ETL) kwinqanaba leathom kwindawo yakho yokugcina.

Imayini yedatha.

Ukutsalwa kwe dati ivumela iinkampani zethu ukuba zikhulise inani le abathengi, ukuqikelela iintsingiselo zentengiso kunye nokwenza ulawulo lobudlelwane kunye i abathengi (CRM), phakathi kwamanye amalinge e-BI.

Ukutsalwa kwe dati ngoko ke kufuneka zidityaniswe nezakhiwo ze dati Isitora kunye nenkxaso yeenkqubo zogcino ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo kobuchwepheshe kunye nobuchule obunxulumeneyo.

Njengoko kubonisiwe kuyilo lwe-BI, inqanaba le-athomu ye-Dwhouse, kunye nedathamathi, ngowona mthombo ubalaseleyo wo dati yokutsalwa. Ezo propati zinye kufuneka kwakhona zibe ngabamkeli beziphumo zokutsalwa ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwabona baphulaphuli babanzi.

Iiarhente.

Kukho "iiarhente" ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya umthengi kuyo nayiphi na inqaku elinje, iinkqubo zokusebenza zenkampani kunye ne-dw ngokwabo. Ezi arhente zinokuba nothungelwano oluphambili lwe-neural oluqeqeshelwe ukufunda malunga neentsingiselo kwindawo nganye, njengemfuno yemveliso yexesha elizayo esekwe kunyuso lwentengiso, iinjini ezisekwe kumgaqo wokusabela dato iseti yeemeko, okanye ii-arhente ezilula ezinika ingxelo ngabaphathi abaphezulu. Ezi nkqubo ngokuqhelekileyo zenzeka ngexesha langempela kwaye, ngoko ke, kufuneka zidibaniswe ngokuqinileyo kunye nokuhamba kweenkqubo dati. Zonke ezi zakhiwo ze dati, itekhnoloji kunye nobuchule buqinisekisa ukuba awuyi kuchitha ubusuku usenza umbutho we-BI yakho.

Lo msebenzi uya kuphuhliswa ngokwamanyathelo okwandisa, kumanqaku amancinci.
Inyathelo ngalinye yinzame yeprojekthi ezimeleyo, kwaye kubhekiswa kuyo njengokuphindaphinda kwi-BI dw okanye inyathelo lokuqala. Ukuphindaphinda kunokubandakanya ukuphumeza itekhnoloji entsha, ukuqala ngeendlela ezintsha, ukongeza izikhokelo ezitsha dati , iyalayisha i dati ezongezelelweyo, okanye kunye nokwandiswa kohlalutyo lwendawo yakho. Lo mhlathi uxutyushwa ngokweenkcukacha kwisahluko sesi-3.

Ukongeza kwizikhokelo zeDW zemveli kunye nezixhobo ze-BI, kukho eminye imiba yombutho wakho we-BI ekufuneka uyiyile, efana nale:

Iindawo zokucofa umThengi (uMthengi ukubamba amanqaku).

Njengawo nawuphi na umbutho wale mihla kukho inani leendawo zokucofa abathengi ezibonisa ukuba unokufumana njani amava alungileyo kweyakho abathengi. Kukho amajelo emveli afana nabarhwebi, abaqhubi bebhodi etshintshayo, i-imeyile ethe ngqo, i-multimedia kunye nentengiso yokushicilela, kunye namajelo angoku ngakumbi njenge-imeyile kunye newebhu, dati Iimveliso ezinendawo ethile yoqhagamshelwano kufuneka zifunyanwe, zithuthwe, zicocwe, zilungiswe emva koko zihlaliswe kwiindawo dati yeBI.

Iziseko ze dati imibutho yokusebenza kunye nabasebenzisi (Iyasebenza

oovimba beenkcukacha kunye noluntu lwabasebenzisi).
Ekupheleni kweendawo zoqhagamshelwano ze abathengi iziseko zifunyenwe dati yesicelo senkampani kunye noluntu lwabasebenzisi. THE dati ezikhoyo zi dati ngokwesiko ekufuneka kudityaniswe kunye kwaye kudityaniswe ne dati uqukuqela uvela kwiindawo zokucofa ukuze uhlangabezane nolwazi oluyimfuneko.

Abahlalutyi. (Abahlalutyi)

Oyena mntu uzuzayo kwimo ye-BI ngumhlalutyi. Nguye oxhamlayo kwi-extraction yangoku ye dati esebenzayo, edityaniswe nemithombo eyahlukeneyo ye dati , inyuswe ngeempawu ezifana nohlalutyo lwejografi (i-geocoding) kwaye iboniswe kwiiteknoloji ze-BI ezivumela ukumbiwa kwemigodi, i-OLAP, ingxelo ye-SQL ephuculweyo kunye nohlalutyo lwejografi. Ujongano oluphambili lomhlalutyi kwindawo yokunika ingxelo yi-BI portal.

Nangona kunjalo, umhlalutyi ayinguye yedwa oxhamlayo kuyilo lwe-BI.
Abalawuli, imibutho emikhulu yabasebenzisi, kunye namalungu, ababoneleli kunye i abathengi kufuneka ifumane izibonelelo kwi-BI yeshishini.

Ngasemva feed loop.

Uyilo lweBI yindawo yokufunda. Umgaqo wophawu lophuhliso kukuvumela ulwakhiwo oluzingileyo lwe dati ihlaziywa ngeteknoloji yeBI esetyenziswayo kunye namanyathelo omsebenzisi athathiweyo. Umzekelo kumanqaku omthengi.

Ukuba isebe lokuthengisa lenza imodeli yezemigodi yamanqaku abathengi afana nokusebenzisa inkonzo entsha, ngoko ke isebe lokuthengisa akufanele libe kuphela iqela elizuzayo kwinkonzo.

Endaweni yoko, imodeli yemigodi kufuneka yenziwe njengenxalenye yendalo yokuhamba kwedatha ngaphakathi kweshishini kwaye amanqaku abathengi kufuneka abe yinxalenye edibeneyo yomxholo wolwazi lwendawo yokugcina impahla, ebonakalayo kubo bonke abasebenzisi. I-Bi-bI-centric IBM Suite kuquka i-DB2 UDB, i-DB2 OLAP Server iquka amacandelo abalulekileyo ethekhnoloji, echazwe kumfanekiso 1.1.

Sisebenzisa ulwakhiwo njengoko luvela kulo mzobo wencwadi ukusinika inqanaba lokuqhubekeka kunye nokubonisa ukuba imveliso nganye ye-IBM ingena njani kwisikimu se-BI iyonke.

Ukubonelela ngomxholo woLwazi (Ukubonelela umxholo wolwazi)

Ukuyila, ukuphuhlisa kunye nokuphumeza indawo yakho ye-BI ngumsebenzi onzima. Uyilo kufuneka lwamkele iimfuno zangoku nezexesha elizayo zeshishini. Umzobo wezakhiwo kufuneka ube ngokubanzi ukubandakanya zonke izigqibo ezifunyenwe ngexesha lesigaba soyilo. Ukwenziwa kufuneka kuhlale kuzibophelele kwinjongo enye: ukuphuhlisa uyilo lweBI njengoko kubonisiwe ngokusesikweni kuyilo kunye nesiseko kwiimfuno zoshishino.

Kunzima kakhulu ukuthetha ukuba uqeqesho luya kuqinisekisa impumelelo elinganiselweyo.
Oku kulula kuba awuphuhlisi imeko-bume yeBI ngaxeshanye, kodwa ngamanyathelo amancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuchonga amacandelo e-BI yoyilo lwakho kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: Uya kuqhuba zonke izigqibo ezilandelayo zobuchule bokwakha.
Uya kuba nakho ukucwangcisa ngobunono ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ethile nangona unokungaphindi ufune itekhnoloji iinyanga ezininzi.

Ukuqonda iimfuno zeshishini lakho ngokwaneleyo kuya kuba nefuthe kuhlobo lweemveliso ozifumanayo kuyilo lwakho.
Uyilo kunye nophuhliso loyilo lwakho luqinisekisa ukuba indawo yakho yokugcina

hayi isiganeko esingenamkhethe, kodwa sisibhengezo esicingisiswe kakuhle, esakhiwe ngononophelo opera yobugcisa njengemosaic yetekhnoloji exubeneyo.

Yila umxholo wolwazi

Lonke uyilo lokuqala kufuneka lugxininise kwaye luchonge amacandelo amakhulu e-BI aya kufunwa yimekobume ngokubanzi ngoku nakwixesha elizayo.
Ukwazi iimfuno zeshishini kubalulekile.

Kwanangaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe nasiphi na isicwangciso esisesikweni, umcwangcisi weprojekthi unokwazi ukubona icandelo elinye okanye amabini ngoko nangoko.
Ibhalansi yamacandelo anokufuneka kuyilo lwakho, nangona kunjalo, ayifumaneki lula. Ngethuba lesigaba soyilo, inxalenye ephambili yoyilo ibophelela iseshoni yophuhliso lwesicelo (JAD) kuphando lokuchonga iimfuno zoshishino.

Ngamanye amaxesha ezi mfuno zinokuphathiswa kwizixhobo zokubuza kunye nengxelo.
Umzekelo, abasebenzisi baxela ukuba ukuba bafuna ukwenza ingxelo yangoku ngokuzenzekelayo kufuneka bavelise ngesandla ngokudibanisa iingxelo ezimbini zangoku kunye nokongeza izibalo ezivela kwindibaniselwano dati.
Ngelixa le mfuno ilula, ichaza umsebenzi othile ofanele ukubandakanya xa uthenga izixhobo zokunika ingxelo zombutho wakho.

Umyili kufuneka kwakhona alandele iimfuno ezongezelelweyo ukuze afumane umfanekiso opheleleyo. Ngaba abasebenzisi bafuna ukubhalisela le ngxelo?
Ngaba iiseti zengxelo zenziwe kwaye zithunyelwe nge-imeyile kubasebenzisi abohlukeneyo? Ngaba uyafuna ukubona le ngxelo kwi-portal yenkampani? Zonke ezi mfuno ziyinxalenye yesidingo esilula sokutshintsha ingxelo yencwadana njengoko kufunwa ngabasebenzisi. Inzuzo yolu hlobo lweemfuno kukuba wonke umntu, abasebenzisi kunye nabaqulunqi, baqhelene nombono weengxelo.

Kukho ezinye iindidi zamashishini, nangona kunjalo, ekufuneka siwacwangcisele. Xa iimfuno zeshishini zichazwe ngohlobo lwemibuzo yoshishino olucwangcisiweyo, kulula kumcwangcisi onamava ukuba abone iimfuno zobukhulu kunye nomlinganiselo/zenyani.

Ukuba abasebenzisi beJAD abayazi indlela yokuchaza iimfuno zabo ngendlela yengxaki yeshishini, umyili uya kuhlala ebonelela ngemizekelo yokutsiba-ukuqala iseshoni yokuqokelela iimfuno.
Umcwangcisi oyingcali unokunceda abasebenzisi baqonde kungekuphela nje ishishini elicwangcisiweyo, kodwa nendlela yokuyibumba.
Indlela yokuqokelela iimfuno ixoxiwe kwisahluko sesi-3; okwangoku sifuna ukuveza imfuneko yokuyila zonke iintlobo zeemfuno zeBI.

Ingxaki yoshishino olucwangcisiweyo aluyiyo kuphela imfuno yeshishini, kodwa kunye noyilo loyilo. Ukuba kufuneka uphendule umbuzo we-multidimensional, ngoko kufuneka unkqaye, ubonise i dati dimensional, kwaye ukuba ufuna ukunkqaya i dati multidimensional, kufuneka uthathe isigqibo sokuba loluphi uhlobo lwetekhnoloji okanye ubuchule oza kubusebenzisa.

Ngaba uphumeza i-schema ye-cube star egciniweyo, okanye zombini? Njengoko ubona, kwanomcimbi olula weshishini unokuchaphazela kakhulu uyilo. Kodwa ezi ntlobo zeemfuno zoshishino ziqhelekileyo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo, ubuncinane ngabacwangcisi beprojekthi abanamava kunye nabaqulunqi.

Kubekho ingxoxo eyaneleyo malunga nobuchwepheshe be-OLAP kunye nenkxaso, kwaye iintlobo ngeentlobo zezisombululo zikhoyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku siye sachukumisa imfuneko yokuhlanganisa ingxelo elula eneemfuno zoshishino ezinobukhulu, kunye nokuba ezi mfuno zinefuthe njani kwizigqibo zobuchule bokwakha.

Kodwa zeziphi iimfuno ezingaqondwa lula ngabasebenzisi okanye iqela le-Dw? Ngaba uya kuze ufune uhlalutyo lwendawo (uhlalutyo lwendawo)?
Iimodeli zemigodi ye dati Ngaba ziya kuba yinxalenye eyimfuneko kwikamva lakho? Ngubani owaziyo?

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba olu hlobo lobuchwephesha alwaziwa kakuhle luluntu lwabasebenzisi ngokubanzi kunye namalungu eqela le-DW, ngokuyinxenye, oku kungenxa yokuba ngokuqhelekileyo ziphathwa ziingcali zobugcisa zangaphakathi okanye zeqela lesithathu. Yimeko yecala leengxaki eziveliswa zezi ntlobo zobuchwepheshe. Ukuba abasebenzisi abanakuchaza iimfuno zeshishini okanye bazenzele ukuba banike isikhokelo kubayili, banokungahoywa okanye, okubi ngakumbi, bavele bangahoywa.

Iba yingxaki ngakumbi xa umyili kunye nomphuhlisi bengakwazi ukuqonda usetyenziso lwenye yezi teknoloji ziphambili kodwa zibalulekile.
Njengoko besisoloko sisiva abaMyili besithi, “kaloku, kutheni singayibeki de sibe siyifumana le enye into? Ngaba ngokwenene banomdla kwizinto eziza kuqala, okanye basuka nje baziphephe izinto abangaziqondiyo? Kunokwenzeka ukuba yingcinga yokugqibela. Masithi iqela lakho lokuthengisa linxibelelane neemfuno zeshishini, njengoko kuchaziwe kuMfanekiso 1.3, njengoko ubona, imfuneko iqulunqwe ngendlela yengxaki yeshishini. Umahluko phakathi kwale ngxaki kunye nengxaki yedimensional eqhelekileyo ngumgama. Kule meko, iqela lokuthengisa lifuna ukwazi, ngenyanga, yonke intengiso evela kwiimveliso, kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla kunye. abathengi abahlala kumgama oziikhilomitha ezi-5 ukusuka kwindawo abathenga kuyo.

Ngokudabukisayo, abaqulunqi okanye abayili bezakhiwo banokungahoyi nje icandelo lendawo ngokuthi, "Sinomthengi, imveliso kunye dati yediphozithi. Masimise umgama de kube enye impinda.

"Impendulo engalunganga. Olu hlobo lwengxaki yoshishino lumalunga neBI. Imele ukuqonda okunzulu kweshishini lethu kunye nendawo yohlalutyo eyomeleleyo kubahlalutyi bethu. I-BI ingaphaya kokubuza okanye ukunika ingxelo eqhelekileyo, okanye i-OLAP. Oko akuthethi ukuba ezi teknoloji azibalulekanga kwi-BI yakho, kodwa zona ngokwazo aziyimeli indawo ye-BI.

Uyilo lomxholo wolwazi (Uyilo loMxholo woLwazi)

Ngoku ekubeni sichonge iiMfuno zeShishini ezahlula amacandelo angundoqo ahlukeneyo, kufuneka zibandakanywe kumzobo woyilo woyilo jikelele. Amanye amacandelo e-BI ayinxalenye yemizamo yethu yokuqala, ngelixa ezinye aziyi kuphunyezwa iinyanga ezininzi.

Nangona kunjalo, zonke iimfuno ezaziwayo zibonakaliswa kuyilo ukuze xa sifuna ukuphumeza iteknoloji ethile, sikulungele ukwenza njalo. Into malunga neprojekthi iya kubonisa ukucinga kwendabuko.

Le seti ye dati isetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kamva kwe dati idimensional eqhutywa yimiba yoshishino esiyichongileyo. Njengoko kuveliswa amaxwebhu awongezelelweyo, afana nophuhliso lweprojekthi ye dati, siya kuqala ngokusemthethweni njenge dati zisasazeka kwimekobume. Siye saqinisekisa imfuneko yokumela i dati ngendlela ene-dimensional, izahlule (ngokweemfuno ezithile) kwiimathesi zedatha.

Umbuzo olandelayo oza kuphendulwa ngulo: Ziya kwakhiwa njani ezi mathe zedatha?
Ngaba uyakha iinkwenkwezi ukuxhasa iityhubhu, okanye iityhubhu nje, okanye iinkwenkwezi nje? (okanye iityhubhu ezichanekileyo, okanye iinkwenkwezi ezifanelekileyo). Yenza ulwakhiwo lweemathi zedatha ezixhomekeke ezifuna umaleko weatom kubo bonke dati ngaba ufumana? Vumela iimarike zedatha ezizimeleyo ukuba zifumane i dati ngqo kwiinkqubo zokusebenza?

Yeyiphi iTekhnoloji yeCube oza kuzama ukuyimisela?

Unezixa ezikhulu zoothixo dati efunekayo kuhlalutyo lwe-dimensional okanye ufuna iityhubhu zomkhosi wakho wentengiso welizwe ngeveki okanye zombini? Ngaba uyakha into enamandla njenge-DB2 OLAP Server yezemali okanye iityhubhu zeCognos PowerPlay zombutho wakho wokuthengisa okanye zombini? Ezi zizigqibo zoyilo olukhulu loyilo oluya kuba nefuthe kwindawo yakho yeBI ukuya phambili. Ewe, uchonge imfuno ye-OLAP. Ngoku uza kulwenza njani olu hlobo lobuchule kunye netekhnoloji?

Ingaba ezinye zetekhnoloji ephucukileyo ziluchaphazela njani uyilo lwakho? Makhe sicinge ukuba uchonge imfuno yendawo kumbutho wakho. Ngoku kufuneka ukhumbule ukuhlelwa komzobo woyilo nokuba awucwangcisi ukwenza amacandelo esithuba seenyanga ezininzi. Umyili wezakhiwo kufuneka ayile namhlanje ngokusekelwe kwinto efunekayo. Liqikelele imfuneko yokuhlalutywa kwendawo eyenza, igcine, igcine, kwaye ibonelele ngokufikelela dati indawo. Oku ke kufuneka kusebenze njengesithintelo malunga nohlobo lwetekhnoloji yesoftware kunye neenkcukacha zeqonga onokuthi uziqwalasele ngoku. Umzekelo, inkqubo yolawulo ye isiseko sedatha relational (RDBMS) oyigcinele umaleko weatom yakho kufuneka ibe nomlinganiselo oqinileyo wendawo okhoyo. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu xa usebenzisa ijometri kunye nezinto zesithuba kusetyenziso lwakho lohlalutyo. Ukuba i-RDBMS yakho ayikwazi ukuyiphatha dati (spatial-centric) ngaphakathi, ngoko ke kuya kufuneka umisele a isiseko sedatha (spatial-centric) yangaphandle. Oku kwenza kube nzima ulawulo lomba kwaye kubeke esichengeni ukusebenza kwakho kukonke, singasathethi ke ngeengxaki ezongezelelweyo ezizidalela ii-DBAs zakho, kuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba banokuqonda okuncinci kweziseko ze-DBA. dati indawo ngokunjalo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba i-injini yakho ye-RDMBS iphatha onke amacandelo esithuba kwaye isilungelelanisi sayo siyazazi iimfuno ezikhethekileyo (umzekelo, isalathiso) sezinto zesithuba, ke ii-DBA zakho zinokuphatha imiba yolawulo ngokulula kwaye unokwandisa ukusebenza.

Kwakhona, kufuneka uhlengahlengise indawo yeqonga kunye nomaleko wokusingqongileyo weathom ukubandakanya ukucocwa kwedilesi (a

eyona nto iphambili kuhlahlelo lwesithuba), kwakunye nokugcinwa okulandelwayo kwezinto zesithuba. Ulandelelwano lohlelo loyilo luyaqhubeka ngoku njengoko sazise ingcamango yococeko lweedilesi. Enye into, esi sicelo siya kuyalela uhlobo lwesoftware oyidingayo kumzamo wakho we-ETL.

Ngaba ufuna iimveliso ezifana ne-Trillium ukukunika idilesi ecocekileyo, okanye umthengisi we-ETL ozikhethele ukuba unikeze loo msebenzi?
Okwangoku kubalulekile ukuba uxabise inqanaba loyilo ekufuneka ligqitywe ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukugcina indawo yakho yokugcina impahla. Le mizekelo ingentla kufuneka ibonise ubuninzi bezigqibo zoyilo ekufuneka zilandele ukuchongwa kwayo nayiphi na imfuneko yeshishini elithile. Xa zenziwe ngokuchanekileyo, ezi zigqibo zoyilo zikhuthaza ukuxhomekeka phakathi kwezakhiwo ezibonakalayo zokusingqongileyo, ukhetho lwetekhnoloji esetyenziswayo, kunye nokuhanjiswa komxholo wolwazi. Ngaphandle kolu yilo lwesiqhelo lwe-BI, umbutho wakho uya kuba phantsi kwesiphithiphithi somxube wetekhnoloji esele ikho, eyona nto idityanisiweyo ngokukhululekileyo kunye ukunika uzinzo olubonakalayo.

Gcina umxholo wolwazi

Ukuzisa ixabiso lolwazi kwintlangano yakho ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuqonda okwaneleyo kunye namava, okanye ubunjineli obufanelekileyo kunye noyilo, nawona maqela abalaseleyo angasilela. Kwelinye icala, ukuba une-intuition enkulu kunye noyilo oluneenkcukacha kodwa akukho ngqeqesho yokwenza, uchithe imali kunye nexesha lakho kuba umzamo wakho awunakuphumeleli. Umyalezo kufuneka ucace: Ukuba uswele enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi zakhono, ukuqonda / amava okanye ukucwangcisa / ukuyila okanye ukuphumeza uqeqesho, oku kuya kukhokelela ekukhubazeni okanye ekutshabalaliseni ukwakhiwa kombutho we-BI.

Ngaba iqela lakho lizilungiselele ngokwaneleyo? Ngaba nabani na kwiqela lakho le-BI uyawuqonda umhlaba omkhulu wohlalutyo okhoyo kwindawo ye-BI, kunye nobuchule kunye netekhnoloji efunekayo ukugcina loo mhlaba? Ngaba kukho nabani na kwiqela lakho onokuwuchaza umahluko ekusebenziseni okuphambili

ingxelo engatshintshiyo kunye ne-OLAP, okanye umahluko phakathi kwe-ROLAP kunye ne-OLAP? Ngaba elinye lamalungu eqela lakho liyayibona ngokucacileyo indlela yokwembiwa kwemigodi kunye nendlela enokuthi ibe nefuthe ngayo kwindawo yokugcina impahla okanye ukuba indawo yokugcina impahla inokuxhasa njani ukusebenza kwemigodi? Ilungu leqela liyaliqonda ixabiso le dati indawo okanye iteknoloji esekwe kwiarhente? Ngaba unaye umntu oxabisa usetyenziso lwezixhobo ezizodwa ze-ETL vs itekhnoloji yeBroker yoMyalezo? Ukuba awunayo, fumana enye. I-BI inkulu kakhulu kunomaleko weathom oqhelekileyo, i-OLAP, iskimu seenkwenkwezi kunye ne-ODS.

Ukuba nokuqonda kunye namava okuqonda iimfuno ze-BI kunye nezisombululo zabo kubalulekile ekukwazini kwakho ukwenza ngokufanelekileyo iimfuno zabasebenzisi kunye nokuyila kunye nokuphumeza izisombululo zabo. Ukuba uluntu lwakho lwabasebenzisi lunobunzima ekuchazeni iimfuno, kuxhomekeke kwiqela le-warehouse ukubonelela oko kuqonda. Kodwa ukuba iqela warehouse

ayiqapheli usetyenziso oluthile lwe-BI-umzekelo, ukugrunjwa kwedatha- ngoko ke ayilunganga ukuba iimeko-bume ze-BI zihlala zithintelwa ekubeni ziindawo zokugcina. Nangona kunjalo, ukungazihoyi ezi teknoloji akunciphisi ukubaluleka kwazo kunye nefuthe abanalo ekuveleni kwezakhono zobuntlola beshishini lombutho wakho, kunye ne-asethi yolwazi oceba ukuyikhuthaza.

Uyilo kufuneka lubandakanye ingcamango yokuzoba, kwaye zombini zifuna umntu onobuchule. Ukongeza, ukucwangcisa kufuna ifilosofi yeqela le-warehouse kunye nokuthotyelwa kwemigangatho. Umzekelo, ukuba inkampani yakho iseke umgangatho weqonga okanye ichonge i-RDBMS ethile enqwenela ukuyimisa kwiqonga lonke, kunyanzelekile ukuba wonke umntu kwiqela abambelele kuloo migangatho. Ngokubanzi iqela livakalisa imfuno yokubekwa emgangathweni (kuluntu lwabasebenzisi), kodwa iqela ngokwalo alifuni ukuthobela imigangatho esekwe kwezinye iindawo zenkampani okanye mhlawumbi nakwiinkampani ezifanayo. Ayikobuhanahanisi kuphela, kodwa imisela ukuba inkampani ayinakukwazi ukuxhaphaza izixhobo ezikhoyo kunye notyalo-mali. Oku akuthethi ukuba akukho meko ukuba iqonga non-standard okanye ubuchwepheshe; nangona kunjalo, iinzame zendawo yokugcina impahla

bafanele ukuyigada ngomona imigangatho yeshishini de iimfuno zoshishino zibe zimisela ngenye indlela.

Icandelo lesithathu eliphambili elifunekayo ukwakha umbutho we-BI luqeqesho.
Kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo, ngokulinganayo kumntu ngamnye kunye nokusingqongileyo. Abacwangcisi beprojekthi, abaxhasi, abayili bezakhiwo, kunye nabasebenzisi kufuneka baxabise uqeqesho olufunekayo ukwakha ulwazi lwempahla yenkampani. Abaqulunqi kufuneka balathise iinzame zabo zokuyila ukuxhasa ezinye iinzame ezifunekayo kuluntu.

Umzekelo, masithi inkampani yakho yakha isicelo seERP esinecandelo lokugcina impahla.
Yiyo ke loo nto luxanduva lwabayili be-ERP ukusebenzisana neqela lendawo yokugcina izinto ukuze bangakhuphisani okanye baphindaphinde umsebenzi osele uqalisiwe.

Ukuziphatha kwakhona sisihloko esifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngumbutho uphela kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kusekwa kwaye kugunyaziswe kwinqanaba lesigqeba.
Ngaba abaphathi bazimisele ukubambelela kwindlela eyiliweyo? Indlela ethembisa ukudala umxholo wolwazi oya kuthi ekugqibeleni unikeze ixabiso kuzo zonke iindawo zeshishini, kodwa mhlawumbi ukuphazamisa i-ajenda yomntu okanye yesebe? Khumbula intetho ethi "Ukucinga ngayo yonke into kubaluleke ngaphezu kokucinga ngento enye". Eli lizwi liyinyani kwimibutho yeBI.

Ngelishwa, iindawo zokugcina ezininzi zijolise kwiinzame zazo ekuzameni ukujolisa kunye nokuhambisa ixabiso kwisebe elithile okanye kubasebenzisi abathile, ngokungakhathaleli umbutho ngokubanzi. Masithi umphathi ucela uncedo kwiqela le-warehouse. Iqela liphendula ngomzamo weentsuku ezingama-90 ezibandakanya kungekuphela nje ukuhambisa iimfuno zesaziso ezichazwe sisigqeba esilawulayo kodwa siqinisekisa ukuba zonke dati Isiseko zixutywe kwinqanaba leathom ngaphambi kokuba zingeniswe kwitekhnoloji ecetywayo yetyhubhu.
Olu longezo lobunjineli luqinisekisa ukuba ishishini le-warehouse liya kuxhamla kwi dati ifunwa ngumphathi.
Nangona kunjalo, isigqeba sithetha neefemu zokubonisana zangaphandle ezicebise isicelo esifanayo kunye nokuhanjiswa ngaphantsi kweeveki ezi-4.

Ukucinga ukuba iqela langaphakathi le-warehouse linobuchule, isigqeba sinokukhetha. Ngubani onokuxhasa uqeqesho lobunjineli olongezelelweyo olufunekayo ukukhulisa i-asethi yolwazi lweshishini okanye unokukhetha ukwakha esabo isisombululo ngokukhawuleza. Le yokugqibela ibonakala ikhethwe kakhulu kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza izikhongozeli zolwazi ezinceda abambalwa okanye umntu.

Iinjongo zexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide

Abacwangcisi bezakhiwo kunye nabacwangcisi beeprojekthi kufuneka benze ngokusesikweni umbono wexesha elide woyilo lonke lwezakhiwo kunye nezicwangciso zokukhulisa umbutho we-BI. Le ndibaniselwano yenzuzo yexesha elifutshane kunye nokucwangciswa kwexesha elide ngamacala amabini emigudu ye-BI. Ingeniso emfutshane yinkalo ye-BI enxulunyaniswa nokuphindaphindwa kwendawo yakho yokugcina impahla.

Apha kulapho abacwangcisi, abayili bezakhiwo kunye nabaxhasi bagxila ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno ezithile zoshishino. Kukweli nqanaba apho izakhiwo zomzimba zakhiwe, iteknoloji ithengiwe kwaye kuphunyezwe ubuchule. Azenziwanga ukujongana neemfuno ezithile njengoko zichazwa luluntu oluthile lwabasebenzisi. Yonke into yenziwa ngenjongo yokujongana neemfuno ezithile ezichazwe luluntu oluthile.
Ukucwangcisa ixesha elide, nangona kunjalo, lelinye icandelo leBI. Apha kulapho iiplani kunye noyilo zaqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na ulwakhiwo olubonakalayo lwakhiwa, itekhnoloji ekhethiweyo kunye neendlela eziphunyeziweyo ezenziwe ngeliso elibhekiselele kwishishini. Sisicwangciso sexesha elide esibonelela ngomanyano oluyimfuneko ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iinzuzo eziqinileyo zifumaneka kuyo nayiphi na inzuzo yexesha elifutshane efunyenweyo.

Qinisekisa umzamo wakho weBI

Un yokugcina idatha ngokwayo ayinaxabiso lendalo. Ngamanye amazwi, akukho xabiso lendalo phakathi kobuchwepheshe bogcino kunye neendlela zokuphumeza.

Ixabiso lalo naluphi na umzamo wogcino lufumaneka kwizenzo ezenziweyo ngenxa yemeko yendawo yokugcina impahla kunye nomxholo wolwazi ohlakulelwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. Eli linqaku elibalulekileyo ekufuneka uliqonde ngaphambi kokuba uzame ukuqikelela ixabiso lalo naliphi na inyathelo lokuqala lendlu.

Amaxesha amaninzi, abayili bezakhiwo kunye nabacwangcisi bazama ukusebenzisa ixabiso kwizinto eziphathekayo kunye nezobuchwephesha zendawo yokugcina impahla xa ngokwenene ixabiso lisekelwe kwiinkqubo zoshishino ezichatshazelwa ngokufanelekileyo yi-warehouse kunye nolwazi olufakwe kakuhle.

Apha kukho umngeni ekusekweni kwe-BI: Uluthethelela njani utyalo-mali? Ukuba indawo leyo ngokwayo ayinaxabiso langaphakathi, abacwangcisi beprojekthi kufuneka baphande, bachaze, kwaye benze ngokusesikweni izibonelelo kwabo bantu baya kusebenzisa indawo yokugcina iimpahla ukunyusa iinkqubo ezithile zoshishino okanye ixabiso lolwazi olukhuselweyo, okanye zombini.

Ukwenza izinto zibe nzima, nayiphi na inkqubo yeshishini echatshazelwa ziinzame ze-warehouse inokubonelela ngeenzuzo "ezibalulekileyo" okanye "ezincinci". Izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zibonelela ngemetriki ebonakalayo yokulinganisa imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali (ROI) - umzekelo, ukuguqula uluhlu lwempahla ixesha elongezelelweyo ngexesha elithile okanye ngeendleko eziphantsi zothutho ngempahla nganye. Kunzima ngakumbi ukuchaza izibonelelo ezifihlakeleyo, ezinjengofikelelo oluphuculweyo kulwazi, ngokwexabiso elibambekayo.

Qhagamshela iprojekthi yakho ukwazi i izicelo zoshishino

Amaxesha amaninzi, abacwangcisi beprojekthi bazama ukunxulumanisa ixabiso lendawo yokugcina impahla kunye neenjongo zoshishino lwe-amorphous. Ngokubhengeza ukuba "ixabiso lendawo yokugcina impahla lisekelwe kubuchule bethu bokwanelisa izicelo zobuchule" sivula ingxoxo ngendlela eyolisayo. Kodwa oko kukodwa akwanelanga ukugqiba ukuba ukutyalomali kwindawo yokugcina izinto kuyavakala. Kungcono ukudibanisa i-warehouse reps kunye nemibuzo ethile yezoshishino kunye namanqaku.

Ukulinganisa i-ROI

Ukubala i-ROI kwindawo yokugcina impahla kunokuba nzima kakhulu. Kunzima ngakumbi ukuba ukhokelo

yophindaphindo oluthile yinto engabambekiyo okanye ekulula ukuyilinganisa. Olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba abasebenzisi babona ezona nzuzo zimbini ziphambili zamalinge e-BI:

• ▪ Yenza abantu bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo
• ▪ Ukudala indlela yokufikelela kulwazi
  Ezi zibonelelo zithambile (okanye zithambile) iinzuzo. Kulula ukubona ukuba singabala njani i-ROI ngokusekelwe kwinzuzo enzima (okanye enkulu) njengeendleko ezincitshisiweyo zomthwalo, kodwa silinganisa njani ukukwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezingcono?
  Oku ngokuqinisekileyo ngumceli mngeni kubacwangcisi beprojekthi xa bezama ukuba inkampani ityale imali kwinzame ethile yokugcina impahla. Ukukhula kwentengiso okanye ukuhla kweendleko azisengomxholo ophambili oqhuba indawo yeBI.
  Endaweni yoko, ujonge kwizicelo zeshishini zofikelelo olungcono kulwazi ukuze isebe elithile likwazi ukwenza izigqibo ngokukhawuleza. Aba ngabaqhubi abacwangcisiweyo abathi babaluleke ngokulinganayo kwishishini kodwa babhideka ngakumbi kwaye kunzima ukuba babonakalise kwimethrikhi ebonakalayo. Kule meko, ukubala i-ROI kunokulahlekisa, ukuba akunamsebenzi.
  Abaqulunqi beprojekthi kufuneka bakwazi ukubonisa ixabiso elibonakalayo kubaphathi ukuba bathathe isigqibo sokuba ngaba utyalo-mali kwi-iteration ethile lufanelekile. Nangona kunjalo, asiyi kucebisa indlela entsha yokubala i-ROI, kwaye asiyi kwenza naziphi na iingxoxo zayo okanye ezichasene nayo.
  Kukho amanqaku amaninzi kunye neencwadi ezikhoyo ezixoxa ngeziseko zokubala i-ROI. Kukho iziphakamiso zexabiso elikhethekileyo njengexabiso kwi-investment (VOI), enikezelwa ngamaqela afana noGartner, onokuphanda. Endaweni yoko, siya kugxila kwimiba ephambili yayo nayiphi na i-ROI okanye ezinye izindululo zexabiso ekufuneka uziqwalasele. Ukusebenzisa i-ROI Ngaphaya kwengxabano malunga nenzuzo "enzima" ngokuchasene "ethambileyo" ehambelana neenzame ze-BI kukho eminye imiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa usebenzisa i-ROI. Umzekelo:

Ukubalelwa imali eninzi kakhulu yokonga kwiinzame ze-DW ezinokuza nokuba kunjalo
Masithi inkampani yakho ihambile ukusuka kuyilo lweframe enkulu ukuya kwindawo esasaziweyo yeUNIX. Ngoko ke naluphi na ugcino olunokuthi (okanye lungenzeki) luphunyezwe kuloo nzame akufuneki lubalulwe kuphela, ukuba kunjalo (?), kwindawo yokugcina impahla.

Ukungabali yonke into kuyabiza. Kwaye kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Qwalasela olu luhlu lulandelayo:

• ▪ Iindleko zokuqalisa, kuquka nokuba nokwenzeka.
• ▪ Iindleko zehardware ezinikezelweyo ezinokugcinwa kunye nonxibelelwano oluhambelanayo
• ▪ Iindleko zesoftware, kubandakanywa nolawulo lwe dati kunye nezandiso zomxumi/umncedisi, isoftware ye-ETL, itekhnoloji ye-DSS, izixhobo zokujonga, ukucwangcisa kunye nokuhamba komsebenzi, kunye nesoftware yokubeka iliso, .
• ▪ Iindleko zoyilo lwesakhiwo dati, kunye nokudalwa, kunye nolungiselelo lwe
• ▪ Iindleko zophuhliso lweSoftware ezinxulumene ngqo neenzame zeBI
• ▪ Iindleko zenkxaso yekhaya, kubandakanywa ukwenziwa komsebenzi kakuhle, kubandakanywa ulawulo lwenguqulelo yesoftware nemisebenzi yoncedo Faka isicelo "Big-Bang" ROI. Ukwakha indawo yokugcina impahla njengenye, inzame ezinkulu azinakuphumelela, ngokunjalo bala i-ROI yenyathelo elikhulu leshishini Isithembiso siyamangalisa, kwaye abacwangcisi bayaqhubeka nokwenza iinzame ezibuthathaka ukuqikelela ixabiso lalo lonke umzamo . Kutheni abacwangcisi bezama ukubeka ixabiso lemali kwinyathelo lokuqala loshishino ukuba iyaziwa ngokubanzi kwaye yamkelwe ukuba ukuqikelela uphindaphindo oluthile kunzima? Inokwenzeka njani? Akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwamacandelo ambalwa. Musa ukuyenza. Ngoku sele simisele into omawungayi kuyenza xa ubala i-ROI, nanga amanqaku ambalwa aza kukunceda umisele inkqubo ethembekileyo yokuqikelela ixabiso lemizamo yakho ye-BI.

Ukufumana imvume ye-ROI. Nokuba loluphi ukhetho lwakho lobuchule bokuqikelela ixabiso lemizamo yakho ye-BI, kufuneka kuvunyelwane ngayo ngawo onke amaqela, kubandakanya abacwangcisi beprojekthi, abaxhasi, kunye nabaphathi beshishini.

Yaphula i-ROI ibe ngamacandelo abonakalayo. Isinyathelo esiyimfuneko kwi-ROI yokubala efanelekileyo kukugxila kweso sibalo kwiprojekthi ethile. Oku ke kukuvumela ukuba uqikelele ixabiso ngokusekwe kwiimfuno ezithile zoshishino ezifikelelweyo

Chaza iindleko. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, iindleko ezininzi kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ukongeza, iindleko kufuneka zingaquki kuphela ezo zinxulunyaniswa nokuphindaphindwa komntu ngamnye kodwa kwaneendleko ezinxulumene nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yeshishini.

Chaza iingenelo. Ngokudibanisa ngokucacileyo i-ROI kwiimfuno ezithile zoshishino, kufuneka sikwazi ukuchonga izibonelelo eziya kukhokelela ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno.

Ukunciphisa iindleko kunye neenzuzo kwiinzuzo ezizayo. Yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuseka uqingqo-maxabiso lwakho kwixabiso langoku (NPV) endaweni yokuzama ukuqikelela ixabiso lekamva kwimivuzo yexesha elizayo.

Gcina ixesha lokwahlula i-ROI yakho ubuncinci. Ibhalwe kakuhle kwixesha elide isetyenziswe kwi-ROI yakho.

Sebenzisa ngaphezulu kwefomula ye-ROI enye. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuqikelela i-ROI, kwaye kufuneka ucwangcise ukusebenzisa enye okanye ngaphezulu kuzo, kubandakanya ixabiso langoku, ireyithi yembuyekezo yangaphakathi (IRR), kunye nentlawulo.

Chaza inkqubo ephindaphindwayo. Oku kubalulekile ekubaleni naliphi na ixabiso lexesha elide. Inkqubo enye ephindaphindwayo kufuneka ibhalwe kuzo zonke iiprojekthi ezilandelelanayo ezilandelayo.

Iingxaki ezidwelisiweyo zezona zixhaphakileyo ezichazwa ziingcali zokusingqongileyo kwi-warehouse. Ukunyanzelisa kwabaphathi ekunikezeni i-"Big-Bang" ROI kuyabhida kakhulu. Ukuba uqala zonke izibalo zakho ze-ROI ngokuziqhekeza zibe zizinto ezibonakalayo, ezibonakalayo, unethuba elihle lokuqikelela uqikelelo oluchanekileyo lwe-ROI.

Imibuzo malunga neenzuzo ze-ROI

Enoba ziyintoni na iingenelo zakho, zithambile okanye zinzima, usenokusebenzisa imibuzo embalwa esisiseko ukuze ubone ukuxabiseka kwazo. Umzekelo, usebenzisa inkqubo yesikali elula, ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-10, unokulinganisa impembelelo yayo nayiphi na inzame usebenzisa le mibuzo ilandelayo:

• Ungakukala njani ukuqonda dati ulandela le projekthi yenkampani yakho?
• Ungayilinganisa njani inkqubo yophuculo ngenxa yale projekthi?
• Ungayilinganisa njani impembelelo yemibono emitsha kunye neengqikelelo ngoku ezenziwe zafumaneka ngolu phindo
• Yaba yintoni impembelelo yeemeko ezintsha nezingcono zekhompyuter ngenxa yento efundiweyo? Ukuba iimpendulo kule mibuzo zimbalwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba ishishini alifanelekanga kutyalomali olwenziweyo. Imibuzo enamanqaku aphezulu yalatha kwiinzuzo zexabiso elibalulekileyo kwaye kufuneka isebenze njengezikhokelo zophando oluthe kratya. Ngokomzekelo, amanqaku aphezulu okuphucula inkqubo kufuneka akhokele abaqulunqi ukuba bahlole indlela iinkqubo eziphuculwe ngayo. Unokufumanisa ukuba ezinye okanye zonke iinzuzo ezenziweyo ziyabambeka kwaye ke ixabiso lemali linokusetyenziswa ngokulula. Ukufumana okuninzi kuphindaphindo lokuqala lwe igumbi lokugcina izinto Eyona nzuzo inkulu yomzamo weshishini lakho idla ngokuba kukuphindaphinda okumbalwa kokuqala. Ezi nzame zakuqala ngokwesiko ziseka owona mxholo wolwazi uluncedo kuluntu kwaye uncede ukuseka isiseko setekhnoloji kwizicelo zeBI ezilandelayo. Ngokuqhelekileyo isiphumo ngasinye esilandelayo se dati Iiprojekthi zogcino-mpahla zizisa ixabiso elongezelelweyo elingaphantsi nelincinci kwishishini lilonke. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi ukuba uphindaphindo alongezi izihloko ezitsha okanye ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zoluntu olutsha lwabasebenzisi.

Olu phawu logcino luyasebenza nasekukhuleni kwemfumba ye dati ababhali-mbali. Njengoko iinzame ezilandelayo zifuna ngaphezulu dati kwaye njani ngaphezulu dati zigalelwa kwi-warehouse ekuhambeni kwexesha, uninzi lwe dati iba ngaphantsi kokubaluleka kohlalutyo olusetyenzisiweyo. Ezi dati badla ngokubizwa dati zilele kwaye kusoloko kubiza ukuzigcina kuba azifane zisetyenziswe.

Kuthetha ukuthini oku kubaxhasi beprojekthi? Ngokusisiseko, abaxhasi bokuqala babelana ngaphezu kweendleko zotyalo-mali. Oku kungundoqo kuba balukhuthazo lokuseka itekhnoloji ebanzi yendawo yokugcina impahla kunye nomaleko wendalo esingqongileyo, kubandakanywa izinto eziphilayo.

Kodwa la manyathelo okuqala athwala elona xabiso likhulu kwaye ke abacwangcisi beeprojekthi bahlala kufuneka bathethelele utyalo-mali.
Iiprojekthi ezenziwe emva kwenyathelo le-BI zinokuba neendleko eziphantsi (xa kuthelekiswa nezokuqala) kunye neendleko ezithe ngqo, kodwa zizise ixabiso elincinane kwishishini.

Kwaye abanini bentlangano kufuneka baqale ukucinga ngokuphosa i-buildup dati kunye neetekhnoloji ezifanelekileyo.

Ukuchithwa kwedatha : Ukutsalwa Dati

Amacandelo amaninzi okwakha afuna ukwahluka kwetekhnoloji yokwembiwa kwedatha kunye nobuchule—
umzekelo, "iiarhente" ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya amanqaku omdla we abathengi, iinkqubo zokusebenza zenkampani kunye ne-dw efanayo. Ezi arhente zinokuba yinethiwekhi ye-neural ephucukileyo eqeqeshwe kwiintsingiselo zembiza, njengemfuno yemveliso yexesha elizayo esekelwe kwiintengiso zentengiso; iinjini ezisekelwe kwimithetho yokusabela kwiseti dato yeemeko, umzekelo, ukuxilongwa kwezonyango kunye neengcebiso zonyango; okanye ii-arhente ezilula ezinendima yokunika ingxelo ngaphandle kwabaphathi abaphezulu. Ngokubanzi ezi nkqubo zokutsalwa dati si

qinisekisa ngexesha lokwenyani; ngoko ke, kufuneka zidityaniswe ngokupheleleyo kunye nentshukumo ye dati mncedisi.

I-Online Analytic Processing Processing

Uhlalutyo lwe-Intanethi

Ukukwazi ukusika, idayisi, ukuqengqeleka, ukuthoba kunye nokwenza uhlalutyo
yintoni-ukuba, ingaphakathi komda, umda we-IBM technology suite. Umzekelo, imisebenzi yohlalutyo lwe-intanethi (OLAP) ikhona kwi-DB2 ezisa uhlahlelo lwe-dimensional kwi-injini ye- sedata efanayo .

Imisebenzi yongeza i-dimensional utility kwi-SQL ngelixa uvuna zonke izibonelelo zokuba yinxalenye yendalo ye-DB2. Omnye umzekelo wokuhlanganiswa kwe-OLAP sisixhobo se-extractor, i-DB2 OLAP Analyzer Server. Le teknoloji ivumela i-DB2 OLAP Server cubes ukuba ikhawuleze kwaye iskenwe ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze ifumane kwaye inike ingxelo ngamaxabiso e dati engaqhelekanga okanye engalindelekanga kuyo nayiphi na iityhubhu ukuya umhlalutyi zorhwebo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, imisebenzi yeZiko le-DW ibonelela ngeendlela zokujonga abakhi bezakhiwo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iprofayili ye-DB2 OLAP ye-cube server njengenxalenye yendalo yeenkqubo ze-ETL.

Uhlalutyo lweSithuba soHlalutyo lweSithuba

Isithuba simele isiqingatha see-ankile zohlalutyo (ii-conductions) eziyimfuneko kwipanorama
uhlalutyo olubanzi (ixesha limele esinye isiqingatha). Inqanaba le-athomu yendawo yokugcina impahla, emelwe kuMfanekiso 1.1, ibandakanya iziseko zexesha kunye nendawo. Izitampu zexesha iankile ihlalutya ngexesha kunye nedilesi yolwazi iankile ihlalutya ngesithuba. Izitampu zexesha ziqhuba uhlalutyo ngexesha, kwaye ulwazi lwedilesi luqhuba uhlalutyo ngesithuba. Umzobo ubonisa i-geocoding-inkqubo yokuguqula iidilesi kumanqaku kwimephu okanye amanqaku kwindawo ukuze iikhonsepthi ezifana nomgama kunye nangaphakathi / ngaphandle zingasetyenziselwa uhlalutyo-olwenziwa kwinqanaba le-athomu kunye nohlalutyo lwendawo lwenziwe lufumaneke kumhlalutyi. I-IBM inikeza izandiso zendawo, eziphuhliswe kunye ne-Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), al sedata DB2 ukuze izinto zendawo zigcinwe njengenxalenye eqhelekileyo ye sedata ubudlelwane. db2

Izandiso ze-Spatial, zikwabonelela ngazo zonke izandiso ze-SQL ukuze zithathe inzuzo yohlalutyo lwesithuba. Umzekelo, izandiso zeSQL zokubuza
umgama phakathi kweedilesi okanye nokuba inqaku lingaphakathi okanye lingaphandle kwendawo echaziweyo ye-polygonal, ngumgangatho wohlalutyo kunye ne-Spatial Extender. Jonga isahluko 16 ngolwazi olungakumbi.

database-Izixhobo zokuHlala database-Umhlali

I-DB2 ineempawu ezininzi ezihlala kwi-SQL ezincedisa kwisenzo sokwahlulahlula. Ezi ziquka:

• Recursion imisebenzi ukwenza uhlalutyo, ezifana “fumana zonke iindlela inqwelomoya enokwenzeka ukusuka San Francisco a Inew york".
• Imisebenzi yohlalutyo yokuhlela, ukuqokelelwa, iityhubhu kunye ne-rollup imisebenzi ukuququzelela imisebenzi eqhele ukwenzeka kuphela ngetekhnoloji ye-OLAP, ngoku iyinxalenye yendalo ye-injini. sedata
• Ukukwazi ukwenza iitafile ezineziphumo
  Abathengisi be sedata iinkokeli mix ngakumbi iimpawu BI kwi sedata isitesso.
  Ababoneleli abaphambili be isiseko sedatha badibanisa ngakumbi iimpawu zeBI kwi sedata isitesso.
  Oku kubonelela ukusebenza okungcono kunye neendlela ezininzi zokuphumeza izisombululo ze-BI.
  Iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi ye-DB2 V8 kuxoxwe ngayo ngokweenkcukacha kwezi zahluko zilandelayo:
  Uyilo loBugcisa kunye neZiseko zoLawulo lweDatha (Isahluko 5)

• Iziseko ze-DB2 BI (Isahluko 6)
• I-DB2 iTheyibhile yeMbuzo eSetyenzisiweyo (Isahluko 7)
• DB2 OLAP Imisebenzi (Isahluko 13)
• I-DB2 Eyongeziweyo Iimpawu kunye neMisebenzi ye-BI (Isahluko se-15) Inkqubo yokuHanjiswa kweDatha eyenziwe Lula Inkqubo yonikezelo ye dati yenziwe lula

Uyilo oluboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.1 lubandakanya izakhiwo ezininzi dati ngokwasemzimbeni. Enye yindawo yokugcina impahla ye dati ukusebenza. Ngokubanzi, i-ODS ijolise kwinto, idibeneyo kwaye yangoku. Uya kwakha i-ODS ukuxhasa, umzekelo, iofisi yokuthengisa. Iintengiso ze-ODS ziya kongezelela dati kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kodwa ingagcina kuphela, umzekelo, iintengiselwano zanamhlanje. I-ODS inokuhlaziywa amaxesha amaninzi ngosuku. Ngaxeshanye, iinkqubo ziyatyhala i dati idityaniswe kwezinye izicelo. Esi sakhiwo senzelwe ngokukodwa ukudibanisa dati yangoku kwaye iguquguqukayo kwaye inokuba ngumgqatswa wokuxhasa uhlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani, njengokubonelela ngeearhente zenkonzo abathengi ulwazi lwangoku lwentengiso yomthengi ngokukhupha ulwazi lwendlela yokuthengisa kwi-inventri ngokwayo. Olunye ulwakhiwo oluboniswe kumfanekiso 1.1 lubume olusesikweni lwedw. Ayikuphela nje le ndawo yokwenziwa kodibaniso oluyimfuneko, lomgangatho we dati, kunye nokuguqulwa kwe dati yendawo yokugcina impahla engenayo, kodwa ikwayindawo yokugcina ethembekileyo neyexeshana dati iikopi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kuhlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani. Ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokusebenzisa i-ODS okanye indawo yeqonga, esinye sezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo zokuzalisa ezi zakhiwo dati usebenzisa imithombo yokusebenza eyahlukeneyo ngumbuzo osasaziweyo weDB2. Esi sixhobo sinikezelwa yi-DB2 ekhethiweyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-DB2 Relational Connect (imibuzo kuphela) kunye ne-DB2 DataJoiner (imveliso eyahlukileyo ehambisa umbuzo, ukufaka, ukuhlaziya, kunye nokucima amandla kwii-RDBMS ezisasazwa kakhulu).

Le teknoloji ivumela abakhi bezakhiwo ukuba dati ukubopha dati yemveliso kunye neenkqubo zohlalutyo. Ayisiyiyo kuphela itekhnoloji enokuthi iqhelane nayo nayiphi na imfuno yokuphindaphinda enokuthi ivele ngohlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani, kodwa inokuqhagamshela kwiindidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. dati ethandwa kakhulu, kuquka DB2, Oracle, Sybase, SQL Server, Informix kunye nabanye. I-DB2 DataJoiner ingasetyenziselwa ukugcwalisa isakhiwo dati esesikweni njenge-ODS okanye itafile esisigxina emelwe kwindawo yokugcina impahla eyilelwe ukubuyiswa ngokukhawuleza kohlaziyo olukhawulezileyo okanye ukuthengiswa. Kakade ke, ezi zakhiwo ngokwazo dati ingahlaliswa kusetyenziswa

enye iteknoloji ebalulekileyo eyenzelwe uphindaphindo lwe dati, IBM DataPropagator Relational. (I-DataPropagator yimveliso eyahlukileyo yeenkqubo ezisembindini. I-DB2 UNIX, Linux, Windows, kunye ne-OS/2 ibandakanya iinkonzo zokuphindaphinda dati njengophawu olusemgangathweni).
Enye indlela yokuhamba dati esebenza ngeenxa zonke kwishishini ngumdibanisi wesicelo seshishini, okwaziwa ngokuba ngumthengisi womyalezo. dati ngeenxa zonke kwinkampani. I-IBM inomyalezo we-broker osetyenziswa kakhulu, i-MQSeries, okanye ukwahluka kwemveliso ebandakanya iimfuno e-commerce, IBM WebSphere MQ.
Ukufumana ingxoxo ethe kratya malunga nendlela yokuxhasa i-MQ ukuxhasa indawo yokugcina kunye ne-BI, ndwendwela iwebhusayithi yencwadi. Okwangoku, kwanele ukuthi le teknoloji yindlela ebalaseleyo yokubamba kunye nokuguqula (usebenzisa i-MQSeries Integrator) dati abasebenzi ekujoliswe kubo abagayelwe izisombululo BI. Itekhnoloji ye-MQ idityanisiwe kwaye yapakishwa kwi-UDB V8, okuthetha ukuba imigca yemiyalezo ngoku inokulawulwa ngokungathi ziitafile zeDB2. Ingqikelelo yemiyalezo ye-welding queue kunye nendalo yonke ye sedata Unxulumano olusingise kwindawo enamandla yonikezelo dati.

Zero-Latency Zero latency

Eyona njongo icwangcisiweyo ye-IBM luhlalutyo lwe-zero-latency. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngu
I-Gartner, inkqubo ye-BI kufuneka ikwazi ukubethelela, ingenise, kwaye ibonelele ngolwazi kubahlalutyi kwimfuno. Umceli mngeni, kunjalo, yindlela yokuxuba dati yangoku kunye nexesha lokwenyani ngolwazi lwembali oluyimfuneko, olufana ne-i dati intsingiselo/ipateni enxulumeneyo, okanye ingqiqo ekhutshiweyo, efana neprofayili yabathengi.

Ulwazi olunjalo lubandakanya, umzekelo, ukuchongwa kwe abathengi ingozi ephezulu okanye ephantsi okanye zeziphi iimveliso i abathengi ngokunokwenzeka baya kuthenga ukuba sele benesonka samasi kwiinqwelo zabo zokuthenga.

Ukufumana i-zero latency eneneni kuxhomekeke kwiindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko:

• Umanyano olupheleleyo lwe dati ezihlalutywa ngobuchule obumiselweyo kunye nezixhobo ezenziwe yi-BI
• Inkqubo yonikezelo lwe dati ngokufanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani lufumaneka ngokwenene Ezi mfuno zangaphambili ze-zero latency azifani neenjongo ezimbini ezisekwe yi-IBM kwaye zichazwe ngasentla. Ukudibanisa okuqinileyo kwe dati yinxalenye yenkqubo ye-IBM yokudibanisa engenamthungo. Kwaye wenze inkqubo yonikezelo lwe dati esebenzayo ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwiteknoloji ekhoyo eyenza lula inkqubo yonikezelo dati. Ngenxa yoko, ezimbini kwiinjongo ezintathu ze-IBM zibalulekile ekuphunyezweni kwesithathu. I-IBM iphuhlisa ngobuchwephesha bayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-zero latency iyinyani kwiinzame zogcino. Isishwankathelo / Udityaniso Umbutho wakho we-BI ubonelela ngemephu yendlela yokwakha okusingqongileyo
  ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kufuneka ihlengahlengiswe ukuze ibonise iimfuno zeshishini lakho, zangoku nezexesha elizayo. Ngaphandle kombono obanzi woyilo loyilo, uphindaphindo lwendawo yokugcina izinto lungaphezulu kancinane kunokuphunyezwa ngokuzenzekela kwendawo yokugcina impahla eyenza kancinci ukuyila ishishini elikhulu, elinolwazi. Umqobo wokuqala kwiinkokeli zeprojekthi yindlela yokuthethelela utyalo-mali olufunekayo ukukhulisa umbutho we-BI. Ngelixa izibalo ze-ROI ziye zahlala zisisiseko sempumelelo yoluhlu, kuya kuba nzima ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo. Oku kukhokelele kwezinye iindlela zokumisela ukuba uyayifumana na imali yakho. Ixabiso kuTyalo-mali2 (VOI), umzekelo, lithengwa njengesisombululo. Luxanduva lwabayili bezakhiwo ze dati kunye nabacwangcisi beprojekthi benza ngabom kwaye babonelele ngolwazi kwimibutho yabasebenzisi kwaye banganikeli nje inkonzo dati. Kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezi zimbini. Ulwazi yinto eyenza umahluko ekuthathweni kwezigqibo nokusebenza kakuhle; ngokwentelekiso, i dati baziibhloko zokwakha zokufumana olo lwazi.

Nokuba ugxeka umthombo dati ukujongana neemfuno zeshishini, imeko ye-BI kufuneka isebenze indima enkulu ekudaleni umxholo wolwazi. Kufuneka sithathe amanyathelo ongezelelweyo ukucoca, ukudibanisa, ukuguqula, okanye ukwenza ngenye indlela umxholo wolwazi abasebenzisi abanokuthi benze kuwo, kwaye ke kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba ezo zenzo kunye nezigqibo, apho zifanelekile, zibonakaliswe kwimeko ye-BI. Ukuba sibeka phantsi indawo yokugcina ukuba isebenze kuphela dati, qiniseka ukuba imibutho yabasebenzisi iya kudala umxholo wolwazi olufunekayo ukuthatha inyathelo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lwabo luya kukwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezingcono, kodwa ishishini linengxaki yokunqongophala kolwazi olulusebenzisileyo. Iinkcukacha ukuba abayili bezakhiwo kunye nabacwangcisi beeprojekthi baqalise iiprojekthi ezithile kwindawo ye-BI, bahlala benoxanduva kwishishini lilonke. Umzekelo olula wale nto inamacala amabini ophindaphindo lwe-BI ifumaneka kumthombo dati. Yonke i dati ezifunyenweyo kwizicelo zorhwebo ezikhethekileyo kufuneka zizaliswe kumaleko weathom yokuqala. Oku kuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwe-asethi yolwazi lweshishini, kunye nokulawula, ukulungisa izicelo ezithile zomsebenzisi ezichazwe kuphindaphindo.

Yintoni uvimba weDatha?

Indawo yokugcina idatha ibiyintliziyo yolwakhiwo lweenkqubo zolwazi ukusukela ngo-1990 kwaye ixhasa iinkqubo zolwazi ngokunika iqonga eliqinileyo elihlanganisiweyo dati imbali ethathwe njengesiseko sohlalutyo olulandelayo. THE yokugcina idatha banikezela ngokulula kokudibanisa kwihlabathi leenkqubo zesicelo ezingahambelaniyo. Indawo yokugcina idatha iye yaguquka yaba yifashoni. Indawo yokugcina idatha cwangcisa kwaye ugcine i dati iyimfuneko kulwazi kunye neenkqubo zohlalutyo kwisiseko sembono yexesha elide lembali. Konke oku kubandakanya inzame enkulu kwaye rhoqo ekwakhiweni nasekugcinweni kwe yokugcina idatha.

Ke yintoni a yokugcina idatha? A yokugcina idatha kwaye:

• ▪ ejolise kumxholo
• ▪ inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo
• ▪ ukwahluka kwexesha
• ▪ ayiguquguqukiyo (ayirhoxisi)

ingqokelela ye dati esetyenziselwa ukuxhasa izigqibo zolawulo ekuphunyezweni kweenkqubo.
I dati ifakiwe yokugcina idatha zifumana kwiimeko ezininzi kwiindawo zokusebenza. I yokugcina idatha yenziwe kwiyunithi yokugcina, ngokwahlukileyo ngokwasemzimbeni kuyo yonke inkqubo, equlethwe kuyo dati iguqulwe ngaphambili zizicelo ezisebenza kulwazi oluphuma kwindawo yokusebenza.

Inkcazelo ethe ngqo ye-a yokugcina idatha ifanele ingcaciso ecokisekileyo njengoko kukho iintshukumisa ezibalulekileyo kunye neentsingiselo ezisisiseko ezichaza iimpawu zesitora.

ULWAZISO LWEZIFUNDO ITHEMATIKA

Uphawu lokuqala lwe yokugcina idatha kukuba ijolise kwizifundo eziphambili zenkampani. Isikhokelo seenkqubo nge dati ichasene neyona ndlela yakudala ebonelela ngokuqhelaniswa nezicelo kwiinkqubo kunye nemisebenzi, indlela ekwabelwana ngayo uninzi lweenkqubo zolawulo ezingaphantsi zamva nje.

Ihlabathi elisebenzayo liyilwe malunga nezicelo kunye nemisebenzi efana nemali-mboleko, ukugcinwa, amakhadi ebhanki kunye nentembeko yeziko lezemali. Ilizwe le-dw lilungelelaniswe kwimixholo ephambili efana nomthengi, umthengisi, imveliso kunye nomsebenzi. Ulungelelwaniso malunga nezihloko luchaphazela uyilo nokuphunyezwa kwe dati ifunyenwe kwi-dw. Okubaluleke kakhulu, isihloko esiphambili sichaphazela inxalenye ebalulekileyo yesakhiwo esibalulekileyo.

Ihlabathi lezicelo liphenjelelwa luyilo lwesiseko sedatha kunye noyilo lwenkqubo. Ihlabathi le-dw ligxile kuphela kwimodeli yevidiyo dati kunye noyilo lwe sedata. Uyilo lwenkqubo (kwimo yalo yakudala) aluyonxalenye yemeko-bume ye-dw.

Umahluko phakathi kokhetho lwenkqubo/usetyenziso lomsebenzi kunye nokukhetha isifundo kukwabonakaliswe njengomahluko kumxholo wesifundo. dati kwinqanaba elineenkcukacha. THE dati del dw ayibandakanyi i dati engayi kusetyenziselwa ukuqhubela phambili iDSS ngelixa ufaka izicelo

ijolise ekusebenzeni dati ziqulathe i dati ukwanelisa ngokukhawuleza iimfuno ezisebenzayo / zokucubungula ezinokuthi okanye zingabi nalo naluphi na ukusetyenziswa kumhlalutyi weDSS.
Enye indlela ebalulekileyo yokuba izicelo ezijolise ekusebenzeni dati yahluka kwi dati ye-dw kwiingxelo ze dati. Mna dati Abasebenzi bagcina ubudlelwane obuqhubekayo phakathi kweetheyibhile ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ngokusekelwe kumgaqo weshishini osebenzayo. THE dati ye-dw ubude bexesha kunye neengxelo ezifunyenwe kwi-dw zininzi. Imithetho emininzi yorhwebo (kwaye ngokuhambelanayo, iingxelo ezininzi ze dati ) zimelwe kwisitokhwe se dati phakathi kweetafile ezimbini nangaphezulu.

(Ukufumana inkcazo eneenkcukacha yendlela ubudlelwane phakathi kwe dati zilawulwa kwi-DW, nceda ujonge kwiSihloko soBuchule ngalo mba.)
Ayikho enye imbono ngaphandle kwaleyo yomahluko osisiseko phakathi kokhetho olusebenzayo/inkqubo yesicelo kunye nokukhetha isifundo, ngaba kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweenkqubo zokusebenza kunye dati kunye neDW.

UHLANGANISO

Owona mba ubalulekileyo wokusingqongileyo we-dw kukuba i dati ezifunyenweyo ngaphakathi kwe-dw zihlanganiswe ngokulula. RHOQO. NGAPHANDLE KWENGQONDO. Undoqo wokusingqongileyo we-dw kukuba i dati equlethwe kwimida yendawo yokugcina idityanisiwe.

Ukudityaniswa kuzibonakalisa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo - ngokwemigaqo echongiweyo engaguqukiyo, kumlinganiselo ongaguqukiyo wezinto eziguquguqukayo, kwizakhiwo ezinekhowudi ezihambelanayo, kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo dati iyahambelana, njalo njalo.

Kwiminyaka edlulileyo abaqulunqi bezicelo ezahlukeneyo baye benza izigqibo ezininzi malunga nokuba isicelo kufuneka siphuhliswe njani. Isitayela kunye nezigqibo zoyilo ezizimeleyo zezicelo zabaqulunqi zibonakaliswe ngeendlela ezilikhulu: kwiiyantlukwano kwikhowudi, isakhiwo esibalulekileyo, iimpawu zomzimba, izivumelwano zokuchongwa, njalo njalo. Ikhono elidibeneyo labaqulunqi abaninzi bezicelo ukwenza izicelo ezingahambelaniyo ziyintsomi. Umzobo wesi-3 ubhentsisa owona mahluko ubalulekileyo kwindlela izicelo eziyilwe ngayo.

Ufakelo lweekhowudi: Ikhowudi:

Abaqulunqi bezicelo bakhethe ukukhowudwa kwendawo - isini - ngeendlela ezininzi. Umyili umele isini njengo "m" kunye no "f". Omnye umyili umele isini njengo "1" kunye no "0". Omnye umyili umele isini njenge "x" kunye "y." Omnye umyili ubonisa isini "njengendoda" kunye "nomfazi." Ayinamsebenzi nokuba isini singena njani kwi-DW. U-“M” kunye no-“F” mhlawumbi zilungile njengako nakuphi na ukumelwa.

Yintoni ebalulekileyo kukuba nawuphi na umthombo wecandelo lezesondo livela, loo ntsimi ifika kwi-DW kwimeko edibeneyo edibeneyo. Ngenxa yoko xa umhlaba ulayishiwe kwi-DW ukusuka kwisicelo apho umelwe ngaphandle kwifomathi “M” kunye “F”, dati kufuneka iguqulelwe kwifomathi ye-DW.

Umlinganiselo weempawu: Umlinganiselo we Iimpawu:

Abaqulunqi bezicelo baye bakhetha ukulinganisa umbhobho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kwiminyaka. Iivenkile zomyili i dati wombhobho ngeesentimitha. Omnye umyili wesicelo ugcina i dati wombhobho ngokwee-intshi. Omnye umyili wesicelo ugcina i dati wombhobho kwi-cubic feet zesigidi ngomzuzwana. Kwaye omnye umyili ugcina ulwazi lombhobho ngokweeyadi. Nokuba yintoni na umthombo, xa ulwazi lombhobho lufika kwi-DW kufuneka lulinganiswe ngendlela efanayo.

Njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso wesi-3, imiba yokudibanisa ichaphazela phantse yonke imiba yeprojekthi - iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze dati, ingxaki yokuba nemithombo engaphezu kwesinye dati, umba weesampuli ezichongiweyo ezingahambelaniyo, iifomathi ze dati ezingangqinelaniyo, njalo njalo.

Nantoni na ingxabano yoyilo, umphumo uyafana - i dati kufuneka igcinwe kwi-DW ngendlela eyodwa neyamkelekileyo kwihlabathi naxa iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisisiseko zigcina i dati.

Xa umhlalutyi weDSS ejonga iDW, ujoliso lomhlalutyi kufuneka lube kukuxhaphaza. dati ezikwindawo yokugcina impahla.

kunokuba uzibuze malunga nokuthembeka okanye ukuhambelana kwe dati.

UKWAHLUKANA KWEXESHA

Zonke i dati kwi-DW zichanekile kwixesha elithile. Olu phawu olusisiseko lwe dati kwi-DW yahluke kakhulu kwi dati ifunyenwe kwindawo yokusebenza. THE dati yendawo yokusebenza ichanekile njengangexesha lofikelelo. Ngamanye amazwi, kwindawo yokusebenza xa iyunithi ifunyenwe dati, kulindeleke ukuba ibonise amaxabiso achanekileyo njengexesha lofikelelo. Kutheni ndi dati kwi-DW zichanekile njengoko ngexesha elithile (oko kukuthi, hayi "ngoku nje"), i dati ezifumaneka kwi-DW “ziixesha lokwahluka”.
Ukwahluka kwexesha le dati yi-DW kubhekiswa kuyo ngeendlela ezininzi.
Eyona ndlela ilula kukuba i dati ummeli weDW dati ixesha elide - iminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi. Umda wexesha eliboniswe kwindawo yokusebenza lifutshane kakhulu kunexabiso langoku langoku ukuya kuthi ga kumashumi amathandathu alithoba.
Izicelo ezifuna ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye kufuneka zifumaneke ukuze kuqhutywe intengiselwano kufuneka zithwale ubuncinane bemali dati ukuba bavumela nayiphi na iqondo lokuguquguquka. Ke usetyenziso olusebenzayo lunexesha elifutshane, njengesihloko soyilo lwesicelo somsindo.
Indlela yesibini 'yokuhluka kwexesha' ibonakala kwi-DW ikwisakhiwo esiphambili. Isakhiwo ngasinye esiphambili kwi-DW siqulethe, ngokucacileyo okanye ngokucacileyo, into yexesha, efana nosuku, iveki, inyanga, njl. Isiqalelo sexesha siphantse sahlala sisezantsi kweqhosha elidityanisiweyo elifumaneka kwi-DW. Ngezi zihlandlo, ixesha liya kubakho ngokungafihlisiyo, njengakwimeko apho ifayile iphindwaphindwa ekupheleni kwenyanga okanye ikota.
Indlela yesithathu ulwahlulo lwexesha luboniswa kukuba i dati ye-DW, ebhaliswe ngokuchanekileyo, ayinakuhlaziywa. THE dati ye-DW, kuzo zonke iinjongo eziphathekayo, luluhlu olude lwezifinyezo. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-snapshot ithathwe ngokungachanekanga, ngoko i-snapshots inokuguqulwa. Kodwa kucingelwa ukuba izifinyezo zithathwe ngokuchanekileyo, azitshintshwa ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba zithathwe. Kwezinye

iimeko isenokungabi yeyobulungisa okanye ingasebenzi ukuba imifanekiso ekhawulezayo kwi-DW iguqulwe. THE dati ukusebenza, ukuchaneka njengokuba ngexesha lokufikelela, kunokuhlaziywa njengoko kukho imfuneko.

AKUNJALO

Uphawu lwesine olubalulekileyo lwe-DW kukuba ayiguquguquki.
Uhlaziyo, ufakelo, ukucinywa kunye notshintsho lwenziwa rhoqo kwiindawo zokusebenza ngokwesiseko serekhodi-ngerekhodi. Kodwa ukuguqulwa okusisiseko kwe dati ezifunekayo kwi-DW kulula kakhulu. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini kuphela zemisebenzi eyenzekayo kwi-DW - ukulayishwa kokuqala kwe dati kunye nokufikelela kwi dati. Akukho uhlaziyo lwe dati (kwingqiqo jikelele yohlaziyo) kwi-DW njengomsebenzi oqhelekileyo wokuqhubekeka. Kukho ezinye iziphumo ezinamandla kakhulu zalo mahluko usisiseko phakathi kokwenziwa komsebenzi kunye nokulungiswa kweDW. Kwinqanaba loyilo, imfuno yokulumka malunga nohlaziyo lwengozi ayiyonto kwi-DW, kuba uhlaziyo dati ayenzeki. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwinqanaba elibonakalayo loyilo, inkululeko inokuthatyathwa ukuze kunyuswe ufikelelo dati, ngakumbi ekujonganeni nezihloko zesiqhelo kunye nokuguqulwa komzimba. Esinye isiphumo sokusebenza ngokulula kwe-DW kubuchwephesha obusisiseko obusetyenziselwa ukuqhuba okusingqongileyo kwe-DW. Ukuba nokuxhasa uhlaziyo lwerekhodi-nge-rekhoda ye-intanethi (njengoko kudla ngokuba njalo ngokusetyenzwa komsebenzi) kufuna ukuba iteknoloji ibe nesiseko esinzima kakhulu phantsi kokulula okubonakalayo.
Itekhnoloji exhasa i-backup kunye nokubuyisela, ukuthengiselana, kunye nokuthembeka kwefayile dati kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-deadlock kunye nonyango luntsonkothile kwaye aluyomfuneko ekusetyenzweni kwe-DW. Iimpawu ze-DW, ukuqhelaniswa noyilo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe dati kwi-DW, ukwahluka kwexesha kunye nokulula kolawulo lwe dati, konke kukhokelela kwimeko-bume eyohluke kakhulu kwindawo yokusebenza yakudala. Umthombo phantse zonke dati ye-DW yindawo yokusebenza. Kuyahenda ukucinga ukuba kukho ukungafuneki okukhulu dati phakathi kwezi ndawo zimbini.
Ngokwenene umbono wokuqala abanawo abantu abaninzi kukungafuneki okukhulu dati phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kunye nokusingqongileyo kwe

Ukongezwa kwe-DW. Utoliko olunjalo lungaphaya kwaye lubonisa ukunqongophala kokuqonda okwenzekayo kwi-DW.
Ngokwenene kukho ubuncinci bokungafuneki dati phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kunye i dati ye-DW. Qwalasela oku kulandelayo:I dati ziyahluzwa dato ukuba utshintshe ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza ukuya kwindawo ye-DW. Abaninzi dati abakhe baphume ngaphandle kwendawo yokusebenza. Kuphela ukuba i dati ezifunekayo kuqhubekeko lweDSS zifumane umkhombandlela wazo kokusingqongileyo

▪ Umda wexesha dati yahluke kakhulu ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. THE dati kwindawo yokusebenza zintsha kakhulu. THE dati kwi-DW badala kakhulu. Ukusuka nje kwimbono ye-horizon yexesha, kuncinci kakhulu ukudibana phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kunye ne-DW.

▪ I-DW iqulathe dati isishwankathelo ezingazange zibe kwimeko-bume

▪ Mna dati bangena kwinguqu esisiseko njengoko betshintshela kuMfanekiso 3 ubonisa ukuba uninzi lwe dati zilungiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngaphandle kokuba zikhethiwe kwaye zisiwe kwi-DW. Beka enye indlela, uninzi lwe dati utshintshwa ngokwasemzimbeni nangokumandla njengoko usiwa kwi-DW. Ukusuka kwimbono yokudibanisa ayifani dati ehlala kwindawo yokusebenza. Ukunikwa kwezi zinto, ukungafuneki kwe dati phakathi kwezi ndawo zimbini sisiganeko esinqabileyo, esikhokelela ngaphantsi kwe-1% yokungafuneki phakathi kweendawo ezimbini. UKWAKHIWA KWE-WAREHOUSE Ii-DWs zinesakhiwo esahlukileyo. Kukho amanqanaba ahlukeneyo esishwankathelo kunye neenkcukacha ezahlula ii-DWs.
Amacandelo awohlukeneyo e-DW ngala:

• Metadata
• Dati iinkcukacha zangoku
• Dati iinkcukacha zakudala
• Dati ishwankathelwe kancinane
• Dati ishwankathelwe kakhulu

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eyona nkxalabo iphambili kukuba i dati iinkcukacha zangoku. Yeyona nkxalabo iphambili kuba:

• I dati Iinkcukacha zangoku zibonisa iziganeko zamva nje, ezihlala zinomdla kakhulu kwaye
• i dati idatha yeenkcukacha zangoku ziyi-voluminous kuba igcinwe kwinqanaba elisezantsi le-granularity kunye
• i dati iinkcukacha zangoku ziphantse zigcinwe kwimemori yedisk, ekhawulezayo ukufikelela, kodwa zibiza kwaye zinzima ukusuka kwi-I dati yeenkcukacha zindala dati ezigcinwe kwenye inkumbulo ye bunzima. Ifikeleleka ngamaxesha athile kwaye igcinwe kwinqanaba leenkcukacha ezihambelanayo dati iinkcukacha zangoku. Nangona akunyanzelekanga ukuba ugcine kwenye indawo yokugcina, ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu we dati idityaniswe nofikelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe dati, indawo yokugcina ye dati yeenkcukacha ezindala aziqhelekanga ukugcinwa kwidiski. THE dati zishwankathelwa kancinci dati ezidityanisiweyo ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphantsi elifunyenweyo leenkcukacha ukuya kwinqanaba langoku leenkcukacha. Eli nqanaba le-DW liphantse ligcinwe kwimemori yediski. Iingxaki zoyilo ezibonisa ukuba umakhi we dati kulwakhiwo lwalo mgangatho we-DW zezi:

• Yeyiphi iyunithi yexesha lushwankathelo olwenziwe ngasentla
• Ngowuphi umxholo, iimpawu ziya kushwankathela kancinane umxholo we dati Inqanaba elilandelayo le dati efunyenwe kwi-DW yileyo ye dati ishwankathelwe kakhulu. THE dati zishwankathelwe kakhulu zihlangene kwaye zifikeleleka ngokulula. THE dati zishwankathelwe kakhulu ngamanye amaxesha zifumaneka kwindawo DW kunye nezinye iimeko i dati i-abstracted kakhulu ifunyenwe ngaphandle kweendonga ezikhawulezayo zobuchwepheshe bokusingatha i-DW. ( kuyo nayiphi na imeko, i dati zishwankathelwe kakhulu ziyinxalenye ye-DW nokuba kuphi na dati bahlaliswe ngokwasemzimbeni). Icandelo lokugqibela le-DW licandelo le-metadata. Kwimiba emininzi imetadata ihlala kumda owahlukileyo kuneminye dati ye-DW, kuba imetadata ayinayo nayiphi na dato ithathwe ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo yokusebenza. I-Metadata inendima ekhethekileyo kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-DW. Imetadata isetyenziswa njenge:

• uvimba weefayili ukunceda umhlalutyi weDSS afumane umxholo we-DW,
• isikhokelo kumephu dati ngendlela i dati zitshintshiwe ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza ukuya kwindawo ye-DW,
• isikhokelo kwii-algorithms ezisetyenziselwa ukushwankathela phakathi kwe dati iinkcukacha zangoku ei dati ishwankathelwe kancinane, i dati ishwankathelwe kakhulu, i-Metadata idlala indima enkulu kakhulu kwimo engqongileyo ye-DW kunokuba yenzayo kwindawo yokusebenza. IINKCUKACHA EZENDALA ZOKUGCINA PHAKATHI Iteyiphu yemagnethi ingasetyenziselwa ukugcina olo hlobo dati. Ngokwenene kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zemithombo yeendaba zogcino ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ukugcina ezindala dati yeenkcukacha. Kuxhomekeke kumthamo we dati, ukuphindaphinda kokufikelela, iindleko zezixhobo kunye nohlobo lokufikelela, kunokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba ezinye izixhobo ziya kufuna inqanaba elidala leenkcukacha kwi-DW. UKUHAMBA KWEDATHA Kukho ukuhamba okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili kwe dati ngaphakathi kwiDW.
  I dati bangena kwi-DW ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza. (QAPHELA: Kukho izinto ezingaphandle ezinomdla kakhulu kulo mgaqo. Nangona kunjalo, phantse zonke dati ngenisa i-DW ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza). Iinkcukacha ukuba i dati bangena kwi-DW ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza, iguqulwa njengoko ichazwe ngasentla. Ukuba ungenisa i-DW, i dati ngenisa inqanaba langoku leenkcukacha, njengoko kubonisiwe. Ihlala apho kwaye isetyenziswe kude kube yenzeka enye yeziganeko ezintathu:

• uhlanjululwe,
• ishwankathelwa, kunye/okanye ▪yinkqubo ephelelwe lixesha ngaphakathi kwi-DW ihamba i dati iinkcukacha zangoku a dati yeenkcukacha endala, ngokweminyaka ka dati. Inkqubo

isishwankathelo sisebenzisa iinkcukacha ze dati ukubala i dati amanqanaba ashwankathelwa kancinci kwaye ashwankathele kakhulu dati. Kukho izinto ezichaseneyo nokuhamba okubonisiweyo (kuya kuxoxwa kamva). Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo, ngenxa yobuninzi be dati ifunyenwe ngaphakathi kwe-DW, umsinga we dati injengoko imelwe.

UKUSEBENZISA I-DATAWAREHOUSE

Akumangalisi ukuba amanqanaba ahlukeneyo dati kwi-DW abafumani manqanaba ngamanqanaba okusetyenziswa. Njengomthetho, inqanaba eliphezulu lokushwankathela, ngakumbi i dati ziyasetyenziswa.
Ukusetyenziswa okuninzi kuyenzeka dati ishwankathelwe kakhulu, ngelixa indala dati iinkcukacha phantse zange zisetyenziswe. Kukho isizathu esibambekayo sokutshintshela umbutho kwiparadigm yokusetyenziswa kobutyebi. Okungakumbi kushwankathelwe i dati, ikhawuleza kwaye isebenze ngakumbi ukuba ifike dati. Ukuba a shop ifumanisa ukuba yenza ulungiso oluninzi lwenqanaba le-DW, emva koko isixa esikhulu esihambelanayo semithombo yomatshini siyatyiwa. Kusemdleni wonke umntu ukuba kusetyenzwe umgangatho onjalo wesishwankathelo ngokukhawuleza.

Kwiivenkile ezininzi, umhlalutyi we-DSS kwindawo yangaphambi kwe-DW usebenzile dati kwinqanaba leenkcukacha. Kwiimeko ezininzi ukufika kwi dati iinkcukacha zijongeka njengengubo yokhuseleko, naxa amanye amanqanaba oshwankathelo ekhoyo. Omnye wemisebenzi yomakhi we dati kukulumla umsebenzisi weDSS ekusetyenzisweni rhoqo kwe dati kwinqanaba elisezantsi leenkcukacha. Kukho izinto ezimbini ezikhuthazayo ezifumanekayo kumyili wezakhiwo dati:

• ukufakela inkqubo yokubuyisela imali, apho umsebenzisi wokugqibela ehlawula izibonelelo ezisetyenzisiweyo e
• ezibonisa ukuba ixesha lokuphendula kakuhle kakhulu inokufumaneka xa ukuziphatha nge i dati ikwinqanaba eliphezulu lokushwankathela, ngelixa ixesha lokuphendula elibi livela ekuziphatheni kwe dati kwinqanaba eliphantsi le OLUNYE UQINISEKISO Kukho ezinye iingqalelo ezimbalwa zolwakhiwo nolawulo lwe-DW.
  Ingqwalasela yokuqala yileyo yee-indices. THE dati kumanqanaba aphezulu okushwankathela banokufakwa ngokukhululekileyo, ngelixa i dati

kumanqanaba asezantsi eenkcukacha zivoluminous kangangokuba zinokufakwa kwisalathiso ngokucokisekileyo. Ukususela kumqondiso ofanayo, i dati kumanqanaba aphezulu eenkcukacha zinokuhlengahlengiswa ngokulula, ngelixa umthamo we dati kumanqanaba asezantsi mkhulu kangangokuba i dati azinakuhlaziywa ngokulula. Ngenxa yoko, imodeli ye dati kwaye umsebenzi osesikweni owenziwe luyilo ubeka isiseko se-DW esisetyenziswe phantse ngokukodwa kwinqanaba langoku leenkcukacha. Ngamanye amazwi, imisebenzi yomzekelo we dati azisebenzi kumanqanaba oshwankathelo, phantse kuzo zonke iimeko. Olunye uqwalaselo lolwakhiwo lulo lolwahlulo lwe dati nguDW.

Ukwahlula kunokwenziwa kumanqanaba amabini - kwinqanaba dbms nakwinqanaba lesicelo. Kulwahlulo kwinqanaba dbmsyena dbms uyaziswa ngamacandelo kwaye uwalawula ngokufanelekileyo. Kwimeko yolwahlulo lwenqanaba lesicelo, ngumdwelisi wenkqubo kuphela owaziyo ngamacandelo kwaye uxanduva lolawulo lwabo lushiyelwe kuye.

Ngezantsi kwinqanaba dbms, umsebenzi omninzi wenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Kukho ukungaguquguquki okuninzi okunxulumene nokuzilawula ngokwahlulahlula. Kwimeko yosetyenziso lwenqanaba lolwahlulo lwe dati del yokugcina idatha, umsebenzi omninzi uwela kumdwelisi wenkqubo, kodwa isiphumo sokugqibela kukuguquguquka kulawulo lwe dati Nel yokugcina idatha

EZINYE I-ANOMALIES

Ngelixa amacandelo e yokugcina idatha sebenza njengoko kuchaziwe phantse kuzo zonke dati, kukho imiba eluncedo ethile ekufuneka ixutyushwe. Imeko eyahlukileyo yile dati izishwankathelo zoluntu (idatha yesishwankathelo sikawonke-wonke). Zezi dati izishwankathelo ezibalwe ngaphandle kwe yokugcina idatha kodwa zisetyenziswa luluntu. THE dati izishwankathelo zoluntu zigcinwa kwaye zilawulwe kwi yokugcina idatha, nangona njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla zifunyenwe. Abacwangcisi-mali basebenzela ukuvelisa oko ngekota dati njengengeniso, iindleko zekota, inzuzo yekota, njalo njalo. Umsebenzi owenziwe ngabacwangcisi mali ungaphandle kwe yokugcina idatha. Nangona kunjalo, i dati zisetyenziswa "ngaphakathi" ngaphakathi kwinkampani - ukusuka urhwebo, iintengiso, njl. Enye i-anomaly, engayi kuxoxwa ngayo, yile dati ngaphandle.

Olunye uhlobo olubalaseleyo lwe dati enokufumaneka ku yokugcina idatha yileyo yedatha yeenkcukacha ezisisigxina. Oku kubangela imfuneko yokugcina ngokusisigxina dati kwinqanaba elineenkcukacha ngezizathu zokuziphatha okanye ezisemthethweni. Ukuba inkampani ibeka abasebenzi bayo kwizinto ezinobungozi kukho imfuneko yoko dati eneenkcukacha kunye nesigxina. Ukuba inkampani ivelisa imveliso ebandakanya ukhuseleko loluntu, njengamalungu enqwelomoya, kukho imfuneko yoko dati iinkcukacha ezisisigxina, kunye nokuba inkampani ingena kwizivumelwano eziyingozi.

Inkampani ayinakukwazi ukungazihoyi iinkcukacha ngenxa yokuba kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, xa kukho ityala, ukukhumbula, isiphene sokwakhiwa kwengxabano, njl. ukuvezwa kwenkampani kunokuba kukhulu. Ngenxa yoko kukho uhlobo olulodwa lwe dati eyaziwa njengedatha yeenkcukacha ezisisigxina.

ISISHWANKATHELO

Un yokugcina idatha yinjongosenzi yenjongo, idityanisiwe, imo yexesha, ingqokelela ye dati ezingaguquguqukiyo ekuxhaseni iimfuno zokwenziwa kwezigqibo zolawulo. Umsebenzi ngamnye obalulekileyo a yokugcina idatha ineempembelelo zayo. Ukongeza kukho amanqanaba amane dati del yokugcina idatha:

• Iinkcukacha ezindala
• Iinkcukacha zangoku
• Dati ishwankathelwe kancinane
• Dati iMetadata eshwankathelweyo kakhulu ikwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye yokugcina idatha. UMXHOLO Ingqikelelo yogcino lwe dati kutshanje ifumene ingqwalasela enkulu kwaye iye yaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwiminyaka yama 90. Oku kungenxa yesakhono se yokugcina idatha ukoyisa imida yeenkqubo zenkxaso yolawulo ezifana neenkqubo zokuxhasa izigqibo (DSS) kunye neenkqubo zolwazi ezilawulayo (EIS). Nangona ingcamango ye yokugcina idatha kubonakala kuthembisa, phumeza i yokugcina idatha inokuba yingxaki ngenxa yeenkqubo ezinkulu zokugcina iimpahla. Ngaphandle kobunzima beeprojekthi zokugcina iimpahla ze dati, ababoneleli abaninzi kunye nabacebisi abagcina iimpahla dati phikisa ukuba ugcino lwe dati akukho ngxaki. Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kwale projekthi yophando, akukho naluphi na uphando oluzimeleyo, olungqongqo nolucwangcisiweyo olwenziweyo. Ngenxa yoko kunzima ukutsho, ukuba kwenzeka ntoni na kushishino xa zakhiwe yokugcina idatha. Olu phononongo luphonononge indlela yokugcina impahla dati namhlanje ejolise ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda okutyebileyo kwenkqubo yase-Australia. Uphononongo loncwadi lubonelele ngomxholo kunye nesiseko sophononongo lwamava. Kukho inani leziphumo kolu phando. Okokuqala, olu phononongo luveze imisebenzi eyenzeka ngexesha lophuhliso lwe yokugcina idatha. Kwiindawo ezininzi, i dati eziqokelelweyo zaqinisekisa uqheliselo oluchazwe kuncwadi. Okwesibini, imiba kunye neengxaki ezinokuchaphazela uphuhliso lwe yokugcina idatha zachongwa kolu phononongo. Ekugqibeleni, izibonelelo ezifunyenwe yimibutho yase-Australia enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe yokugcina idatha zityhiliwe.

Isahluko 1

Phendla umxholo

Ingqikelelo yogcino lwedatha yafumana ukuvezwa ngokubanzi kwaye yaba yinto ekhulayo ngeminyaka yoo-90 (McFadden 1996, TDWI 1996, Shah and Milstein 1997, Shanks et al. 1997, Eckerson 1998, Adelman and Oates 2000). Oku kunokubonwa kwinani elikhulayo lamanqaku malunga nokugcinwa kwedatha kwiimpapasho zorhwebo (Little and Gibson 1999). Amanqaku amaninzi (bona, umzekelo, uFisher 1995, Hackathorn 1995, Morris 1995a, Bramblett kunye noKumkani 1996, Graham et al. 1996, Sakaguchi noFrolick 1996, Alvarez 1997, Brousell 1997, 1997, Donll 1997, McCarthy 1997, Donll 1998, McCarthy Edwards 1999, TDWI XNUMX) banike ingxelo yeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo kwimibutho ephumeza yokugcina idatha. Bayixhasa ithiyori yabo ngobungqina obungenambali bokuphunyezwa ngempumelelo, imbuyekezo ephezulu kutyalo-mali (ROI) amanani, kwaye, kwakhona, ngokubonelela ngezikhokelo okanye iindlela zokuphuhlisa. yokugcina idatha

(Shanks et al. 1997, Seddon and Benjamin 1998, Little and Gibson 1999). Kwimeko egqithisileyo, uGraham et al. (1996) ingxelo yembuyekezo engumndilili kutyalo-mali lweminyaka emithathu lwama-401%.

Uninzi loncwadi lwangoku, nangona kunjalo, alukhathaleli ubunzima obubandakanyekayo ekwenzeni iiprojekthi ezinjalo. Iiprojekthi ze yokugcina idatha ngokuqhelekileyo ziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye zinkulu kwaye ngoko zithwala amathuba aphezulu okusilela ukuba azilawulwa ngononophelo (Shah noMilstein 1997, Eckerson 1997, Foley 1997b, Zimmer 1997, Bort 1998, Gibbs kunye noClymer 1998, Rao 1998). Zifuna izixa ezikhulu zezibonelelo zoluntu nezemali, ixesha kunye nomzamo wokuzakha (Hill 1998, Crofts 1998). Ixesha eliqhelekileyo kunye neendlela zemali ezifunekayo malunga neminyaka emibini kunye nezigidi ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu zeedola, ngokulandelanayo (Braly 1995, Foley 1997b, Bort 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). Eli xesha kunye neendlela zemali ziyafuneka ukulawula kunye nokudibanisa imiba emininzi eyahlukeneyo yogcino lwedatha (Cafasso 1995, Hill 1998). Ecaleni hardware kunye software ingqalelo, eminye imisebenzi, eyahluka ukusuka extraction of dati kwiinkqubo zokulayisha ze dati, umthamo wememori wokulawula uhlaziyo kunye neemeta dati kuqeqesho lwabasebenzisi, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.

Ngexesha lakuqala le projekthi yophando, bekukho uphando oluncinci lwezemfundo olwenziwayo kwindawo yokugcina idatha, ngakumbi eOstreliya. Oku kungqinwe kukunqongophala kwamanqaku apapashwa malunga nokugcinwa kwedatha ziijenali okanye eminye imibhalo yemfundo yelo xesha. Uninzi lwemibhalo yezemfundo ekhoyo ichaze amava ase-US. Ukunqongophala kophando lwezifundo kwindawo yokugcina idatha kubangele imfuno yophando olungqongqo kunye nezifundo zobuchule (McFadden 1996, Shanks et al. 1997, Little and Gibson 1999). Ngokukodwa, izifundo zophando malunga nenkqubo yokuphunyezwa kwe yokugcina idatha kufuneka kwenziwe ukwandisa ulwazi ngokubanzi malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe yokugcina idatha kwaye iya kusebenza njengesiseko sophando lwexesha elizayo (uShanks et al. 1997, Little and Gibson 1999).

Injongo yolu phononongo, ke ngoko, kukuphanda oko kwenzeka ngokwenene xa imibutho iphumeza kwaye isebenzisa i yokugcina idatha eOstreliya. Ngokukodwa, olu phononongo luya kubandakanya uhlalutyo lwenkqubo epheleleyo yokuphuhlisa a yokugcina idatha, ukuqala ngokuqaliswa kunye noyilo ngokuyila kunye nokuphunyezwa kunye nokusetyenziswa okulandelayo kwimibutho yase-Australia. Ukongezelela, uphononongo luya kuba negalelo kwindlela yokusebenza ngoku ngokuchonga iindawo apho ukuziqhelanisa kunokuphuculwa ngakumbi kwaye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nobungozi kunokunciphisa okanye kugwenywe. Ngaphaya koko, iya kusebenza njengesiseko sezinye izifundo kwi yokugcina idatha e-Australia kwaye iya kugcwalisa isithuba esikhoyo ngoku kuncwadi.

Imibuzo yophando

Injongo yolu phando kukufunda imisebenzi ebandakanyekayo ekuphunyezweni kwe yokugcina idatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo yimibutho yaseOstreliya. Ngokukodwa, izinto ezibhekiselele kucwangciso lweprojekthi, uphuhliso, ukusebenza, ukusetyenziswa kunye neengozi ezibandakanyekayo ziyafundwa. Ngoko umbuzo wolu phando ngulo:

“Injani inkqubo yangoku ye yokugcina idatha eOstreliya?"

Ukuphendula lo mbuzo ngempumelelo, inani lemibuzo yophando oluncedisayo iyafuneka. Ngokukodwa, imibuzo emithathu engaphantsi ichongiwe kuncwadi, echazwe kwisahluko sesi-2, ukukhokela le projekthi yophando: yokugcina idatha yimibutho yaseOstreliya? Zeziphi iingxaki ekuhlangatyezwane nazo?

Ziziphi iingenelo ezifunyanwayo?
Ekuphenduleni le mibuzo, kusetyenziswe uyilo lophononongo lophando olusebenzisa uphando. Njengophononongo lokuhlola, iimpendulo zale mibuzo ingasentla aziphelelanga (Shanks et al. 1993, Denscombe 1998). Kule meko, unxantathu othile uyafuneka ukuphucula iimpendulo zale mibuzo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando luya kubonelela ngesiseko esiluqilima somsebenzi wexesha elizayo wokuvavanya le mibuzo. Ingxoxo enzulu yokulungiswa kwendlela yophando kunye noyilo ichazwe kwiSahluko sesi-3.

Ubume beprojekthi yophando

Le projekthi yophando yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: uphononongo lomxholo wengqikelelo yokugcina idatha kunye nophando lobungqina (jonga uMzobo 1.1), ngalinye lixutyushwa ngezantsi.

Icandelo I: Ukufunda ngokomxholo

Inxalenye yokuqala yophando ibibandakanya uphononongo loncwadi lwangoku kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokugcina idatha kubandakanya iinkqubo zenkxaso yezigqibo (DSS), iinkqubo zolwazi olulawulayo (EIS), izifundo zeemeko yokugcina idatha kunye neengqiqo ze yokugcina idatha. Kwakhona, iziphumo zeeforamu kwi yokugcina idatha kunye namaqela eentlanganiso zeengcali kunye neengcali ezikhokelwa liqela lophando le-Monash DSS, libe negalelo kwesi sigaba sophononongo esijolise ekufumaneni ukuqonda malunga nokusebenza yokugcina idatha kunye nokuchonga umngcipheko obandakanyekayo ekuthathweni kwabo. Ngeli xesha lophononongo lomxholo, ukuqondwa kommandla wengxaki kwasekwa ukuze kubonelelwe ngesiseko solwazi kuphando lobungqina obulandelayo. Nangona kunjalo, le yayiyinkqubo eqhubekayo njengoko uphando lophando lwaluqhutywa.

Icandelo II: Uphando lobugcisa

Ingqikelelo entsha ngokwentelekiso yokugcina idatha, ngakumbi e-Australia, idale imfuneko yophando ukufumana umfanekiso obanzi wamava okusetyenziswa. Eli candelo lenziwe emva kokuba isizinda sengxaki sisekiwe ngophononongo olubanzi loncwadi. Ingqikelelo yokugcina idatha eyenziwe ngexesha lesigaba sokufunda ngokomxholo yasetyenziswa njengegalelo kwikhweshine yokuqala yolu phononongo. Emva koku, iphepha lemibuzo lihlaziywe. Ngaba uyingcali kwi yokugcina idatha uthathe inxaxheba kuvavanyo. Injongo yokuvavanya ikhweshine yokuqala yayikukujonga ukuphelela nokuchaneka kwemibuzo. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zovavanyo, i-questionnaire yatshintshwa kwaye inguqulelo elungisiweyo yathunyelwa kubathathi-nxaxheba bophando. Iikhweshine ezibuyisiweyo zaye zahlalulelwa i dati kwiitheyibhile, imizobo, kunye nezinye iifomathi. THE

iziphumo zohlalutyo ze dati yenza umfanekiso okhawulezayo wedatha yokugcina idatha eOstreliya.

AMAGQABANTSHINTSHI OKUGQIBELA IDATHA

Ingqikelelo yokugcina idatha iye yavela ngokuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe bekhompyuter.
Ijolise ekoyiseni iingxaki ezijongene namaqela enkxaso yezicelo ezifana neNkqubo yeNkxaso yeSigqibo (DSS) kunye neNkqubo yoLwazi lweSigqeba (EIS).

Kwixesha elidlulileyo owona mqobo mkhulu kwezi zicelo ibe kukungakwazi kwezi zicelo ukunika a isiseko sedatha iyimfuneko kuhlalutyo.
Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu yimo yomsebenzi wabalawuli. Imidla yolawulo lwenkampani iyahluka rhoqo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo egqunyiweyo. Ngoko ke i dati ezisisiseko kwezi zicelo kufuneka ikwazi ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza ngokuxhomekeke inxalenye ukuba baphathwe.
Oku kuthetha ukuba i dati kufuneka ifumaneke kwifomu efanelekileyo kuhlalutyo olufunekayo. Enyanisweni, amaqela enkxaso yesicelo afumene kunzima kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuqokelela nokudibanisa dati kwimithombo entsonkothileyo neyahlukeneyo.

Intsalela yeli candelo inika isishwankathelo sengqikelelo yogcino lwedatha kwaye ixoxa ngendlela yokugcina idatha inokoyisa iingxaki zamaqela enkxaso yesicelo.
Igama "Indawo yokugcina idathayathandwa nguWilliam Inmon ngo-1990. Inkcazo yakhe ecatshulwa rhoqo ibona Indawo yokugcina idatha njengengqokelela ye dati ezijoliswe kwisifundo, ezihlanganisiweyo, ezingaguquguqukiyo, neziguquguqukayo ngokuhamba kwexesha, ekuxhaseni izigqibo zolawulo.

Ukusebenzisa le nkcazo u-Inmon ubonisa ukuba i dati uhlala e yokugcina idatha mababe nezi mpawu zi-4 zilandelayo:

• ▪ Isekelwe kwisifundo
• ▪ Idityanisiwe
• ▪ Ayiguquguquki
• ▪ Uguquguquko ngokuhamba kwexesha Nge-Inmon ejolise kwisifundo ithetha ukuba i dati Nel yokugcina idatha kwezona ndawo zinkulu zombutho

ichazwe kwimodeli dati. Umzekelo zonke dati malunga ne abathengi ziqulethwe kwindawo yomxholo NGABAXUMI. Ngokufanayo bonke dati ngokunxulumene neemveliso ziqulethwe kwindawo yomxholo PRODUCTS.

Nge-Integrated Inmon ithetha ukuba i dati ukusuka kumaqonga ahlukeneyo, iinkqubo kunye neendawo zidibaniswe kwaye zigcinwe kwindawo enye. Ngokulandelayo dati ezifanayo kufuneka ziguqulwe zibe ziifomathi ezihambelanayo ukuze zongezwe kwaye zithelekiswe ngokulula.
Ngokomzekelo, isini sobudoda kunye nesetyhini zimelelwe ngoonobumba uM kunye no-F kwinkqubo enye, kunye no-1 kunye no-0 kwenye. Ukuzidibanisa ngokufanelekileyo, enye okanye zombini iifomathi kufuneka zitshintshwe ukuze ezi zimbini zilingane. Kule meko sinokutshintsha uM ukuya ku-1 kunye no-F ukuya ku-0 okanye ngokuphambene. Okujoliswe kwisifundo kunye nokuDityanisiweyo kubonisa ukuba yokugcina idatha yenzelwe ukubonelela ngombono osebenzayo nonqamlezileyo we dati yinkampani.

Ngokungaguquguqukiyo uthetha ukuba i dati Nel yokugcina idatha uhlale ungaguquguquki kwaye uhlaziywe dati akuyomfuneko. Kunoko, naluphi na utshintsho kwi dati yoqobo yongezwa kuyo sedata del yokugcina idatha. Oku kuthetha ukuba umbhali wembali ye dati iqulethwe kwi yokugcina idatha.

Kwiiguquguquko kunye nexesha Inmon ibonisa ukuba i dati Nel yokugcina idatha soloko ziqulathe izikhombisi zetempo ei dati ngokuqhelekileyo bawela umda wexesha elithile. Umzekelo a
yokugcina idatha inokuqulatha iminyaka emi-5 yamaxabiso embali ye abathengi ukusuka ku-1993 ukuya ku-1997. Ubukho bembali kunye nothotho lwexesha le dati ikuvumela ukuba uhlalutye iintsingiselo.

Un yokugcina idatha uyakwazi ukuqokelela okwakhe dati ukusuka kwiinkqubo zeOLTP; ukusuka kwimvelaphi dati ngaphandle kumbutho kunye/okanye ngezinye iiprojekthi zenkqubo eyodwa yokubambisa dati.
I dati izicatshulwa zinokuhamba ngenkqubo yokucoca, kule meko i dati zisetyenzwa kwaye zidityaniswe phambi kokuba zigcinwe kwi sedata del yokugcina idatha. Mna nda dati

abahlala ngaphakathi sedata del yokugcina idatha zenziwe zifumaneke kubasebenzisi bokuphela kokungena kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisela. Ukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo umsebenzisi wokugqibela unokufikelela kwimbono edibeneyo yombutho we dati.

I dati abahlala ngaphakathi sedata del yokugcina idatha zigcinwe kuzo zombini iifomathi ezineenkcukacha kunye nesishwankathelo.
Umgangatho wesishwankathelo unokuxhomekeka kubume be dati. Mna dati iinkcukacha zinokuquka dati yangoku kunye dati ibali
I dati real azifakwanga kwi yokugcina idatha de i dati Nel yokugcina idatha zihlaziywa kwakhona.
Ukongeza ekugcineni i dati ngokwabo, a yokugcina idatha inokugcina uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwe dato ebizwa ngokuba yi-METADATA echaza i dati ukuhlala kwakhe sedata.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zemethadatha: i-metadata yophuhliso kunye nemetadata yohlalutyo.
Imethadatha yophuhliso isetyenziselwa ukulawula kunye nokwenza ngokuzenzekelayo iinkqubo zokukhupha, ukucoca, ukwenza imephu kunye nokulayisha dati Nel yokugcina idatha.
Ulwazi oluqulethwe kwimethadatha yophuhliso lunokuqulatha iinkcukacha zeenkqubo zokusebenza, iinkcukacha zezinto eziza kukhutshwa, imodeli. dati del yokugcina idatha kunye nemithetho yeshishini yokuguqula idatha dati.

Uhlobo lwesibini lwemethadatha, olubizwa ngokuba yi-analytics metadata yenza ukuba umsebenzisi wokugqibela ahlolisise umxholo we yokugcina idatha ukufumana i dati ezifumanekayo kunye nentsingiselo yazo ngamagama acacileyo, angezizo ezobuchwephesha.

Ngaloo ndlela i-metadata yohlalutyo isebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwe yokugcina idatha kunye nezicelo zomsebenzisi wokugqibela. Le metadata inokuqulatha imodeli yeshishini, iinkcazo ze dati ehambelana nemodeli yeshishini, imibuzo echazwe kwangaphambili kunye neengxelo, ulwazi lokufikelela komsebenzisi kunye nesalathisi.

Uhlalutyo kunye nophuhliso lwemetadata kufuneka zidityaniswe kwimetadata enye edibeneyo yokuqulatha ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo.

Ngelishwa uninzi lwezixhobo ezikhoyo zinemetadata yazo kwaye okwangoku akukho migangatho ikhoyo

vumela izixhobo zokugcina idatha zidibanise le metadata. Ukulungisa le meko abathengisi abaninzi bezixhobo zokugcina idatha ezikhokelayo baseka iBhunga leDatha yeMeta eyathi kamva yaba yiMeta Data Coalition.

Injongo yolu manyano kukwakha iseti yedatha eqhelekileyo evumela izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina idatha ukuguqula imethadatha.
Iinzame zabo zibangele ukuzalwa kweNkcazo yeMeta Data Interchange (MDIS) eya kuvumela ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi phakathi kweMicrosoft kunye neefayile ze-MDIS ezinxulumeneyo.

Ubukho be dati zombini zishwankathelwe/zifakwe kwisalathiso kwaye zineenkcukacha, zinika umsebenzisi ithuba lokwenza i-DRILL DROWN (ukomba) ukusuka dati zifakwe kwizalathiso kwiinkcukacha kwaye ngokuphambanayo. Ubukho be dati imbali eneenkcukacha ivumela ukudalwa uhlalutyo trend ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukongeza i-metadata yohlalutyo ingasetyenziswa njengoluhlu lwe-del sedata del yokugcina idatha ukunceda abasebenzisi bokuphela bafumane i dati kuyimfuneko.

Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ze-OLTP, kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuxhasa uhlalutyo lwe dati kunye nokunika ingxelo, i yokugcina idatha ibonwa njengenkqubo efanelekileyo ngakumbi yeenkqubo zolwazi ezifana nokwenza kunye nokuphendula imibuzo kunye nokuvelisa iingxelo. Icandelo elilandelayo liza kuqaqambisa iiyantlukwano zezi nkqubo zimbini ngokweenkcukacha.

IDATHA WAREHOUSE NGOKUCHASANA NE-OLTP SYSTEMS

Uninzi lweenkqubo zolwazi ngaphakathi kwimibutho yenzelwe ukuxhasa imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Ezi nkqubo zaziwa ngokuba zii-OLTP SYSTEMS, zithatha iitransekshini zemihla ngemihla ezihlaziywa ngokuqhubekayo.

I dati ngaphakathi kwezi nkqubo zihlala zilungiswa, zongezwa okanye zicinyiwe. Ngokomzekelo, idilesi yomthengi iyatshintsha njengoko esuka kwenye indawo esiya kwenye. Kule meko idilesi entsha iya kubhaliswa ngokuguqula indawo yedilesi ye sedata. Injongo ephambili yezi nkqubo kukunciphisa iindleko zentengiselwano kwaye kwangaxeshanye kuncitshiswe amaxesha okusebenza. Imizekelo ye-OLTP Systems iquka izenzo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokubhalwa kwee-odolo, ukuhlawula, ii-invoyisi, ukuvelisa, inkonzo yabathengi. abathengi.

Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo ze-OLTP, ezidalelwe ukuthengiselana kunye neenkqubo ezisekelwe kwisiganeko, i yokugcina idatha zidalwe ukubonelela ngenkxaso yenkqubo esekelwe kuhlalutyo dati kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo.

Oku kudla ngokuphunyezwa ngokudibanisa i dati ukusuka kwii-OLTP ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zangaphandle "kwisikhongozelo" esinye dati, njengoko kuxutyushwe kwicandelo elingaphambili.

Imodeli yeNkqubo yokuGcinwa kweeNkcukacha zeMonash

Imodeli yenkqubo ye yokugcina idatha I-Monash yaphuhliswa ngabaphandi kwi-Monash DSS Research Group kwaye isekelwe kuncwadi lwe yokugcina idatha, amava kwiinkalo zenkxaso yophuhliso kwiinkalo, iingxoxo kunye nabathengisi bezicelo zokusetyenziswa yokugcina idatha, kwiqela leengcali ekusebenziseni yokugcina idatha.

Izigaba zezi: Ulwaluko, uCwangciso, uPhuhliso, iMisebenzi kunye neNkcazo. Umzobo uchaza ukuphindaphinda okanye ukuvela kwemvelo yokuphuhlisa a yokugcina idatha inkqubo usebenzisa iintolo ezimbini ezibekwe phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mxholo "ukuphindaphinda" kunye "ne-evolutionary" kuthetha ukuba, kwinqanaba ngalinye lenkqubo, imisebenzi yokuphunyezwa ingahlala isasaza ngasemva kwinqanaba langaphambili. Oku kungenxa yobume beprojekthi yokugcina idatha apho izicelo ezongezelelweyo ngumsebenzisi wokugqibela zenzeka nangaliphi na ixesha. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesigaba sophuhliso lwenkqubo yokugcina idathaUkuba isayizi yesifundo esitsha okanye indawo iceliwe ngumsebenzisi wokugqibela, ebingeyonxalenye yesicwangciso sokuqala, mayifakwe kwisistim. Oku kubangela utshintsho kwiprojekthi. Isiphumo kukuba iqela loyilo kufuneka litshintshe iimfuno zamaxwebhu adalwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngexesha lesigaba soyilo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, imeko yangoku yeprojekthi kufuneka ibuyele kwisigaba soyilo apho imfuno entsha kufuneka yongezwe kwaye ibhalwe. Umsebenzisi wokugqibela kufuneka akwazi ukubona amaxwebhu athile ahlaziywayo kunye notshintsho olwenziwayo kwisigaba sophuhliso. Ekupheleni kwalo mjikelo wophuhliso, iprojekthi kufuneka ifumane ingxelo entle kubo bobabini uphuhliso kunye namaqela abasebenzisi. Ingxelo iphinda isetyenziswe ukuphucula iprojekthi yexesha elizayo.

Ukucwangcisa amandla
I-dw ithande ukuba nkulu kakhulu ngobukhulu kwaye ikhule ngokukhawuleza kakhulu (Eyona nto ingcono kakhulu ye-1995, i-Rudin 1997a) ngenxa yesixa se dati imbali abayigcinayo ukususela kwixesha labo. Ukukhula nako kunokubangelwa dati izongezo ezicelwe ngabasebenzisi ukuba banyuse ixabiso le dati ukuba sele benayo. Ngenxa yoko, iimfuno zokugcina ze dati inokuphuculwa kakhulu (Eckerson 1997). Ngaloo ndlela, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa, ngokuqhuba ukucwangciswa kwamandla, ukuba inkqubo eya kwakhiwa inokukhula njengoko iimfuno zikhula (Best 1995, LaPlante 1996, Lang 1997, Eckerson 1997, Rudin 1997a, Foley 1997a).
Ekucwangciseni i-scalability ye-dw, umntu kufuneka azi ukukhula okulindelekileyo kubukhulu bendawo yokugcina impahla, iintlobo zemibuzo enokuthi yenziwe, kunye nenani labasebenzisi bokugqibela abaxhaswayo (Eyona nto ibhetele 1995, Rudin 1997b, Foley 1997a). Ukwakha usetyenziso olunokukhawuleza lufuna indibaniselwano yetekhnoloji yeseva eyoyikisayo kunye neendlela zoyilo lwesicelo esinokwehla (Eyona nto ingcono kwi-1995, iRudin 1997b. Zombini ziyimfuneko ekwakheni isicelo esinokwehla kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe beseva obunokwehla bunokwenza kube lula kwaye kubize iindleko zokongeza ugcino, inkumbulo kunye ne-CPU ngaphandle umsebenzi othoba isidima (uLang 1997, uMnxeba ka-1997).

Kukho iitekhnoloji ezimbini eziphambili ze-server ezinobungozi: i-symmetric multiple processing (SMP) kunye ne-processively parallel processing (MPP) ) (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Umncedisi we-SMP ngokuqhelekileyo uneeprosesa ezininzi ezabelana ngememori, iibhasi zenkqubo, kunye nezinye izixhobo (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Iiprosesa ezongezelelweyo zingongezwa ukunyusa amandla ngokubala. Enye indlela yokwandisa imveliso amandla ukubalwa kweseva ye-SMP, kukudibanisa oomatshini abaninzi be-SMP. Obu buchule bubizwa ngokuba yi-clustering (Humphries et al. 1999). Umncedisi we-MPP, kwelinye icala, uneprosesa ezininzi nganye enememori yayo, inkqubo yebhasi, kunye nezinye izixhobo (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Iprosesa nganye ibizwa ngokuba yi-node. Ukwanda kwe amandla i-computational inokufumaneka

Ukongeza ii-nodes ezongezelelweyo kwiiseva ze-MPP (Humphries et al. 1999).

Ubuthathaka beeseva ze-SMP kukuba imisebenzi emininzi ye-input-output (I/O) inokuxinanisa inkqubo yebhasi (IDC 1997). Le ngxaki ayenzeki phakathi kweeseva zeMPP njengoko iprosesa nganye inenkqubo yayo yebhasi. Nangona kunjalo, uqhagamshelo phakathi kwendawo nganye lucotha kakhulu kunenkqubo yebhasi ye-SMP. Ngaphezu koko, abancedisi be-MPP banokongeza umaleko owongezelelweyo wobunzima kubaphuhlisi bezicelo (IDC 1997). Ke ngoko, ukhetho phakathi kweeseva ze-SMP kunye ne-MPP lunokuphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa ukuntsonkotha kwezicelo, umlinganiselo wexabiso/ukusebenza, ubungakanani obufunekayo, usetyenziso lwe-dw oluthintelweyo kunye nokwanda kobukhulu besixhobo. sedata ye-dw kunye nenani labasebenzisi bokugqibela.

Inani lobuchule boyilo lwesicelo olunokwehla lunokuqeshwa kucwangciso lwamandla. Umntu usebenzisa amaxesha ahlukeneyo okunika ingxelo njengeentsuku, iiveki, iinyanga kunye neminyaka. Ukuba namaxesha ahlukeneyo okwazisa, i sedata inokohlulwa ibe ziziqwenga ezilawulwayo (Inmon et al. 1997). Obunye ubuchule kukusebenzisa iitheyibhile ezishwankathelayo ezakhiwe ngokushwankathela dati da dati eneenkcukacha. Ngoko ke, i dati i-abstracts i-compact ngaphezulu kunenkcukacha, efuna indawo encinci yememori. Ngoko ke dati iinkcukacha zingagcinwa kwiyunithi yokugcina engabizi kakhulu, egcina indawo yokugcina ngakumbi. Ngelixa ukusebenzisa iitafile zesishwankathelo kunokugcina indawo yokugcina, zifuna umgudu omkhulu wokuzigcina zikhoyo kwaye zihambelana neemfuno zoshishino. Nangona kunjalo, obu buchule busetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye buhlala busetyenziswa ngokubambisana nenkqubo yangaphambili (Okugqwesileyo ngo-1995, Inmon 1996a, Chauduri kunye noDayal.
1997).

Ukuchaza Indawo yokugcina idatha UbuGcisa beZakhiwo Inkcazo yobuchule bokwakha i-dw

Abamkeli kwangethuba ukugcinwa kwedatha babona umbono wokuphunyezwa kwendawo yokugcina idatha apho bonke dati, kuquka i dati zangaphandle, zadityaniswa zaba yinto enye,
indawo yokugcina umzimba (Inmon 1996a, Bresnahan 1996, Peacock 1998).

Inzuzo ephambili yale ndlela kukuba abasebenzisi bokugqibela bayakwazi ukufikelela kwimbono yeshishini ngokubanzi dati umbutho (Ovum 1998). Enye into edibanisayo kukuba ibonelela ngomgangatho we dati kuwo wonke umbutho, okuthetha ukuba kukho inguqulelo enye kuphela okanye inkcazo yesigama ngasinye esisetyenziswa kwimetadata yogcino (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998). Ukungalungi kwale ndlela, kwelinye icala, kukuba kuyabiza kwaye kunzima ukuyakha (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998, Inmon et al. 1998). Kungekudala emva koyilo lokugcina dati i-centralized yaduma, ingqikelelo yokwembiwa kweyona nxalenye incinci yoothixo yavela dati ukuxhasa iimfuno zezicelo ezithile (Varney 1996, IDC 1997, Berson and Smith 1997, peacock 1998). Ezi nkqubo zincinci zithathwe kweyona inkulu yokugcina idatha ebekwe embindini. Zithiywe ngamagama yokugcina idatha Iimati zedatha zesebe okanye zabasebenzi. Ulwakhiwo oluxhomekeke kwimart data lwaziwa njengolwakhiwo olunemigangatho emithathu apho inqanaba lokuqala libandakanya yokugcina idatha ephakathi, eyesibini iqulathe iidipozithi ze dati yesebe kwaye eyesithathu ibandakanya ukufikelela dati nangezixhobo zokuhlalutya (Demarest 1994, Inmon et al. 1997).

Iimati zedatha ziqhele ukwakhiwa emva kwe yokugcina idatha indawo esembindini yakhiwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeeyunithi ezithile (White 1995, Varney 1996).
Ivenkile yeemart zedatha i dati echaphazelekayo kwiiyunithi ezithile (Inmon et al. 1997, Inmon et al. 1998, IA 1998).

Inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba akuyi kubakho dato ayidityaniswanga kwaye i dati iya kuba ngaphantsi kokungafunekiyo ngaphakathi kweemathesi zedatha ukusukela yonke i dati zivela kwidiphozithi ye dati idityanisiwe. Enye inzuzo kukuba kuya kubakho amakhonkco ambalwa phakathi kwedatha nganye kunye nemithombo yayo dati kuba idatha nganye mart inomthombo omnye kuphela dati. Ukongeza kolu lwakhiwo endaweni, abasebenzisi bokugqibela basenokufikelela kwi dati

imibutho emanyeneyo. Le ndlela yaziwa ngokuba indlela phezulu-phantsi, apho imart data zakhiwe emva yokugcina idatha (ipikoko 1998, Goff 1998).
Ukwandisa imfuno yokubonisa iziphumo kwangethuba, eminye imibutho iye yaqalisa ukwakha iimart zedatha ezizimeleyo (Flanagan and Safdie 1997, White 2000). Kule meko, iimart data zifumana ezabo dati ngqo ukusuka kwiziseko ze dati I-OLTP kunye ne-non-OLTP ukusuka kwindawo yogcino oluphakathi kunye nehlanganisiweyo, ngaloo ndlela isusa isidingo sovimba ophakathi endaweni.

I-mart nganye yedatha ifuna ubuncinci ikhonkco enye kwimithombo yayo dati. Enye into engalunganga yokuba namakhonkco amaninzi kwimart yedatha nganye kukuba, xa kuthelekiswa nolwakhiwo lwezakhiwo ezimbini ezidlulileyo, ubuninzi obugqithisileyo dati ukwanda kakhulu.

Yonke imat data kufuneka igcine zonke dati efunekayo ekuhlaleni ingabinampembelelo kwiinkqubo ze-OLTP. Oku kubangela ukuba i dati zigcinwa kwiimathesi data ezahlukeneyo (Inmon et al. 1997). Enye into engalunganga yolu lwakhiwo kukuba ikhokelela ekudalweni koqhagamshelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kweemathesi zedatha kunye nemithombo yazo yedatha. dati ekunzima ukuyiphumeza nokulawula (Inmon et al. 1997).

Enye into engalunganga kukuba abasebenzisi bokuphela basenokungakwazi ukufikelela kushwankathelo lwenkcazelo yenkampani kuba i dati yeemathesi zedatha ezahlukeneyo azidityaniswanga (Ovum 1998).
Kanti enye into engalunganga kukuba kunokubakho inkcazo engaphezulu kwesinye kwisigama ngasinye esisetyenziswa kwiimathesi zedatha ezivelisa ukungangqinelani kwedatha. dati kwintlangano (Ovum 1998).
Ngaphandle kokungalungi okuxoxwe ngasentla, i-standalone data marts isatsala umdla wemibutho emininzi (IDC 1997). Enye into ebenza bathandeke kukuba bakhawuleza ukuphuhlisa kwaye bafuna ixesha elincinane kunye nezibonelelo (Bresnahan 1996, Berson and Smith 1997, Ovum 1998). Ngenxa yoko, bakhonza ngokuyinhloko njengoyilo lovavanyo olungasetyenziselwa ukuchonga ngokukhawuleza izibonelelo kunye / okanye iintsilelo kuyilo (Parsaye 1995, Braly 1995, Newing 1996). Kule meko, inxalenye eza kuphunyezwa kwiprojekthi yokulinga kufuneka ibencinci kodwa ibalulekile kumbutho (Newing 1996, Mansell-Lewis 1996).

Ngokuphonononga iprototype, abasebenzisi bokugqibela kunye nolawulo banokugqiba ukuba baqhubeke okanye bayeke iprojekthi (Flanagan kunye noSafdie 1997).
Ukuba isigqibo siza kuqhubeka, iimart zedatha zamanye amashishini kufuneka zakhiwe enye ngexesha. Kukho iinketho ezimbini zabasebenzisi bokugqibela ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zabo ekwakhiweni kweedatha ezizimeleyo zedatha: ezidibeneyo / ezidibeneyo kunye nezingadibaniyo (Ovum 1998)

Kwindlela yokuqala, i-mart nganye entsha yedatha kufuneka yakhiwe ngokusekelwe kwiidatha zangoku kunye nemodeli dati isetyenziswe yinkampani (Varney 1996, Berson and Smith 1997, Peacock 1998). Imfuneko yokusebenzisa imodeli dati yeshishini kuthetha ukuba umntu kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba kukho inkcazo enye kuphela kwisigama ngasinye esisetyenziswa kuzo zonke iimart zedatha, kwakhona ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimathesi zedatha ezahlukeneyo zinokudityaniswa ukunika isishwankathelo solwazi lweshishini (Bresnahan 1996). Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yindlela ephantsi-phezulu kwaye isetyenziswe kakuhle xa kukho umqobo kwiindlela zemali kunye nexesha (Flanagan noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998, ipikoko 1998, Goff 1998). Kwindlela yesibini, i-mart data eyakhelweyo inokwanelisa kuphela iimfuno zeyunithi ethile. Umahluko we data mart edibeneyo yi yokugcina idatha zisasazwe apho i sedata i-hub server middleware isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iimathesi ezininzi zedatha kwindawo yokugcina enye dati isasazwe (White 1995). Kule meko, i dati amashishini asasazwa kwiindawo ezininzi zedatha. Izicelo zomsebenzisi wokugqibela zithunyelwa sedata hub server middleware, ekhupha zonke dati ecelwe ziimart zedatha kwaye wondle iziphumo emva kosetyenziso lwabasebenzisi bokugqibela. Le ndlela ibonelela ngolwazi lweshishini kubasebenzisi bokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, iingxaki zeemathi zedatha ezizimeleyo azikapheli. Kukho enye iarchitecture enokusetyenziswa ebizwa ngokuba yi yokugcina idatha virtual (White 1995). Nangona kunjalo, olu lwakhiwo, oluboniswe kuMzobo 2.9, ayisiyonto yokugcina idatha. dati eyinyani kuba ayisusi umthwalo kwiindlela ze OLTP ukuya yokugcina idatha (Demarest 1994).

Enyanisweni, izicelo dati ngabasebenzisi bokugqibela bagqithiselwa kwiinkqubo ze-OLTP ezibuyisela iziphumo emva kokucubungula izicelo zabasebenzisi. Nangona olu lwakhiwo luvumela abasebenzisi bokugqibela ukuba bavelise iingxelo kwaye benze izicelo, abanako ukubonelela i

dati imbali kunye nesishwankathelo solwazi lwenkampani ukusukela i dati kuba iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zeOLTP zingadityaniswanga. Ngoko ke, olu yilo lwezakhiwo alukwazi ukwanelisa uhlalutyo lwe dati ezifana noqikelelo.

Ukukhetha ukufikelela kunye nezicelo zokubuyisela idatha dati

Injongo yokwakha a yokugcina idatha kukudlulisa ulwazi kubasebenzisi bokugqibela (Inmon et al. 1997, Poe 1996, McFadden 1996, Shanks et al. 1997, Hammergren 1998); Ufikelelo olunye okanye ngaphezulu kunye nokubuyisela izicelo dati kufuneka ibonelelwe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo ezinjalo kumsebenzisi ukukhetha kuzo (Hammergren 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). Izicelo ezikhethiweyo zigqiba impumelelo yomzamo wogcino dati kwintlangano kuba izicelo zezona ndawo zibonakalayo ze yokugcina idatha kumsebenzisi wokugqibela (Inmon et al. 1997, Poe 1996). Ukuphumelela a yokugcina idatha, kufuneka ikwazi ukuxhasa imisebenzi yokuhlalutya idatha dati yomsebenzisi wokugqibela (Poe 1996, Seddon and Benjamin 1998, Eckerson 1999). Ngaloo ndlela "inqanaba" lezinto ezifunwa ngumsebenzisi wokugqibela kufuneka zichongwe (Poe 1996, Mattison 1996, Inmon et al. 1997, Humphries et al. 1999).

Ngokubanzi, abasebenzisi bokugqibela banokufakwa kwiindidi ezintathu: abasebenzisi abalawulayo, abahlalutyi bezoshishino kunye nabasebenzisi bamandla (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Abasebenzisi abaLawulayo bafuna ukufikelela lula kwiiseti ezichazwe kwangaphambili zeengxelo (Humphries et al. 1999). Ezi ngxelo zinokufikelelwa ngokulula ngemenyu navigation (Poe 1996). Ukongeza, iingxelo kufuneka zinike ulwazi kusetyenziswa umboniso wegraphical onjengetheyibhile kunye neetemplates ukuhambisa ulwazi ngokukhawuleza (Humphries et al. 1999). Abahlalutyi bezoshishino, abanokuthi bangabi namandla obugcisa bokuphuhlisa iingxelo ukusuka ekuqaleni ngokwabo, kufuneka bakwazi ukuguqula iingxelo zangoku ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo ezithile (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Abasebenzisi bamandla, ngakolunye uhlangothi, luhlobo lomsebenzisi wokugqibela onekhono lokuvelisa nokubhala izicelo kunye neengxelo ukusuka ekuqaleni (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Ngabo aba

bakha ubudlelwane kwezinye iindidi zabasebenzisi (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999).

Nje ukuba iimfuno zabasebenzisi bokugqibela zimiselwe, ukhetho lofikelelo kunye nezicelo zokubuyisela kwakhona kufuneka zenziwe dati phakathi kwazo zonke ezifumanekayo (Poe 1996, Inmon et al. 1997).
Ukufikelela kwi dati kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisela zingahlelwa kwiintlobo ze-4: isixhobo se-OLAP, isixhobo se-EIS/DSS, isixhobo sokubuza kunye nengxelo, kunye nesixhobo sokumbiwa kwedatha.

Izixhobo ze-OLAP zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze imibuzo ye-ad hoc kunye naleyo yenziwe kwi- sedata del yokugcina idatha. Ukongeza, ezi mveliso zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baqhube phantsi dati ngokubanzi ukuya eneenkcukacha.

Izixhobo ze-EIS/DSS zibonelela ngengxelo yesigqeba esinje ngokuba “kuthekani ukuba” uhlalutyo kunye nokufikelela kwiingxelo eziqhutywa yimenyu. Iingxelo kufuneka zichazwe kwangaphambili kwaye zidityaniswe nemenyu ukwenzela ukukhangela lula.
Imibuzo kunye nezixhobo zokunika ingxelo zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bavelise iingxelo ezichazwe kwangaphambili kunye neengxelo ezithile.

Izixhobo zokumbiwa kwedatha zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga ubudlelwane obunokukhanyisa ukukhanya okutsha kwimisebenzi elityelweyo dati yogcino lwedatha.

Ecaleni kokuphucula iimfuno zohlobo ngalunye lomsebenzisi, izixhobo ezikhethiweyo kufuneka zibe nengqiqo, zisebenze kakuhle kwaye kube lula ukuzisebenzisa. Kwakhona kufuneka zihambelane nezinye iindawo zezakhiwo kwaye zikwazi ukusebenza kunye neenkqubo ezikhoyo. Kwakhona kucetyiswa ukuba ukhethe ukufikelela kwedatha kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisela ngexabiso elifanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza. Ezinye iikhrayitheriya ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ziquka ukuzibophelela komthengisi ekuxhaseni imveliso yabo kunye nophuhliso oluya kuba nalo kukhupho oluzayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukubandakanyeka komsebenzisi ekusebenziseni indawo yokugcina idatha, iqela lophuhliso libandakanya abasebenzisi kwinkqubo yokukhethwa kwesixhobo. Kule meko, uvavanyo olusebenzayo lomsebenzisi kufuneka lwenziwe.

Ukwandisa ixabiso lendawo yokugcina iinkcukacha, iqela lophuhliso lingabonelela ngofikelelo lwewebhu kwiindawo zabo zokugcina idatha. I-web-enabled data warehouse ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafikelele dati kwiindawo ezikude okanye xa uhamba. Kananjalo ulwazi lunako

kubonelelwa ngexabiso eliphantsi ngokuncipha kweendleko zoqeqesho.

2.4.3 Indawo yokugcina idatha Isigaba sokuSebenza

Esi sigaba sinemisebenzi emithathu: inkcazo yezicwangciso zokuhlaziya idatha, ulawulo lwemisebenzi yokugcina idatha kunye nokulawulwa kokhuseleko lwedatha yokugcina idatha.

Inkcazo yezicwangciso zokuhlaziya idatha

Emva kokulayisha kokuqala, i dati Nel sedata kwindawo yokugcina idatha kufuneka ihlaziywe ngamaxesha athile ukuze iphinde ivelise utshintsho olwenziwe kwi dati imvelaphi. Ke kufuneka wenze isigqibo sokuba uza kuyihlaziya nini na, uhlaziyo kufuneka lucwangciswe kangaphi kunye nendlela yokuhlaziya dati. Kucetyiswa ukuba uhlaziye ifayile dati xa inkqubo inokuthatyathwa ngaphandle kweintanethi. Izinga lokuhlaziya limiselwa liqela lophuhliso ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zabasebenzisi. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokuhlaziya indawo yokugcina idatha: ukuhlaziya ngokupheleleyo kunye nokulayisha okuqhubekayo kotshintsho.

Indlela yokuqala, ukuhlaziya ngokupheleleyo, kufuna ukulayishwa kwakhona konke dati ukususela ekuqalei. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke into dati efunekayo kufuneka itsalwe, icocwe, iguqulwe kwaye idityaniswe kuhlaziyo ngalunye. Le ndlela kufuneka iphetshwe nanini na xa kunokwenzeka njengoko kudla ixesha kwaye kudla ubutyebi.

Enye indlela kukugcina utshintsho ngokuqhubekayo. Oku kongeza i dati ezitshintshileyo ukusuka kumjikelo wokugqibela wokuhlaziya indawo yokugcina idatha. Ukuchonga iirekhodi ezintsha okanye ezitshintshileyo kunciphisa kakhulu inani dati ekufuneka isasazwe kwindawo yokugcina idatha kuhlaziyo ngalunye njengazo kuphela dati ziya kongezwa kwi sedata yogcino lwedatha.

Kukho ubuncinane iindlela ezi-5 ezinokusetyenziswa ukurhoxisa i dati entsha okanye ilungisiwe. Ukufezekisa isicwangciso esisebenzayo sokuhlaziya ividiyo dati Umxube wezi ndlela ezithatha zonke iinguqu kwinkqubo inokuba luncedo.

Indlela yokuqala, esebenzisa izitampu zexesha, ithatha ukuba wonke umntu wabelwe dati ihlelwe kwaye yahlaziywa isitampu sexesha ukuze ukwazi ukuchonga zonke ngokulula dati ilungisiwe kwaye intsha. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokusebenza namhlanje.
Indlela yesibini kukusebenzisa ifayile ye-delta eyenziwe ngesicelo equlethe kuphela utshintsho olwenziwe kwi dati. Ukusebenzisa le fayile kukwakhulisa umjikelo wohlaziyo. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange isetyenziswe kwizicelo ezininzi.
Indlela yesithathu kukukhangela ifayile yelog, equlethe ulwazi olufana nefayile ye-delta. Umahluko kuphela kukuba ifayile yelog yenzelwe inkqubo yokubuyisela kwaye kunokuba nzima ukuyiqonda.
Indlela yesine kukuguqula ikhowudi yesicelo. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwekhowudi yesicelo indala kwaye i-brittle; ke ngoko obu buchule bufanele buphetshwe.
Indlela yokugqibela kukuthelekisa i dati imithombo enefayile engundoqo dei dati.

Ukubekwa esweni kwemisebenzi yokugcina idatha

Nje ukuba indawo yokugcina idatha ikhutshelwe abasebenzisi, kufuneka ibekwe iliso ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kule meko, umlawuli wedatha yokugcina idatha unokusebenzisa enye okanye ngaphezulu izixhobo zokulawula kunye nokulawula ukujonga ukusetyenziswa kwendawo yokugcina idatha. Ngokukodwa, ulwazi lunokuqokelelwa ebantwini nangexesha abafikelela ngalo kwindawo yokugcina idatha. Ima kancinci dati iqokelelwe, iprofayile yomsebenzi owenziweyo inokudalwa enokusetyenziswa njengegalelo ekuphunyezweni kokubuyisela umva komsebenzisi. I-Chargeback ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baziswe ngeendleko zokusetyenzwa kwendawo yokugcina idatha.

Ukongeza, uphononongo lwedatha yokugcina idatha inokusetyenziselwa ukuchonga iintlobo zemibuzo, ubungakanani bayo, inani lemibuzo ngosuku, amaxesha okuphendulwa kwemibuzo, amacandelo ekufikelelwe kuwo, kunye nesixa semibuzo. dati kusetyenzwe. Enye injongo yokwenza uphicotho lwe-data warehouse kukuchonga dati ezingasetyenziswayo. Ezi dati zinokususwa kwindawo yokugcina idatha ukuphucula ixesha

yempendulo yokwenziwa kombuzo kunye nokulawula ukukhula kwe dati abahlala ngaphakathi isiseko sedatha yogcino lwedatha.

Ulawulo lokhuseleko lwedatha

Indawo yokugcina idatha iqulethe dati edibeneyo, ebaluleke kakhulu, enovakalelo ekunokufikelelwa kuyo ngokulula. Ngesi sizathu kufuneka ikhuselwe kubasebenzisi abangagunyaziswanga. Enye indlela yokuphumeza ukhuseleko kukusebenzisa i-del function I-DBMS ukunika amalungelo awohlukeneyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zabasebenzisi. Ngale ndlela, iprofayili yokufikelela kufuneka igcinwe kuhlobo ngalunye lomsebenzisi. Enye indlela yokukhusela indawo yokugcina idatha kukuyifihla njengoko kubhaliwe kwifayile isiseko sedatha yogcino lwedatha. Ukufikelela kwi dati kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisa kufuneka zikhuphe ukuntsonkotha kwe dati phambi kokubonisa iziphumo kubasebenzisi.

2.4.4 Indawo yokugcina idatha Isigaba sokusasaza

Linqanaba lokugqibela kumjikelo wokuphunyezwa kwendawo yokugcina idatha. Imisebenzi eza kwenziwa kwesi sigaba ibandakanya ukuqeqesha abasebenzisi ukuba basebenzise uvimba wedatha kunye nokwenza uphononongo lwendawo yokugcina idatha.

Uqeqesho lwabasebenzisi

Uqeqesho lomsebenzisi kufuneka lwenziwe phambi kokufikelela dati yendawo yokugcina idatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokubuyisela. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iiseshini kufuneka ziqale ngentshayelelo yengcamango yokugcina dati, umxholo wendawo yokugcina idatha, i-meta dati kunye neempawu ezisisiseko zezixhobo. Emva koko, abasebenzisi abaphambili ngakumbi banokufunda iitafile ezibonakalayo kunye neempawu zabasebenzisi bofikelelo lwedatha kunye nezixhobo zokufumana kwakhona.

Zininzi iindlela zokwenza uqeqesho lwabasebenzisi. Enye yezi ibandakanya ukukhethwa kwabasebenzisi abaninzi okanye abahlalutyi abakhethiweyo kwiqela labasebenzisi, ngokusekelwe kubunkokeli babo kunye nezakhono zokunxibelelana. Aba baqeqeshwa ngokobuqu kuyo yonke into ekufuneka beyazi ukuze baqhelane nenkqubo. Emva koqeqesho, babuyela kwimisebenzi yabo kwaye baqalise ukufundisa abanye abasebenzisi indlela yokusebenzisa inkqubo. Kwi

Ngokusekwe kwinto abayifundileyo, abanye abasebenzisi banokuqala ukuhlola indawo yokugcina idatha.
Enye indlela kukuqeqesha abasebenzisi abaninzi ngaxeshanye, ngokungathi ubuqeqeshelwa kwigumbi lokufundela. Le ndlela ifanelekile xa kukho abasebenzisi abaninzi abafuna ukuqeqeshwa ngexesha elinye. Ukanti enye indlela kukuqeqesha umsebenzisi ngamnye, umntu ngamnye. Le ndlela ifanelekile xa kukho abasebenzisi abambalwa.

Injongo yoqeqesho lwabasebenzisi kukuziqhelanisa nokufikelela dati kunye nezixhobo zokubuyiswa kwakhona kunye nemixholo yedatha yokugcina. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abasebenzisi banokonganyelwa sisixa solwazi olunikezelweyo ngexesha leseshoni yoqeqesho. Emva koko iqela leeseshoni zokuhlaziya kufuneka zenziwe ngenkxaso eqhubekayo kunye nokuphendula imibuzo ethile. Kwezinye iimeko, iqela labasebenzisi lisekwa ukunika olu hlobo lwenkxaso.

Ukuqokelela ingxelo

Emva kokuba indawo yokugcina idatha ikhutshwe, abasebenzisi banokusebenzisa i dati ukuhlala kwindawo yokugcina idatha ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ubukhulu becala, abahlalutyi okanye abasebenzisi basebenzisa i dati kwindawo yokugcina idatha ye:

1. 1 Chonga iintsingiselo zenkampani
2. 2 Hlalutya iiprofayili zokuthenga ze abathengi
3. 3 Yahlula i abathengi kwaye
4. 4 Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezingcono abathengi – lungiselela iinkonzo
5. 5 Yakha amacebo urhwebo
6. 6 Yenza iikowuti ezikhuphisanayo zohlalutyo lweendleko kunye nolawulo loncedo
7. 7 Xhasa ukuthathwa kwezigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo
8. 8 Chonga amathuba okuvela
9. 9 Ukuphucula umgangatho weenkqubo zangoku zoshishino
10. 10 Jonga ingeniso

Ukulandela isikhokelo sophuhliso lwendawo yokugcina idatha, uthotho lophononongo lwesistim lunokwenziwa ukufumana ingxelo

zombini liqela lophuhliso kunye noluntu lwabasebenzisi bokugqibela.
Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zinokuthathelwa ingqalelo kumjikelo wophuhliso olandelayo.

Kuba uvimba wedatha unendlela yokwandisa, kubalulekile ukufunda kwiimpumelelo kunye neempazamo zophuhliso lwangaphambili.

2.5 Isishwankathelo

Kwesi sahluko kuxoxiwe iindlela ezikhoyo kuncwadi. Kwicandelo 1 ingcamango yokugcina idatha kunye nendima yayo kwisayensi yesigqibo kwaxoxwa ngayo. Icandelo lesi-2 lichaze umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweendawo zokugcina idatha kunye neenkqubo ze-OLTP. Icandelo lesi-3 lixoxe ngemodeli yokugcina idatha ye-Monash esetyenziswe kwicandelo lesi-4 ukuchaza imisebenzi ebandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokuphuhlisa indawo yokugcina idatha, la mabango ayengasekelwe kuphando olungqongqo. Okwenzekayo ngokwenene kunokwahluka kakhulu kwiingxelo zoncwadi, nangona kunjalo ezi ziphumo zingasetyenziselwa ukudala imithwalo esisiseko egxininisa ingcamango yendawo yokugcina idatha yolu phando.

Isahluko 3

Uphando kunye neendlela zoyilo

Esi sahluko sijongana nophando kunye neendlela zoyilo zolu phando. Icandelo lokuqala libonisa imbono eqhelekileyo yeendlela zophando ezifumanekayo zokufumana ulwazi, ngaphezu koko iindlela zokukhetha eyona ndlela yophando oluthile zixoxiwe. Kwicandelo lesi-2 iindlela ezimbini ezikhethiweyo ngezi ndlela zingentla zixoxwe; enye yezi iya kukhethwa ize yamkelwe ngenxa yezizathu ezichazwe kwicandelo 3 apho izizathu zokungabandakanywa komnye umgaqo zibekiwe. Icandelo lesi-4 libonisa iprojekthi yophando kunye nezigqibo zecandelo lesi-5.

3.1 Uphando kwiinkqubo zolwazi

Uphando lweenkqubo zolwazi alupheleli nje kwinkalo yethekhinoloji kodwa kufuneka lwandiswe ukuze luquke iinjongo zokuziphatha nezombutho.
Oku kusityala kwiithisisi zezifundo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwinzululwazi yezentlalo ukuya kwezendalo; oku kukhokelela kwimfuno yoluhlu oluthile lweendlela zophando ezibandakanya iindlela zobuninzi kunye nekhwalithi eziza kusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zolwazi.
Zonke iindlela zophando ezikhoyo zibalulekile, ngokwenene abaphandi abaninzi abafana noJenkins (1985), uNunamaker et al. (1991), kunye noGalliers (1992) bathi akukho ndlela ikhethekileyo yehlabathi jikelele yokuqhuba uphando kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zolwazi; eneneni indlela inokulungela uphando oluthile kodwa hayi kwabanye. Oku kusikhokelela kwisidingo sokukhetha indlela efanelekileyo kwiprojekthi yethu yophando oluthile: kolu khetho uBenbasat et al. (1987) uthi kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo uhlobo nenjongo yophando.

3.1.1 Ubume bophando

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zophando ezisekelwe kwindalo zinokuhlelwa zibe zizithethe ezintathu ezaziwa ngokubanzi kwinzululwazi yolwazi: ipositivist, itoliko, kunye nophando olubalulekileyo.

3.1.1.1 Uphando lwePositivist

Uphando lwePositivist lukwabizwa ngokuba luphando lwezenzululwazi okanye lweempirical. Ifuna: "ukuchaza nokuqikelela ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni kwihlabathi lentlalontle ngokujonga rhoqo kunye nobudlelwane obubangelayo phakathi kwezinto eziyilayo" (Shanks et al 1993).

Uphando lwePositivist lukwaphawulwa ngokuphindaphinda, ukwenza lula kunye nokuphikisa. Ngaphaya koko, uphando lwepositivist luvuma ubukho bobudlelwane obuphambili phakathi kwezinto ezifundwayo.
Ngokutsho kukaGalliers (1992) i-taxonomy yindlela yophando equkwe kwi-positivist paradigm, nangona kunjalo ayiphelelanga koku, enyanisweni kukho imifuniselo yaselabhoratri, imifuniselo yasendle, izifundo, imiboniso yethiyori, uqikelelo kunye nokulinganisa. Besebenzisa ezi ndlela, abaphandi bayavuma ukuba isenzeko esifundiweyo sinokujongwa ngokungqalileyo nangokungqongqo.

3.1.1.2 Uphando lotoliko

Uphando lokutolika, oludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-phenomenology okanye i-anti-positivism, luchazwa nguNeuman (1994) njengolucazululo olucwangcisiweyo lwentsingiselo yentlalo yesenzo ngokujongwa ngokuthe ngqo nangokucacileyo kwabantu abakwiimeko zendalo, ukuze kufikelelwe ekuqondeni nasekuqondeni. ukutolikwa kwendlela abantu abadala kwaye bagcine ngayo ilizwe labo lentlalontle”. Izifundo zotoliko ziyayikhaba intelekelelo yokuba isenzeko esijongiweyo sinokujongwa ngokufanelekileyo. Enyanisweni zisekwe phezu kotoliko oluzimeleyo. Ngaphaya koko, abaphandi abatolikayo abanyanzelisi iintsingiselo eziphambili kwizinto abazifundayo.

Le ndlela ibandakanya izifundo ezizimeleyo / eziphikisanayo, uphando lwezenzo, izifundo ezichazayo / zokutolika, uphando lwexesha elizayo, kunye nokudlala indima. Ukongeza kolu phando kunye nophononongo lwemeko inokuqukwa kule ndlela njengoko ichaphazela izifundo zabantu okanye imibutho ngaphakathi kweemeko ezinzima zehlabathi.

3.1.1.3 Uphando olubalulekileyo

Ukukhangela okubalulekileyo yeyona ndlela incinci eyaziwayo kwiinzululwazi zentlalo kodwa kutshanje ifumene ingqalelo yabaphandi kwibala leenkqubo zolwazi. Ingcinga yefilosofi yokuba inyaniso yentlalontle iveliswa ngokwembali kwaye iveliswa ngabantu, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo kunye nezenzo zabo kunye nokusebenzisana. Amandla abo, nangona kunjalo, alamlwa luninzi lweengcinga zentlalo, inkcubeko kunye nezopolitiko.

Njengophando olutolikayo, uphando olubalulekileyo luthetha ukuba uphando lwe-positivist alunanto yakwenza nomxholo wentlalo kwaye aluyihoyi impembelelo yalo kwizenzo zomntu.
Uphando olubalulekileyo, kwelinye icala, lugxeka uphando lokutolika ngokuziphendulela kakhulu kunye nokungazimiseli ukunceda abantu baphucule ubomi babo. Owona mahluko mkhulu phakathi kophando olubalulekileyo kunye nezinye iindlela ezimbini ngumgangatho walo wovavanyo. Ngelixa injongo ye-positivist kunye nezithethe zokutolika kukuqikelela okanye ukuchaza ubume bemeko okanye ubunyani bentlalo, uphando olubalulekileyo lujolise ekuvavanyeni ngokunzulu kunye nokuguqula ubunyani bentlalo phantsi kofundo.

Abaphandi ababalulekileyo ngokuqhelekileyo bayayichasa imeko ukuze basuse ukungafani koluntu kunye nokuphucula iimeko zentlalo. Uphando olubalulekileyo luzibophezele ekujongeni inkqubo yezinto ezinomdla kwaye, ngoko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo ubude bexesha elide. Imizekelo yeendlela zophando zizifundo zexesha elide zembali kunye nezifundo ze-ethnographic. Ukukhangela okubalulekileyo, nangona kunjalo, akuzange kusetyenziswe ngokubanzi kuphando lweenkqubo zolwazi

3.1.2 Injongo yophando

Kunye nohlobo lophando, injongo yalo ingasetyenziselwa ukukhokela umphandi ekukhetheni indlela ethile yophando. Umda weprojekthi yophando unxulumene ngokusondeleyo nendawo yophando ngokunxulumene nomjikelo wophando oquka izigaba ezithathu: ukwakhiwa kwethiyori, uvavanyo lwethiyori kunye nokuphuculwa kwethiyori. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokusekelwe kwisantya ngokubhekiselele kumjikelo wophando, iprojekthi yophando ingaba nenkcazo, inkcazo, yokuphonononga, okanye injongo yokuqikelela.

3.1.2.1 Uphando lophononongo

Uphando lophononongo lujolise ekuphandeni isihloko esitsha ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuqulunqa imibuzo kunye noqikelelo lophando lwexesha elizayo. Olu hlobo lophando lusetyenziselwa ukwakha ithiyori ukufumana iireferensi zokuqala kwindawo entsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa iindlela zophando ezisemgangathweni, ezifana nezifundo zesiganeko okanye izifundo ze-phenomenological.

Nangona kunjalo, kuyenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe ubuchule bobungakanani obufana novavanyo lophononongo okanye imifuniselo.

3.1.3.3 Uphando oluchazayo

Uphando oluchazayo lwenzelwe ukuhlalutya kunye nokuchaza ngokweenkcukacha ezinkulu imeko ethile okanye izenzo zombutho. Oku kulungele ukwakhiwa kweethiyori kwaye kusenokusetyenziswa ukuqinisekisa okanye ukucela umngeni kwiingcamango. Uphando oluchazayo luhlala lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo kunye neesampuli. Iindlela zophando ezifanelekileyo zibandakanya uphando kunye nohlalutyo lwemvelaphi.

3.1.2.3 Uphando olucacisayo

Uphando olucacisayo luzama ukucacisa ukuba kutheni izinto zenzeka. Yakha phezu kwezibakala esele zifundisiwe kwaye izama ukufumana izizathu zezo zibakala.
Ngaloo ndlela uphando oluchazayo luhlala lwakhiwe phezu kophando lokuhlola okanye oluchazayo kwaye luncedisa ekuvavanyeni nasekucokiseni iithiyori. Uphando olucacisayo ludla ngokusebenzisa imizekelo yophando okanye iindlela zophando ezisekelwe kuphando.

3.1.2.4 Uphando lokuqala

Uphando olucwangcisiweyo lujolise ekucingeni iziganeko ezijongwayo kunye nokuziphatha okuphononongwayo (uMarshall noRossman 1995). Uqikelelo luvavanyo lwenyaniso oluqhelekileyo lwenzululwazi. Olu hlobo lophando ngokubanzi lusebenzisa uphando okanye uhlalutyo lwedatha dati ababhali-mbali. (Yin 1989)

Le ngxoxo ingentla ibonisa ukuba kukho inani leendlela zophando ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwisifundo esithile. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kubekho indlela ethile efanelekileyo ngakumbi kunezinye kuhlobo oluthile lweprojekthi yophando. (Galliers 1987, Yin 1989, De Vaus 1991). Ke ngoko, umphandi ngamnye kufuneka avavanye ngononophelo amandla kunye nobuthathaka beendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukuze amkele eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yophando ehambelana neprojekthi yophando. (Jenkins 1985, Pervan and Klass 1992, Bonomia 1985, Yin 1989, Himilton and Ives 1992).

3.2. Iindlela zokukhangela ezinokwenzeka

Injongo yale projekthi yayikukufunda amava emibutho yase-Australia kunye i dati igcinwe ngophuhliso lwe yokugcina idatha. Iinkcukacha ukuba, okwangoku, kukho ukunqongophala kophando kwindawo yokugcina idatha e-Australia, le projekthi yophando ikwisigaba sethiyori somjikelo wophando kwaye inenjongo yokuhlola. Ukuphonononga amava kwimibutho yaseOstreliya yamkela ugcino lwedatha kufuna ukutolika uluntu lokwenyani. Ngenxa yoko, ukucinga kwefilosofi ephantsi kweprojekthi yophando kulandela ukutolika kwendabuko.

Emva kovavanyo olungqongqo lweendlela ezikhoyo, iindlela ezimbini zophando ezinokwenzeka ziye zachongwa: uphando kunye nezifundo zeziganeko, ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kuphando lokuhlola (uShanks et al. 1993). UGalliers (1992) uthi ukufaneleka kwezi ndlela zimbini kolu phando luthile kwitaxonomy yakhe ehlaziyiweyo ngokuthi zifanelekile kulwakhiwo lwethiyori. La macandelwana mabini alandelayo axoxa ngendlela nganye ngokweenkcukacha.

3.2.1 Indlela yophando yophando

Indlela yophando yophando ivela kwindlela yakudala yobalo. Ubalo bantu lumalunga nokuqokelela ulwazi kuluntu luphela. Le ndlela iyabiza kwaye ayisebenzi, ngakumbi ukuba abantu abaninzi. Ngoko ke, xa kuthelekiswa nobalo bantu, uphando luhlala lujolise ekuqokeleleni ulwazi lwenani elincinci, okanye isampuli, yabameli babemi (Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994). Isampulu ibonisa inani labantu elitsalwa kulo, elinamaqondo ahlukeneyo okuchaneka, kuxhomekeke kwisampulu yesakhiwo, ubungakanani, kunye nendlela yokhetho esetyenzisiweyo (Fowler 1988, Babbie 1982, Neuman 1994).

Indlela yophando ichazwa "njengeemifanekiso eziqingqiweyo zezenzo, iimeko okanye iimbono ngexesha elithile, ezenziwa kusetyenziswa amaphepha emibuzo okanye udliwano-ndlebe, apho intelekelelo inokuvela khona.
yenziwe” (Galliers 1992:153) [ukufotwa okukhawulezileyo kwezenzo, iimeko okanye iimbono ngexesha elithile, zithathwe kusetyenziswa amaphepha-mibuzo okanye udliwano-ndlebe, ekunokuthi kucingelwe kulo]. Uphando lujongene nokuqokelela ulwazi malunga nemiba ethile yophononongo kwiqela labathathi-nxaxheba ngokubuza imibuzo (Fowler 1988). Ezi khweshine kunye nodliwano-ndlebe, olubandakanya udliwano-ndlebe lobuso ngobuso kunye nodliwano-ndlebe olucwangcisiweyo, zikwayindlela yokuqokelela. dati isetyenziswe kuphando (Blalock 1970, Nachmias kunye neNachmias 1976, Fowler 1988), uqwalaselo kunye nohlalutyo lunokusetyenziswa (Gable 1994). Kuzo zonke ezi ndlela zokuqokelela oothixo dati, ukusetyenziswa kwemibuzo yeyona ndlela idumileyo, njengoko iqinisekisa ukuba i dati

eziqokelelweyo zicwangciswe kwaye zifomatiwe, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ziququzelele ukuhlelwa kolwazi (Hwang 1987, de Vaus 1991).

Ekuhlalutyeni i dati, isicwangciso sophando sihlala sisebenzisa iindlela zobuninzi, ezifana nohlalutyo lwamanani, kodwa iindlela zobuchule zingasetyenziswa (Galliers 1992, Pervan

kunye neKlass 1992, iGable 1994). Ngokuqhelekileyo, i dati eziqokelelweyo zisetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya ukuhanjiswa kunye neepatheni zemibutho (Fowler 1988).

Nangona uphando lufanelekile ngokubanzi kuphando olujongene nombuzo othi 'yintoni?' (yintoni) okanye ephuma kuyo, njenge-'quanto' (kangakanani) kunye 'ne-quant'è' (engaphi na), banokubuzwa ngombuzo othi 'kutheni' (Sonquist noDunkelberg 1977, Yin 1989). NgokukaSonquist noDunkelberg (1977), uphando lophando lujolise kwiingcamango ezinzima, iinkqubo zovavanyo, ezichaza inani labantu kunye nokuphuhlisa imizekelo yokuziphatha komntu. Ngaphaya koko, uphando lunokusetyenziswa ukufunda uluvo lwabantu abathile, iimeko, iinkolelo, iimpawu, okulindelweyo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zangaphambili okanye zangoku (Neuman 1994).

Uphando luvumela umphandi ukuba afumane ubudlelwane babantu kwaye iziphumo zidla ngokuba ngokubanzi kunezinye iindlela (Sonquist and Dunkelberg 1977, Gable 1994). Uphando luvumela abaphandi ukuba bagqume indawo ebanzi yejografi kwaye bafikelele kwinani elikhulu labaphenduli (Blalock 1970, Sonquist and Dunkelberg 1977, Hwang and Lin 1987, Gable 1994, Neuman 1994). Ekugqibeleni, uphando lunokubonelela ngolwazi olungafumanekiyo kwenye indawo okanye kwifom efunekayo kuhlalutyo (Fowler 1988).

Kukho, nangona kunjalo, imida ethile ekwenzeni uphando. Into engalunganga kukuba umphandi akakwazi ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi malunga nento efundiweyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba uphando lwenziwa kuphela ngexesha elithile kwaye, ngenxa yoko, kukho inani eliqingqiweyo lezinto eziguquguqukayo kunye nabantu abanokuthi umphandi angakwazi.

ukufunda (Yin 1989, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994, Denscombe 1998). Enye into engalunganga kukuba ukwenza uphando kunokubiza kakhulu ngokwexesha kunye nezibonelelo, ngakumbi ukuba kubandakanya udliwano-ndlebe lobuso ngobuso (Fowler 1988).

3.2.2. Indlela yoPhando ngoPhando

Indlela yophando yophando ibandakanya uphando olunzulu lwemeko ethile ngaphakathi komxholo wayo wokwenene kwixesha elichaziweyo, ngaphandle kokungenelela kwinqanaba lomphandi (Shanks & C. 1993, Eisenhardt 1989, Jenkins 1985). Ikakhulu le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukuchaza ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo ezifundwayo kwimeko ethile (Galliers 1992). Uphando lunokubandakanya iimeko ezingatshatanga okanye ezininzi, kuxhomekeke kwinto ehlalutyiweyo (uFranz noRobey 1987, Eisenhardt 1989, Yin 1989).

Indlela yophando yophando ichazwa "njengophando olusebenzayo oluphanda into eyenzeka ngoku ngaphakathi komxholo wayo wokwenene, usebenzisa imithombo emininzi ekhutshwe kwiziko elinye okanye ngaphezulu elinjengabantu, amaqela, okanye imibutho" (Yin 1989). Akukho ukwahlukana okucacileyo phakathi kwesiganeko kunye nomxholo wayo kwaye akukho lawulo okanye ukunyanzeliswa kovavanyo lwezinto eziguquguqukayo (Yin 1989, Benbasat et al. 1987).

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqokelela oothixo dati ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwindlela yophando, ebandakanya ukujonga ngokuthe ngqo, ukuphononongwa kweerekhodi zoovimba, imibuzo, ukuphononongwa kwamaxwebhu, kunye nodliwano-ndlebe olucwangcisiweyo. Ukuba neendidi ezahlukeneyo zobuchule bokuvuna dati, uphando luvumela abaphandi ukuba bajongane nazo zombini dati umgangatho kunye nobungakanani ngexesha elifanayo (Bonoma 1985, Eisenhardt 1989, Yin 1989, Gable 1994). Njengoko kunjalo kwindlela yophando, umphandi wophando usebenza njengombonisi okanye umphandi kwaye kungekhona njengomthathi-nxaxheba osebenzayo kumbutho ophantsi kophando.

U-Benbasat et al. (1987) bathi indlela yophando ifaneleke ngokukodwa kulwakhiwo lwethiyori yophando, oluqala ngombuzo wophando kwaye luqhubeke noqeqesho.

yethiyori ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqokelela dati. Ukuba kufanelekile kwiqonga

yethiyori yokwakha, uFranz noRobey (1987) bacebisa ukuba indlela yophando ingasetyenziselwa isigaba sethiyori entsonkothileyo. Kule meko, ngokusekelwe kubungqina obuqokelelweyo, ithiyori enikeziweyo okanye i-hypothesis iqinisekisiwe okanye ayivunywanga. Ukongeza, uphando lukwafanelekile kuphando olujongene nemibuzo ethi 'njani' okanye 'kutheni' (Yin 1989).

Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela, uphando luvumela umphandi ukuba abambe ulwazi oluyimfuneko kwiinkcukacha ezithe kratya (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Ngaphezu koko, uphando luvumela umphandi ukuba aqonde uhlobo kunye nobunzima beenkqubo ezifundiweyo (Benbasat et al. 1987).

Kukho izinto ezine ezingeloncedo eziphambili ezinxulumene nendlela yophando. Eyokuqala kukunqongophala kwemali elawulwayo. I-subjectivity yomphandi inokuguqula iziphumo kunye nezigqibo zophando (Yin 1989). Ingxaki yesibini kukunqongophala koqwalaselo olulawulwayo. Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zokuvavanya, umphandi wophando akakwazi ukulawula izinto ezifundwayo njengoko zihlolwe kwimeko yazo yendalo (Gable 1994). Into yesithathu engalunganga kukungabikho kokuphindaphinda. Oku kungenxa yokuba umphandi akanakukwazi ukujonga iziganeko ezifanayo, kwaye akanakuqinisekisa iziphumo zophando oluthile (Lee 1989). Ekugqibeleni, njengesiphumo sokungaphindaphindi, kunzima ukwenza ngokubanzi iziphumo ezifunyenwe kuphando olunye okanye ngaphezulu (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Zonke ezi ngxaki, nangona kunjalo, azinakugqithiswa kwaye zinokuthi, ngokwenene, zincitshiswe ngumphandi ngokusebenzisa izenzo ezifanelekileyo (Lee 1989).

3.3. Lungiselela indlela yophando yamkelwe

Ukusuka kwiindlela ezimbini zophando ezinokwenzeka kolu phononongo, indlela yophando ithathwa njengeyona ifanelekileyo. Umphandi wakhatywa emva kokuqwalaselwa ngenyameko kokuhlobene

izinto ezilungileyo kunye nobuthathaka. Ukulunga okanye ukungafanelekanga kwendlela nganye yolu phononongo kuxoxwe ngayo ngezantsi.

3.3.1. Indlela yophando engafanelekanga yophando

Indlela yokubuza ifuna uphando olunzulu lwemeko ethile ngaphakathi kwemibutho enye okanye ngaphezulu kwixesha elithile (Eisenhardt 1989). Kule meko, ixesha lingadlula ixesha elimisiweyo lolu phononongo. Esinye isizathu sokungamkeli indlela yophando kukuba iziphumo zinokuthi zihlupheke ngenxa yokungabikho kobunzima (Yin 1989). I-subjectivity yomphandi inokuchaphazela iziphumo kunye nezigqibo. Esinye isizathu kukuba le ndlela ifaneleke ngakumbi kwimibuzo yophando yodidi luka-'njani' okanye 'kutheni' (Yin 1989), kanti umbuzo wophando kolu phononongo uluhlobo 'lwentoni'. Okokugqibela kodwa okungakuncinananga, kunzima ukwenza ngokubanzi okufunyanisiweyo kuphando olunye okanye olumbalwa (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al. 1993). Ngokusekelwe kwesi sizathu, indlela yophando yophando ayizange ikhethwe njengoko yayingafanelekanga kolu phononongo.

3.3.2. Uncedo lwendlela yokukhangela ye uphando

Xa olu phando luqhutywe, ukugcinwa kwedatha akuzange kwamkelwe ngokubanzi yimibutho yase-Australia. Ke ngoko, kwakungekho lwazi lungako malunga nokuphunyezwa kwabo kwimibutho yaseOstreliya. Ulwazi olukhoyo luvela kwimibutho ethe yaphunyezwa okanye yasebenzisa a yokugcina idatha. Kule meko, indlela yophando yophando yeyona nto ifanelekileyo kuba ivumela ukufumana ulwazi olungafumanekiyo kwenye indawo okanye kwifom efunekayo ukuhlalutya (Fowler 1988). Ukongeza, indlela yophando yophando ivumela umphandi ukuba afumane ingqiqo elungileyo kwizinto ezenziwayo, iimeko, okanye iimbono ngexesha elithile (Galliers 1992, Denscombe 1998). Ushwankathelo lwacelwa ukwazisa ngamava ogcino lwedatha lwase-Australia.

Ngaphaya koko, uSonquist noDunkelberg (1977) bathi iziphumo zophando ziqheleke ngakumbi kunezinye iindlela.

3.4. Uyilo loPhando loPhando

Uvavanyo lokuziqhelanisa nogcino lwedatha lwaqhutywa ngo-1999. Abantu ekujoliswe kubo yayibandakanya imibutho yase-Australia enomdla kwizifundo zokugcina idatha, njengoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba sele benolwazi malunga no dati abalugcinayo kwaye, ke ngoko, banokunika ulwazi oluluncedo kolu phononongo. Inani labantu ekujoliswe kulo lichongiwe ngovavanyo lokuqala lwawo onke amalungu ase-Australia 'eZiko loGcino lweDatha' (Tdwi-aap). Eli candelo lixoxa ngoyilo lwenqanaba lophando lobungqina bolu phononongo.

3.4.1. Ubuchule bokuqokelela dati

Ukususela kubuchule obuthathu obuqhele ukusetyenziswa kuphando lophando (okt iphepha lemibuzo ngeposi, udliwano-ndlebe lomnxeba kunye nodliwano-ndlebe lomntu siqu) (Nachmias 1976, Fowler 1988, de Vaus 1991), iphepha lemibuzo leposi lamkelwa kolu phononongo. Isizathu sokuqala sokwamkela le yokugqibela kukuba inokufikelela kubemi abasasazeke ngokwejografi (Blalock 1970, Nachmias and Nachmias 1976, Hwang and Lin 1987, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994). Okwesibini, ikhweshine yeposi ifanelekile kubathathi-nxaxheba abafunde kakhulu (Fowler 1988). Ikhweshine yeposi yolu phononongo yabhekiswa kubaxhasi beprojekthi yokugcina idatha, abalawuli kunye/okanye abaphathi beprojekthi. Okwesithathu, imibuzo yeposi ifanelekile xa uluhlu olukhuselekileyo lweedilesi lufumaneka (Salant and Dilman 1994). I-TDWI, kulo mzekelo, umbutho othembekileyo wokugcina idatha unikeze uluhlu lokuposa lwamalungu ayo ase-Australia. Olunye uncedo lwekhweshine yeposi kwiikhweshine zomnxeba okanye udliwano-ndlebe lobuqu kukuba ivumela abaphendulayo ukuba baphendule ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi, ngakumbi xa abaphenduli kufuneka bajonge iirekhodi okanye baxoxe ngemibuzo nabanye abantu (Fowler 1988).

Ukusilela okunokubakho kusenokuba lixesha elifunekayo ukuze kuqhutywe imibuzo ngeposi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-questionnaire ye-imeyile iqhutywe ngolu luhlu: iileta ze-imeyile, ulinde iimpendulo, kwaye uthumele ukuqinisekiswa (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989). Ngaloo ndlela, ixesha lilonke linokuba lide kunexesha elifunekayo kudliwano-ndlebe lobuso ngobuso okanye udliwano-ndlebe ngomnxeba. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elipheleleyo liyakwazi ukwaziwa kwangaphambili (Fowler 1988, Denscombe 1998). Ixesha elichithwe ekuqhubeni udliwano-ndlebe lobuqu alikwazi ukwaziwa kwangaphambili njengoko lihluka ukusuka kudliwano-ndlebe ukuya kudliwano-ndlebe (Fowler 1988). Udliwano-ndlebe ngomnxeba lunokukhawuleza kunemibuzo ye-imeyile kunye nodliwano-ndlebe lobuqu kodwa lunokuba nezinga eliphezulu elingaphendulwanga ngenxa yokungafumaneki kwabanye abantu (Fowler 1988). Ukongeza, udliwano-ndlebe ngomnxeba ngokubanzi lulinganiselwe kuluhlu olufutshane lwemibuzo (Bainbridge 1989).

Olunye ubuthathaka bemibuzo ethunyelweyo yizinga eliphezulu lokungaphenduli (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989, Neuman 1994). Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo athatyathiweyo ngokudibanisa olu phononongo kunye neziko elithembekileyo lokugcina idatha (okt TDWI) (Bainbridge 1989, Neuman 1994), ekhupha iileta ezimbini zokukhumbuza abangaphenduli (Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994) kwaye iquka neleta eyongezelelweyo echazayo. injongo yophando (Neuman 1994).

3.4.2. Iyunithi yohlalutyo

Injongo yolu phononongo kukufumana ulwazi malunga nokuphunyezwa kokugcinwa kwedatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwimibutho yase-Australia. Abemi ekujoliswe kuyo yonke imibutho yase-Australia ephunyeziweyo, okanye ephunyezwayo, i yokugcina idatha. Umbutho ngamnye uyabhaliswa. Uluhlu lwemibuzo lwathunyelwa ngeposi kwimibutho enomdla wokuyamkela yokugcina idatha. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi oluqokelelweyo luvela kwezona zixhobo zifanelekileyo zombutho ngamnye othatha inxaxheba.

3.4.3. Isampulu yovavanyo

Uluhlu lokuposa lwabathathi-nxaxheba kuphando lwafunyanwa kwiTDWI. Kolu luhlu, imibutho ye-3000 yase-Australia yakhethwa njengesiseko sesampuli. Ileta yokulandelela echaza iprojekthi kunye nenjongo yophando, kunye nefomu yempendulo kunye nemvulophu ehlawulwa kwangaphambili yokubuyisela i-questionnaire egqityiweyo yathunyelwa kwisampuli. Kwimibutho engama-3000, i-198 ivumile ukuthatha inxaxheba kuphononongo. Inani elincinci elinjalo leempendulo lalilindelwe dato inani elikhulu lemibutho yaseOstreliya ethe ngoko yamkela okanye isamkela isicwangciso sogcino lwedatha kwimibutho yabo. Ke, abantu ekujoliswe kubo kolu phononongo banemibutho eli-198 kuphela.

3.4.4. Imixholo yoluhlu lwemibuzo

Uyilo lwemibuzo lwalusekelwe kwimodeli yokugcina idatha ye-Monash (kuxoxwe ngaphambili kwinxalenye ye-2.3). Umxholo wekhweshine wawusekelwe kuphononongo loncwadi oluchazwe kwisahluko sesi-2. Ikopi yekhweshine ethunyelwe kubathathi-nxaxheba kuphando inokufumaneka kwiSihlomelo B. Le khweshine yenziwe ngamacandelo amathandathu, alandela amanyathelo omzekelo ogutyungelweyo. Le mihlathi mithandathu ilandelayo ishwankathela ngokufutshane imixholo yecandelo ngalinye.

Icandelo A: Ulwazi olusisiseko malunga nombutho
Eli candelo liqulethe imibuzo ephathelele kwiprofayili yemibutho ethatha inxaxheba. Ukongeza, eminye yemibuzo inxulumene nobume beprojekthi yokugcina idatha yomthathi-nxaxheba. Ulwazi oluyimfihlo olufana negama lombutho aluzange luchazwe kuhlalutyo lophando.

Icandelo B: Qala
Imibuzo ekweli candelo inxulumene nokuqaliswa kugcino lwedatha. Imibuzo yabuzwa malunga nabaqalisi beprojekthi, abaxhasi, izakhono ezifunekayo nolwazi, iinjongo zophuhliso lokugcinwa kwedatha kunye nokulindelwe ngabasebenzisi bokugqibela.

Icandelo C: Uyilo
Eli candelo liqulethe imibuzo enxulumene nemisebenzi yocwangciso yokugcina idatha. Ngokukodwa, imibuzo yayimalunga nomda wokuphunyezwa, ixesha leprojekthi, iindleko zeprojekthi kunye nohlalutyo lweendleko / inzuzo.

Icandelo D: Uphuhliso
Kwicandelo lophuhliso kukho imibuzo enxulumene nemisebenzi yophuhliso lwe yokugcina idatha: ingqokelela yeemfuno zomsebenzisi wokugqibela, imithombo ye dati, imodeli enengqiqo ye dati, iiprototypes, ukucwangciswa kwamandla, izakhiwo zobugcisa kunye nokukhethwa kwezixhobo zophuhliso lokugcina idatha.

Icandelo E: Ukusebenza
Imibuzo yokusebenza enxulumene nokusebenza kunye nokwandiswa kwe yokugcina idatha, njengoko ikhula kwinqanaba elilandelayo lophuhliso. Pha umgangatho wedatha, izicwangciso zokuhlaziya ze dati, ubunzulu be dati, ubungakanani be yokugcina idatha kunye nemiba yokhuseleko yokugcina idatha zaziphakathi kweentlobo zemibuzo ebuziweyo.

Icandelo F: Uphuhliso
Eli candelo linemibuzo enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe yokugcina idatha ngabasebenzisi bokugqibela. Umphandi wayenomdla kwinjongo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe yokugcina idatha, uphononongo kunye nezicwangciso zoqeqesho ezamkelweyo kunye nesicwangciso solawulo lwe yokugcina idatha yamkelwe.

3.4.5. Izinga lokuphendula

Nangona uphando ngeposi lugxekwa ngokuba nezinga lokuphendula eliphantsi, amanyathelo athathiweyo ukunyusa izinga lembuyekezo (njengoko kuxoxwe ngasentla kwicandelo 3.4.1). Igama elithi 'ireyithi yokuphendula' libhekiselele kwipesenti yabantu kwisampulu yovavanyo oluthile abaphendula kuluhlu lwemibuzo (Denscombe 1998). Le fomula ilandelayo isetyenziselwe ukubala ireyithi yempendulo kolu phononongo:

Inani labantu abathe basabela
Izinga lempendulo = ——————————————————————————— X 100 Lilonke inani lemibuzo ethunyelweyo

3.4.6. Uvavanyo lwePilot

Ngaphambi kokuba iphepha lemibuzo lithunyelwe kwisampulu, imibuzo yavavanywa ngokuqhuba iimvavanyo zokulinga, njengoko kucetyiswe nguLuck noRubin (1987), uJackson (1988) no-de Vaus (1991). Injongo yovavanyo lokulinga kukuveza naziphi na iintetho ezingafanelekanga, ezingaqondakaliyo kunye nemibuzo enzima ukuyitolika, ukucacisa naziphi na iinkcazo kunye namagama asetyenzisiweyo, kunye nokuchonga ixesha eliqikelelweyo elifunekayo ukugcwalisa iphepha lemibuzo (Warwick and Lininger 1975, Jackson 1988, Salant kunye noDilman 1994). Uvavanyo lokulinga lwenziwa ngokukhetha izifundo ezineempawu ezifana nezo zezifundo zokugqibela, njengoko kucetyiswe nguDavis e. ICosenza (1993). Kolu phononongo, iingcali ezintandathu zokugcina idatha ziye zakhethwa njengezifundo ezilingwayo. Emva kovavanyo ngalunye lolingo, kwenziwa izilungiso eziyimfuneko. Ukusuka kwiimvavanyo zokulinga ezenziweyo, abathathi-nxaxheba bafake isandla ekuhlengahlengiseni nasekusetheni ngokutsha inguqulelo yokugqibela yekhweshine.

3.4.7. Iindlela zoHlahlelo lwe Dati

I dati Idatha yesaveyi eqokelelwe kwiikhweshine ezivaliweyo zacazululwa kusetyenziswa iphakheji yesoftware yeenkcukacha-manani ebizwa ngokuba yi-SPSS. Uninzi lweempendulo zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa izibalo ezichazayo. Inani lemibuzo ebuyiswayo lingagqitywanga. Ezi ziye zaphathwa ngononophelo ngakumbi ukuqinisekisa ukuba i dati ezilahlekileyo azizange zibe sisiphumo seempazamo zokungeniswa kwedatha, kodwa ngenxa yokuba imibuzo yayingamfanelanga umntu obhalisiweyo, okanye obhalisiweyo wagqiba ekubeni angaphenduli umbuzo omnye okanye ngaphezulu. Ezi mpendulo zingekhoyo azizange zihoywe xa kusahlulwa idatha dati kwaye zafakwa iikhowudi njengo-'-9' ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwabo kwinkqubo yohlalutyo.

Ekulungiseleleni ikhweshine, imibuzo evaliweyo yabhalwa kwangaphambili ngokunika inombolo kukhetho ngalunye. Inani ke lasetyenziswa ukuqeqesha i dati ngexesha lokuhlalutya (Denscombe 1998, Sapsford and Jupp 1996). Ngokomzekelo, kukho iinketho ezintandathu ezidweliswe kumbuzo 1 wecandelo B: ibhodi yabalawuli, isigqeba esiphezulu, isebe le-IT, iyunithi yezoshishino, abacebisi kunye nabanye. Kwifayile ye dati ye-SPSS, ukuguquguquka kwaveliswa 'umqalisi weprojekthi', eneelebhile zexabiso ezintandathu: '1' 'yebhodi', '2' 'yesigqeba esiphezulu', njalo njalo kwisitalato. Ukusetyenziswa kwesikali se-Likertin kweminye yemibuzo evaliweyo kukwavumela ukuchongwa okungenamgudu ngokusebenzisa amanani ahambelanayo amanani afakwe kwi-SPSS. Kwimibuzo eneempendulo ezingaphelelanga, ebezingakhethi cala, ukhetho ngalunye luthathwe njengento enye eneelebhile zexabiso ezimbini: '1' ukwenzela 'ikhangelwe' kunye no-'2 ' 'engaqwalaselwanga'.

Imibuzo evuliweyo yaphathwa ngokwahlukileyo kwimibuzo evaliweyo. Iimpendulo zale mibuzo azikafakwa kwiSPSS. Kunoko, zahlalutywa ngesandla. Ukusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lombuzo kuvumela ukufumana ulwazi malunga neengcamango ezichazwe ngokukhululekileyo kunye namava omntu kubantu abaphendulayo (Bainbridge 1989, Denscombe 1998). Apho kunokwenzeka, ukuhlelwa kweempendulo kwenziwa.

Uhlalutyo lwe datiiindlela zohlalutyo olulula lwamanani zisetyenzisiweyo, njengokuphindaphinda kweempendulo, intsingiselo, ukutenxa okusemgangathweni kunye ne-median (Argyrous 1996, Denscombe 1998).
Uvavanyo lwe-Gamma lwenzelwa ukufumana imilinganiselo yobungakanani bemibutho phakathi dati ordinals (Norusis 1983, Argyrous 1996). Ezi mvavanyo zazifanelekile kuba izikali ze-ordinal ezisetyenzisiweyo zazingenazo iindidi ezininzi kwaye zinokuboniswa kwitheyibhile (Norusis 1983).

3.5 Isishwankathelo

Kwesi sahluko, kuxoxiwe indlela yophando kunye noyilo olwamkelwe kolu phando.

Ukukhetha eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yophando kuphononongo oluthile kuthatha
ukuqwalaselwa kwenani lemithetho, kubandakanywa uhlobo kunye nohlobo lophando, kunye nokufaneleka kunye nobuthathaka bendlela nganye enokwenzeka (Jenkins 1985, Benbasat et al. 1097, Galliers kunye neLand 1987, yin 1989, Hamilton kunye ne-ives 1992, Galliers 1992, neuman 1994). Ngenxa yokunqongophala kolwazi olukhoyo kunye nethiyori malunga nokwamkelwa kokugcinwa kwedatha e-Australia, olu phononongo lophando lufuna indlela yophando yokutolika ngesakhono sokuhlola ukuphonononga amava emibutho yase-Australia. Indlela yophando ekhethiweyo yakhethwa ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nokwamkelwa kwengcamango yokugcinwa kwedatha yimibutho yase-Australia. Ikhweshine yeposi yakhethwa njengendlela yokuqokelela dati. Izizathu zendlela yophando kunye nobuchule bokuqokelela dati ukhetho luya kubonelelwa kwesi sahluko. Ngaphaya koko, kwanikwa ingxoxo malunga neyunithi yohlalutyo, isampuli esetyenzisiweyo, iipesenti zeempendulo, umxholo wephepha lemibuzo, uvavanyo lwangaphambili lwephepha lemibuzo kunye nendlela yohlalutyo lwemibuzo. dati.

Uyilo a Indawo yokugcina idatha:

Ukudibanisa uBudlelwane beQumrhu kunye neModeli yoMda

KWI-ABSTRACT
Gcina i dati ngowona mba ukhoyo ngoku kwimibutho emininzi. Ingxaki ephambili ekuphuhlisweni kwendawo yokugcina impahla dati licebo lakhe.
Umzobo kufuneka uxhase ukufunyanwa kweekhonsepthi kwi yokugcina idatha kwinkqubo yelifa kunye neminye imithombo ye dati kunye nokuqonda okulula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekuphunyezweni kwe yokugcina idatha.
Uninzi lweencwadi zokugcina iimpahla dati icebisa usebenziso lwemodeli yobudlelwane beziko okanye imodeli elinganayo ukumela uyilo lwe yokugcina idatha.
Kweli phepha sibonisa ukuba zombini ukubonakaliswa kunokudibaniswa njani kwindlela yokuyila yokugcina idatha. Indlela esetyenziswayo icwangcisiwe

ihlolwe kwimeko yophando kwaye ichongiwe kwinani leempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kunye neengcali.

UKUGCINWA KWEDATHA

Un yokugcina idatha idla ngokuchazwa “njengenkqubo ejolise kwisifundo, idityanisiweyo, iguquguqukayo yexesha, kunye nokuqokelela okungaguquguqukiyo kwedatha ukuxhasa izigqibo zolawulo” (Inmon and Hackathorn, 1994). Okujoliswe kwisifundo kunye nokudibeneyo kubonisa ukuba yokugcina idatha yenzelwe ukuwela imida esebenzayo yeenkqubo zelifa ukunika imbono edibeneyo dati.
Umehluko wexesha uphathelene nembali okanye uthotho lwexesha levidiyo dati kwi yokugcina idatha, eyenza ukuba iintsingiselo zihlalutywe. Ukungaguquguquki kubonisa ukuba i yokugcina idatha ayihlaziywa ngokuqhubekayo njenge sedata ye OLTP. Endaweni yoko ihlaziywa ngamaxesha athile, nge dati kwimithombo yangaphakathi nangaphandle. I yokugcina idatha yenzelwe ngokukodwa uphando kunokuhlaziya ingqibelelo kunye nokusebenza komsebenzi.
Umbono wokugcina i dati ayiyonto intsha, ibiyenye yeenjongo zolawulo dati ukusukela kwiminyaka yamashumi amathandathu (Il Martin, 1982).
I yokugcina idatha banikezela ngeziseko zophuhliso dati kwiinkqubo zenkxaso yolawulo. Iinkqubo zenkxaso yolawulo zibandakanya iinkqubo zokuxhasa izigqibo (DSS) kunye neenkqubo zolwazi zesigqeba (EIS). I-DSS yinkqubo yolwazi esekwe kwikhompyutha eyilelwe ukuphucula inkqubo kunye nokuthathwa kwezigqibo zabantu. I-EIS ngokuqhelekileyo yinkqubo yonikezelo dati eyenza ukuba abaphathi bezoshishino bafikelele ngokulula kwimbono ye dati.
Uyilo jikelele lwe yokugcina idatha iqaqambisa indima ye yokugcina idatha kwinkxaso yolawulo. Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngeziseko zophuhliso dati ye-EIS kunye ne-DSS, al yokugcina idatha inokufumaneka ngokuthe ngqo ngemibuzo. THE dati ibandakanyiwe kwi yokugcina idatha zisekelwe kuhlalutyo lweemfuno zolwazi lolawulo kwaye zifunyenwe kwimithombo emithathu: iinkqubo zelifa langaphakathi, iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokuthatha idatha kunye nemithombo yedatha yangaphandle. THE dati kwiinkqubo zelifa langaphakathi zihlala zingafuneki, zingangqinelani, zomgangatho ophantsi, kwaye zigcinwe kwiifomathi ezahlukeneyo ngoko ke kufuneka zilungelelaniswe kwaye zicocwe phambi kokuba zilayishwe

yokugcina idatha (Inmon, 1992; McFadden, 1996). THE dati ukusuka kwiinkqubo zokugcina dati i-ad hoc nakwimithombo yolwazi dati zangaphandle zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwandisa (ukuhlaziya, ukubuyisela) i dati ukusuka kwiinkqubo zelifa.

Kukho izizathu ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo zokuphuhlisa a yokugcina idatha, ezibandakanya ukuphuculwa kokwenziwa kwezigqibo ngokusetyenziswa kakuhle kolwazi oluthe kratya (Ives 1995), inkxaso yokugxila kwimicimbi yonke (Graham 1996), kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokwenza izigqibo. dati ye-EIS kunye ne-DSS (Graham 1996, McFadden 1996).

Uphononongo lwamva nje olunobungqina lufumene, ngokomyinge, imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali lwe yokugcina idatha ngama-401% emva kweminyaka emithathu (Graham, 1996). Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo zobungqina be yokugcina idatha ufumene iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ezibandakanya ubunzima bokulinganisa nokwabiwa kweenzuzo, ukungabikho kwenjongo ecacileyo, ukujongela phantsi umda kunye nobunzima benkqubo yokugcina. dati, ngakumbi malunga nemithombo kunye nococeko lwe dati. Gcina i dati inokuthathwa njengesisombululo kwingxaki yolawulo dati phakathi kwemibutho. Ukwenziwa kwe dati njengomthombo wentlalontle iye yahlala enye yeengxaki eziphambili ekulawuleni iinkqubo zolwazi kwihlabathi jikelele iminyaka emininzi (Brancheau et al. 1996, Galliers et al. 1994, Niederman et al. 1990, Pervan 1993).

Indlela edumileyo yolawulo lwempahla dati kwiminyaka yamashumi asibhozo yayiluphuhliso lwemodeli dati ezentlalo. Umzekelo dati intlalo yayiyilwe ukunika isiseko esizinzileyo sophuhliso lweenkqubo ezintsha zesicelo e sedata kunye nokwakhiwa ngokutsha kunye nokudibanisa iinkqubo zelifa (Brancheau et al.

Ngowe-1989, uGoodhue et al. 1988: 1992, Kim no-Everest 1994). Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingxaki ezininzi ngale ndlela, ngakumbi, ubunzima kunye neendleko zomsebenzi ngamnye, kunye nexesha elide elifunekayo ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezibonakalayo (Beynon-Davies 1994, Earl 1993, Goodhue et al. 1992, Periasamy 1994, Shanks 1997 ).

Il yokugcina idatha nguvimba weenkcukacha owahlukileyo okho kunye noovimba beenkcukacha zelifa endaweni yokubeka endaweni yazo. Ngoko ke ikuvumela ukuba uqondise ulawulo lwe dati kunye nokuphepha ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kweenkqubo zelifa elineendleko.

IINDLELA EZIKHOYO ZOKUYILWA KWEDATHA

UMNQOPHISO

Inkqubo yokwakha nokugqibelela a yokugcina idatha kufuneka iqondwe ngakumbi njengenkqubo yendaleko kunenkqubo yophuhliso lweenkqubo zemveli (IDesio, 1995, Shanks, O'Donnell kunye noArnott 1997a). Zininzi iinkqubo ezibandakanyekayo kwiprojekthi yokugcina idatha njengokuqaliswa, ukucwangcisa; ulwazi olufunyenwe kwiimfuno ezicelwe kubaphathi benkampani; imithombo, iinguqu, ukucocwa kwe dati kunye nongqamaniso olusuka kwiinkqubo zelifa kunye neminye imithombo dati; iinkqubo zonikezelo eziphantsi kophuhliso; ukubeka esweni yokugcina idatha; kunye nokungabi nangqiqo kwenkqubo yendaleko kunye nokwakha a yokugcina idatha (Stinchi, O'Donnell kunye noArnott 1997b). Kule jenali, sigxile kwindlela yokuzoba i dati zigcinwe kumxholo wezinye iinkqubo. Kukho inani leendlela ezicetywayo zoyilo lwevidiyo yokugcina idatha kuncwadi (Inmon 1994, Ives 1995, Kimball 1994, McFadden 1996). Nganye kwezi ndlela inophononongo olufutshane kunye nohlalutyo lwamandla kunye nobuthathaka bazo.

Inmon's (1994) Indlela yoku Indawo yokugcina idatha uyilo

U-Inmon (1994) ucebise ngamanyathelo amane aphindaphindwayo ukuyila a yokugcina idatha (jonga umfanekiso 2). Inyathelo lokuqala kukuyila itemplate dati social ukuqonda indlela i dati inokudityaniswa kuyo yonke imimandla yokusebenza ngaphakathi kombutho ngokwahlulahlula i dati ivenkile kwiindawo. Umzekelo dati yenzelwe ukugcinwa dati eziphathelele ekwenzeni izigqibo, kubandakanywa dati zembali, kwaye zibandakanyiwe dati itsalwe kwaye yadityaniswa. Inyathelo lesibini kukuchonga iinkalo zezifundo zokuphunyezwa. Ezi zinto zisekelwe kwizinto eziphambili ezimiselwe ngumbutho othile. Inyathelo lesithathu libandakanya ukuzoba a sedata kwinkalo yesifundo, nikela ingqwalasela eyodwa ekubandakanyeni amanqanaba afanelekileyo embudumbudu. U-Inmon ucebisa ukusebenzisa iziko kunye nemodeli yobudlelwane. Inyathelo lesine kukuchonga iinkqubo zomthombo dati ezifunekayo kunye nokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zenguqu ukubamba, ukucoca kunye nefomathi i dati.

Amandla endlela ka-Inmon kukuba imodeli dati intlalontle inika isiseko sokudityaniswa kwe dati ngaphakathi kumbutho kunye nenkxaso yocwangciso ukulungiselela uphuhliso oluphindaphindwayo lwe yokugcina idatha. Ukungaphumeleli kwayo kubunzima kunye neendleko zokuyila imodeli dati kwezentlalo, ubunzima ekuqondeni imifuziselo amaqumrhu kunye nobudlelwane esetyenziswa kuzo zombini iimodeli, ukuba dati ezentlalo kunye nelo dati igcinwe ngummandla wesifundo, kunye nokufaneleka kwe dati womzobo we yokugcina idatha yokwenziwa kwe sedata ubudlelwane kodwa hayi ngenxa sedata multi-dimensional.

Ives' (1995) Indlela yoku Indawo yokugcina idatha uyilo

U-Ives (1995) uphakamisa indlela enamanyathelo amane ukuyila inkqubo yolwazi akholelwa ukuba iyasebenza kuyilo lwenkqubo yolwazi. yokugcina idatha (jonga umfanekiso 3). Indlela isekelwe kakhulu kubuNjineli boLwazi ukwenzela uphuhliso lweenkqubo zolwazi (uMartin 1990). Isinyathelo sokuqala kukugqiba iinjongo zakho, impumelelo kunye nezinto ezibalulekileyo, kunye nezalathi eziphambili zokusebenza. Iinkqubo eziphambili zoshishino kunye nolwazi oluyimfuneko luyimodeli yokusikhokelela kwimodeli dati ezentlalo. Inyathelo lesibini libandakanya ukuphuhlisa ulwakhiwo oluchazayo dati igcinwe ngendawo, sedata di yokugcina idatha, amacandelo ethekhnoloji afunekayo, iseti yenkxaso yombutho efunekayo ukuphumeza nokusebenza nayo yokugcina idatha. Isinyathelo sesithathu sibandakanya ukukhethwa kweephakheji zesofthiwe ezifunekayo kunye nezixhobo. Inyathelo lesine luyilo oluneenkcukacha kunye nokwakhiwa kwe yokugcina idatha. UIves uphawula ukuba ivenkile dati yinkqubo enyanzelekileyo yophindaphindo.

Amandla endlela ye-Ives kukusetyenziswa kweenkcukacha zobugcisa ukufumanisa iimfuno zolwazi, ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ukuxhasa ukudibanisa yokugcina idatha, ihardware efanelekileyo kunye nokukhethwa kwesoftware, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchule bokumelwa okuphindaphindiweyo kwe yokugcina idatha. Iziphene zayo zizalwa ngokuntsonkotha. Ezinye ziquka ubunzima bokuphuhlisa amanqanaba amaninzi sedata Zonke'interno del yokugcina idatha ngexesha nangeendleko ezifanelekileyo.

Kimball's (1994) Indlela yoku Indawo yokugcina idatha uyilo

UKimball (1994) wenze isiphakamiso samanyathelo amahlanu aphindaphindwayo ekuyileni a yokugcina idatha (jonga iMifanekiso 4). Indlela yakhe inikezelwa ngokukodwa kumzobo we-solo yokugcina idatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemodeli ezinobungakanani ngokukhetha iqumrhu kunye neemodeli zobudlelwane. UKimball uhlalutya ezo modeli zinemilinganiselo kuba kulula ukuba iinkokeli zoshishino ziqonde ishishini, kusebenza ngakumbi xa ujongene nothethwano oluntsonkothileyo, kunye noyilo lwe. sedata umzimba usebenza kakuhle (Kimball 1994). UKimball uyavuma ukuba ukuphuhlisa a yokugcina idatha iyaphindaphinda, kwaye loo nto yokugcina idatha ukwahlukana kunokudibaniswa ngokuhlukana kwiitheyibhile zemilinganiselo efanayo.

Inyathelo lokuqala kukuchonga inkalo yesifundo ekufuneka igqitywe. Inyathelo lesibini nelesithathu libandakanya ukubunjwa kwe-dimensional. Kwinqanaba lesibini imilinganiselo ichonga izinto ezinomdla kumxholo wesifundo kwaye zihlelwe ngokwetheyibhile yenyani. Ngokomzekelo, kwindawo yokuthengisa imilinganiselo yenzala inokubandakanya inani lezinto ezithengisiweyo kunye nedola njengemali yokuthengisa. Inyathelo lesithathu libandakanya ukuchongwa kwemilinganiselo eziziindlela izibakala ezinokuhlelwa ngazo. Kwindawo yesifundo sokuthengisa, imilinganiselo efanelekileyo inokubandakanya into, indawo, kunye nexesha. Itheyibhile yenyani inesitshixo esinamacandelo amaninzi ukuyidibanisa kwitheyibhile zomlinganiselo ngamnye kwaye iqulathe inani elikhulu kakhulu lenyaniso. Ngokuchaseneyo, iitheyibhile zomlinganiselo ziqulethe ulwazi oluchazayo malunga nemilinganiselo kunye nezinye iimpawu ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukwenza iqela lenyaniso. Inqaku elicetywayo elinxulumene nenyaniso kunye netheyibhile yomlinganiselo yenza into ebizwa ngokuba sischema senkwenkwezi ngenxa yokumila kwayo. Inyathelo lesine libandakanya ukwakha a sedata multidimensional ukugqibelela ipateni yenkwenkwezi. Inyathelo lokugqibela kukuchonga iinkqubo zomthombo dati ezifunekayo kunye nokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zenguqu ukubamba, ukucoca kunye nefomathi i dati.

Amandla endlela kaKimball aquka ukusetyenziswa kweemodeli ezinomlinganiselo ukumela i dati igcinwe eyenza kube lula ukuyiqonda kwaye ikhokelela kuyilo olusebenzayo lomzimba. Imodeli yobukhulu ekwasebenzisa ngokulula zombini iinkqubo sedata Ubudlelwane bunokufezekiswa okanye iinkqubo sedata multidimensional. Iziphene zayo ziquka ukungabikho kobuchule obuthile bokuququzelela ukucwangciswa okanye ukuhlanganiswa kwezicwangciso ezininzi zeenkwenkwezi ngaphakathi kwe yokugcina idatha kunye nobunzima bokuyila ukusuka kulwakhiwo olugqithisiweyo lwe-denormalized kwimodeli ye-dimensional a dati kwiinkqubo zelifa.

Indlela kaMcFadden (1996) kwiDatha Uyilo lweWarehouse

UMcFadden (1996) ucebisa indlela enamanyathelo amahlanu okuzoba a yokugcina idatha (jonga umfanekiso 5).
Indlela yakhe isekelwe kukuhlanganiswa kweengcamango ezivela kuncwadi kwaye igxile kuyilo lwesinye yokugcina idatha. Inyathelo lokuqala libandakanya uhlalutyo lweemfuno. Ngelixa iinkcukacha zobugcisa zingamiselwanga, amanqaku kaMcFadden achonga amaqumrhu dati iinkcukacha kunye neempawu zabo, kwaye ubhekisa kubafundi uWatson noFrolick (1993) ukuze babambe iimfuno.
Kwinqanaba lesibini, kuzotywe imodeli yobudlelwane bequmrhu yokugcina idatha kwaye emva koko iqinisekiswe ngabaphathi benkampani. Inyathelo lesithathu libandakanya ukumisela imephu kwiinkqubo zelifa kunye nemithombo yangaphandle ye yokugcina idatha. Inyathelo lesine libandakanya iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa, ukuthunyelwa kunye nokulungelelanisa dati Nel yokugcina idatha. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, ukuhanjiswa kwenkqubo kuphuhliswa ngokugxininisa kujongano lomsebenzisi. UMcFadden uqaphela ukuba inkqubo yokuzoba iyaphindaphinda.

Amandla endlela kaMcFadden kukubandakanyeka kweenkokeli zoshishino ekumiseleni iimfuno kunye nokubaluleka kwezibonelelo. datiukucocwa nokuqokelelwa kwazo. Iziphene zayo kukungabikho kwenkqubo yokwahlula iprojekthi enkulu yokugcina idatha kwizigaba ezininzi ezidibeneyo, kwaye apho

ubunzima bokuqonda iqumrhu kunye neemodeli zobudlelwane ezisetyenzisiweyo kuyilo lwe yokugcina idatha.

Ayisiyo kuphela abo basondeleyo kuthi abasikhethayo.