Inkqubo yoLawulo lweDatha kunye nentsebenziswano

Kweli phepha sifuna ukuthetha ngale nto: “Ekude DBA phakathi kweenkampani ngendlela yentsebenziswano"

Konwabele ukufunda.

Icandelo loku-1 lesi-2

Ulwazi lwangaphambili

UMTHOMBO : UClaudio VENTURINI

ISIHLOKO : Uyilo kunye noPhuhliso lwe Indawo yokugcina idatha kwindawo yentsebenziswano

Isithethi: UGqr Andrea MAURINO

Umphathi: UGqr. Angelo SIRONI

Iziqwenga zethisisi yesidanga sikaClaudio Venturini esinikwe uStefano Fantin nguAndrea Maurino, unjingalwazi weyunivesithi kwiYunivesithi yeZifundo, zenziwa zifumaneke ngeenjongo zolwazi. Milano I-Bicocca, njengomthombo wokufunda kunye namaxwebhu.

Intsebenziswano: iingxaki ze-IT

Kwimeko yentsebenziswano  kukho imibutho emibini okanye  ngaphezulu imibutho  esebenza  kwinkqubo  yokhuphiswano  ngaphakathi  kwemarike  ethile,  kwaye  nangona kunjalo  idinga  ukusebenzisana  kweminye imiba  ye shishini. Izizathu zinokwahluka kwaye ziye zaxoxwa ngokubanzi ngophando kwiinkalo zoqoqosho, ulawulo lombutho kunye nolawulo lolwazi.

Ngokubanzi,  unxulumano  lwentsebenziswano  phakathi  kwabadlali  abohlukeneyo  lungasekwa  ngentando  yabathathi-nxaxheba ngokwabo,  okanye  ukunyanzeliswa  liqela lesithathu. Kwimeko yokuqala, abadlali bachonga ngentsebenziswano ithuba lokufumana inzuzo eqhelekileyo, ekungekho namnye kubo onokuyifumana kwimeko yokukhuphisana. Umzekelo kutshintshiselwano ngolwazi ngeenjongo zokuphucula umgangatho weemveliso okanye iinkonzo ezibonelelwayo abathengi. Kwimeko yesibini, nangona kunjalo, imeko ibandakanya umlingisi wesithathu, onegunya lokunyanzela okanye ukuvuselela ukutshintshisana kolwazi phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba. Imeko eqhelekileyo kukuba     apho imibutho ethile ibopheleleke ngumthetho ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kwindlela yentsebenziswano.

Ukususela kumbono we-IT, intsebenziswano ibonakala ngokuba abadlali ababandakanyekayo banesidingo sokutshintshiselana ngolwazi, ngaphandle kokudibanisa ngokupheleleyo iinkqubo zabo zolwazi. Olu tshintshiselwano lolwazi kufuneka lulawulwe kakuhle, njengoko intsebenziswano ingaba nenzuzo kuphela ukuba inkalo yentsebenziswano yobudlelwane ibonelela ngeenzuzo kubo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwaye ayivelisi inzuzo yokukhuphisana kumdlali ngamnye. Ezona ngxaki zibalulekileyo kwimbono yokuphuhlisa inkqubo yesoftware eqhuba oku kudityaniswa kwindawo yentsebenziswano ke zezi zilandelayo:

Ukuchongwa kolwazi oluza kwabelwana ngalo, ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi ingcaciso ekufuneka itshintshiswe kwaye ngoko idityaniswe, ukuze ibe luncedo kuyo yonke imibutho ebandakanyekayo.

Iindlela zokudibanisa zikhetha iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuqhuba ukudibanisa, zombini ngokwenkqubo yokulandela kunye nemimiselo yezakhiwo kunye neenkqubo ezinokusetyenziswa. Lo mmandla ukwabandakanya imiba enxulumene nesisombululo sokungangqinelani kwesemantic okunokwenzeka phakathi kolwazi oluvela kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo.

I-scalability inani lemibutho ebandakanyekayo kwintsebenziswano inokuba ngokolandelelwano lwamashumi amaninzi, kwaye iyahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha: ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ulwakhiwo lunokunyuka ngokwaneleyo ukuze dati inokudityaniswa kwinkqubo ngobulula obunxulumeneyo.

Ukuguquguquka Ukuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi kwandisa amathuba okuba ubuncinane omnye wabo uya kutshintsha kwixesha elifutshane. Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba  kuphezulu  kokukhona  okuninzi  okudityanisiweyo  kweenkqubo  zolwazi  zikhona  kwaye  kubonisa  ingxaki  ngakumbi xa                 wenkcazelo  ekwabelwana      iphezulu. Inkqubo kufuneka ngoko ikwazi ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi ezihlanganisiweyo.

Ukhuseleko luqinisekisa ukhuseleko lolwazi olupapashiweyo, ngokusebenzisa iindlela zolawulo lofikelelo olwaneleyo

Ubumfihlo bokuqinisekisa ubumfihlo bolwazi olupapashiweyo, ukuze kuthintelwe omnye wabadlali ukuba baqaphele ulwazi olubucayi lweminye imibutho, umzekelo ngokuhlaselwa kwe-inferential. Ngokukodwa, kuyimfuneko ukufumana ibhalansi elungileyo phakathi kokusebenziseka kwe dati kwabelwana, ngembono yokwenza uphando lohlalutyo, kunye nenqanaba elifunekayo lobumfihlo.

Ipropati ye  dati  ngalo mzuzu  apho  i  dati  zipapashwa,  umbutho  usemngciphekweni  wokuphulukana  nolawulo  lwazo. Le ngxaki  iphenjelelwa ngamandla  bubukho  bomdlali wesithathu ,  kunye  nayinqanaba  lokuthembela kwimibutho  ebandakanyekayo.

bakubeka emva. Enyanisweni, kwiimeko ezithile lo mntu wesithathu unokuthatha uxanduva lokulawula i dati kwabelwana ngako.

Ukusombulula ezi ngxaki, i-IT kufuneka iqale ichonge i-architectures, amaqonga kunye nobuchwepheshe obuyimfuneko ekudityanisweni kunye nokutshintshiselana ngolwazi. Okwesibini, kufuneka ichaze imodeli yophuhliso eyaneleyo, ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kwiimfuno zesigaba sokuqokelela. Koku  kulandelayo,                               Kungenzeka njani     ukwane}  iimfuno  eziboniswe  kwimeko ethile            yophuhliso  lwe   data  yesistim yokugcina yogcino.

Ngokuqhelekileyo i-DW isetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lobungakanani beziganeko ezinomdla kwishishini lombutho, ezifana nokuthengisa, ukuthenga okanye amanqanaba oluhlu. Ngenxa yoko, ijongene nolwazi lwamanani, olufana nobungakanani bemveliso okanye amaxabiso. Ukwenza oku i-DW iququzelela ulwazi ngendlela yokuba lunokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo ukwenza ucazululo ngeenjongo zokuxhasa izigqibo. THE dati zikhutshwe kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kwintlangano, kwaye zihlanganiswe ngokusebenzisa enye yeendlela zokudibanisa, ukuze bafumane umbono odibeneyo. Ngethuba lesi sigaba banokuphinda baqhube inkqubo yokucoca, ekugqibeleni bahlanganiswe kwi-DW.

I-DW isetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Amaqumrhu alawulayo ayisebenzisela   ukuntsonkotha   ukuhlalutya   kwe   imiba eyahlukahlukeneyo  ye   ishishini,   ukuze    baxhase  izigqibo  zabo.

Abanye abasebenzisi banokuyisebenzisela ukwenza iingxelo ngamaxesha athile, ezinokuthi ngamanye amaxesha zenziwe esidlangalaleni ngaphandle kombutho.

Kwi-DW ephuhliswe kwindawo yentsebenziswano, imithombo enye ye dati bangabanini yimibutho  eyahlukeneyo,  kwaye  bayadityaniswa  ukuze  bajonge iziganeko ezibandakanya  ingengabo abantu kodwa  bonke  abathathi-nxaxheba. .

ookopolotyeni Indawo yokugcina idatha  (CDW) :

inkqubo  ayisetyenziswa  kuphela ngaphakathi  kombutho. Ngokuchasene noko, inkqubo ivulekile kwaye inokubonelela ngolwazi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zabasebenzisi:

imibutho efanayo ebandakanyekayo kwintsebenziswano, enokuthi ngaloo ndlela ifumane umbono obanzi wemarike apho basebenza khona.

ulawulo loluntu, olunokuthi lucele dati ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi yolawulo

abemi kunye nabathengi ukuze benze ikhonkco lemveliso licace ngakumbi.

Intsebenziswano, uKhuphiswano, iNtsebenziswano

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abanye ababhali baye bagxininisa ukubaluleka kweendlela zentsebenziswano ekudalweni kwexabiso ngaphakathi kweshishini.

Ngokusebenzisa ithiyori yomdlalo kunokwenzeka ukwenza imodeli yezibalo indlela yokuziphatha yabadlali beshishini ukuze bafunde izigqibo zabo zobuchule. Emdlalweni umntu okhuphisana naye usebenzisa iindlela zobuchule ukuze enze isigqibo sokuba leliphi inyathelo eliza kuthatyathwa kwithuba ngalinye. Inzuzo yohambo ichazwa ngumsebenzi womvuzo, onxulumanisa    ixabiso lamanani ngentshukumo nganye eyenziwa ngumthathi-nxaxheba. Umvuzo udla ngokumela ingeniso okanye ilahleko yemali, kwaye ngenxa yoko usenokuba a

ixabiso elibi. Injongo yabadlali kukwandisa isimbuku semivuzo efunyenwe ngexesha lemijikelo eyahlukeneyo yomdlalo.

Ngaphandle kokungena kwiinkcukacha zokumelwa kwemathematika, iimeko ezintathu zokhuphiswano, intsebenziswano kunye nentsebenziswano zingabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Ukhuphiswano Umbutho liqumrhu elizimele geqe xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abadlali bemarike, kwaye injongo ekukuphela kwayo kumdlalo kukukhangela umvuzo omkhulu kunalowo ufunyenwe ngabachasi, kulandela ukuziphatha okungenelelayo. Kule meko yomdlalo, impumelelo ehlawulwe komnye wabadlali ihambelana nelahleko efanayo kumchasi, kwaye ngenxa yoko sinokuthetha ngomdlalo we-zero-sum. Kucacile ukuba kulolu hlobo lomdlalo imisebenzi yokuvuza yabathathi-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo bahluke kakhulu omnye komnye: ngoko ke akukho ndalo yokwenene yexabiso, kodwa kunokuba kukho ukudluliselwa kwexabiso phakathi kwabadlali.

Intsebenziswano Imibutho edlalwayo iqhutywa yimidla eguqukayo, kwaye ngenxa yoko ibonakaliswa yimisebenzi yokuvuza evumelanayo. Ngokubanzi, ukusebenzisana kusekelwe kubudlelwane bokuthembana, ngendlela echasene ngokupheleleyo nento eyenzekayo kwimeko yokhuphiswano. Lo mxholo

inokuboniswa ngomdlalo oqinisekileyo wesamba, apho ukudalwa kwexabiso kunokwenzeka kwaye kuhambelana ngakumbi ngokukhona abadlali besebenzisa iqhinga elijolise ekulandeleni umdla ofanayo: oku kuthetha ukungakhuthazi okunamandla ekuthatheni amanyathelo okuziphatha okungenelelayo.

Intsebenziswano   Intsebenziswano   umxholo   yi   hybrid   scenario   apho   abathathi-nxaxheba   basukela   ngokuyinxenye   converging  umdla. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ngokuchasene noko kwenzekayo ngentsebenziswano, eyona nto iphambili kumdla wombutho ayinjalo

ilungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo  nomdla  wabanye  abathathi-nxaxheba  kumdlalo . Ngoko ke akukho budlelwane bokuthembana ngokupheleleyo phakathi kwabadlali: ngokuchaseneyo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba umsebenzi womvuzo wabanye abadlali uthanda ukuziphatha okungenelelayo. Ezi zinto zithetha ukuba umdlalo ubonakaliswe ngolwakhiwo olulungileyo kodwa oluguquguqukayo lwesambuku, olunokukhokelela kwiinzuzo ezifanayo phakathi kwabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba, kodwa akunyanzelekanga ukuba balunge. Kule meko, imeko yokungaqiniseki yenziwa ngenxa yokuba abadlali abanayo indlela yokuqikelela i-priorio inzuzo abanokuyifumana kwintsebenziswano. Oku kungaqiniseki kunokukhokelela ekuziphatheni okungenelelayo, nto leyo ebangela ukunciphisa intatho-nxaxheba kwintsebenziswano.

Nakweyiphi na imeko, ucazululo olunokwenzeka kufuneka luthintelwe kuyo yonke imibutho ebandakanyekayo, kwaye ke ke kufuneka ingabandakanyeki. dati komnye kuphela kubo.

Intsebenziswano ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i-IT

Intsebenziswano yenzuzo ehlangeneyo phakathi kwamaqabane amabini nangaphezulu ukuze kufunyanwe inzuzo efanayo. Imeko yokwenyani  yinkonzo yamazwe ngamazwe  yokuzula-zula  enikezelwa ziinkampani  zemfonomfono   zemfonomfono,  ezikhuphisana  ukutsala umdla. abathengi, kodwa kwangaxeshanye bayasebenzisana ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kuthungelwano lwemfonomfono nakwamanye amazwe, besabelana ngengeniso eveliswa kuthutho lwemfonomfono lwamazwe ngamazwe. Abaqhubi kufuneka baphumeze iindlela zokutshintshiselana ngeNgcaciso yeNgcaciso kunye nokudibanisa iinkqubo zokutshaja. Umzekelo wesibini ziinkonzo zokubhatalwa kwendlela yokurhafisa ezenzekelayo, njengeTelepass. Nangona uthungelwano lwemoto lwase-Italiya luphethwe ziinkampani ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo, ziyasebenzisana ukuze zibonelele ngenkonzo yeTelepass kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Kwakhona kule imeko  ukuqukuqela  okuqhubekayo  kuyafuneka dati phakathi kwemibutho eyahlukeneyo yokulawula iintlawulo zekhadi letyala labaqhubi.

Stakeholder con il potere di forzare la coopetizione In alcuni scenari  di  busi- ness si ha la presenza di uno stakeholder con potere a sufficienza per instaurare    un rapporto di cooperazione tra altri stakeholder in competizione tra loro. Un scenario  di  questo  tipo  si  è  creato  in  Italia  in  seguito  all’istituzione  della  Borsa Continua Nazionale del Lavoro (BCNL), un portale web con l’obiettivo di favorire l’incontro tra domanda e offerta di lavoro. In questo caso lo Stato ha imposto per legge alle varie agenzie di job placement pubbliche e private di cooperare mettendo a disposizione nel portale alcune informazioni dei profili dei richiedenti lavoro che esse gestiscono.  Un secondo esempio è quello del parallel sourcing, modello tipico    di approvvigionamento di materiale nell’industria automobilistica giapponese [?]. In questo caso un’organizzazione si rifornisce di materiale da più fornitori differen-    ti, mantenendo il rapporto con ciascuno per un lungo periodo. Questo garantisce una fornitura costante di materiale e contribuisce a creare una forte competizione tra i fornitori. Tuttavia essi sono anche obbligati a scambiare conoscenza tra loro relativamente ai problemi di produzione e alle relative soluzioni.

IiNkqubo zeeNkcukacha zoBalo ULawulo lukaRhulumente, okanye iinkampani ezinkulu, zinokugqiba ekubeni zidibanise iinkqubo zazo zolwazi ukuze zibe nolwazi olunxulumene nabemi, ngenjongo yokuxhasa izigqibo kunye nohlalutyo lwamanani.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo zolwazi lwabathathi-nxaxheba kuguqulela ekwakhiweni kwenkqubo yolwazi edibeneyo, evumela ukutshintshiselwa kolwazi phakathi kwemibutho echaphazelekayo. Phakathi kweengxaki ezinkulu kwiinkqubo zokwakha le

Ubume bobugcisa

Kwimeko yentsebenziswano, ngokuqinisekileyo kukho imiba yombutho. Uhlalutyo lokuqala kule ngqiqo lwenziwa ngenjongo yokuvavanya izinto ezibangela impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli kweprojekthi, ichaza iiprofayili zabadlali ababandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokudibanisa, ukuhlelwa kweendlela zokuziphatha ezinokuthi bazithathe, kwaye ekugqibeleni bachonge izigaba ezibalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lwenkqubo.

Kwiprojekthi yokwakha inkqubo yolwazi edibeneyo, ngentsebenziswano, aba badlali balandelayo banokuchongwa:

Ikomiti yebhodi yentsebenziswano Ikomiti enendima yokukhuthaza intsebenziswano ngokusebenza njengommeli phakathi kwemibutho ebandakanyekayo kunye nokulungelelanisa iprojekthi.

Umenzi wezigqibo Iseti yabaphathi bemibutho eyahlukeneyo ebandakanyekayo, abanamandla okugqiba ukuba leliphi inqanaba lokubaluleka kokwabela iprojekthi kwaye ngenxa yoko bangaphi na oovimba abaza kwabiwa.

Inkqubo yeNtsebenziswano Indima ePhambili (CPKR) Iqela labantu kumbutho ngamnye obandakanyekayo onoxanduva lokunxibelelanisa umbutho nekomiti yebhodi yentsebenziswano, ukuze kuqhutywe intsebenziswano. Ngokuqhelekileyo ngabantu abakwinqanaba eliphantsi kunabenzi bezigqibo, kodwa abanempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yokubambisana.

Ababhali bagxininisa ukuba kwezinye iimeko, ukufezekisa iinjongo zeprojekthi, kunokufuneka ukuba ungenelele kwiinkqubo zoshishino zombutho, ngakumbi xa kuyimfuneko ukulungisa iingxaki zomgangatho.  dati. Ubunjineli babo ngokutsha ngumsebenzi oneendleko ezinkulu, kwaye ke ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba abenzi bezigqibo baqonde ngokupheleleyo ubungakanani bexabiso elongezelelweyo eliziswe linyathelo kumbutho. Kungenjalo abayi kuvuma ukutyala imali eyaneleyo, ngokwemali yabantu kunye neyemali. Oku  kubaluleke ngakumbi  kwimeko  apho  ukusebenzisana  kunyanzeliswa  liqela lesithathu.

Indima  yee-CPKRs  ibalulekile  kwimpumelelo  ye  projekthi,  njengoko                 zisebenza  nokudityaniswa  nokwenzeka ngokubonelela  ngonxulumano oluyimfuneko  phakathi  kwentlangano  kunye nelizwe langaphandle . Imeko eqhelekileyo ye-CPKR ngamagcisa esebe le-IT, ekufuneka alungiselele i-hardware kunye neeplatifomu zesoftware eziyimfuneko ukuvumela unxibelelwano lombutho kunye ne-federation. Kwezinye iimeko ii-CPKR aziyi kuqwalasela inzuzo ethe ngqo ekuqalisweni kwenkqubo entsha, kwaye ke ngoko isenokuthandabuza ukuthatha inxaxheba kwintsebenziswano. Ukongezelela, badla ngokuzifumana bekwimeko yokuzithoba kubenzi bezigqibo. Ukuba aba bamva abananjongo yokutyala imali eyaneleyo kwiprojekthi, kunokwenzeka ukuba baya kushiya inxalenye encinci yeeyure zokusebenza zizonke ezifumanekayo kwii-CPKR zokuphunyezwa kweprojekthi.

Ekude DBA phakathi kweenkampani ngendlela yentsebenziswano

Icandelo loku-2 lesi-2

Iziseko ze

Ulwazi lombutho

Inxalenye yokuqala yekhosi: izifundo 1-6

Izinikezelo ezibhalwe ngu:

Antonio Ceparano, Vincenzo Ferme, Monica Menoncin, Alessandro Re

Iqinisekiswe nguNjingalwazi uGiorgio De Michelis ukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kweempazamo.

IIMPAWU EZENZIWE NGUGQIRHA STEFANO FANTIN .

Imbali yeteknoloji yolwazi kwimibutho

Iinkampani zaqala ukusebenzisa ii-automatism kunye noomatshini nangaphambi kokufika kweekhompyuter, umzekelo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1900 oomatshini babesetyenziselwa ukulungelelanisa irejistri kusetyenziswa amakhadi acwangcisiweyo kunye neendlela zokhetho, okanye ukushwankathela ulwazi kunye neeakhawunti, ezifana neTabulating okanye Accounting Machines.

Oomatshini boShishino baMazwe ngaMazwe, i-IBM, yazalwa ngokuchanekileyo kweli candelo: ekuqaleni yayithengisa iinkqubo ze-invoyisi, ezazisenziwa amawaka ezihlandlo ngenyanga; bekukho ke ngoko iinkqubo zokuvelisa ii-invoyisi, kodwa hayi ezolawulo: bekungekho zibalo kwaye bekungekho ndawo yokugcina imithamo emikhulu yemali. dati.

Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-30 kunye no-40, amaqela amathathu aphambili asebenzayo asebenza kwiikhompyuter ezicwangcisiweyo: u-Alan Turing eNgilani, ngenjongo yokudala inkqubo yokufihlakele ngenjongo yemfazwe, uKonrad Zuse Germania (da alcuni reputato il vero inventore del

isixhobo sokubala nge-elektroniki) kunye noJohn von Neumann kunye neqela le-ENIAC eMelika. Abantu baseMelika ngokukodwa babenemfanelo, emva kwemfazwe, yokubona indima yeekhomputha ngaphakathi kwemibutho kwaye ke ngoko bazisa kwezi meko.

Ingqikelelo yesibali esicwangcisiweyo, nangona kunjalo, sandulela eli xesha: sele phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1800 uCharles Babbage wayedale umatshini wokubala, "injini eyahlukileyo."". Lo matshini, nangona kunjalo, wachatshazelwa ziingxaki zoomatshini kwaye awuzange wakhiwe yiBabbage (imveliso ngokwendlela yoyilo yokuqala yagqitywa ngo-1991, iMyuziyam yeSayensi London). Kamva uBabbage wayila i-“Analytical Engine", umatshini ontsonkothileyo ngakumbi, owawusebenzisa amakhadi amanqindi, nowayekwazi ukubakho icwangciswe ngentando. Yayineeyunithi ze-arithmetic, ulawulo lokuhamba kunye nememori: yayiluyilo lokuqala lwekhompyutheni yeTuring-epheleleyo.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-50 kwafunyaniswa ukuba isixhobo sokubala singasetyenziswa kushishino nakulawulo lukarhulumente, umbutho wabo wawutsala nzima ngenxa yobuninzi bezixhobo. dati. Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu, kuphela imibutho emikhulu kunye namaziko ophando (afana nendawo) kunye nomkhosi unokuhlawula i-calculator.

Kwiminyaka ye-60, iteknoloji yolwazi ekugqibeleni yangena kwiinkampani ngendlela ebanzi kwakhona ngenxa yendima ye-IBM, eyaphuhlisa i-mainframe yokuqala, i-System/360. (1964), eyilelwe ukuba ibe nokusasazwa okubanzi kakhulu kwimibutho ephakathi/enkulu yelo xesha.

Ngelo xesha kwakhona Italia kwakukho ukuveliswa kwee-calculator ze-elektroniki zemibutho, ngenxa ye-Olivetti. Le nkampani yenziwe ngamaqela amabini asebenzayo: a Pisa ingcamango kunye noyilo lomzimba lomatshini lwenziwa, e-Ivrea kwakukho iziko lezorhwebo lokuthengisa kunye nokusebenzisana nomthengi. Ukuphuhliswa kweekhompyuter, ngeli xesha, kwakungumngeni kunye ne-adventure, ekubeni iinkqubo zophuhliso eziqinisekisa ukudalwa koomatshini abasebenzisekayo kakhulu babengekabikho.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha ezi teknoloji zasasazeka kwaye ikhompyutha yaba yindlela yokulawula yonke ingcaciso ekhowudiweyo.

Namhlanje, xa kuthelekiswa neminyaka eyi-40 edlulileyo, iteknoloji yolwazi itshintshile kakhulu. Kubekho uphuculo oluninzi ukusukela ngeentsuku zamakhadi akhutshiweyo, kodwa ngelishwa kuye kwakho iingxaki ezingenakuthintelwa ezibangelwa lutshintsho olufunekayo. Ngoku, ngalo lonke ixesha sazisa utshintsho kufuneka sijongane nobuchwepheshe obukhoyo (obuphilayo), obuhlala bubhalwe kakubi okanye obungabhalwanga konke konke, sibona kwangaphambili ukudityaniswa kunye namaxesha okufuduka, kunye nokungqubana nokuxhathisa abasebenzisi.

Kwimibutho yoshishino kukho ukutyhala kusetyenziso oluqhubekayo lweekhaltyhuleyitha ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ezona zicinezela kakhulu zizixa ezikhulu ze dati ukulawula, ulwazi oluhlala lungenakwakhiwa, kunye nesidingo sokwenza izibalo eziphindaphindayo okanye ezinzima.

Umbono omacala amathathu

Phakathi kombutho kukho iindawo ezintathu zomdla kwiinkqubo zolwazi:

ububanzi yokusebenza, enxulumene nokubhaliswa kweenyani zenkampani, eziyimfuneko kulawulo lwayo;

ububanzi ukwenza isigqibo, ngokunxulumene nokusetyenzwa kolwazi ukuphuhlisa ubuNgcali boShishino;

ububanzi yokusebenzisana, ngokunxulumene nolawulo lonxibelelwano kunye nokuhamba kolwazi ngaphakathi kwenkampani kunye nabangeneleli bangaphandle, okuyimfuneko ukuze bakwazi ukukhulelwa entsha.

Ukusebenza kweenkqubo zolwazi kuhambelana nolungelelwaniso olululo lwemisebenzi kwaye ke iinzuzo zabasebenzi abachaphazelekayo (ingaba ngabasebenzi, amaqabane, ababoneleli, urhulumente).

Olu lwahlulo lweenkqubo zolwazi, olubizwa ngokuba “bubuso obuthathu”, lucetywe kumanqaku amabini11 ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-90, iqela leengcaphephe ezisuka kwiidyunivesiti ezahlukeneyo kunye neemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo zaxhasa imfuneko yokuthathela ingqalelo iinkalo ezintathu zokuyilwa kwenkqubo esebenzayo.

Ubuso obuthathu benkqubo akufuneki buqondwe njengamacandelo enkqubo, kodwa njengemiba emithathu yenkampani ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kuphuhliso lweenkqubo ezintsha.

Nangona iinkqubo zokuqala zolwazi zenziwe ngokukodwa ukuxhasa imisebenzi, ngexesha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakungekho ukuhlukana okuhlukeneyo kobuso be-3 yenkqubo, kodwa zidibaniswe kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ahlanganisa inkqubo ngokupheleleyo; Iisistim zadalelwa usetyenziso oluthile kwaye nganye kuzo yayinemiba ethe ngqo kubuso obu-3. Ngokomzekelo, ukuguquka kweenkqubo zokuxhasa imisebenzi kwaqhubeka ngexesha lokuzalwa kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo zeBusiness Intelligence.

Oku kube negalelo ekudalweni kweenkqubo ezenziwe ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo kodwa asebenzisanayo. Ilungu ngalinye kula linenguquko eyahlukileyo kwamanye kwaye ukukhula kwenkqubo kubandakanya ukhetho olunxulumene nokulunga kokudityaniswa kweenkqubo ezikhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, olu khetho lokudibanisa luzisa ukuqina kunye nemeko yokhetho lwexesha elizayo: ukusungulwa kwesoftware kuyaqhubeka iminyaka (i-10 okanye i-15 iminyaka) kwaye ihlala ibiza iinkqubo ezikhoyo zibe ngumbuzo. Ukhetho olwenziwe kwixesha elidlulileyo luxhalabele ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kwamacandelo kwaye oluye lwakhokelela kwimeko yangoku, kungekhona kuphela kwinqanaba lenkqubo, kodwa nakwizinga lokucalucalula: iinkolelo kunye nemikhwa eye yathatha ingcambu kwinkampani, ngakumbi iimeko uzinzo eliphezulu.

Izahlulo ezithathu esizibonileyo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo njengamacala amathathu engxaki enye hayi amacandelo amathathu ahlukeneyo.

Inkxaso yokusebenza

Itekhnoloji yolwazi yaqala ukungena kumashishini kwiindawo ezinomdla kunye nobungakanani bomdla: ulwazi olubalulekileyo lwenkampani lulo olunokulandelelwa umva kumaxabiso ezoqoqosho kunye neemveliso zenkampani. Ke ngoko iindawo ezintathu zokuqala ezafakwa kwikhompyutha zazi

ulawulo lwendawo yokugcina impahla kunye nocwangciso lwemveliso;

ubalo-mali, ulawulo;

ulawulo lwabasebenzi.

Itekhnoloji yolwazi lokuqala kwintlangano ke ngoko idityaniswe nemveliso yokuchongwa okukodwa kweenyani zenkampani ezibangelwa kumaxabiso ezoqoqosho. Lo mba sele ubalulekile kuba wenza umsebenzi wenkampani ucace. Namhlanje kubalulekile ukuba oku kungafihlisi kukho ngokwemigaqo yowiso-mthetho eyahlukeneyo, ngoko ke ngaphakathi kwintlangano enkulu kukho iimfuno ezingenakukwazi ukwaneliseka ngaphandle koncedo lwe-IT.

Iinkqubo ezilawula ezi dati sisiseko somsebenzi yenkampani (indawo yokugcina impahla, abasebenzi, i-invoyisi), o.k.k. abancedisa inkampani kwishishini layo, babizwa ngokuba iinkqubo zenkxaso yokusebenza.

Umzekelo, makhe sithathe inkampani eyinkohliso evelisa amathoyizi: into nganye eveliswayo ichazwa yibhili yezixhobo zayo, oko kukuthi, uluhlu lwazo zonke iinxalenye zayo, kwaye ukwahluka ngakunye kwibhili yezixhobo kuvelisa into eyahlukileyo: umzekelo. , zonke iidoli zeBarbie zineengalo ezi-2 kunye nemilenze emi-2, kodwa ezinye zineenwele ezibomvu, ezinye zineengubo ezithile, njl. Siyakwazi ukuchonga imveliso kunye nazo zonke iinguqu zayo ngokusebenzisa iikhowudi ezizodwa.

Imveliso nganye inesitokhwe se indawo yokugcina impahla: sinomdla wokwazi ukuba zingaphi iiBarbi esinazo kwaye zingaphi sizivelisile.

Iimveliso kufuneka emva koko zithengiswe: ngoko ke inkampani kufuneka ilawule ii-invoyisi ezinxulumene nentengiso. Okwangoku sinokunxibelelanisa imali kunye neemveliso kwaye sibone ukuba yimalini engena kwimveliso nganye ekhutshiweyo.

Ngenkqubo yolwazi ke ngoko sinokuba nolwazi malunga neemveliso kunye ne denaro.

Ngokuhambelana neemveliso zokugqibela, ukwenzela ukuvelisa into ethile, izinto zokufakelwa ziyadingeka, ngoko kuya kufuneka sirekhode izinto zokufakelwa kunye neendleko ezinxulumene noko kunye noluhlu.

Ekugqibeleni kuyafuneka ukuba kuqhutywe i abasebenzi. Ulwazi oluphambili lu:

iiprofayili (zobuqu, ezemali);

isikhundla kwintlangano;

imiqondiso enxulumene nenkqubo yebhonasi yemveliso.

Inkxaso yesigqibo

Nangona kunjalo, ukuqhuba umbutho kudlulela ngaphaya kokulawula iinyani zenkampani: ukuze ukhule, uphucule kwaye uphuhlise inkampani kufuneka wenze ukhetho olusekwe kwiimeko kunye neengxaki (umzekelo ukunyuka okanye ukuncipha kwemfuno yemveliso) ezibekwe. kwindlela yenkampani, oko kukuthi, ukwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwiinyani kunye nemilinganiselo yezoqoqosho.

Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela: inkampani inokuphambuka kwindlela yayo ngaphandle kokuqaphela ukuba, umzekelo, ezinye iitshaneli zokuthengisa zininzi okanye azinangeniso kakhulu (okanye zimele ilahleko), inkampani inokuhamba ingazi nto kumacala angalindelekanga.

Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba sizibuze imibuzo enxulumene nezinto ezivelisa utshintsho, okanye izinto eziya kuthi zibe nefuthe kukhetho lokusebenza kwenkampani. Ukwenza oku kunokwenzeka ukwakha imodeli ngoncedo lweekhaltyhuleyitha ukutolika kakuhle dati eyaziwayo.

Iinkqubo ziyimfuneko ke ngoko zivumela ukufikelela kulo lonke ulwazi oluluncedo, oko kukuthi, enxulumene nommandla wobuchule bomntu owucelayo kwaye uluncedo ekwenzeni imisebenzi efanelekileyo, ukuze ukwazi ukunika impendulo, kodwa ushiye okulungileyo. iqondo lenkululeko ukubanakho ukunika impendulo ngokuthembekileyo.

Iinkqubo ezinjalo, ezinceda kulawulo lombutho, zibizwa ngokuba ziinkqubo zolawulo ishishini ulawulo.

Ezi nkqubo zikuvumela ukuba uphumeze iinkqubo zokutolika ezinceda ekucwangciseni nasekukhetheni ikamva ngokusekelwe kwinto eyenziwa yimveliso-yentengiso.

Ukutolikwa kwezi ntshukumo zenziwa ngu business intelligence (BI), oko kukuthi, ukusuka kolo qeqesho, okanye iseti yeendlela, ezikhangela i dati leyo inkampani esele inayo, kodwa yona (ngokuyinxenye) ayinalwazi. Iinkqubo zokubeka iliso kunye neenkqubo zezigqibo ziyinxalenye yeBI.

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, iinkqubo ze-BI ziye zavela: kwixesha elidlulileyo, ezi nkqubo zazijongiswe kuyo inkqubo yolwazi olulawulayo, okanye iinkqubo zokuqokelela dati, kodwa iimfuno zoshishino zitshintshile kwiminyaka kwaye iinkampani zibuza imibuzo eyahlukileyo kunangaphambili. Enyanisweni, abenzi nje kuphela ukuba basebenze ukuphucula rhoqo inkampani, indawo yokusebenza kunye nemveliso, kodwa imeko yemarike kunye necandelo elithile apho inkampani ivelisa impembelelo kwindlela yokusebenza kwixesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide.

Ngoko ke, inkampani kufuneka:

izilungelelanise kunye neenkqubo zayo ngendlela eya kuqinisekisa umgangatho olungileyo wokuguquguquka;

yenziwe ngabasebenzi abanobuchule nababhetyebhetye;

ulawulo lolwazi oluninzi kunye nobudlelwane namanye amaqumrhu (abantu, ezinye iinkampani, ...).

Ngoko ke, i-Business Intelligence kufuneka ibe ngokwaneleyo ukuxhasa kunye nokuququzelela ukhetho lwenkampani, ngokulandela isicwangciso sayo: Iinkqubo ze-ERP, ezazalelwa kwi-60s / 70s, zazijoliswe kwiinkampani ezizinzileyo kakhulu, kodwa imeko yangoku iyahluka. Akusekho ngokwaneleyo ukudibanisa i dati kwinkonzo yomphathi, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukukwazi ukuvelisa ulwazi olongezelelweyo kunye nokwenza uhlalutyo olunzima kwaye luhlala lubiza kakhulu. Iisistim zolwazi olukhethekileyo ke ngoko ziyafuneka kwezi mfuno.

Umzekelo wendlela iinkqubo eziye zavela ngayo ukusuka kulawulo lokusebenza ukuya kwinkxaso yezigqibo ngulo vimba.

Kudala, ulawulo lwesitora lwaluquka ukuqokelela iimpahla dati kubalulekile kulawulo lwayo: ukufakwa kwikhathalogu yezitokhwe, imathiriyeli ekrwada kunye neemveliso zokugqibela.

Namhlanje inkqubo ibanzi kwaye ilawula, ukongeza dati, inkqubo kunye nesicwangciso semveliso.

Le nkqubo idlula kwizigaba ezininzi zokuzivelela:

ii-algorithms ezisisiseko zesixokelelwano xa iyonke: esekelwe kwingeniso yezinto eziphathekayo kunye i

imiqobo yemveliso imisela imigangatho kunye nezingqisho ekufuneka zigcinwe (Lweencwadi ngcamango)

imodeli echanekileyo ngakumbi yenkqubo enezithintelo zexesha elicacileyo: ikhonkco lemisebenzi ekufuneka yenzeke kunye nolawulo lwayo (ulungiselelo+oluzenzekelayo)

kwiinkqubo ezinkulu kakhulu, ulawulo alunakwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo, kwaye ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuvula kwiBusiness Intelligence (sigqibo iinkqubo)

Nolawulo, njengendawo yokugcina impahla, luye lwenziwa utshintsho ekuhambeni kwexesha: kanye emva kwexesha iinkqubo zenze ubuncinci obuncinci, ngoko ke zibonelela ngenkxaso ekuzoba ii-invoyisi kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kodwa namhlanje indaleko ityhalela kwiprogram kunye noyilo, ulawulo (ukubeka iliso) kwe. imisebenzi kunye neeprojekthi.

Umanyano lweMisebenzi kunye neZiGqibo kwiinkqubo zeERP

Ukudityaniswa phakathi kweenkqubo zenkxaso yemisebenzi kunye neenkqubo zobuntlola bezoshishino ziyaqhubeka nokukhula de kube nokuvela kweenkqubo ze-ERP, i-Enterprise Resource Planning, ethatha indima yenkqubo yolwazi olulodwa ebomini benkampani. Ezi nkqubo, ezifikelele ekusasazweni kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-90, zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkampani eziphakathi/ezinkulu kwaye ziya zisanda kwiinkampani eziphakathi/ezincinci.

Imveliso ehamba phambili kule marike yi-SAP.

Ukwamkelwa kwe-ERP (ekungeyomfuneko ukuba ibe yi-SAP) sisiqalo esitsha senkampani: ukudityaniswa kolwazi kunye nolawulo lwayo olusembindini kodwa olumodyuliweyo luvumela iingqiqo ezintsonkothileyo zokuqiqa (uphononongo lwemida yenzuzo, iimeko zokungahlawulwa/ukungakwazi ukuhlawula amatyala …).

Ngoko ukuguqulela isakhiwo senkampani kwimodeli ye-ERP yindlela efanelekileyo yokuqonda ngokupheleleyo indlela iinkampani eziqulunqwe ngayo kunye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, nge-ERPs kunzima ukubamba i-essence yeenkampani njenge "generators of knowledge", kwaye kuba nzima ukubamela kuzo zonke iinkcukacha zabo.

Enyanisweni, ingxaki yokumela inkampani ivela kwinto yokuba iinkqubo ze-ERP ezikhoyo ngoku zisekelwe kwimodeli yenkampani esebenzayo ye-hierarchical (imodeli ye-ARIS), ngelixa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje liqhelekileyo ukuchonga imibutho enesakhiwo se-matrix, kwi apho abantu bangenalo uxhomekeko olunye (oluvela kophezulu), kodwa luphindwe kabini: olunye lwendawo yokusebenza (ulwazi abanalo abantu ngabanye, umzekelo umyili unesalathiso "umyili oyintloko") kunye nomnye womsebenzi (iprojekthi abasebenzayo, umzekelo umyili "unomphathi weprojekthi" weprojekthi asebenza kuyo ngoku).

Ke ngoko kukho abaphathi abaninzi bomsebenzi omnye, abaneemeko zongquzulwano ezinokubakho.

Ngaphaya koko, ii-ERP zinika imida enxulumene nokwahluka kwenkampani: inkampani ayinakuqikelela ukuba iya kuvela njani kwaye iya kutshintsha njani. Inkqubo ye-IT kufuneka ihambelane neenguqu kwinkampani, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha i-ERP yakhiwe kakhulu ukuba ikwazi ukuhambisana nenguqu yenkampani kwaye esi siphene sazisa ukuqina okuzibonakalisa njengomqobo kwi-evolution yenkampani.

Ekugqibeleni, xa uthatha isigqibo nge-ERP, kufuneka uqonde:

umanyaniso dati: ERPs ngokucacileyo ayinakuyihoya le dati yeenkampani, ezininzi kwaye zingalungelelaniswa, kukho imfuneko yokusebenzisa iindawo zokugcina idatha

zeziphi iingxaki ezivelayo xa ulawula inkampani ngokupheleleyo ngeERP

ngoko ke, zithini iimpawu ezahlukileyo zenkampani eyamkela i-ERP ethile kwaye yeyiphi kuzo enento yokwenza nezi ngxaki (umzekelo ubukhulu, ukuchasa ukutshintsha)

Ulawulo lolwazi

Xa inkampani ithatha isigqibo sokungena kwicandelo elithile lemarike, ayikwazi ukuqala kwinto engekhoyo: kukho imigaqo efunekayo ukuba isebenze kwaye kukho iiparitha ezimele zihlalutywe ngokucophelela. Uphononongo lwabakhuphisanayo kunye nemarike akuyimfuneko nje kuphela ukutyhila izicwangciso ezinokuthi zithathwe, kodwa kunye nokukwazi ukuthelekisa iziphumo zezicwangciso zomntu kunye nezikhoyo.

Izigqibo ezenziwe ngaphakathi kwinkampani zisisiphumo senkqubo, nangona kunjalo, engekho sesikweni okanye inkqubo echazwe kakuhle. Ngelixa abanye bezamile ukwenza ezi nkqubo zibe sesikweni kunye nendlela abantu abacinga ngayo, isiphumo sokokuba ukuziphatha kwabantu kunqabile ukuba ulindele.

Ngokubanzi, inkqubo yokufunda yentengiso inamacandelo amabini asisiseko:

icandelo lengxoxo, okanye unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu. Xa bengenalo ulwazi olwaneleyo, banokubuza umntu ngokungafihlisiyo okanye ngokucacileyo.

Kwiinkampani “umenzi wesigqibo sokugqibela” ubizwa ngokuba liGosa eliLawulayo eliyiNtloko (CEO) ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ixhaswa libhunga, elinika ingxelo kulo. I-CEO kufuneka nxibelelana rhoqo nabo bonke abantu ababandakanyekayo kwiprojekthi, ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi ukufumana iindlela zokuzisa inzuzo kwinkampani.

icandelo lamaxwebhu, okanye utshintshiselwano kunye/okanye ukwabelana ngamaxwebhu. Hayi kuphela kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu, kodwa kukho ukutshintshiselana kwamaxwebhu ayimfuneko ukuze kubekho isiseko esifanayo sokuxoxa ngaso. Ulwazi luyaqokelelwa kwaye izifundo ziyenziwa kwimarike ojonge ukungena kuyo, kunye nendlela yokungena emarikeni.

Ulawulo lolwazi kunye nolwazi yinxalenye esisiseko kuwo onke amacandelo apho kuyimfuneko ukwenza uhlobo oluthile lwezigqibo, ezinganxulumananga ngokungqongqo dati ezithile zenkampani, kodwa zihlala zinxulunyaniswa ne dati ukungaqiniseki.

Amacandelo amabini afumene indaleko kule ngqiqo kwiminyaka yakutshanje yileyo urhwebo kunye neyorhwebo, ngakumbi leyo ye urhwebo engasekelwe kuyo kuphela dati ukungaqiniseki - njengaleyo yorhwebo - kodwa kufuneka itolike indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu.

Iinkqubo zolwazi ze urhwebo kwaye abarhwebi abazalelwa kwindawo yeenkqubo zenkxaso yemisebenzi, kodwa kwindawo yokusetyenzwa kolwazi kunye nokuguqukela kulawulo lokuhamba kolwazi, kuba kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo eminye imithombo yolwazi, kubandakanya neyangaphandle.

I-IT kufuneka ijongane nenkqubo enzima yonxibelelwano kunye notshintshiselwano ngolwazi. Kwaye kufuneka ijongane nengxaki enzima ukuyidibanisa kwaye iphendule kwiimfuno zeenkampani.

Inkqubo yonxibelelwano ngoku ilandela ukuhamba okushiya inkampani kwaye ivule uluhlu lweengxaki ezintsha kraca. Kwicandelo lezixhobo zekhaya, umzekelo, iinkampani azizazi ezabo abathengi Okokugqibela, kuba inyani yangoku kukuba izixhobo zasekhaya zithengiswa kwiivenkile ezithengisa izinto ezininzi, apho kukho umthetheli, umphathi wenkampani. shop, eseka ubudlelwane bokuthembela kunye nomthengi. Nditsho amagcisa okulungisa ahlala aneempawu ezininzi, kwaye inkampani izifumana ithintelekile ekunxibelelaneni nomthengi kuba ayinxibelelani ngokuthe ngqo. Abavelisi, ke ngoko, kufuneka bavule amajelo encoko nezabo abathengi, kodwa lo msebenzi awukho lula ukuwufeza, njengoko idla ngokuba ziinkampani zempendulo ezisuka kuzo abathengi kwenzeka kuphela xa i abathengi abaneliseki.

Kwinkampani, ukuhamba kwencoko kunye nomthengi kubaluleke kakhulu njengokuthengiswa kwemveliso, kuba kuthetha ukunyaniseka kwabathengi. Kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, itshaneli kunye nomthengi liququzelelwe kuphela ngamaziko ocingo. Kutshanje, nangona kunjalo, i-ICT isanda kakhulu kwaye ayihlali nje kwisikhundla kwi-ofisi engasemva, kodwa ithatha indima entsha ekunxibelelaneni nomthengi.

Ukusebenzisana nomthengi kunye nolawulo lokuhamba kwencoko kukhokelele amasebe ahlukeneyo enkampani ukuba amkele inkqubo yawo yonxibelelwano ngokuhamba kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, phakathi kwala masebe kukho imfuneko yokusebenzisana, kwaye oku kubangela ingxaki malunga nokuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngamasebe ahlukeneyo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yengxoxo yabathengi, ngoko ke, iphule imida yenkampani kwaye ibeke ingxaki kwindawo yokubeka izixhobo zokukwazi ukuba nale ncoko; inkampani nganye inika iprofayile yohlanganiso olukhethekileyo, oluxhomekeke kwimbali yenkampani ngokwayo.

Incoko ebandakanya ukudalwa kunye nophuhliso lweemveliso ezintsha ke ngoko inemithombo emibini engundoqo:

umthombo wangaphandle, onikwe ngokuziphatha kwabakhuphisanayo kunye neemveliso zabo kunye nokuziphatha kwe abathengi;

umthombo wangaphakathi, onikwe ngokuthelekisa phakathi koqikelelo lwentengiso kunye neentengiso zangempela.

Ukusebenzisana nomthengi kwakhona kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa "iinkqubo zokusebenza" (okt iinkqubo zenkxaso yokusebenza), ezihamba ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka kwindima edityaniswe ngokungqongqo kwinkampani kunye neyona shishini layo eliphambili, ukuya kwindima esondeleyo kumsebenzisi ngokudibanisa iinkonzo ezininzi kunye nangakumbi. inikeza kubathengi.

Itekhnoloji isivumela ukuba sandise ixesha leenkqubo zenkxaso yokusebenza, sitshintshe kakhulu intsebenziswano esinayo nomthengi.

Umzekelo, iinkampani zonxibelelwano zanamhlanje zibiza iisistim ezilawula uthungelwano lomnxeba "iinkqubo zokusebenza", kwaye isenzo sokudayela inombolo yefowuni kukusebenzisana naloo nkqubo yokusebenza, nokuba olu nxibelelwano alubonwa njengolu msebenzisi.

Kwelinye icala, iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisetyenziswa kwiinkampani e-commerce eze Amazon, zibonakala kakhulu kubasebenzisi abaseka uhlobo lwencoko yababini nale nkqubo (umzekelo, i Amazon inikeza iincwadi zomsebenzisi anokufumana umdla ngokusekelwe kukhetho lwabanye abasebenzisi).

Ukusebenzisana nomsebenzisi kubalulekile xa inkampani ifuna ukudibanisa imveliso eza kuthengiswa kunye nomyalezo ogqithisiweyo: xa inkampani icinga malunga nobukho bayo, imveliso eyithengisayo kunye nobudlelwane bayo kunye nemarike, ithelekisa ekhoyo ngokusemandleni. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenza kulwazi onalo, oluphuma kulo dati (okt ukusuka kumanani aqokelelweyo), kodwa nakulwazi olungelulo olwamanani oluqokelelwa yinkampani kubakhuphisana kunye abathengi.

Le ndawo yolawulo lolwazi iya ibaluleka ngakumbi kwimibutho yanamhlanje, yinto entsha.

Kwaye kunomdla ukubona ukuba ezinye iinkampani zineentsebenziswano ezinamandla kunye ne abathengi kwaye baya benovelwano ngakumbi kuluvo loluntu kunye nobudlelwane babathengi. Umzekelo, kuba FIAT 500, a website (iintsuku ezingama-500 phambi kokuqaliswa kweemarike) eqokelele iimpawu ze abathengi okunokwenzeka kunye nekamva kwaye eneneni kube nefuthe kwimveliso emva koko yanikezelwa kwimarike (umzekelo ideshibhodi yayiyinto ephinde yayilwa ngokutsha ekhumbula leyo ye-500 yoqobo ngokwezalathisi zoluntu).

Ukutolikwa kwemarike kufuneka kudlule kunxibelelwano nezinto ezinokubakho abathengi.

Ukwenza oku, ngoko ke sinomdla kwizixhobo zokulawula ulwazi kunye nentsebenziswano (groupware). Unxibelelwano, lwangaphakathi nangaphandle, lubalulekile kwimpumelelo yenkampani.

Zonke izixhobo ezisasazwa kwimibutho ziya ngokwandayo zijolise kulawulo lolwazi, kungekuphela nje ukutolika imarike, kodwa nokuvumela ukwabelana ngolwazi ngaphakathi. yenkampani; umzekelo, inkampani eneofisi ezahlukeneyo nezikude (umz. Milano e eRoma), inokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokulawula ulwazi kunye nonxibelelwano ukusondeza amava afanayo, ukuthintela ukuphuhliswa kwee-nuclei ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukubonelela ngeendawo kunye nokudityaniswa kolwazi.24.

Iinkqubo zolawulo lolwazi zikwanomdla kwabo kufuneka benze izigqibo ezincinci nezincinci, umzekelo inkonzo yabathengi ekufuneka inike iimpendulo kwimibuzo. abathengi bangasebenzisa ii-FAQs, eziyiseti yeempendulo kwimibuzo eqhelekileyo eyenziwe ngokusesikweni ukuqala kulwazi ekwabelwana ngalo. Kodwa naluphi na uhlobo lwenkqubo esemthethweni, ngokuchanekileyo ngenxa yokuba lusemthethweni, lubonelela ngaphandle. Bona, ngokwendalo yabo, abanako ukuqheleka kwaye abanye abanako ukupheliswa. Kweminye imimandla umahluko udlala indima ebalulekileyo, njengakulawulo lukarhulumente, umzekelo, apho kuqikelelwa ukuba okuchaseneyo kumela malunga nesiqingatha samatyala.

Iinkqubo zihamba kunye nokuhamba kolwazi: ukuba inkqubo ayilawulwa kakuhle, unxibelelwano lolwazi alusebenzi.

Kukho ezinye iinkqubo, ukwenza izigqibo okanye ukucwangciswa, okunokuthi kucwangciswe, kodwa indlela ehlelwe ngayo iprojekthi ichaphazela ukuphunyezwa kwayo kwaye ayifanelekanga ukuba iprojekthi ibe nzima kakhulu. Kwezi meko sinokucinga ngenkqubo njengokuhamba kwencoko equlethe amanyathelo asemthethweni nachanekileyo ngaphakathi kwayo.

Kukho iinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo kunye neenkqubo zokuyila ezingenakuba nzima kakhulu, kuba ukuhamba kwencoko kubaluleke kakhulu njengezithintelo okanye ukucaciswa koyilo.

Ukudityaniswa kweendawo ezi-3

Kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, ihlabathi lemisebenzi kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso yezigqibo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo lolwazi zazihluke ngokupheleleyo kwaye zingavumelani; phakathi kwezi nkqubo, nangona kunjalo, akukho mgama ungabhulekiyo. Okokuqala, ikhomputha yobuqu isetyenziselwa ukufikelela kunye nokusebenzisa zombini iinkqubo: ngaphambili bekukho umatshini ozinikeleyo womsebenzi ngamnye, kodwa okwangoku ikhompyuter ikwindawo yonke kwaye iinkqubo zinokufumaneka kwindawo enye. Iikhomputha zikwaxhaphakile kwaye ziya zisiba sembindini wonxibelelwano: ngeminyaka yee-80, xa zibuzwa

"Zingaphi iikhomputha ezifunwa yinkampani yam?", impendulo yanikwa "ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kweefowuni onazo", olu luphawu lokuqala lokuba ikhompyutha iye yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokulawula unxibelelwano.

Ke ekuhambeni kweminyaka, ukongeza kwiinkqubo zolwazi zolawulo lwe dati yenkampani, iinkqubo ziye zaziswa ukulawula inkampani, ulwazi kunye nonxibelelwano. Imendo yenziwe dati ukusuka kuluhlu lwemivuzo kunye nenkqubo yolwazi lolawulo ukuya kwiinkqubo zegroupware eziqulathe uluhlu lweenkcukacha ezingachanekanga ngokuthe ngcembe.

Ukuhamba kolwazi kunye nokudityaniswa kwe-groupware kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso yokusebenza kuthetha ukuba ngokomgaqo akusekho zixokelelwano ziqulathe dati I-static. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zokulawula iintlawulo zabasebenzi azisekho, kuba zidityaniswe nenkqubo yolawulo lwekhondo elintsonkothileyo. Oku kukuvumela ukuba unikezele ngakumbi kubasebenzi, ngaphezu kobudlelwane bokusebenza, ukuphucula ibhondi kunye nenkampani.

Utshintsho kwiinkqubo zolwazi, oludibanisa ngakumbi ukurekhodwa kweenyaniso kunye nokuhamba konxibelelwano, lukwalungelelanisa utshintsho lwentlalo kwaye ngokukodwa kwinguqu yendlela ubudlelwane bengqesho bubonwa ngayo: iye yaba yintsebenziswano phakathi kwabasebenzi kunye nenkampani. Inkampani inomdla ekuvavanyeni abasebenzi bayo kunye nokugcina incoko nabo malunga neemeko zokusebenza. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, umqeshwa akavavanywanga kuphela ukusuka phezulu, kodwa kunye nabalingane (uvavanyo loontanga). Iisistim zolwazi lweziko ziya zijolisa ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zolawulo lwabasebenzi ezivuleleke kubasebenzi ngokwabo, zibanika ithuba lokuziveza ngendawo yokusebenza, kwiinjongo ezibekiweyo, njl.

Itekhnoloji ekhoyo namhlanje yeencoko kunye nokutshintshiselana ngolwazi kubandakanya:

email: eyamkelwa kwihlabathi jikelele, apho umkhondo wonxibelelwano ukuyo yenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo;

Skype: iluncedo kakhulu kunxibelelwano lomlomo;

iinkonzo zenkomfa ngevidiyo phakathi kwabantu abaninzi: ngcono kune-Skype yonxibelelwano phakathi abantu abaninzi;

umnxeba.

Amaxwebhu, iziqhotyoshelwano, zinxulunyaniswa nolwazi olutshintshiweyo, olufanelekileyo kwaye luluncedo, kodwa ludala ukungafuneki kunye nokudideka okuthile ngenxa yokuba zidityanisiwe, kodwa azihlanganisiwe, kwingxoxo kwaye ngoko zihlala zikhona kwiinguqulelo ezininzi, ngoko ke azifani kwaye azikho kakuhle. lungelelanisiwe okwethutyana.

Ukoyisa ukungonakali kokuqhotyoshelwa ngolu hlobo, iinkqubo ezithile zenziwe: iinkqubo zolawulo lwamaxwebhu. Kukho ezininzi, enye yeenguqulelo ezidumileyo yi wiki.

iindleko

Iindleko eziphambili ezivela kusetyenziso lweekhaltyhuleyitha zezi:

ukuthenga

ukufakwa

yesondlo

umqhubi woqeqesho (izifundo zomyalelo zamagcisa asebenza apho)

Xa inkampani iphendukela kwinkampani yangaphandle ukufumana iinkonzo. Kuyimfuneko ukulawula kakuhle oko inkampani iyiqondayo (ishishini elingundoqo), yonke into engaphandle iphathwa njengeendleko (ukukhutshwa).

Iikhontrakthi zokukhupha abasebenzi bangaphandle zizibhambathiso ezinde nezintsonkothileyo apho inkampani icela iinkonzo zangaphandle ezinganxulumananga ngokungqongqo “nobuchule bayo obungundoqo”, oko kukuthi, inkampani ithumela ngaphandle yonke into engadityaniswanga ngokusulungekileyo noko kufuneka ifezekiswe yinkampani . Sizama ukuhambisa oko kububuchule benkampani ngaphandle, siyenza indleko, kodwa sigcina izibonelelo ezisetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwinkampani.

Amacandelo apho unikezelo lwangaphandle luqale lwaqhutywa yi-ICT, ulungiselelo lolungiselelo kunye, kutsha nje, nolawulo ngokwalo. I-advanteji onayo kukuba umbutho uyakhululeka kumthwalo othile olayishwe kwiinkampani zangaphandle ezifana neenkonzo ( ukwazi yangaphandle), isiphumo esithe ngqo kukuba ulawulo oluthe ngqo noluthe gqolo phezu koko kuqhutywa kunikezelo lwangaphandle lulahlekile.

Uqikelelo lweendleko luyingxaki enkulu kubuchwepheshe bolwazi, ngakumbi ukuba lujolise ekuqikeleleni ugcino olunokwenzeka olunokuthi luvelise iteknoloji (Umzekelo: nge-imeyile kunzima ukuqikelela apho ugcina khona).

Umzobo othatha ixabiso ngokuxhomekeke kule nto unako ukunciphisa iindleko ze-IT

yi-IOC (iGosa eliyiNtloko lezoLwazi), kuba ibonisa ukuba amandla akhe awaxhomekekanga kwimali ayilawulayo, kodwa kwimali yokulondoloza inkampani.

Imeko ekhoyo ngoku kwimibutho ineempawu ezahlukeneyo

itekhnoloji iye yahlengahlengiswa kwaye yahlengahlengiswa ngokubanzi malunga ne-ERP ngokongeza iziqwenga. Inqanaba le-heterogeneity lintsonkothekile kukuba kukho zombini iinkqubo zebhetshi kunye neenkqubo ze-intanethi (ezisekwe kwiwebhu, ....)

ukufikelela kuzo zonke iinkonzo ezibonelelwa ziisistim kwenzeka ngekhompyutha yomntu.

Ingxaki kwabo basebenzisa ubugcisa kunye nabo babuvelisayo kukuphonononga ukuba yintoni na ekhoyo yaye ukwenjenjalo kuyimfuneko ukufumana imigaqo engqongqo.

Uphononongo olukhethiweyo: “IiNkonzo zePasela eziManyeneyo (UPS): ukuhambisa iipakethe kunye e-commerce izisombululo”, ad opera yeziko leenkqubo zolwazi (MIT).

Introduzione

Enkosi kwiiphakheji zayo ezizizigidi ezili-15 ngosuku, i-UPS yinkokeli yehlabathi kuthutho lweepasile.

Inkampani, eyasekwa ngo-1907 phantsi kwegama le-American Messenger Company, yandisa udumo lwayo njengenkampani yezothutho ethembekileyo nesebenzayo kule nkulungwane, kwada kwafika kwinqanaba le-2000 yaba ngumbutho omkhulu wezothutho emhlabeni, malunga ne-13 yezigidi. iipasile zithuthwa mihla le zisiwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-200.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje iye yandisa ishishini layo ngaphaya kokuthutha "okulula" kwezinto: ngokutshala imali kuphando kunye nokuxhaphaza amandla e-IT, iye yazisa inkitha yeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo.

Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yenkampani yayingelokhetho oluchazwe ngezinto eziphambili ezichanekileyo. Ukungeniswa kweenkonzo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ngabakhuphisana nabo ngeminyaka yoo-80 akuzange kuvuse kulawulo nawuphi na umnqweno wokuxelisa kwaye ngenene bekukho ukuthandabuza ukuchitha ngaphezulu kwe-1% yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka kwiinkqubo ze-IT. Yayilutshintsho kuphela lolawulo ngo-1986 oluye lwazisa utshintsho oluluncedo, olukhokelele kutyalo-mali olukhulu kunye nokudalwa kwepaki yenkonzo ebanzi. Phakathi kwe-1986 kunye ne-1996, i-UPS yathululela ngaphezu kwe-11 yezigidi zeedola kwi-IT, ikhulisa iinqwelo zayo zeengcali ze-IT ukusuka kwi-100 ukuya ngaphezu kwe-4000.

Esi sigqibo sibe neempembelelo kwiinkqubo, kwiinkonzo ezinikezelwa kuzo abathengi, ukuphuculwa kweshishini, ubudlelwane beqabane kunye nolawulo lwabasebenzi.

System

Kwisiqalo esivuthayo sotyalo-mali kwi-IT, i-UPS yakha ngokukhawuleza indawo eNew Jersey ezinikele ekugcineni idatha kunye nokusebenza dati; le complex bekufanele ukuba idlale indima ye sedata yazo zonke iinyani kunye nolwazi malunga nombutho, unikezela indawo enye yokungena kuwo onke amasebe enkampani.

Isiseko sedatha esisembindini sasisisiseko ngaphezu kwayo yonke into ukuqinisekisa ukukwazi ukulandela umkhondo, o.k.t. ulwazi ngendawo yephakheji ngawo onke amaxesha. Olu tshintsho, lwaziswa lukhuphiswano, lwathakazelelwa kakhulu ngabakwa abathengi. I-UPS ke ngoko ibone kubalulekile ukutyala imali kuyo

inethiwekhi ye-capillary eya kuvumela oku kuhamba kolwazi: inethiwekhi, eyathatha igama le-UPS Net, yasungulwa ngo-1990.

Il sedata bekungafuneki iqulathe ulwazi malunga neepasile kuphela (isixa esele sikhulu kakhulu, malunga neempawu ezingama-200 zento nganye ethunyelweyo) kodwa malunga neminye imiba: ulungiselelo, dati of abathengi kunye nabasebenzi. Olu lawulo lwe dati ibe nefuthe kwishishini elingundoqo le-UPS, iindlela zayo zombutho kunye neendlela zentsebenziswano.

Ngesiseko esiluqilima endaweni, i-UPS yaqala ukungena kubuchwephesha beshishini layo. Ngo-1993 yazisa i-DIAD, inkqubo ezenzekelayo yokuqaphela ipasile ethi, ngexesha lokwenyani, ibone ipasile kwaye ihlaziye sedata kunye nemisebenzi eyenziwa kuyo (ukuhamba, ukuthutha, ukuqokelela, njl.). I-DIAD iqukethe i-mini-terminal, ngoku esekwe kwiWindows Mobile, dato ilawulwa nguye nabani na ophethe iipasile. I-terminal ixhotyiswe nge-state-of-the-art uxhulumaniso (ukukhululwa kwesine, okwangoku kusetyenziswa, kune-Wi-Fi kunye ne-GPRS, kodwa kunye ne-bluetooth kunye ne-infrared ukuze ikwazi ukuxhuma kwiikhomputha kunye nabashicileli) kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo i-GPS, ukunceda abaqhubi kulungiselelo lwendlela kunye nokuhlaziya indawo yangoku yepasile. Uhlalutyo lolwazi oludluliswa yi-DIADs lutyhila ubuninzi be dati ukuba inkampani isebenzisa iprofayile i abathengi, ukwandisa ukuhamba kokuthunyelwa kunye nokuphumeza iindleko ezisekelwe kumsebenzi. Kwakhona, yiza dati naziphi na "iziphene" okanye izinto ezingaqhelekanga zivela kucwangciso lokuthunyelwa kwempahla abathengi, evumela i-UPS ukuba inikeze iingcebiso kunye neenkonzo zokuphinda zenziwe kwakhona. Ukulungiswa kokuthumela, intsimi yakudala yophando lwemisebenzi esetyenziswa kwitekhnoloji yolwazi, ilawula imisebenzi ye-UPS.

Ukuqhambuka kwewebhu yehlabathi phakathi kwiminyaka yee-90 kwavula amathuba amatsha, nto leyo eyaphumela ekwazisweni koluhlu oluninzi lweenkonzo ezisekelwe intanethi (Izixhobo ze-UPS ezikwi-Intanethi). Yayiyenye yeenkampani zokuqala ukuba neyakhe website kwaye, kudala ngaphambi kokuba ithiyori yento ebizwa e-commerce, waqonda amandla okuzibeka phakathi kwabavelisi kunye nabathengi, ukusika abathengisi kunye nabasasazi ngaphandle kwekhonkco.

Zonke iinkqubo zekhompyuter ziphuhliswe ngaphakathi kwi-UPS. Izicelo ezininzi azihlalanga zililungelo elikhethekileyo lenkampani - umzekelo, umkhondo okhankanywe ngasentla okanye iinkqubo zoqikelelo lweendleko ezihlaziywa ngexesha lokwenyani kwiplanethi yonke - kodwa zenziwe zafumaneka abathengi: nabani na ofunayo angadibanisa ezi zicelo kwisoftware yakhe, nakwiinkqubo zeERP. I-UPS ibonelela ngee-APIs kunye namaxwebhu, icela kuphela uphawu.

Ukukhumbula olu tshintsho lwenjongo yesicelo - ukusuka kusetyenziso lwangaphakathi ukuya kuphuhliso olujoliswe kubathengi - amasebe e-IT aqalise ukuphuhlisa ngeyona ndlela isebenzisanayo kunye nemodyuli enokwenzeka:

ukwamkelwa okucwangcisiweyo kwemigangatho evulekileyo yenze ukuba i-UPS iphumelele kwindawo yokuqala, kwaye namhlanje iinkampani ezininzi zibandakanya ngokulula ukusebenza kwe-UPS kwisoftware yazo;

ukumodareyitha kuququzelele ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kunye nokuhlaziywa kwekhowudi, ukukhawulezisa ukuphuculwa kunye nokuphunyezwa okutsha. Ngelishwa, imiqobo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ilumisile olu gqatso. Le nkalo iya kubonakala ngcono kumhlathi wentlangano.

Isakhiwo esisembindini kakhulu seenkqubo ezichazwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sithambekele kakhulu ekuphazamisekeni ngokukhawuleza xa kwenzeka iintlekele; inkampani efana ne-UPS ayinakukwazi ukuhlawula ixesha lokuphumla. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngo-1996 igosa lolwazi eliyintloko lagqiba ekubeni lazise iziko ledatha elinxusene nalo Atlanta ephindaphinda yonke imisebenzi, iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kweshishini elinqwenelekayo. Ukomelela kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-UPS kuphezulu kangangokuba inkampani inakho

ukuthunyelwa kwesiqinisekiso ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu lefestile (nokuba yiyure enye yeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo).

Phakathi kwezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezintsha zetekhnoloji kwiminyaka yamva nje, i-UPS iye yazisa ukuthegiswa kwe-RFID yeepakethe zayo ezikhethekileyo, ukhetho oluye lwakhawulezisa iinkqubo zokuqaphela kunye nokusombulula ingxaki yokufunda iithegi ezibonakalayo (ezifana neebhakhowudi) kwiipakethe ezimile ngokungaqhelekanga. Ukongezelela, inkqubo yokuqaphela ilizwi (i-UPS Interactive VoiceResponse) yenzelwe ukunciphisa umthwalo womsebenzi womntu kwiibhodi zokutshintsha ifowuni. Njengoko kunokubonwa, i-UPS inika ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo ekuguqukeni kweenkqubo zayo kwaye yamkele nayiphi na iteknoloji entsha enokunyusa imveliso.

Organizzazione

Izigqibo zobuchule kwi-UPS zenziwa ngokwesiseko sohlalutyo lwedatha dati iqokelelwe ngamaziko amabini okusebenza kwedatha dati, ihlelwe ngaphakathi yokugcina idatha kwaye inikezelwa ngenkqubo yolwazi lweshishini. Ngokubhekiselele kwizicwangciso zexesha elide, i-UPS iqhuba ngokuqhubekayo imisebenzi yobukrelekrele kwaye ngaphezu kwalo lonke uhlalutyo lwemarike. Ngokujonga rhoqo ukhuphiswano olunikezelwayo, inokuzama ukugcwalisa isithuba (ukulinganisa okukhuphisanayo).

Izigqibo kwi-UPS zaqala zenziwe kuphela ngokusekelwe kwizigwebo ezivela kwikomiti yolawulo ephezulu. Ukulandela inkqubo yekhompyutha, ikomiti elawulayo ye-IT yaziswa, eyenziwe ziingcali ezine ezithi, ngekota yesine, zinyanzelise isikhokelo sobuchwepheshe. Ebudeni bonyaka, ikhomishini iqokelela izimvo kunye nezicelo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo enkampani; njengoko, njengoko kukhankanyiwe, amasebe e-IT onke aqokelelwe kwiiofisi ezimbini ezifanayo - kwaye akubonwa kwangaphambili ukuba amaqela amancinci anikezelwe kwiimfuno zesebe ngalinye - iiprojekthi ezinqamlezileyo zinelungelo. Ekubeni akukho hlahlo lwabiwo-mali olungapheliyo, ndaye ndagqiba ukuba zeziphi iiprojekthi eziza kuphuhlisa, ndibayalela ngokuphambili; ukufaneleka kubalwa yikomiti elawulayo ngokwesiseko seendleko ezilindelekileyo kunye neenzuzo: iinkqubo zenkqubo yokuxhasa isigqibo. dati, ngokusekelwe kwiiparameters ezifana nembuyekezo elindelekileyo kutyalo-mali, impembelelo kwezinye iinkqubo / iinkqubo, njalo njalo. Iiprojekthi eziphambili ngokokubaluleka ziyaxoxwa kwaye mhlawumbi zincitshiswe umva; ekugqibeleni kwabelwa uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye nezibonelelo zoluntu. Umba obalulekileyo wale ndlela kukuba inkqubo yokwenza izigqibo ithanda iiprojekthi zexesha elifutshane kuba ukuba ukuphunyezwa kuthatha ngaphezu konyaka, i-UPS ikholelwa ukuba imarike iya kuba sele itshintshile ngaphambi kokugqitywa kophuhliso.

Ikomiti elawulayo ifuna ukuba zonke izicelo zibonise isitayile kunye nemizobo yenkampani. Ngesi sizathu uthatha isigqibo etafileni iitemplates eziza kusetyenziswa kulo naliphi na iqela lesoftware ephuhlisiwe; umbutho uphela kufuneka uyithobele.

Ngokubhekiselele kwiinjongo ezinganxulumananga ngokuthe ngqo ne-IT, abaphathi abaphezulu be-UPS basebenzisa kakhulu into ebizwa ngokuba yimigodi yeemvakalelo, bethatha ithuba leqonga leRadian6 elibeka iliso kwiinethiwekhi zentlalo eziphambili (iiforamu, iiblogi, facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, YouTube, njl.) kwaye ibonelela ngeedeshbhodi zesishwankathelo segama lenkampani kwi-intanethi. Phakathi kweminye imiba egcinwe phantsi kweliso elibukhali kukwakho nokuxhatshazwa kohlobo.

Ukuze uphonononge amathuba amatsha kakhulu, i-UPS nayo inakho dato Ukuqala kwecandelo elibizwa ngokuba yi-e-Ventures, elijongene nokuchonga imida yoshishino emitsha kwibala lewebhu, elingenako ukulandwa emva kwimisebenzi yabakhuphisanayo nelinokuvula intsebenziswano entsha nezinye iinkampani. Imveliso yokuqala ye-e-Ventures, evunywe ngu

abaphathi abaphezulu ngo-2000, yayiyi-UPS e-Logistics, iqonga elipheleleyo lolawulo lokuthumela ngenqanawa kwi-intanethi kwiinkampani ezamkela i-UPS njengekhuriya yazo eqhelekileyo. Umbono we-e-Logistics kukubonelela ngephakheji enye edibeneyo ebonelela ngalo naluphi na uncedo onokulufuna: ukusuka kulawulo lwendawo yokugcina impahla ukuya ekulandeleleni umkhondo, ngolawulo lweodolo, inkxaso yomnxeba, njl. I-E-Ventures ivelisa ngokomndilili malunga nezindululo ezitsha ezingamashumi amathathu ngonyaka.

Ngo-1997 i-UPS yaseka ingxowa-mali ebizwa ngokuba yi-UPS Strategic Enterprise Fund, ebeka iliso, ivavanye kwaye ityale imali kwiinkampani ezisahlumayo eziphonononga iimarike ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe obunokuba nomdla. Yayi yile ngxowa-mali kanye eyachonga yaze yakhokelela ekufumaneni ngo-2004 i-Impinj Inc., umvelisi weethegi ze-RFID.

ukubambisana

Njengoko kunokubonwa kwimihlathi edlulileyo, i-UPS ineentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze abathengi:

abantu abazimeleyo abathumela iipasile;

iinkampani ezixhomekeke kuyo ukuhambisa iipasile kwezazo abathengi

(urhwebo lwe-intanethi ngaphandle kwabameli balo naluphi na uhlobo);

iinkampani ezingathumeli iipasile kuphela kodwa zikwathatha ithuba losetyenziso lwekhompyuter yazo.

Unxibelelwano ne abathengi uhlobo lokuqala ubukhulu becala ibisenziwa ngamaziko onxibelelwano, kodwa ngokuqhambuka kwewebhu uninzi lwemisebenzi yenkxaso iye yajikelwa kwi-imeyile. Ngokomzekelo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane izaziso ze-imeyile malunga nesimo sokuthunyelwa, okanye ukhangele ngokuthe ngqo kwisayithi. Ukungafuneki kwabasebenzi bemfonomfono, apho inkqubo yokuqaphela ilizwi nayo ibe negalelo, kuye kwavumela i-UPS ukuba yenze ishishini elitsha: ukunikezelwa kwabasebenzi abanjalo kwiinkampani ezingamahlakani (iiNkonzo zoNxibelelwano lwezoShishino ze-UPS).

Imibutho esebenzisa iinkonzo ze-IT inokunxibelelana ne-UPS ngecandelo lesayithi elinokufikelelwa ngokuqinisekisa. Ukunqanda ukwanelisa inani elikhulu lezicelo eziphindaphindiweyo, i-UPS iseke uluhlu lwee-FAQ kuzo zonke iilwimi kunye nesiseko solwazi apho unokuzama ukufumana impendulo ngokukhawuleza.

Kukho uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lwentsebenziswano olwenzeka ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kweenkqubo ze-ad hoc, kwaye oko kumaqabane angabonakalisi umdla kwiinkonzo ezongezelelweyo. Ezi nkampani zifikelwa buqu ngumphathi weakhawunti yorhwebo lwe-elektroniki ophakamisa naziphi na iimpawu ezivela kwipotfoliyo ye-UPS enokuthi, ngokusekelwe ekuhlalutyweni kokuthunyelwa kunye nomthwalo, kunokuba luncedo.

Intsebenziswano yangaphakathi kwi-UPS yenzeka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

Abasebenzi bezolawulo basebenza ngefowuni kunye/okanye nge-imeyile; Iinkonzo zamatikiti ezisekelwe kwiwebhu ezifanelekileyo zilawula ukuhamba komsebenzi kwimiba yobugcisa; isicelo se-ad hoc, esisekwe kwiwebhu, sikhathalela ukuqokelela kunye nokulungelelanisa izindululo ezintsha eziza kuhlalutywa ekupheleni konyaka yikomiti elawulayo ye-IT.

Abaqhubi banxibelelana namasebe okanye ikomkhulu nge-DIAD mini-terminal, ehlala ixhunyiwe. Iiofisi zolawulo zinokuthumela ulwazi olungxamisekileyo (umzekelo kwi-traffic, utshintsho lwendawo, njl.), Ukwenza ukuba kubonakale kwisiboniso.

Iziseko ze-IT zombutho

Inxalenye yesibini yekhosi: izifundo 7-12

Izinikezelo ezibhalwe ngu:

Antonio Ceparano, Vincenzo Yima, Monica Menoncin, uAlessandro Re

Iqinisekiswe nguNjingalwazi uGiorgio De Michelis ukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kweempazamo.

IINCWADI EZINIKEZELWE NGUGQIRHA STEFANO FANTIN

Ukuze ukwazi ukwazisa into entsha ngaphakathi kwinkampani, kubalulekile ukwazi iziseko zobuchwepheshe esinazo. Kubalulekile kwaye ihamba kunye nokuvela kweenkqubo zolwazi kwaye ukuze le nguqu yenzeke, iteknoloji kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.

ezintsha

60s/70s

Iinkqubo zamkelwe: iinkqubo zokulawula imisebenzi.

Indawo yengingqi: kwindlu1/kwiinkonzo.

Te knoloji: Uyilo oluphambili2

Le aziende sono nel pieno dello sviluppo industriale, con l’economia mondiale che ha recuperato dalla guerra e le imprese crescono a dismisura. Questo però non succede ovunque, ma in un numero limitato di Paesi industrializzati. L’Italia, nell’adozione delle tecnologie informatiche (non nella loro progettazione, come dimostra Olivetti), era un poco in ritardo rispetto agli altri Paesi.

80s/90s

Iinkqubo zamkelwe: Iinkqubo zolawulo lwamashishini.

Indawo yengingqi: endlini.

Te knoloji: kwiindawo zokusebenza kwi-LAN, i-VPN kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, iinethiwekhi zeenkwenkwezi

Aziende in sviluppo, ma si presenta la prima crisi petrolifera: è un campanello d’allarme, ma viene vista come una fase transitoria. La crisi petrolifera è un’ostacolo alla crescita economica e lascia la situazione con elevatissima instabilità: in molti Paesi c’è un’inflazione altissima, la moneta si svaluta e i costi dell’energia e del lavoro aumentano. È in questo periodo che cresce l’idea di sviluppare in regioni ove la manodopera è a basso costo. Questo cambia sensibilmente le cose: in Italia in quegli anni avviene un cambio strategico delle imprese trainanti nello sviluppo, che fino ad ora puntavano sulla produzione di prodotti a basso costo. Emergono quindi aziende che si qualificano per l’eccellenza della qualità del lavoro (tessile, moda, meccanica, chimica). In vari settori il “Made in Italy” diviene sinonimo di qualità. Ma lo sviluppo di giganti come Russia, India, Cina, porta a delle situazioni non previste dai modelli economici conosciuti: il consumo quadruplica e questi Paesi si trovano in situazioni mai sperimentate prima.

90s/00s

Iinkqubo zamkelwe: ERP.

Indawo yengingqi: ln house / Outsource.

Te knoloji: Injongo ngokubanzi (umzekelo PC) nge intanethi

Ngeli xesha uqoqosho luqhutywa zizinto ezimbini eziphambili: ukungazinzi kunye nokwanda kokhuphiswano. Iinkampani zizama ukuzibeka kwakhona, ukufumana ezinye iindima kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe. Amashishini anokucinga ukuba anombono othile ngokubhekiselele kwiintshukumo zawo; ngelixa izibonelelo zophuhliso loqoqosho zazininzi kwaye kwakukho isiqinisekiso sokuba nazo kwiminyaka elandelayo, ngoko ke ukuba nenkululeko yokulawula utshintsho olucwangcisiweyo nakwixesha elifutshane, ngoku kuyimfuneko ukucwangcisa ngcono ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ixesha elide. Ngokukodwa kwitekhnoloji ye-elektroniki kunye nolwazi, ukungazinzi kwehlabathi lanamhlanje kuthetha ukuba imveliso eyimpumelelo ngexesha elithile ayinakuhlala ixesha elide kwimarike. Oku kuyinyaniso kwixesha elifutshane kwaye, ngakumbi, kwixesha elide.

00s/10s

Sisekumdlalo!

10s/20s

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni?

Iteknoloji yokuqala ekhoyo yi-mainframe (IBM S/3603 uphakathi kwabokuqala ukujoyina inkampani). Kwicandelo le-ITC, i-innovation inkulu kwaye iinkampani ezininzi zizalwa, ziphuhliswa kakhulu, kodwa zinyamalale ngokukhawuleza, ngamanye amaxesha zifakwe (ezifana ne-Netscape, edume ngokuba ngumkhangeli wegama elifanayo, ngoku isahlulo se-AOL) , ngamanye amaxesha akunjalo.

Ubume bemakethi ye-IT buyalela imithetho engqongqo kakhulu yokusungula izinto ezintsha.

Ngokusasazeka konxibelelwano lokuqala, ii-terminals zokufikelela kude kwikhompyuter ephakathi (i-stellar topology) zazalwa. Emva koko inethiwekhi iphuhliswe ngokubeka iiseva eziphakathi. Kuphela emva kwexesha ifika Internet, isiseko esivumela ukuba sidibanise a

inkitha yolwakhiwo olwahlukeneyo (uluhlu lwemigangatho, i-peer to peer4, client-server5, ring…). Kwi Internet yonke into ephakathi phakathi kwee-terminals ezimbini zokunxibelelana ifihliwe, izakhiwo zichazwe emva kokuba inethiwekhi iphuhlisiwe. Isinika inkululeko eyoyikisayo: asisafuni isakhiwo esivumela ukuba sizise ucwangco. Internet ngokuqinisekileyo bubuchwephesha obukhulu (kwintsingiselo yesiNgesi yeli gama, okt ubukhulu becala).

Olu hambo lwembali lubalulekile ekuqondeni iinkqubo zolwazi kwaye, ngokubanzi, itekhnoloji, kuba:

amashishini, kunye nemibutho ngokubanzi, bayinzala yesithethe sabo kwaye amava abo enza umahluko;

iimeko zezentlalo nezopolitiko ziyinxalenye ephambili yokusingqongileyo;

i-evolution kunye nemo yobugcisa ikwangumsebenzi weendlela zabasebenzisi.

Siya ngokwanda ubungqina bokusebenzisana kokhetho lwenkampani olusekwe kwindaleko yabo abathengi.

Njengoko uKlee ebonisa kwi "Angelus Novus" yakhe "Ingelosi yezinto ezintsha kufuneka ijonge kwixesha elidlulileyo" okanye kunoko kufuneka sijonge kwixesha elidlulileyo ukwenza izinto ezintsha.

Ukuguquka okunokwenzeka kweenkqubo zolwazi

Iinkqubo ze-ERP, ezilawulwa yi-SAP kunye no-Oracle, bazalwa ngoo-70. Zenzelwe iinkampani ezinobuchwephesha obuhlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo kunezo zangoku, ezenzelwe indawo apho imarike yayizinzile.

Kucacile ke ngoko ukuba kukho imfuneko yokwazisa izinto ezintsha, nangona kunjalo sithintelwa zizinto ezithile, eyona nto iphambili kukuchasana nokutshintsha kwabantu abasebenzisa iinkqubo ezikhoyo ngoku, njengoko utshintsho lufuna ukufunda nokufunda into entsha. (engasoloko yamkelwa).

Iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje ikakhulu

Unix (iminyaka engama-40)

Windows (iminyaka engama-30)

Linux (iminyaka engama-20)

Ezi nkqubo zazalwa ngexesha apho ubuchwephesha bolwazi benziwa kwiikhompyutha ezinobungakanani obuphakathi. Ngokuhamba kwexesha ezi nkqubo zinye zasasazeka kwiindawo zokusebenza kunye neeseva.

Kuyakhathaza ukuba kwihlabathi lanamhlanje azikho iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kunezi zikhoyo: ukujonga umzekelo kwiwebhu, umntu unokucinga ngokuzisa inkqubo entsha yokusebenza exhasa iithegi kwiphepha ngalinye loxwebhu.

I "9x factor"

Ukuzama ukwazisa inguqulelo entsha, kubalulekile ukunika ingcaciso kwixabiso elichanekileyo elinokuba nalo kumsebenzisi wokugqibela.

Xa umntu edala izinto ezintsha, kufuneka aqonde into yokuba uya kuthi kule nguqulelo ixabiso liphindwe kathathu into ebonwa ngabasebenzisi. Oku kungenxa yokuba umqambi ubona kuphela icandelo lezinto ezintsha, kodwa akayiboni imfuneko yokutshintsha inkqubo yendalo ehlala kuyo. Abantu abasebenzisa itekhnoloji kunye nabo babonelelwa ngokusungula izinto ezintsha baya kuthi nabo banike ixabiso eliphindwe kathathu kwizicelo abazaziyo ukuzisebenzisa, kuba kubathathele umzamo wokufunda kwaye ke banika ixabiso ngokuchanekileyo kuba beyazi indlela yokuzisebenzisa.

Ke ngoko, ukuze into entsha ibe nethuba lokubuyisela le ikhoyo ngempumelelo, kufuneka ibe ngcono ngokuphindwe alithoba (“9x factor”), oko kukuthi, kufuneka ibe yinto entsha eyahluke kakhulu, etshintsha ngokwenene ubomi babantu.

Ukuze ube nako ukwazisa izinto ezintsha, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezineendleko zokufunda ezisezantsi kakhulu (ekunqwenelekiyo ukuba azikho) nezithi ke ngoko zithathe indawo yezo zikhoyo, kuphuculwe amava omsebenzisi, kodwa zifaneleke ngokwemvelo kwi-ecosystem ekhoyo.

IZINXEKO:

Impahla yorhwebo yinto yokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo eneempawu zayo ezingafane zichazwe, kuba zichazwe kwaye zibhekiswa kumgangatho. Akukho nto ibonakalayo ukuba ngubani ovelisa okulungileyo, kuba akukho mahluko waloo mveliso emarikeni. Cinga, umzekelo, i-espresso okanye i-ream yamaphepha: kukho imigangatho yomgangatho esele ixhaphake ngoku kwaye ayifuni ukuchazwa okanye ukwahlula.

Umgangatho wempahla yorhwebo ukholisa ukuba phezulu kunemveliso enexabiso eliphantsi, kanye ngenxa yokuba ihlangabezana nemigangatho yomgangatho oxhaphakileyo neqinisekisiweyo. Ngokuchasene noko, umgangatho wemveliso ye-ad hoc uphezulu kunolo wempahla yorhwebo.

Xa iteknoloji isiba yimveliso, ithetha ukuba iingxaki ebijongene nazo ziphelile: ifakwe ngokugqibeleleyo kwindawo yakho (umzekelo umhleli wokubhaliweyo, umshicileli weofisi). Kwilizwe leenkqubo zolwazi, ukuba sikhangela icandelo, kodwa asizikhathazi kakhulu malunga nokuba lifanele lenze ntoni na ngokwendlela yokusebenza, ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba sijonge into yorhwebo.

Kwishishini le-IT, imfuno yokuvuselela iyaphazamiseka, kuba ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kuncinci kwaye kuncinci kwinkqubo kwaye oku kubeka yonke imboni engozini: ngaphandle kokutsha, utyalo-mali luyancipha.

Kodwa akulula ukuzisa izinto ezintsha, ngakumbi kwinkampani enkulu: ukuba inemveliso ebanzi kwimarike, le mveliso ibonwa njengomgangatho. Ukuqaliswa kwezinto ezintsha kuvula ingalo kwimbono yomgangatho, ngaloo ndlela kuqalise ixesha lokutshintsha apho umntu okhuphisana naye angangena kwiimarike kwaye abe yinto ebalulekileyo.

Ukukhula kokhuphiswano akuthandeki ekuveliseni izinto ezintsha, kodwa kudla ngokuzisa iimveliso kwindawo enye yokuhlangana. Kwiinkampani ezikhokelayo kwicandelo, ukuqaliswa kokutsha:

yenza ilahleko yobudlelwane bangaphambili kunye nemarike;

ayivelisi nzuzo ibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho;

kwandisa ukubhideka phakathi abathengi;

ibophelela inkampani kwinguqulelo ngokwayo: kwimeko yokusilela, iya kuba iyonke kuba ayinakukwazi ukubuyela umva.

Ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukudala imeko yonxibelelwano olufanelekileyo kunye nomthengi, ukutsala umdla wabo ukuze bakwazi ukwazisa izinto ezintsha kwimarike. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, iimpawu ezibonelelwayo mazibe luncedo kakhulu kwiindleko zokufunda eziziro.

Ngokubhekiselele kwinkampani, kucacile ukuba iimfuno zayo zinokutshintsha. Ukhetho lwangaphambili olwenziwe yinkampani lube nefuthe kubume benkqubo yolwazi eyisebenzisayo. Ngendlela efanayo, ulwakhiwo olunikezelwe kwinkqubo yolwazi yenkampani luchaphazela ikamva layo: into ekhoyo kukhetho lweemeko kwaye idala ucalucalulo (ukuba luqondwe njengeenkolelo kunye nemikhwa ngenxa yeemeko zozinzo oluphezulu).

Ngokomzekelo, kude kube ngoo-60/70 kwakucingwa ukuba ulwimi oluyi-elliptical (okt. apho i-ellipsis yenzeka khona, oko kukuthi, ukushiywa kwamagama) ilungiswe yi-synchrony (okt ngokuqhubekeka kwexesha), kodwa kungekhona kwindawo yabangeneleli (ingxoxo ino nayo yenziwe efowunini). Nangona kunjalo, ukufika kwe-imeyile kutshitshise esi sigwebo: ulungelelwaniso okanye indawo yendawo ichaphazela ukuqonda kwethu ulwimi, endaweni yoko kuxhomekeke ngokukodwa kumxholo. Ihlabathi alitshintshanga ngenxa yokuqonda oku, kodwa oku kuqonda kusivumela ukuba sicinge into entsha.

Ukuqonda iinkqubo zolwazi ezisetyenziswa kwintlangano, amabali amabini kufuneka athathelwe ingqalelo:

Imbali yetekhnoloji, kuba ukuba inkampani yazalwa malunga neminyaka engamashumi amathathu eyadlulayo, itekhnoloji eya kuthi yamkelwe iya kuphenjelelwa kakhulu yimbali;

Imbali yeenkampani, kuba kwiinkampani ezininzi imbali ayihambelani, kodwa ixhomekeke ekudibaneni, i-spin-offs, i-acquisitions, kwaye ngoko inkqubo yabo yolwazi iya kuba itshintshile kunye nabo.

I-evolution yenkampani ibalulekile kwabo baphuhlisa iinkqubo zolwazi: iisistim zolwazi ngamaqumrhu aguqukayo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zixhomekeke kwimihla ebekiweyo engqongqo kakhulu.

Ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yolwazi lwenkampani, okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba zeziphi iimfuno zemibutho. Isinyathelo sokuqala kukutolika iimfuno zenkampani kwaye ufunde ukuqonda iingxaki, uzama ukuqonda ingcamango yendlela esebenza ngayo. Ngapha koko, namhlanje imibutho ayisakwazi ukuthetha into eyifunayo ngaphandle kokucinga ngesisombululo ebesingathanda (umzekelo, ayibuzi ukuba "ibe nakho ukulawula izinto", kodwa icela "i-a. sedata ukulungiselela amalungiselelo). Ngoko ke ngumsebenzi wethu ukwazi ukuba sizitolika njani ezi mfuno: inkampani nganye ineenjongo nezizathu ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke kufuneka senze iinkqubo eziphendula zonke iimfuno.

Ingxaki yokuqala ke ibandakanya ukukwazi uku:

fumana lonke ulwazi olunokwenzeka, njengoko kungenakwenzeka ukufikelela kuzo zonke, njengoko kungekho mntu ngaphakathi kwinkampani owazi yonke inxalenye yenkqubo abakuyo,

ukukwazi ukucebisa inkampani kukhetho olwenziwayo, ukumamela iimfuno zayo.

Emva koko sifuna ukuhlukanisa iinkalo ezintathu zeenkqubo, ukuhlalutya amanqanaba okudibanisa phakathi kwezi nyaniso, ukuchonga amanqaku okuqina, iingxaki ezivelayo (ziya kusibonisa apho imibuzo eya kuguqula amanqaku okuqina kwiingxaki ziya kuvela. ).

Xa kujongwe ukuqina ekujongwe kuko iingxaki, umbuzo awusengowo wokudibanisa a dato X nge dato Y, kodwa kukuchaza okunokwenzeka kohlanganiso. Iindleko zokudibanisa kufuneka zincitshiswe, zikwazi ukuvumela umbutho ukuba utshintshe kakhulu ubume bawo.

Enye ingxaki ejongene nayo yindawo yokubeka iinkonzo: kunokwenzeka ukuxhobisa inkampani nge-imeyile, kodwa ukuba kukho inkqubo yokulawula abathengi, umzekelo, sinokudibanisa i-imeyile kunye nale nkqubo. Enyanisweni, iinkqubo ezininzi zolawulo lwamaxwebhu namhlanje zidibanisa ubugcisa obufana ne-imeyile.

Ingxaki yokumanyaniswa iphinda ivele kule ndawo: kokukhona sisiya ku-i

gruopware, kokukhona sineengxaki zokudibanisa ezichaphazela izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo kunye neendawo zazo zokusetyenziswa.

Ukucinga ngcono, siya kwenza umfanekiso wento ekuyo Italia, ngezizathu ezibini:

mhlawumbi siya kuzifumana sihlalutya imibutho yaseItali;

Iinkampani zaseItali zineempawu ezizodwa.

Iinkampani zaseItali

Iinkampani zase-Italiya kufuneka zihlelwe ngokwamaqela aneempawu ezahlukileyo, kodwa zihlala zilawula ukuchonga inkampani nganye. Oku kusikhokelela ekubeni sikwazi ukuvelisa izimvo ze-ad hoc kwinkampani nganye, kodwa ngokwemodyuli nangesiseko esifanayo.

L 'Italia è uno dei più importanti produttori manifatturieri del mondo ed è il 5° esportatore al mondo, in Europe è secondo solo alla Germania. A parte i beni culturali, l’industria manifatturiera è la nostra prima risorsa e ci permette di avere un buon tenore di vita.

Kwimarike, somelele kumacandelo athile e-B2C (Business To Consumer), ezona ziphambili yifashoni, ifenitshala, izixhobo zombane “ezimhlophe” (iifriji, oomatshini bokuhlamba iimpahla, kunye nezo zidla ngokuba nemibala emhlophe). Somelele kakhulu kwizixhobo ezincinci zasekhaya, phakathi kwezokuqala emhlabeni. Sikwasebenza ngokutya kwezolimo nezixhobo zolimo.

Ishishini loomatshini lomelele kakhulu, hayi kuphela kwiimoto kunye nezithuthuthu, kodwa nakwi-B2B mechanics (Ukushishina kwiShishini): i-ayisikrimu, amaphepha kunye noomatshini bokwenza amaplanga.

Siziinkokeli phakathi kwabavelisi beethayile, iifreyimu zeglasi yamehlo, idayi kunye neevanishi. Ubunkokeli esinabo ngamandla ngenxa yokuqamba izinto ezintsha kunye nomgangatho ophezulu, hayi ubungakanani obuthengisiweyo. Obu bunkokeli abunasiqinisekiso: abantu abakhuphisana nemijikelo yophuhliso olukhawulezayo banokuyijongela phantsi.

Kwilizwe lethu kukho amawaka eenkampani ezinomdla ezivela kwiiprofayili ezahlukeneyo; oku kuthetha ukuba asinazo iinkampani ezinkulu, ngaphandle kwezo apho uRhulumente unendima ebalulekileyo kwaye anokuthi asebenze kwaye alawule, kodwa ke angasebenzi kwimarike ekhululekile ngokwenene.

LIinkampani zaseItali zinokuchazwa kusetyenziswa ezinye iimpawu:

ukukhuphisana kwihlabathi jikelele;

bancinci (hayi bonke, kodwa sinamashishini amaninzi aphakathi kunye namaninzi aphakathi/amancinci);

bavelisa izinto ezintsha;

bamiliselwe kummandla;

banesakhiwo sothungelwano;

bakhokelwa yinkosi / umseki;

bayasokola ukuhlala ngaphaya kwesizukulwana sokuqala okanye sesibini;

zikhula ngokukhawuleza;

asebenzanga kakuhle kwikhompyuter.

Ukuba ziinkampani ezincinci kodwa ezikhuphisanayo kwihlabathi jikelele, zibizwa ngokuba "ziinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe". Iimveliso zabo zithathwa njengezingazinzanga. Ziinkampani ezizalwe kwaye zisasekwa "kwizithili zamashishini", zisebenzisana nezinye iinkampani, ngaloo ndlela zenza uthungelwano lweenkampani kunye nemibutho eyomeleleyo kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe. Ukusebenza kwenethiwekhi kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yabo. Izithili zoshishino ke ngoko ziba ziindawo ezineenkampani ezibalaseleyo emhlabeni.

Ukumiliselwa kwintsimi, uninzi loosomashishini bezi nkampani bajongene nokuphucula intsimi, kuba ukuba umgangatho wentsimi uphezulu, umgangatho womsebenzi ungcono.

Ubunkokeli bezi nkampani buhlala bunxulunyaniswa nomntu omnye, umnini okanye umseki onesakhono soshishino.

Nabani na ophumeleleyo kwinkokeli enomdla akafumani mpumelelo ifanayo okanye inkxaso efanayo: kufuneka azi indlela yokuphatha ngobuchule kunokuba afumane charisma. Ukuze akhokele ezi nkampani, inkokeli ijongana nezinto ezininzi: akukho bantu bakhethekileyo urhwebo, kukhetho olucwangcisiweyo okanye kubudlelwane noluntu, kodwa umntu omnye wenza yonke into.

Iinkampani ezinjalo ke ngoko ziyasokola ukuhlala ngaphaya kwesizukulwana sesibini okanye sesithathu. Ngaphezu koko, ingxaki ebalulekileyo ivela kwisizukulwana esinye ukuya kwesinye: ekubeni iinkampani ezininzi zaseTaliyane zingamashishini osapho, "ozalelwe kwigaraji", ukulandelelana kwenkampani kuba yingxaki ngenxa yenani leendlalifa, ezihlala zinyuka ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye. Okulandelayo. Ke ngamanye amaxesha kutshiphu ukuthengisa inkampani xa isenza imali.

Iinkampani zase-Italiyane nazo zivelisa kakhulu izinto ezintsha: zenza iimveliso ezintsha kwaye zikhuphisane ngokugqwesa.

Ngaphandle koku, azikho kwikhompyuter engalunganga ngokubhekiselele kuyo yonke into engadityaniswanga ngokungqongqo kwimveliso kunye nenkqubo yemveliso, okanye kunoko zonke ezo ndlela zobuchule zisetyenziselwa ukuguqula imali ibe yimveliso kwaye ngokuphambanayo. Kubarhwebi baseNtaliyane, i-IT yinto ezayo emva koko, xa kungenakukwazi ukuyiphepha, ngethemba lokungabhubhisi inkampani ngesi singeniso. Endaweni yoko, kufuneka ibe yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini: iinkampani ezinjenge-Ikea, iZara, iRyanAir zineenkqubo zolwazi ezisisiseko kwishishini labo. Ukuziphendukela kwe-Ikea, umzekelo, kwakuhamba kunye nokuguquka kwenkqubo yabo ye-IT (ngokukodwa kwi-logistics, kodwa kunye nokutshintshiselana kwemiyalelo kunye nolwazi ngaphakathi kwenkampani).

Ukukhula kweenkampani zase-Italiyane kunjalo kunokukhawuleza, kangangokuba indlela yabo ihlala ifana namashishini e-hi-tech. Isigxeko esivezwa ngoosoqoqosho ngokubhekiselele kushishino lwethu kukuba amacandelo alo "ngawemveli" apho kungekho kukhula, kodwa ngenxa yokusungula izinto ezintsha kunye notshintsho olumandla kwicandelo, ukukhula kwenzeka.

Umzekelo, kwishishini leempahla zamehlo iLuxottica ikwazile ukuhlengahlengisa imarike, ithatha indawo yomenzi weefreyimu kunye nendima yomthengisi, ibe nenzuzo enkulu kwixabiso elongeziweyo (ngaloo ndlela izifumana inxibelelana ngqo nomthengisi. abathengi apho inokufumana khona ingxelo ngokuthe ngqo kwiimveliso zayo kunye nezo zikhuphisana nabo).

I-Innovativeness ayikwazi ukuhlala ikhona: I-3M izinike ikhowudi entsha, ngokubhekiselele kuyo minyaka yonke inkampani kufuneka ihlaziye ubuncinane i-25% yeesampuli zayo. Oku kuyancomeka, kodwa ukuba ucinga ngenkampani yefashoni ehlaziya ngokupheleleyo ingqokelela yayo yesampulu ngonyaka (okanye nangaphantsi, iinyanga ezi-4 kwimeko yeZara), ifuna ngokucacileyo inkqubo eyahlukileyo kakhulu.

I-IT kufuneka ibe nendima eluncedo ngaphakathi kwinkampani, kufuneka idale ixabiso elongezelelweyo kwaye ingabi yinto yobukho bomda. Sijongana nobuchwepheshe bolwazi obuthatha le ndima, ngoko sinomdla wokuqonda ukuba singawanceda njani amashishini ase-Italiyane.

Iinkcukacha ukuba amashishini akhule ngokukhawuleza, sifuna iinkqubo zolwazi lwendaleko: i

ukukhula kwenkampani kufuna isakhono seenkqubo zokusingatha iingxaki ezintsha; Ingxaki ekufuneka isonjululwe ayikho kuphela kwinqanaba eliphezulu leenkqubo, kodwa kukuzenza zibe bhetyebhetye ekulawuleni iingxaki ezintsha.

Ukuba iinkampani zenethiwekhi, ulawulo lwabo ludityaniswe ngokusondeleyo kwintsebenziswano phakathi kweenkampani: sifuna iinkqubo "ezivulekileyo", apho ukuvuleka kungalawulwa kuphela kwicala elinye (leenkampani esisebenzisana nazo), kodwa apho kunokwenzeka ukulungelelanisa, ukwazi indlela yokusebenzisana neenkqubo zolwazi zabanye abantu.

Phakathi kweesistim ezivulekileyo, enye yileyo yezothutho: ukuba yipokotho-ubungakanani bezizwe ngezizwe, inani lamazwe asebenza kuwo libalulekile, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukwazi indlela yokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kuba yonke into ephosiweyo yintengiso elahlekileyo. Ngokuzilungiselela ngokufanelekileyo ungafumana iziphumo ezigqwesileyo.

Iinkampani ezivelisa izinto ezintsha azikwazi ukwenza utyalo-mali lweminyaka emininzi, kuba utyalo-mali lolwexeshana. Ngexesha elide, ukhetho luyenziwa olusebenza kuzo zonke iintsapho zemveliso. Ngoko utyalo-mali oluphumeleleyo.

Ubuchule babaphathi bubalulekile, njengoko ezi ziinkampani ezineengxaki zokulandelelana. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukulawula ngcono ubukrelekrele nolwazi lweshishini. Ulwazi lukwaxhomekeke kwixabiso lomthombo: ukuba umthombo ogunyazisiweyo uvakalisa izimvo kwingcamango ethile, loo nkcazo ithatha ixabiso elingakumbi. Umyili oyintloko weApple uthi ukuyila imveliso kuqala “ngombono" yaloo mveliso.

Inkampani iqala kwindawo yendawo, njengoko ikhula ihlala ihlala kwindawo, kodwa iqala ukuba nolawulo okanye iiofisi kweminye imimandla / amazwe. Oku kudala uthungelwano lweendawo ekumele ukuba ziqhelekile kwaye zikhululekile kubantu abahamba kule nethiwekhi. Ngapha koko, iinkampani zichitha ngaphezulu nangakumbi ekuphuculeni indawo ezikuyo.

Iinkqubo ke ngoko zizifumana zikwimeko apho kuyimfuneko ukulawula iziganeko ezingalindelekanga, kwaye kubalulekile ukuba bazi ukuba baziqhelanise njani.

Ulawulo loluntu (PA)

Imibutho kawonke-wonke ihluke ngokwahlukileyo kubucala: banobudlelwane obubaluleke kakhulu kunye nemithetho, ngelixa ubudlelwane kunye nemarike abukho (nangona kufanele). Ulawulo lwase-Italiya lubonwa kakubi kangangokuba asiqapheli (ezimbalwa) ezigqwesileyo esinazo. Icandelo lezempilo, umzekelo, licandelo elisebenza kakuhle kwaye sinembuyekezo engcono yezoqoqosho kunamanye amazwe amaninzi.

La PA italiana ha difetti consolidati, molte imprese non vengono in Italia perchè non sanno quando potranno operare, per la lentezza burocratica nota di questo Paese.

Ngokungafaniyo neenkampani, i-PA ayiqapheli iinkonzo ezingasetyenziswanga: akukho kuqokelela kweemveliso ezingathengiswanga kwindawo yokugcina impahla, kodwa, kuninzi, kukho abantu abangasebenziyo (kwaye kaninzi aba bantu abakhalazi malunga nayo ), ngoko ke, kuninzi, kukho abantu abangasebenziyo. indawo evuzayo kuba nzima ukuyibona. Akukho mntu ulinganisa iinkonzo ze-PA; umlinganiselo wenkonzo uyafuneka.

In Italia da qualche anno è in corso un processo di cambiamento, che ha delle linee guida “nascoste”, una delle quali è quella di mettere al centro il cittadino – cosa che stanno cercando di fare anche le aziende con i loro abathengi. Ngoko sinokucinga ukuba i-PA kunye neenkqubo zoshishino zineendawo zokuhlangana.

Ukuqala kwenkqubo yokutshintsha kwaba dato ukusuka kumanqaku alo mthetho ulandelayo ozise, ​​phakathi kwezinye, iinguqu ezi-3 ezibalulekileyo:

Ulawulo ngalunye malumisele ukuba zeziphi iinkonzo oluzibonelelayo, okanye iinkqubo zolawulo olunoxanduva lwazo;

kwinkqubo nganye, xa inikwe ummi, kufuneka kubekho umphathi; ke ngoko ummi kufuneka azi ukuba ngubani na onoxanduva lwaloo nkonzo;

kwinkqubo nganye yolawulo, kukho elona xesha liphezulu ekufuneka kunikelwe ngalo inkonzo.

Kwakukho into engekhoyo kulo mthetho ukuba ibe yinguquko: ayizisi umntu onoxanduva loluhlu olupheleleyo lweenkqubo zolawulo. Oko kukuthi, nokuba inkqubo nganye ethile inomphathi xa inikwa umntu wabucala, akukho mphathi wolo hlobo lwenkqubo (umz. kukho umphathi wepaspoti yam, kodwa akakho kuwo onke amapasi).

Ukuze kwenziwe olu tshintsho, enye enye iyadingeka, nangona kunjalo engekakwenziwa: ulawulo loluntu kufuneka luncedise ummi kwiimfuno zakhe. Umthetho uthatha indawo yesibini kwiimfuno zommi, kodwa kufuneka uhlonitshwe. Ke ngoko, i-PA kufuneka ikhokele ummi ekukhetheni kunye neenkqubo eziyimfuneko zokufumana oko akufunayo, kwaye kungekuphela nje ngokusebenzisa umthetho, ukushiya ummi ngenceba yakhe.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba intsapho idinga isigunyaziso sokwakhela umntwana wayo igumbi, akunandaba nokuba lenziwe njani eli gumbi: kwanele ukuba libe nalo, kuba kukho le mfuno. Ngoko ke ummi uzimisele ukulandela imigaqo (engabalulekanga ngaphantsi kwemfuneko), kodwa ekubeni ummi engakhokelwa ekusebenziseni imigaqo, isigunyaziso siya kugatywa, inkqubo iyafa kwaye ummi uya kuba enganelisekanga, ngelixa endaweni yoko. I-PA kufuneka imkhaphe kwaye imxelele: "ukufumana igumbi kufuneka wenze oku endaweni yaleya".

Ukuba yonke into iza kujoliswa kwinkonzo, kuyacaca ukuba iinkqubo kufuneka zahluke kakhulu.

Inkqubo kufuneka yenze ukuba ndifikeleleke rhoqo dati isiseko (umz. Ndithenge izikrufu ezingama-20 zodidi lwe-A), ukusukela kwisiseko solu lwazi kuyenzeka ukufumanisa ezitsha (umz. ndisenohlobo lwezikrufu u-A) kwaye ke ngoko ndikwazi ukusabela ngendlela entsonkothileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko kwaye iimfuno.

Ukuze ube nolu tshintsho, iisistim zeemodyuli ziyafuneka: zisivumela ukuba sidibanise ngokuqhubekayo ulwazi, ekubeni luhlala luhluke.

La crescita dell’azienda porta alla confusione nella sua organizzazione interna: in Italia raramente si fa l’analisi delle persone impiegate, della loro operatività e del valore che esse producono, idea più tipica del Giappone e dei Paesi anglosassoni. Tutto ciò che non fa parte del valore aggiunto andrebbe abolito, quindi se il sistema informatico permette l’analisi delle informazioni, consentendo il risparmio, il guadagno aumenta.

Iinkampani zase-Italiya zineemfuno ezintsha ezibangelwa zizizathu zentengiso. Kulawulo loluntu, ngenxa yezizathu ezihluke ngokupheleleyo kwinkampani, kukho ukuqhubela phambili okunamandla ekuqaliseni izinto ezintsha. Kukho iimpawu ezimbini ezinxulumene nolu lutsha:

ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemithombo yezoqoqosho, izinto ezintsha ezingabizi kakhulu zikhethwayo;

Ukuqaliswa kwezinto ezintsha kufuneka kujolise ekuphuculeni ukusebenza kunye nasekuguquleni indlela abantu abacinga ngayo, ukuvuza iimfanelo zabo ngokweenjongo, kodwa umntu kufuneka abe nendlela yokubeka iinjongo ezifanelekileyo. Ngaphandle kobuchwepheshe bolwazi asazi ukuba zeziphi iinjongo ezibekwayo.

Isoftware yeModyuli

Ukuze udale iinkqubo eziguquguqukayo, eziguquguqukayo kunye ne-scalable, kufuneka sibe ne-modularity, oko kukuthi, loo propati evumela ukuba senze inkqubo ephantsi ukuya phezulu (ukusuka phezulu ukuya phezulu).

Okokuqala kufuneka ube neemodyuli, ngoko ufuna "ugcino" lweemodyuli. Emva koko kufuneka batshintshe, oko kukuthi, kufuneka kwenzeke ukutshintsha imodyuli enye imodyuli efanayo, kwaye oku kwenziwa ngokuvumela ukutshintshiselana kolwazi phakathi kweemodyuli ngokusebenzisa i-interfaces echaziweyo: ukusebenzisana kwamacandelo akufuneki kuhluke njengoko iimodyuli ziyahluka.

Isoftware yemodyuli ifumanisa iparadigm entsha yokudibanisa phakathi kwamacandelo ngophuhliso lweemashups (isicelo sewebhu se-hybrid), oko kukuthi ukudala into eqala kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, umzekelo usebenzisa i-APIs ekuqaleni eyadalwa ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa idibaniswe ukuvelisa imveliso entsha.

Kufuneka zibe lula kangakanani iimodyuli kwisixokelelwano seemodyuli?

Iifom kufuneka zenziwe ngokulula kangangoko. Inkampani nganye inokulawula ubudlelwane obunzima kakhulu ngendlela ehluke kakhulu (umzekelo, ulawulo lwabasebenzi), kodwa imisebenzi eyisiseko ihlala ifana (umzekelo, i-payroll). Iimodyuli ezincinci zivumela ukusetyenziswa kwakhona okukhulu, ixesha elincinane lophuhliso kunye nenguquko eqhubekayo (umzekelo, ukuba wahlula ujongano lomsebenzisi, kufuneka uqinisekise ukuba iyahambelana, umzekelo kufuneka ukwazi ukusebenzisa ukhuphelo-coma nokuba yeyiphi na le UI. yenziwe).

Ingxaki evelayo, ngokucacileyo, indlela yokufezekisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kweemodyuli. Inkqubo enkulu yenze ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukuba nolwazi oluninzi oludityaniswe kunye ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ngokwayo, kwaye yenza kube lula ukulawula ulwazi olufanelekileyo ngendlela eyodwa.e

ukufikelela iimvume, ngelixa iimodyuli i dati zithe saa kwaye iindlela zokuqinisekisa zinokwahluka.

Oku kubola kusinika, kwangaxeshanye, inkululeko eninzi: i dati sinokuzibeka naphi na apho sithanda khona, sisasaze ngendlela esifuna ngayo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwawo onke amalungu, sedata, iimodyuli kunye ne-interfaces, ayenzeki kwi-vacuum, kodwa iyenzeka kwiqonga: yinto evumela ukuba siqhube ukudibanisa, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuchaza kakuhle eli qonga.

Yintoni evumela ukudalwa kweenkqubo zemodyuli kuqala kuzo zonke umgangatho wolwazi olutshintshiswayo ngamamodyuli: kufuneka kubekho imbalelwano ekunxibelelwano olunokwenzeka phakathi kweemodyuli. Sinokuba neenkqubo ezininzi zokubhala ezitshintshanayo ukuba sinomgangatho omnye woxwebhu, kodwa kude kube ngoku eyona nto ichaseneyo yenzekile: inkqubo yokubhala ephambili enenani elikhulu leefomati zoxwebhu. Le meko inemiba emibini engalunganga:

ukuba umgangatho unxulunyaniswa nenkqubo, loo nkqubo ithande ukuba yeyomhlaba wonke,

oku kudla ngokuthanda ukuvalwa kwemarike, kuba kukho umgangatho ekungekho mntu unokuwenza, ngoko ke eyona isasazeke ngokuzenzekelayo iba ngowona unamandla.

I-ajenda ngumzekelo wesicelo esinqamlezileyo ngokubhekiselele kuzo zonke ezinye izicelo, kuba kufuneka kubekho i-ajenda, ngoko ke kunengqiqo ukuyilawula kwinqanaba lenkqubo, kwaye kungekhona kwinqanaba lesicelo. Inkqubo liqonga apho siqhuba khona izicelo, apho sibenza banxibelelane. Oku kusivumela ukuba sihlukanise i dati kwizicelo. Oku kwenza lula kakhulu ukudalwa kwenkqubo yolwazi: sinokudibanisa dati yeenkampani ezimbini ngokulula ngakumbi okanye sebenzisa izicelo ezahlukeneyo ukufikelela kuzo dati.

Ukudibanisa iinkqubo zolwazi kubalulekile kwinkqubo yokudibanisa ishishini. Ukuba neefom ezilula kwenza ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi kube lula kunokwamkela iifom ezinzima.

I-modularity ihlala ikhona kwimbono yangaphandle: leyo yomsebenzisi. Enyanisweni, ubona inkqubo isiqwenga esinye ngexesha, oko kukuthi, ubona kuphela isiqwenga asisebenzisayo kwaye uyayibona njengemodyuli eyahlukileyo kwezinye. Ukumodareyitha okubonakalayo linyathelo lokuqala lokuqhubekela kwimodyuli yokwenyani.

Oku kusivumela ukuba senze unxibelelwano kunye neenkonzo ezintsha, phakathi kwamacandelo. Ujongano lwenkqubo luba luxhomekeke kwindawo engqongileyo yomsebenzisi: inkqubo iphendula xa umsebenzisi eyidinga, ngoko ke ixesha lokulinda liba yimfuneko ukulinganisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo.

Kubalulekile ukuba i-interface yenzelwe ukuqala kumsebenzisi, kwinto ayenzayo: umsebenzisi uyaziqhelanisa neenkqubo, nokuba zinzima kwaye zingenangqiqo.

Ekugqibeleni, iqonga kufuneka liqaphele ukuba liqonga: kungekhona nje kuphela ukuba livumele ukuphunyezwa kweemodyuli, kodwa kufuneka kwakhona iqulethe yonke loo misebenzi enokuthi ibe yi-transversal (umzekelo, i-ajenda, i-imeyile) enokufikelela kunye nenkqubo. iiprimitives (njengokukopisha-uncamathisele). Kwinkqubo, ezi zinokubonwa njenge

izicelo eziqhelekileyo, kodwa zibalulekile ukuze ukwazi ukujoyina amalungu.

Iqonga = inkqubo + iinkonzo ezinqamlezayo.

Iqonga aliyiyo inkqubo kwaye aliyithathi indawo, ngakumbi ukuba uneendlela ezahlukeneyo (iWindows, iLinux, iMac ...), apho i-middleware ithatha indawo, ebonisa iinkqubo ezininzi ngokungathi zinye.

Ke ngoko, iisistim zeemodyuli kufuneka zibe nobuncinci beempawu ezi-4:

iifom mazibe lula;

iimodyuli kufuneka zitshintshe;

udinga iqonga elizele ziinkonzo eziyimfuneko ukudibanisa;

ujongano kufuneka lwenzelwe ukwanelisa abo basebenzisa usetyenziso.

Zonke ezi mpawu zidibaniswe nokuziphendukela kwemvelo: iimodyuli zivumela ukuguquka okuhlukeneyo kwaye zivumela ukuguquka kwenkqubo. Iqonga kunye ne-interface kufuneka, ngokulandelayo, ikwazi ukuvela ngokwemigaqo kunye neenkqubo.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweenkqubo

Iinkqubo zangoku, kuninzi olukhulu, zahlulwe zaba ngamacandelo ajongene nemiba ethile yobomi bombutho: phantse rhoqo ulawulo, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ibhalansi (imiba yezoqoqosho-yemali), kodwa kunye namacandelo abasebenzi, aqulethe zonke iinkcukacha. ezihambelana nenkampani. Nganye kwezi nxalenye zenkqubo idibanisa, ngendlela yayo, izinto ze-3 facets (ngokuqhelekileyo, imodyuli nganye yenza oku ngendlela eyahlukileyo).

Ngokuvela kwenkampani, kunye nokwandiswa kunye notshintsho kulwakhiwo lwayo, imfuno iyavakala yenkqubo yolwazi entsonkothileyo, edibanisa ezinye. dati kunye nezinye iimodyuli. Oku kuthetha ukuba udibaniso olwenziwe ngokwenene, impendulo isebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Ukudityaniswa kwenziwa ngokuyimfuneko ngokudibanisa imiba eyahlukeneyo kwinqanaba elinye sedata: icandelo ngalinye line a sedata ebhekisa kwimiba eyahlukeneyo, kwaye sidibanisa lonke ulwazi olusuka apho sedata.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, i sedata zinobudlelwane kwaye ukudibanisa kukwinqanaba lolwazi, kodwa ezinye iitekhnoloji zivumela ukuba izinto zidibaniswe.

Ukuba ufuna ukudibanisa iinkalo ezimbini ngokwahlukileyo, iindlela ezenziwe zifumaneke yi-ERPs akukho lula ukuzisebenzisa. Enyanisweni, olu hlobo lokudibanisa lusalahlekile kwii-ERPs: eminye imisebenzi yokudibanisa inokuqhutywa dati da sedata ezahlukeneyo, kodwa oku kufuna ukutsalwa kolwazi phambi kokuba ludityaniswe kwicandelo le-data-mining.

Ukusebenza ngokudibeneyo kuyinkalo ebalulekileyo yenkampani, ekubeni kwimibutho yanamhlanje, enye yeengxaki eziphambili kukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo nangokukhawuleza kuphuhliso lwemarike olungenakuqikelelwa lula. Umzekelo, ukuvela kweemarike ezintsha zoqoqosho ezifana

iimarike zaseBrazil, zaseRashiya, zaseIndiya naseTshayina (ezibizwa ngokuba “yi-BRIC”) zibeka iingxaki kwiinkampani zase-Itali, ekufuneka ziqonde indlela yokungena kwezo marike kwaye zifuna ulwazi olungafumanekiyo ngokukhawuleza kwi-ERP. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kukho imfuneko yokugcina idatha kunye nokwembiwa kwedatha. Abaphathi bombutho bafuna ukuba ulwazi abaludingayo lubonelelwe ngamaxesha okuphendula aphakathi kweveki nenyanga: ngaphandle kolu luhlu, inkampani yenza izigqibo ngaphandle koku. dati efunekayo kwaye i-IT ilahlekelwa yindima, ngoko ke ibonwa njengomqobo okanye ingxaki. Ngokudala inkqubo yezoBuchule boShishino, ngoko ke kufuneka ucinge ngayo yonke imibuzo enokuthi uzibuze yona umphathi kwaye ulungiselele inkqubo ukuba ikwazi ukunika impendulo. Kufuneka ilandele uphuhliso lwenkampani!

Ukuba inkampani ayithengi, kodwa yandisa imarike yayo emhlabeni wonke unyaka nonyaka, inkqubo kufuneka ihlengahlengiswe ukuze ihambelane nokwandiswa.

Ukuba inkampani ikhupha zonke izixhobo ezisembindini, iqonga kufuneka likwazi ukuvela kweli cala. Ngoko ke kufuneka kubekho ukuguquka kweqonga lesicelo ngendlela yomjikelo, kunye nexesha eliphakathi kweenyanga ezi-6 kunye ne-12. Ngaphezulu kweqonga lesicelo, nangona kunjalo, kukho itekhnoloji, eyohlukileyo kakhulu, kuba ichaza indlela itekhnoloji yolwazi elawulwa ngayo; ibalulekile kwimpumelelo yokhetho kwinqanaba leqonga lesicelo kunye nokusombulula ingxaki. Umjikelo wayo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kule meko yiminyaka emininzi kwaye kufuneka ibekwe esweni rhoqo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-architecture yeyona nto ingcono kwiimfuno zethu.

Ke ngoko kukho amanqanaba ama-3 okulawula ukunika izisombululo ezisebenzayo:

iqonga lobuchwepheshe (iminyaka emininzi)

iqonga lesicelo (iinyanga eziyi-6/12)

iingxaki zomntu ngamnye (iveki/inyanga)

Olu lwahlulo lube ngamanqanaba, nangona kunjalo, akulula ukulubona: nangona lukhona, alucaci kakuhle. Khawucinge nje ngomzekelo we-ENI, okwangoku uphuhlisa inkqubo ilifu

computing, wazalwa nangona kunjalo ngeembono ezahlukileyo kwezo ze ilifu, kwaye emva koko yatshintsha kuba iimfuno zenkampani nazo zatshintsha.

Olu lwahlulo lukwachaza ukuba kutheni ukusetyenziswa kweepatches kuphumelela kwiinkqubo ze-ERP, ezinika iimpendulo ezikhawulezayo kwiingxaki ezintsha, kodwa aziphuculi i-architecture yenkqubo, ngokuchaseneyo zivame ukuwenza zibe zibi nakakhulu.

Ukudibanisa amacandelo ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo, kuba amacandelo adibeneyo agcina ixesha kwaye anciphisa iimpazamo ngenxa yokukhutshelwa ngesandla dati. Iinyani zombutho ziyafana kuyo yonke indawo (ulawulo lweenkonzo ezithengiweyo okanye ezibonelelweyo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo into engena kwaye ishiya inkampani, njl njl) kwaye ngokwesiseko sezi nkampani iseka iinjongo zayo (imalini yokuthenga, ingakanani ukuvelisa. , njl. I-IT ixhasa ishishini kungekuphela nje kule miba, kodwa nangokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifana ne-imeyile, i-intranet, iinkqubo ze-videoconferencing, e-commerce, Njl

Itekhnoloji ivumela ukuba sisuse eminye imisebenzi, kodwa idala eminye.

Kumsebenzi wombutho kuhlala kukho imisebenzi engafunekiyo malunga nokuveliswa kolwazi oluluncedo, ngoko ke iinyani ezi-3 kufuneka zigcinwe engqondweni:

umsebenzi ogqithisileyo awukwazi ukupheliswa ngokukhawuleza;

ukuba umsebenzi uhlala ungatshintshi, kukho ukuncitshiswa komsebenzi ofunekayo;

nangona kunjalo, ukuba siyile inkqubo yokuphucula amava omsebenzisi, abasebenzisi

kuya kufuna ungenelelo lomntu.

Kukho uhlobo lokulinganisela phakathi komsebenzi esinokuwugcina kunye neemfuno ezintsha: ngokunciphisa umsebenzi wesiqhelo, kunokwenzeka ukudala iintlobo ezintsha zomsebenzi.

Umzekelo: Iinvoyisi

Thatha umzekelo umahluko phakathi kwe-invoyisi kunye nomyalelo: ikhona kuphela kulungiselelo, kodwa eneneni amaxwebhu amabini aqulethe ulwazi olufanayo. Ukuba nenkqubo eyenza i-invoyisi ukusuka kumyalelo ikuvumela ukuba ulawule inkqubo ngokukhawuleza kunye neempazamo ezimbalwa. Kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, nangona kunjalo, xa inkampani ithenga iimveliso, kwakukho amaxwebhu ama-3 enziwe yinkqubo yenkampani yomthengisi:

ucwangco;

i-invoyisi evela kwinkampani yomthengisi;

inqaku lokuhanjiswa kwempahla.

Ngoko ke kuye kwafuneka ukuba kwenziwe iitshekhi kwinyathelo ngalinye: i-order-slip, order-invoice, invoice-slip. Le nkqubo yayixabisa ngokucacileyo, kokubini ngokwexesha nemali, ngoko kwakuyimfuneko ukususa loo manyathelo.

Ukuze ubasuse, inkampani yokuthenga inokumisela imeko kumthengisi: umyalelo wamkelwe kuphela ukuba inqaku lokuhambisa lifana nomyalelo. Ukuhlonipha lo mqobo, ngokucacileyo, inkampani yomthengisi kufuneka ibeke imida kulawulo lomyalelo, umzekelo ngokugatya utshintsho olulandelayo olufanayo. Umthengi unciphisa iindleko, kodwa ke ngoko uxanduva lutshintshelwa ngokupheleleyo kwinkampani yomthengisi ekuya kufuneka ikwazi ukubanga olu xanduva.

Isisombululo sesibini sinokuba yisivumelwano phakathi komthengi kunye nomthengisi ekumiseleni ukuba umyalelo uvulekile de ukuthunyelwa kuqaliswe: kuphela ngelo xesha umyalelo awukwazi ukuguqulwa kwaye i-invoyisi ikhutshwe. Oku kunciphisa iitshekhi eziyimfuneko phakathi komyalelo kunye ne-invoyisi, kodwa ngumsebenzi we-warehouse othi, ngeli xesha, athathe uxanduva ngokunika isiqinisekiso kumlawuli kwiimpahla ezifunyenweyo.

Iinkqubo ze-ontological

Ngeenkqubo ezithi ngokuthe ngcembe zibe ngqongqo ngakumbi, sinokusebenza njani? Kunokwenzeka ukwenza oku ukuba senza ukhetho lokuncedisa ukukhanya.

Ukunika impendulo kumbuzo kufuna ukuba kwenziwe uphando phakathi kwayo yonke imithombo ekhoyo yolwazi. Lo msebenzi unokwenziwa kwi-intanethi (ngengqiqo yokuba amaxesha okuphendula ayawuvumela) okanye ngaphandle kwe-intanethi (ngokuzalisa sedata iimpendulo).

Ukuba umbuzo wethu awuphendulwanga kwi dati eqokelelwe ngokusebenzisa i-data-mining, sifuna ukwazi ukuba kukho ezinye iindlela zokuhlanganisa dati ukufumana impendulo.

Makhe sijongane, umzekelo, imeko apho inkampani inomdla wokwahlula ezo nkampani okanye abantu bobabini abathengi yintoni ababoneleli. Banekhowudi yerhafu okanye inombolo ye-VAT njengesazisi, ngoko ke ikhowudi enye ichonga iziko elinye. Ngokudibanisa i dati idatha kunye nokuxhaphaza ukungasebenzi, kunokwenzeka ukuba uququzelele ulwazi ngendlela entsha kwaye, ngendlela elula, ukuchonga iqumrhu elingumthengi kunye nomthengisi.

Ixabiso elongeziweyo liyafezekiswa xa, endaweni yokwahlula abathengi kunye nababoneleli, sithetha ngodidi oluqhelekileyo, abangeneleli, olubandakanya ezinye izifundo (umzekelo i-PA, njengomasipala apho irhafu ihlawulwa). Umbono, kule meko, kukuqwalasela ingcamango, kungekhona i-syntax, njengepali yokudibanisa. Oku kusivumela ukuba siphephe ukudibanisa iziseko dati kwaye ke ngoko uqhube ukudibanisa ukukhanya.

Umthengi kunye nomboneleli ngamagama angundoqo andivumela ukuba ndichonge amanye amaqumrhu endinobudlelwane nawo.

Kweli nqanaba kuyenzeka ukuba senze ulwakhiwo lwabangeneleli bethu, abangabantu okanye amaqumrhu asemthethweni, abanokuba ziinkampani ezintsha ukuba nobudlelwane nabo, kodwa abangenabo. abathengi okanye ababoneleli (umz. umasipala, abamelwane). Ke ngoko sifumanisa ukuba sinonxibelelwano neqela labantu kunye neseti yamaqumrhu asemthethweni.

Kukho indlela yokufikelela kwi sedata ngonxulumano olungazange lubonwe kwangaphambili: sifumana i abathengi abakwangababoneleli kuba sibhekisa kulwakhiwo lwe dati, kodwa, ukujoyina i dati kwaye sifumane ulungelelwaniso, asithembeli kuphela kumaxabiso esiwafumanayo, kodwa nakwi-redndancy kunye nolwakhiwo (umz. ndazi njani ukuba iMac Donalds kunye neMcDonald's yinkampani enye?).

Ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwamagama angundoqo, oko kukuthi, ukuphepha ukuphawula amaziko aneempawu zochazo-magama, kufuneka sisebenzise iisistim ze-ontological: asinamdla kwizithethantonye zequmrhu elithile, kodwa sinomdla wokuqonda ubume behlabathi, okt i-ontology.

L’ontologia è qualcosa di diverso da una semantica: quest’ultima è associata ai linguaggi, mentre le ontologie sono associate ai mondi. L’ontologia è lo studio dell’essere, o del “modo in cui noi stiamo nel mondo”, mentre le semantiche sono legate ai linguaggi: per poter avere un significato, deve esistere un linguaggio. Il mondo è generato da un linguaggio, che ci permette quindi di andare sempre oltre a ciò che vediamo, e l’ontologia parla di un mondo specifico.

Umzekelo, ukuba sichaza igama elithi "skyscraper" njenge "isakhiwo esingaphezulu kune-X yeemitha", isivakalisi

uhlobo "Ndiye ekhaya ndine-skyscraper epokothweni yam" ayinangqiqo kwi-ontology esiyichazile, ngelixa ukuba i-ontology ibona kwangaphambili igama elithi "skyscraper" kunye nentsingiselo ye "statuette-souvenir ephinda iphinda ivelise isakhiwo", ukuba Isivakalisi siya kuba nentsingiselo echanekileyo.

Ukuseka unxulumano phakathi sedata, sichaza ihlabathi: lihlabathi elithi limisela amagama esiwasebenzisayo. Ihlabathi elinjalo lihlala linesiphelo: inani leenyaniso kubomi bentlangano linomda. Ihlabathi elivuselelwe lulwimi endaweni yalo alinasiphelo kwaye ngolwimi sinokumela naliphi na ihlabathi elinokwenzeka, kuba ulwimi luchaphazela amandla, kungekhona nje ekhoyo. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ingqiqo isenza sifikelele kwisiseko se-semantics: kunye nengqiqo ethi ukuba umntu unikezela ngenkonzo, ngoko ungumthengisi, ekubeni siyazi ukuba inkonzo luhlobo lokubonelela.

I-ontology isivumela ukuba sahlule izigaba ezibini: ukudibanisa kunye nokudibanisa ekugqibeleni. Udibaniso lumalunga nokuhlanganisa into esinomdla kuyo, kwaye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yomanyano: ukuba ndinamaxwebhu amabini afanayo. dati uze udibanise intsingiselo yazo, owona mgudu mkhulu wenziwa. Udibaniso olululo lweefayile (ukudibanisa okanye ukuhlela) yinxalenye encinci.

Kuyenzeka ukulungelelanisa ulwazi oluqulethwe kwi sedata, kodwa kunye namaxwebhu kunye neevidiyo, usebenzisa i-semantics. Inzuzo yokuba nezinto ezininzi sedata, kunokuba ibe nye, kukuba sinokugcina nei sedata ulwazi lohlalutyo kwinqanaba le-athomu.

Kufuneka ke ngoko sikwazi ukunxulumanisa ulwazi ukuze sifumane impendulo esemgangathweni esivumela ukuba songeze iindleko kwaye siqinisekise ubudlelwane obuchanekileyo nabo bonke. abathengi (ukwazi ukuphendula ngendlela efanayo).

Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni edityaniswe nento, makhe siqwalasele umzekelo ovela kumbono ovela kwiWebhu: sinokufaka iithegi kwizibonelelo, ukuze siqaphele lonke ulwazi olunxulumeneyo. Ingxaki ngale ndlela kukuba sinokusebenzisa iithegi kwiifom ezahlukeneyo ukumela into enye (iithegi zinxulumene nesintaksi). Isisombululo sesibini kukubhekisa kumlinganiselo wesemantic, udlula kwisichazimagama (o.k.t. ukusetyenziswa kwamagama ukufumana iithegi) kwisemantics (ukufumana iikhonsepthi kunye neziko).

Nangona kunjalo, i-semantics esinomdla kuyo yeyohlobo olwahlukileyo kunelo lweelwimi zendalo, ngokubanzi ezineenjongo ezibanzi kunezo zicetywayo. Siyabulela kwiisemantics singakwazi ukuphawula ulwimi esinokuchaza ngalo ihlabathi esinomdla kulo, yi-ontology.

I-Ontologies inokuchazwa kusetyenziswa iilwimi ezinengqondo, enye yezona zidumileyo yi-OWL (Ulwimi lweWebhu ye-Ontology).

Ngalo, siyakwazi ukuhamba kwihlabathi kwaye sitolike izibakala. Yinkcazelo engabonakaliyo, eluncedo ngokunxulumene nezenzo esifuna ukuzenza.

Kwi-ontology unxulumano phakathi kweendawo zokuhlala luchaza into enokwenzeka kunye nebalulekileyo kwi-ontology ekuthethwa ngayo, hayi ngaphandle kwayo, kwaye iphelele ngokubhekiselele kwizenzo esinokuzenza.

Ikwasetyenziswa kakhulu ukunxulumanisa izinto ezahlukeneyo, umzekelo xa inkampani enye ifuna ukwazi okuthile ngenye inkampani. Kule meko kufuneka ndifumane iindlela zokunxibelelanisa ulwazi olwahlukileyo. Ukusebenzisa i-abstraction yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu:

ukuxilongwa kombutho;

ukuxilongwa komntu;

ukuxilongwa komatshini.

Uhlobo lwe-abstraction luxhomekeke kwimpendulo esifuna ukuyinika: ukuxilongwa okuthathu kuhambelana enye kwenye, nokuba ezi ngcamango zibonakala zingamahlelo ahlukeneyo.

Ngalunye lwezi ndidi lumisela uluhlu lwamalungelo kunye nemisebenzi kubudlelwane bomntu nombutho.

ilifu Ikhompyutha

Phakathi kwamaqonga etekhnoloji esinawo, i ilifu Ikhompuyutha iziveza neendawo ezimandla: nangona kwelinye icala inokubonelela ngamathuba amakhulu, kwelinye icala yisiphithiphithi esibonakalayo kwindawo eqaliswe kuso, nto leyo isongela ishishini lecandelo.

Sele ikwimvelaphi yayo, kwaye ngendlela edityaniswe ngakumbi ukususela kwiminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kweli-15 eyadlulayo, itekhnoloji yolwazi yaziveza njengenkonzo kubasebenzisi, oko kukuthi, njengesixhobo esikhethekayo ekunikezelweni kwangaphandle endaweni yangaphakathi. Iikhomputha zakuqala zaziyimishini ebiza kakhulu, ii-mainframes, ngoko ke umbutho awuzange uthenge umatshini wonke, kodwa wahlawula ukuwuqhuba kwaye uqhube isoftware yawo; kunjalo, umatshini wahlala "kwiziko lenkonzo" enika inkampani le nto inokwenzeka.

Ngendaleko yetekhnoloji esi sinyanzelo sobukhulu siye sanyamalala: iinkampani ngoko ke ziqhubele phambili ekudalweni kwesoftware yangaphakathi okanye ukuthengwa okufanayo kubaboneleli abakhethekileyo. Ngokucacileyo oku kukhokelele ekugqithiseni icandelo le-ICT kwiinkampani ezohlukeneyo, ekugqibeleni zibakhokelela ekubeni bajongane nengxaki yokuba ngaba ukukhetha ukuvelisa isoftware yabo bekubiza kakhulu.

Iinkampani zokuqala ukujongana nale ngxaki ziinkampani ezinkulu, ezijolise ekuhambiseni lonke icandelo le-ICT ngaphandle, lichaza izivumelwano zokuthumela ngaphandle: uthungelwano, iiseva, ukugcinwa kwemihla ngemihla, uphuhliso lwesoftware, zazingasekho imisebenzi yangaphakathi yenkampani. kwaye inokuphathwa njengayo nayiphi na enye inkonzo, ngokunjalo ngokubhekiselele kulawulo nokucuthwa kwenkcitho.

Unikezelo lwangaphandle lube yimpumelelo kuba luvumele ukuba kufumaneke eyona nkonzo isemgangathweni

ekhoyo kwimarike. Inkampani ayikwazanga ukufezekisa loo mgangatho, kuba umbono wayo wehlabathi wawulinganiselwe kuyo.

Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo yayifuna isakhono esithile kwicala leenkampani ekuchazeni iikhontrakthi zokuthumela ngaphandle, ukuze kuqinisekiswe umgangatho wezo nkonzo zinzima kakhulu ezithengiweyo. Ke ngoko, abantu abane-ICT-savvy babefuneka abanokulawula umgangatho wenkonzo kwaye, ke ngoko, eneneni kuphela iziseko ezingundoqo ziye zaba yimfuneko ngaphakathi kwinkampani. Ekwamkeleni itekhnoloji evela kubaboneleli bangaphandle, nangona kunjalo, kukho umphumo ombi: akunakwenzeka ukugcina umthengisi ephantsi kolawulo, ekuhambeni kwexesha kudla ukunciphisa umgangatho, ukuzisa ukuqina kunye nokunyusa iindleko.

Ezi ngqwalasela ke ngoko zityhala iinkampani ukuba zibuyele umva, okt ukuba zibe ngabaphathi bamasebe e-IT, okanye zenze iinkampani ngokudibeneyo kunye nomthengisi apho zinokuthi zinikezelwe ngaphandle, ukuze zikwazi ukugcina ulawulo olukhulu kwinkonzo enikezelwayo kunye nesoftware yobunini.

Kwaye kukule nkqubo-sikhokelo apho i ilifu ikhompyutha.

Ngokombono wengqiqo, i ilifu ikhompuyutha yazalwa kumbono wegrid computing, oko kukuthi ukusebenzisa amandla yekhompyutha esasazwe kwihlabathi liphela ngendlela esebenzayo, o.k.ke ngokuxhaphaza ezingasetyenziswanga. Le ngcamango isetyenziswe ekuqaleni ekwabelaneni ngeefayile zomculo kwi-intanethi, ngokusebenzisa uthungelwano apho wonke umntu engumxhasi kunye nomncedisi (i-Peer-to-Peer). Ingxaki

yolu lwakhiwo kukuba akunakwenzeka ukuchonga umntu onoxanduva lokwabelana, njengoko akunakwenzeka ukumisela ukuba yeyiphi iseva iifayile ezivela kuyo. dati.

Esi sisombululo sisasaziweyo siye sasetyenziswa kwinkalo yenzululwazi, ukuxhasa amandla ikhompyutha esasazwayo. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna i-homogeneity ephezulu phakathi kwabasebenzisi, ukunciphisa uphuhliso lwe-grid computing ngokwayo. Ngaphandle koku, iinkampani ezinenani elikhulu leeseva zijika ingqalelo yazo kwigridi, nangona ziqhutywa ziimfuno zemarike ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo (cinga nge Uphando ed Amazon). Imarike yekhompyutha yegridi iyehla ngoku.

Ingcamango emva kwe ilifu computing kukuba abasebenzisi ngabasebenzisi beenkonzo, ababoni ukuba inkonzo iphunyezwa njani kwaye basebenza kwindawo ephawulwe yi-virtualization drive.

ilifu IComputing VS Mainframe: Ziyafana ngokwengqiqo, kodwa zahluke kakhulu ngokwehardware.

ilifu IKhompyutha ye-VS Grid: Ayisekho ukusebenzisa ingqikelelo yoontanga-kumntu.

ilifu IComputing VS Outsourcing: Inkampani ayiboneleli ngenkqubo yayo yolwazi.

Ihardware ye ilifu ihlala yenziwe ukuze ibekwe kwisitya se-100, 1000, i-2000 yeseva esele iphuculwe kwaye ipholile ngokuzimeleyo, ilungele ukubekwa "kwintengiso".

I-modularization yamaziko edatha ivumela ulawulo olwahlukileyo nolulula kwisigaba sokugcina, ngakumbi ngokuqwalasela ukuba, ukuba noomatshini abafanayo, ukubuyiswa kwe-backup kuncitshiswe kwixesha lokudlulisa dati.

Il ilifu i-computing igqibelele kuqaliso, kuba akukho mfuneko yokulawula ukufuduka kwiinkqubo ezindala, ezidla ngokubiza kakhulu. Ingqiqo ye ilifu I-Computing eneneni isekelwe kwingqikelelo yokuhlawula-ngokusetyenziswa, okanye ukwenza abantu bahlawule abathengi isixa esihambelana nezibonelelo abazisebenzisayo. Izibonelelo zinikezelwa ngoko nangoko kwiziseko zophuhliso, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kuyaguquguquka kwaye kuxhomekeke ngokukodwa kwiimfuno zelo xesha. Oku kukuvumela ukuba uqulathe iindleko kwaye ukhule ngamandla kunye neemfuno zenkampani.

Ukusuka kwimbono yezoqoqosho, kwiimeko apho ukusetyenziswa kwe ilifu i-computing ayinyanzelwanga, kukho inzuzo eyahluka phakathi kwe-30% kunye ne-70% yenkampani. Nangona kunjalo, kunokubakho imiqobo, eyazisa iindleko ezongezelelweyo, ezifana nesidingo sokufumana i dati (ngezizathu zabucala okanye zomthetho), okanye imfuno yokwenza iinkonzo ngokwezifiso.

Unikezelo lwe ilifu ikhompyutha iphawulwa zizinto ezintathu eziphambili:

Iziseko zophuhliso njengenkonzo (Iziseko zophuhliso njengeNkonzo, okanye IaaS), apho inkonzo enikezelwa ngumboneleli we ilifu sesona siseko “selifu”, elenziwe ngalo amandla ikhompuyutha, ukugcinwa kunye nothungelwano. Umthengi emva koko unokuqhuba isoftware yakhe (kubandakanywa neenkqubo zokusebenza) kwesi siseko.

Iqonga njengeNkonzo (Iqonga njengeNkonzo, okanye PaaS), apho inkonzo enikezelwayo yithuba lokuba neqonga, elinikezelwe ngumboneleli we ilifu, apho umthengi angakwazi ukuqhuba iinkqubo zakhe.

Isoftware njengeNkonzo (iSoftware njengeNkonzo, okanye SaaS), apho umthengisi we ilifu ilungiselela isoftware yomthengi kwaye uhlawula kuphela ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwangempela kwale software.

Ingxaki ephakamisa i ilifu lelo lobumfihlo kunye nokhuseleko lwe dati, kodwa oku kunokusonjululwa kuphela ngembono yotshintsho olukhulu kwifilosofi esekelwe kumthetho wethu.

UBucala kunye nePropati ye Dati

Kulawulo lwe dati kwi-intanethi ngokucacileyo ingxaki yobumfihlo ivela. Ingxaki ayikho kakhulu ukuba i dati zisesesidlangalaleni, kwakunye nenyaniso yokuba umntu unokuzisebenzisa ngendlela engafanelekanga. Ukuxhatshazwa kwe dati onovakalelo, o.k.t. ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokungekho mthethweni, kuko ekufuneka kohlwaywe (umzekelo, ukuba dei dati kwiimeko zonyango zomqeshwa zisetyenziselwe ukumgxotha, oku kuya kuba kukusetyenziswa okungafanelekanga nokungekho mthethweni).

Ingxaki yesibini bubunini be dati: Ngubani olawulayo? Le yingxaki ukuba uninzi lwabasebenzisi ayinamsebenzi, kuba babelana ngomxholo osele uwonke. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba dati kuphela kwi-intanethi, ubunini bomxholo womntu ayiyonyani; bekuya kuba kuphela ukuba sinekopi engaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi.

Ngoku kukho iimodeli ezimbini eziphambili zesoftware enikezelweyo kwintengiso ilifu ikhompyutha:

itemplate Uphando, eyenza isoftware eqhelekileyo ifumaneke,

itemplate Amazon, ebonelela ngesoftware ye-mashup ukwenza isoftware eyenziwe ngokwezifiso.

Ngeenzuzo zayo, i ilifu kwakhona kuzisa izinto ezingeloncedo: okokuqala kuzo zonke imfuduko yeenkqubo zangoku ukuya kwi ilifu Ibiza kakhulu (kwaye yiyo loo nto kuqaliso, i ilifu, imele inzuzo), kodwa usemngciphekweni wokuba ngamabanjwa omthengisi, enyanisweni ukuba ufuna ukutshintsha umboneleli kufuneka kwakhona uhambise dati, ngoko ke iziqinisekiso ziyafuneka kumthengisi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba basebenzise ezabo dati kwisoftware enikezelwe ngabathengisi abohlukeneyo.

Ukusuka kwimbono yehardware, i ilifu i-computing ibonakala ngathi sisixhobo esingenamkhawulo: umsebenzisi akasenayo ingxaki yokulinganisa, ngaphezu koko akusekho mfuneko yokuqikelela iingxaki, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukugxila kuphela kwiinkonzo eziza kubonelelwa kunye nomgangatho wazo.

Ukuze ube neSoftware njengeNkonzo, isoftware kufuneka ibe neemfuno ezithile ezenza ukuba isetyenziswe ngu ilifu ikhompuyutha. Ngokukodwa, kufuneka

yiba yimodyuli (kunye ne-ontology, ngakumbi iinkonzo zolawulo lwe-ontology kwinqanaba leqonga, zisebenza kakhulu kweli candelo),

zidityaniswe kancinci xa kuthelekiswa nesoftware yangoku,

ukwahlula dati kunye neenkqubo.

Ngokumalunga nesoftware ye-ERP yangoku, efana ne-SAP, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuwo wonke amaqonga ilifu, kufuneka babe ziimodyuli. Ukuze kwenziwe njalo, inkqubo kufuneka yahlulwe ngokweemodyuli ezisekelwe kwiinkonzo ezinikezelwayo (kubandakanywa sedata) ekufuneka uqhagamshele kuyo

iqonga elenziwe lifumaneke nge ilifu ikhompyutha. Umbono kukutshintsha iinkqubo zokudityaniswa kwangaphakathi kunye neenkqubo zokudityaniswa kwangaphandle: kuphela ngabo banako ukwenza oku abanokuthi baziphakamise njengomphathi we. ilifu. Ngale ndlela isoftware ilahlekelwa lixabiso, inika ukomelela okubalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwesoftware yoMthombo oVulekileyo, kuba yonke into iguqulwa ibe yinkonzo enikezelwa yi. ilifu.

Ngapha koko, yisoftware yoMthombo ovulekileyo ongoyena mgqatswa weSoftware njengeNkonzo, kuba nabani na oyiphuhlisayo unokungazinaki iingxaki zokudityaniswa neqonga kwaye, ngokuchaseneyo, ngumphathi we. ilifu ngubani ekufuneka ajongane nalo mba. Ngokuchanekileyo, uphuhliso lwesoftware yoMthombo oVulekileyo alujolisanga kubaphulaphuli abaninzi, kodwa lunokunxibelelana nababoneleli benkonzo abambalwa. ilifu ikhompuyutha enokuthengisa isoftware njengenkonzo kubaphulaphuli ababanzi.

Kumbono wokudibanisa iimodyuli, indima ebalulekileyo idlalwe yi-ontologies, kuba kwelinye icala baqinisekisa ukuqhubeka nale ekhoyo kwaye kwelinye icala banokulawulwa ngumthengisi. ilifu.

I-UPS yinkokeli yehlabathi kuthutho lweepasile.

Apha ngezantsi kukho inkcazo yonxulumano phakathi kwemiba eyahlukeneyo (intsebenziswano / umbutho / iinkqubo).

Kugxininiswa ukuba, xa kujongwa ubungakanani benkampani, ubume beshishini layo kunye nobungakanani bobugcisa ebusebenzisayo, inkcazo epheleleyo ibiya kuba ngaphaya kwemida ebekiweyo kule ngxelo; ke ngoko siya kuzama ukunika isishwankathelo semiba ephambili.

nokuhlanganisa

Ukuhlanganiswa kokuqala phakathi kweenkalo ekunokuthi kuthethwe ngazo kukuba phakathi kwenkqubo kunye nombutho. I-UPS yinkampani enkulu, kodwa babenokubona kwangaphambili ukuyila eyabo kwasekuqaleni isiseko sedatha njengento esembindini, i-monolithic. Indawo yaseNew Jersey - njengewele layo eGeorgia, kunjalo - ibamba uthotho lwe sedata eziqulathe (phakathi kolunye ulwazi):

i dati kulawulo lwabasebenzi;

i dati, uhlaziyo lwexesha lokwenyani, kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla kunye neendlela zothutho ezisetyenziswayo, ezisasazwa kuthungelwano lwezothutho oluphakathi;

ulwazi kwiinkampani iqabane ei abathengi (eyokugqibela iphinde yahlaziya ixesha lokwenyani, ngokusekwe kulwazi oluvela kwiitheminali zeDIAD kunye nesiza intanethi);

i dati ukwenza uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali (iphepha lomncono, ingxelo yengeniso, njl. njl.).

Ukususela kwinkampani opera nangaphandle kweUnited States, ezinye iinkalo nazo zasasazwa kumazwe aphesheya. Umzekelo ngu isiseko sedatha yolawulo lwabasebenzi, ngokobume bayo zidityaniswe neenkqubo zokuhlalutywa kwentsebenzo yezoqoqosho: iindleko zabasebenzi nezokusebenza zigcinwa sedata kuzwelonke, kodwa ulwazi ludityaniswa ngamaxesha athile lutshintshwe lube yimali yase-US; nayiphi na imisebenzi echasene nemveliso ichongiwe kwaye isonjululwe ngokukhawuleza. Isidingo sokulandelela iindleko ngokuzenzekelayo senze ukuba i-UPS izenzele ezinye iinkqubo, kubandakanywa nokuveliswa komvuzo.

Ulawulo lweeshifti kunye namaxesha okuphumla nalo lwenziwe nge-semi-automated: abasebenzi bahlelwa ngokweendidi sedata ngokusekelwe kudidi lwendima, ikharityhulam kunye nommandla wejografi abaphuma kuwo (siya kubona kumhlathi olandelayo ukuba oku sele kumela njani imathiriyeli.

kwi-ontology); isicelo seholide - ekufuneka senziwe kwangethuba - singeniswa kwisoftware engenisa imvume yesicwangciso kwiintloko zamacandelo. Le ndlela, ephepheni isebenze kakuhle kakhulu, yakhokelela ekuqalisweni kwenyathelo lodidi ngokuchasene ne-UPS ngabasebenzi, kuba ayizange ifunyanwe "ibhetyebhetye" nangayiphi na indlela kubantu abaxhomekeke kwimiqobo okanye iziphene ngequbuliso).

I dati ngokunxulumene neendawo zokugcina iimpahla kunye neendlela zothutho ngundoqo weshishini le-UPS, eliphila ngobuchule beenkonzo zayo ngokungavelisi mpahla. Yonke isoftware yenziwa yinkampani ngokwayo kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo kwaye idityaniswe kakhulu: zonke zibhekisa ngokufanayo isiseko sedatha kwaye kukho ukuhamba okuqhubekayo kolwazi ukuya nokubuya kwizicelo.

Umzekelo, xa umthengi ecela iphakheji ukuba ithunyelwe, iinkcukacha zabo zingeniswa - ukusuka ekuqaleni okanye njengohlaziyo (ingakumbi iimbekiselo zentlawulo, eziqinisekisiweyo ngeenkonzo ze-interfacing kunye neenkqubo ze-interbank) Kananjalo zenziwa iirekhodi nazo zonke dati yephakheji (indawo yokuqokelela kunye nokuhanjiswa, enye indawo enokwenzeka xa ukusilela ukuqokelela, iindleko zokuthumela ezibalwe ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye zamkelwe ngumthengi, njl.). Ikhredithi yenziwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokufumana ukuqinisekiswa kokunikezelwa yinkqubo (efike kwi-terminal ye-DIAD).

Isizukulwana somyalelo siphinda sibangele ukudala irekhodi kwinkqubo yokulawula ukuthunyelwa kwenqanawa, ebandakanya isaziso kubaqhubi ababandakanyekayo. Inkqubo yenkxaso yolungiselelo lwe-UPS ithatha inkathalo yokuphucula ukuthunyelwa kweepakethe, zombini ngokobuncinci bendlela ethathwe ziiveni kunye neepakethe ezithuthwa ngabo, ikwathathela ingqalelo abaqhubi abakhoyo ngokwesiseko solu cwangciso lukhankanywe ngasentla lweeholide kunye namaxesha okuphumla. Le yimizekelo yonke yenqanaba eliphezulu lokudityaniswa okuphunyezwe ziinkqubo zenkampani.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe kuxwebhu lwangaphambili, nanjengoko kuvela koko sele kuthethiwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ekuhambeni kwe dati kwizizwe zangaphandle ukuya kwi sedata embindini, umsebenzi omkhulu wogcino lwenzeka. UPS une a sedata yeeterabytes ezininzi ezibamba ithala leencwadi lengcaciso yokusebenza (OIL), ingqokelela enkulu ye dati, eyakhiwe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-granularity, eshwankathela imisebenzi yeqela. I-OIL yadalwa ekuqaleni ngenjongo yokuphucula umbutho wangaphakathi kumhlaba waseMelika kunye nokucwangcisa izicwangciso kwixesha elifutshane, kodwa ukususela ngo-1999 idibanise yonke ingcaciso malunga nomsebenzi weplanethi kwaye kuphela ukususela ekuqaleni kwe-2000s isetyenziswe kwi-software intelligence intelligence. ukusetyenzwa kohlalutyo lwe-intanethi.

I dati abalawuli balo mbutho kungathethwana nabo; njengoko kutshiwo kolunye uxwebhu, ezininzi dati yegranularity entle kakhulu zenziwe zifikeleleke nge-API nge abathengi, umzekelo ulwazi malunga nobume bento nganye ethunyelweyo. THE abathengi ngokwabo banokudibanisa olu lwazi kwiinkqubo zabo ngokulula kakhulu ngenxa yokwamkelwa okucwangcisiweyo kwe-UPS kwemigangatho evulekileyo.

Njengoko kuchaziwe kolunye uxwebhu, kwi-UPS kukho ikhomishini enoxanduva lokwenza izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, ukuqokelela iingcebiso kubasebenzi. Iingcamango zingeniswa ngesicelo sewebhu, esinokusetyenziswa nge-intranet yenkampani.

I-ontology yokudibanisa

Xa kucingwa nge-ontology emva kokudityaniswa kwe-UPS, ngokuqinisekileyo sinokuqala kubadlali ababandakanyekayo kwinto ephambili kushishino: ukuthuthwa kweepasile. Ke ngoko, sineklasi yePakethe, ithuthwa ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye; uthutho lunokucingwa ngobudlelwane obubini "isithuthi esisuka" kunye "nothutho ukuya", ukuba asibandakanyi

ukwenza imodeli yonikezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye neendlela ezininzi. Ipakeji inokuba neendidi ezininzi ezikhethekileyo - ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zayo - kwaye kufuneka ibe nendawo ekhawulezileyo, ilandele i-geolocation.

Iphakheji idla ngokuthunyelwa nguMthengi; kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubukhulu benkonzo enikezelwa yi-UPS - engabandakanyi ukuthuthwa kweepasela kuphela - ingqwalasela enkulu kufuneka ihlawulwe kwinkcazo yeeklasi ezifunyenweyo kunye neempawu. Nayiphi na inkonzo enikezelwayo, nayiphi na indalo, ibandakanya "ukuphunyezwa" koMyalelo weentlobo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana noThutho.

Kungenzeka ukuba umthengi ajike abe nguMboneleli. I-ontology inokuchaza iklasi yokudibanisa kakhulu i-PartnerCompany ukuba iyaqonda ukuba zombini yinkampani yoMthengi kunye noMboneleli, okanye ukuba yenze ubuncinane unikezelo kunye ne-odolo enye ubuncinane.

UBrown omkhulu, njengoko ubizwa njalo kwijagoni ye-UPS, uqulunqwe ikakhulu ngamaqumrhu abaSebenzi aququzelelwe ngoluhlu olukhulu nolwahlukeneyo lwemigangatho (Itshati yoMbutho). Apha kwakhona, ulwakhiwo kufuneka luchaneke, lugxininise ngakumbi kwimiba enxulumene nendawo / ixesha: umsebenzi uya kusebenza kwiNgingqi ethile, oko kukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kweendawo kuthungelwano lwehlabathi, kuya kugubungela ixesha elithile ngeveki yakhe yokusebenza kwaye ngoko. kwi. I-ontology enjalo iya kwenza kube lula ukwenza intelekelelo ezenzekelayo xa usenza iishifti zokuphumla. Ngokumisela ngokwaneleyo ezinye iimpawu ezifana neziqinisekiso zemfundo, izihloko, iwonga lenkonzo kunye neminyaka yokuba kwisikhundla esiphezulu, abaphathi banikwa ithuba lokuvavanya indlela abaqhuba ngayo abasebenzi ngokobungakanani - ngokunjalo nangomgangatho.

Uninzi lwezi dati sele zikhona kwiinkqubo ze-UPS zelifa, ezigcinwe ngaphakathi sedata yaziswa kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo. Abanye banokuvela "kwiimbono" ezifanelekileyo kwiziko ledatha okanye ngemisebenzi yokwembiwa kwedatha.

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