KOOVIMBA IDATHA OKUPHAMBILI : IMBALI KUNYE NEVELA
Imixholo emibini eyongameleyo yetekhnoloji yeshishini kwi-90s
ithi i yokugcina idatha kunye ne-ERP. Kangangexesha elide aba babini banamandla
imisinga ibe yinxalenye ye-IT yeshishini ngaphandle kokuba nayo
iindlela zokuhlangana. Kwaba ngathi bayinto kwaye bachasene nomcimbi. Kodwa
ukukhula kweziganeko zozibini ngokungaphephekiyo kwakhokelela kwenye
ukuhlangana kwabo. Namhlanje iinkampani zijongene nengxaki ye
ukwenza ntoni nge ERP e yokugcina idatha. Eli nqaku liza kubonisa
zithini iingxaki kwaye zilungiswa njani ziinkampani .
EKUQALENI...
Ekuqaleni yayikho i yokugcina idatha. Indawo yokugcina idatha wazalelwa
ukuchasana nenkqubo yesicelo sokuqhuba intengiselwano.
Ngeentsuku zokuqala ukunkqaya dati kwakumele ukuba kube njalo
indawo nje echasene nezicelo zokusetyenzwa kwekhompyuter
iintengiselwano. Kodwa namhlanje kukho iimbono ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi
ngento anokuyenza yokugcina idatha. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje
yokugcina idatha ifakwe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esinokuba
ebizwa ngokuba yi-Corporate Information Factory.
UMZIKO WENGCACISO WENKCAZELO
(CIF)
I-Corporate Information Factory inamacandelo oyilo
umgangatho: umgangatho wenguqu kunye nokudibanisa ikhowudi
edibanisa i dati ngelixa mna dati basuka kwindawo engqongileyo
isicelo kwimo engqongileyo yokugcina idatha yenkampani; a
yokugcina idatha yenkampani apho i dati
ababhali-mbali abaneenkcukacha nabadibeneyo. I yokugcina idatha yenkampani isebenza njenge
isiseko apho zonke ezinye iindawo ezinokwakhiwa
yokusingqongileyo yokugcina idatha; indawo yokugcina idatha yokusebenza (ODS).
I-ODS yinkqubo ye-hybrid equlethe inkalo ethile yedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla kunye neminye imiba yokusingqongileyo kwe-OLTP; data marts, apho i
amasebe ahlukeneyo anokuba noguqulelo lwawo lwedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla; a yokugcina idatha yokuhlola apho i
Inkampani "iintanda-bulumko" zinokungenisa imibuzo yazo
Iiyure ezingama-72 ngaphandle kwesiphumo esiyingozi yokugcina idatha; kunye nenkumbulo
kufutshane nomgca, apho dati endala kwaye dati iinkcukacha ezininzi zingaba
igcinwe ngexabiso eliphantsi.
PHI I-ERP IHLANGANISA NE
IMZIKO YOLWAZI LWENKCAZELO
I-ERP idityaniswa ne-Corporate Information Factory kwiindawo ezimbini.
Okokuqala njengesicelo esisisiseko (isiseko) esibonelela i
dati yesicelo soku yokugcina idatha. Kule meko i dati,
yenziwe njengemveliso yenkqubo yentengiselwano,
ziyadityaniswa kwaye zilayishwe kwi yokugcina idatha yenkampani. I
inqaku lesibini lomanyano phakathi kweERP kunye neCIF kunye ne-ODS. Enyanisweni, abaninzi
I-ERP isetyenziswa njenge-ODS yakudala.
Kwimeko apho i-ERP isetyenziswa njengesicelo esingundoqo, yona
I-ERP efanayo ingasetyenziswa kwi-CIF njenge-ODS. Kwi
nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-ERP iza kusetyenziswa kuzo zombini iindima, apho
kufuneka kubekho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwala maqumrhu mabini. Ngamanye amazwi,
xa i-ERP idlala indima yesicelo esisisiseko kunye ne-ODS, le
amaqumrhu amabini oyilo kufuneka ahlulwe. Ukuba enye
ukuphumeza i-ERP izama ukuzalisekisa zombini iindima
kwangaxeshanye kuya kubakho iingxaki kwi
uyilo kunye nokuphunyezwa kwesi sakhiwo.
II-ODS EZAHLUKENEYO KUNYE NEZICELO EZISISEKO
Kukho izizathu ezininzi ezikhokelela ekwahlukaneni kwecandelo
bokwakha. Mhlawumbi ngowona mbuzo buciko ukwahlula
amacandelo ahlukeneyo oyilo kukuba icandelo ngalinye
yoyilo lwezakhiwo inombono wayo. Isicelo esisisiseko siyasebenza
ngenjongo eyahlukileyo kunaleyo ye-ODS. Zama ukukhawulelana
imbono yesicelo esisiseko kwihlabathi le-ODS okanye ngokuphambanayo
asiyondlela ilungileyo yokusebenza.
Ngenxa yoko, ingxaki yokuqala ye-ERP kwi-CIF yile
khangela ukuba kukho umahluko phakathi kwezicelo ezisisiseko kunye ne
I-ODS.
IIMFANELO ZENGCACISO KWISHISHINI
UMZINZI WEENGCACISO
Ukuphumeza umanyano phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo
yoyilo lweCIF, kufuneka kubekho imodeli ye dati. Mna
iimodeli ze dati Zisebenza njengekhonkco phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo
ulwakhiwo olufana nosetyenziso olusisiseko kunye ne-ODS. THE
iimodeli ze dati ibe "yimephu yendlela yobukrelekrele" ukuze ube ne
intsingiselo echanekileyo evela kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oyilo lwe-CIF.
Ukuhamba kunye nale ngcamango, ingcamango kukuba kufuneka
ube yimodeli enkulu kwaye eyodwa ye dati. Ewe kufuneka enjenjalo
ube ngumzekelo we dati kwicandelo ngalinye nangaphezulu apho
kufuneka ibe yindlela enengqiqo edibanisa imifuziselo eyahlukeneyo.
Icandelo ngalinye loyilo-ODS, izicelo ezisisiseko,
yokugcina idatha yenkampani, njalo njalo .. - idinga eyakhe
imodeli ye dati. Kwaye ke kufuneka kubekho inkcazo echanekileyo ye
njengeemodeli dati bajongana kunye.
SHINGA I IDATHA YE-ERP KWIDATHA
UMNQOPHISO
Ukuba imvelaphi ye dati sisicelo esisisiseko kunye/okanye i-ODS, xa
i ERP ifaka i dati Nel yokugcina idatha, olu fakelo kufuneka
zenzeke kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi lobumbumbulu. Recap okanye
dibanisa nje i dati njengoko bephuma
ukusuka kwisicelo sesiseko se-ERP okanye i-ERP ODS ayikho
into elungileyo ukuyenza. THE dati iinkcukacha ziyafuneka kwidatha
Isitora ukwenza isiseko senkqubo yeDSS. Enjalo dati
ziya kubunjwa kwakhona ngeendlela ezininzi ngedatha yedatha kunye nokuhlola
del yokugcina idatha.
Ukushukuma kwe dati ukusuka kwindawo yesicelo esisiseko
yeERP kokusingqongileyo yokugcina idatha yenkampani yenziwe kwi
ukuphumla ngokufanelekileyo. Olo tshintsho lwenzeka emva koko
malunga neeyure ezingama-24 ukusuka kuhlaziyo okanye ukudala kwiERP. Inyani ye
ube nentshukumo "yonqena" ye dati Nel yokugcina idatha
yenkampani ikuvumela ukuba dati evela kwi-ERP ukuya "kuhlalisa".
Kanye i dati zifakwe kwisiseko sesicelo,
ke ungahamba ngokukhuselekileyo i dati ye ERP
kwishishini. Enye injongo enokufezekiswa ngenxa yentshukumo
oothixo "amavila". dati kukucandwa okucacileyo phakathi kweenkqubo zokusebenza kunye
DSS. Ngentshukumo "ekhawulezayo" ye dati umgca wokucanda
phakathi kweDSS kunye nokusebenza kuhlala kungacacanga.
Intshukumo ye dati ukusuka kwi-ODS ye-ERP ukuya yokugcina idatha
yenkampani yenziwa ngamaxesha, ngokwesiqhelo
ngeveki okanye ngenyanga. Kule meko ukuhamba kwe
dati isekelwe kwimfuneko “yokucoca” ezindala dati ababhali-mbali.
Kakade ke, i-ODS iqulethe i dati ezamva nje kakhulu
intlonipho kwi dati iimbali ezifunyenwe kwi yokugcina idatha.
Ukushukuma kwe dati Nel yokugcina idatha phantse akwenziwanga
“iwholesale” (ngendlela yomthengisi). Khuphela itafile
ukusuka kwimeko ye-ERP ukuya yokugcina idatha ayinangqondo. Indlela enye
kakhulu eyinyani yintshukumo yeeyunithi ezikhethiweyo ze dati.
Kuphela ke dati ezitshintshileyo ukususela kuhlaziyo lokugqibela lwedatha
i-warehouse yiyo ekufuneka ihanjiswe kwidatha
indawo yokugcina impahla. Enye indlela yokwazi ukuba zeziphi dati zilungisiwe
kuba uhlaziyo lokugqibela kukujonga izitampu zexesha le dati
ifunyenwe kwindawo yeERP. Umyili ukhetha lonke utshintsho
ezithe zavela kuhlaziyo lokugqibela. Enye indlela
kukusebenzisa iindlela zokubamba utshintsho dati. Kunye
obu buchule buhlalutya izingodo kunye neeteyiphu zejenali ukuze
misela ukuba zeziphi dati kufuneka isuswe kwindawo yeERP iye
Leyo ye yokugcina idatha. Ezi ndlela zobuchule zezona zibalaseleyo
zingafundwa njani izigodo kunye neekhasethi zejenali kwiifayile ze-ERP
ngaphandle kweziphumo ezingaphezulu kwezinye izixhobo zeERP.
EZINYE IINGXAKI
Enye yeengxaki nge-ERP kwi-CIF yinto eyenzekayo kwabanye
imithombo yesicelo okanye ai dati ye-ODS ekufuneka befake isandla kuyo
yokugcina idatha kodwa abayonxalenye yokusingqongileyo kwe-ERP. Umhla
uhlobo oluvaliweyo lwe-ERP, ngakumbi i-SAP, umzamo wokudibanisa
izitshixo ezivela kwimithombo yangaphandle ye dati kunye nam dati ukuba kuvela ERP ukuya kwi
ixesha lokuhamba i dati Nel yokugcina idatha, ngumngeni omkhulu.
Kwaye yintoni kanye kanye amathuba ukuba i dati yezicelo okanye
I-ODS ngaphandle kwendawo ye-ERP iya kuhlanganiswa kwidatha
indawo yokugcina impahla? Amathuba aphezulu kakhulu.
FUMANA IDATHA IMBALI UKUSUKA ERP
Enye ingxaki nge dati yeERP sisiphumo
ukusuka kwimfuneko yokuba dati ababhali-mbali ngaphakathi yokugcina idatha.
Ngokuqhelekileyo i yokugcina idatha iimfuno dati ababhali-mbali. KUNYE
Itekhnoloji ye-ERP kaninzi ayizigcini ezi dati
imbali, ubuncinci hayi kwinqanaba apho kuyimfuneko kwidatha
indawo yokugcina impahla. Xa isixa esikhulu dati ababhali-mbali baqala uku
kongezwe kubume be-ERP, loo ndawo kufuneka ibe njalo
icocwe. Umzekelo, masithi a yokugcina idatha kufuneka
ilayishwe iminyaka emihlanu ye dati zembali ngelixa iERP ibambelele
ubuninzi beenyanga ezintandathu kwezi dati. Ngethuba nje inkampani yanelisekile
qokelela uthotho lwe dati imbali njengoko ixesha lihamba,
ke akukho ngxaki ekusebenziseni i ERP njengomthombo we
yokugcina idatha. Kodwa xa i yokugcina idatha kufuneke hambe
emva kwexesha kwaye uthathe oothixo dati ababhali-mbali ababengekho
eqokelelwe ngaphambili kwaye igcinwe yi-ERP, ngoko imeko ye-ERP
iba yinto engasebenziyo.
I-ERP NE-METADATA
Enye ingqwalasela yokwenza malunga ne-ERP e yokugcina idatha Ingaba lonto yi
kwimetadata ekhoyo kwindawo yeERP. Kunye nemetadata
ukusuka kwindawo ye-ERP ukuya kwindawo ye-IT yokugcina idatha,i
imetadata kufuneka ihanjiswe ngendlela efanayo. Ngaphezu koko, i
imetadata kufuneka iguqulwe kwifomathi kunye nolwakhiwo
ezifunwa ziziseko zophuhliso ze yokugcina idatha. Kukho enkulu
umahluko phakathi kwemetadata yokusebenza kunye nemetadata yeDSS. Imetadata
ezisebenzayo zenzelwe umphuhlisi kunye ne
umdwelisi wenkqubo. Imetadata yeDSS yeyomsebenzisi
owokugqibela. Imethadatha ekhoyo kwizicelo ze-ERP okanye ii-ODS
kufuneka baguqulwe kwaye oku kuguqulwa akusoloko kulula
kwaye ngqo.
UKUFUMANA IDATHA ye-ERP
Ukuba iERP isetyenziswa njengomthengisi we dati nge-il yokugcina idatha ci
kufuneka ibe lujongano oluluqilima olushukumisa i dati ukusuka kokusingqongileyo
ERP ukuya kokusingqongileyo yokugcina idatha. Ujongano kufuneka:
▪ kube lula ukuyisebenzisa
▪ vumela ufikelelo ku dati ye ERP
▪ ukufumana intsingiselo ye dati ezisele ziza kushukuma
Nel yokugcina idatha
▪ Uyayazi imida yeERP enokuthi ivele
xa i dati ye ERP:
▪ intembeko ekubhekiselelwe kuyo
▪ Ubudlelwane phakathi kwabalawuli
▪ Ubudlelwane obucacileyo obunengqiqo
▪ Indibano yesicelo
▪ zonke izakhiwo ze dati ixhaswa yiERP, njalo njalo...
▪ ube nokufikelela ngokufanelekileyo dati, ngokubonelela:
▪ intshukumo ngqo ye dati
▪ ukufumana utshintsho dati
▪ Ukuxhasa ufikelelo kwangethuba dati
▪ baqonde ifomathi ye dati, kwaye nangokunjalo…
I-INTERFACE NGESAP
Ujongano lunokuba ziindidi ezimbini, ezasekhaya okanye zentengiso.
Ezinye zeendawo eziphambili zentengiso ziquka:
▪ SAS
▪ Izisombululo Eziyintloko
▪ D2k, njalo njalo...
IITEKNOLOJI EZININZI ERP
Ukuphatha imeko ye-ERP ngokungathi bubuchwephesha obubodwa a
impazamo enkulu. Zininzi iitekhnoloji zeERP, nganye ineyayo
amandla. Abona bathengisi baziwayo kwimarike ngaba:
▪ I-SAP
▪ Oracle Financials
▪ PeopleSoft
▪ UJD Edwards
▪ Iibhaans
SAP
I-SAP yeyona software inkulu nepheleleyo yeERP. Izicelo
ye-SAP ibandakanya iintlobo ezininzi zezicelo kwiindawo ezininzi. I-SAP ine
igama lokuba:
▪ inkulu kakhulu
▪ Kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuyabiza ukuphumeza
▪ ufuna abantu abaninzi kunye nabacebisi ukuba babe
iphunyeziwe
▪ Idinga abantu abakhethekileyo ukuze iphunyezwe
▪ kufuna ixesha elininzi lokuyiphumeza
Kwakhona i-SAP inegama lokugcinwa kwayo dati molto
ngononophelo, okwenza kube nzima ukuba umntu afikelele kuzo
umntu ongaphandle kwendawo yeSAP. Amandla e-SAP kufuneka abe
ekwaziyo ukubamba nokugcina isixa esikhulu se dati.
I-SAP isandula ukubhengeza injongo yayo yokwandisa ixesha
izicelo zayo ukuze yokugcina idatha. Zininzi izinto ezilungileyo nezingalunganga
ekusebenziseni iSAP njengomthengisi yokugcina idatha.
Inzuzo kukuba i-SAP sele ifakiwe kwaye uninzi lwe
abacebisi sele beyazi iSAP.
Izinto ezingeloncedo zokuba ne-SAP njengomthengisi we yokugcina idatha kulala
abaninzi: SAP akanalo amava ehlabathini yokugcina idatha
Ukuba i-SAP ingumthengisi we yokugcina idatha, kuyimfuneko "ukukhupha"
i dati ukusuka kwiSAP ukuya yokugcina idatha. Iinkcukacha irekhodi yeSAP ye
inkqubo evaliweyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba kube lula ukufumana i SAP ukuya
yona (???). Zininzi iindawo zelifa elinika amandla iSAP,
njenge-IMS, VSAM, ADABAS, ORACLE, DB2, njalo njalo.
I-SAP igxininisa kwindlela “engaqanjwanga apha”. I-SAP ayifuni
ukusebenzisana nabanye abathengisi ukusebenzisa okanye ukwenza i yokugcina idatha.
I-SAP igxininisa ekuveliseni yonke isoftware yayo ngokwayo.
Nangona i-SAP yinkampani enkulu kwaye inamandla, inyaniso ye
ukuzama ukubhala kwakhona iteknoloji yeELT, OLAP, ulawulo lwe
inkqubo kunye nekhowudi engundoqo ye dbms kuphambene nje.
Endaweni yokuthatha isimo sengqondo sentsebenziswano kunye nababoneleli
di yokugcina idatha kudala, iSAP ilandele indlela yokuba
“bazi kakuhle”. Esi simo sengqondo sibuyisela umva impumelelo leyo
I-SAP inokuba nayo kwindawo ye yokugcina idatha.
Ukwala kwe-SAP ukuvumela abathengisi bangaphandle ukuba bafikelele
ngokukhawuleza nangobubele kubo dati. Undoqo wokusetyenziswa
un yokugcina idatha ifikeleleka lula dati. Ibali lonke le-SAP li
ngokusekelwe ekwenzeni kube nzima ukufikelela dati.
Ukunqongophala kwamava e-SAP ekujonganeni nomthamo omkhulu we dati;
kwintsimi ye yokugcina idatha kukho imiqulu ye dati zange ndayibona ukusukela ngoko
SAP kunye nokulawula ezi zixa zikhulu ze dati kufuneka ube nenye
iteknoloji efanelekileyo. Kuyabonakala ukuba iSAP ayixelelwanga ngale nto
umqobo wetekhnoloji okhoyo ukuze ungene kwindawo yedatha
igumbi lokugcina izinto.
Inkcubeko yequmrhu le-SAP: I-SAP yenza ishishini
ekufumaneni i dati ukusuka kwinkqubo. Kodwa ukwenza oku kufuneka ube nayo
ingqondo eyahlukileyo. Ngokwemveli, iinkampani zesoftware ezazikho
ilungile ekufumaneni idatha kwindawo engakhange ibe ntle kuyo
ukufumana idatha ukuhamba ngenye indlela. Ukuba iSAP inokwenza olu hlobo
iswitshi iya kuba yinkampani yokuqala ukwenza oko.
Ngamafutshane, kuyathandabuzeka ukuba ngaba inkampani kufuneka ikhethe
I-SAP njengomthengisi yokugcina idatha. Kukho iingozi ezinzulu kakhulu
kwelinye icala kunye nemivuzo embalwa kakhulu kwelinye. Kodwa kukho enye
isizathu esidimaza ukhetho lwe-SAP njengomthengisi wedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla. Kuba yonke inkampani kufuneka ibe nomhla ofanayo
indawo yokugcina impahla yazo zonke ezinye iinkampani? I yokugcina idatha yintliziyo
inzuzo yokhuphiswano. Ukuba yonke inkampani yamkele okufanayo
yokugcina idatha kuya kuba nzima, nangona kungenakwenzeka,
ukufumana inzuzo yokhuphiswano. I-SAP ibonakala icinga ukuba a
yokugcina idatha inokubonwa njenge cookie kwaye yi
uphawu olongezelelweyo "fumana idatha" yengqondo yesicelo
kwi”.
Akakho omnye umthengisi weERP ogqwesileyo njengeSAP.
Ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuya kubakho iinkampani ezilandela indlela ye-SAP
kwabo yokugcina idatha kodwa mhlawumbi ezi zide
Iindawo zokugcina iimpahla ze-SAP ziya kuba zikhulu, zibiza kwaye zifuna
ixesha lokudalwa kwazo.
Ezi meko zibandakanya imisebenzi efana nokusetyenzwa kweemali zebhanki,
iinkqubo zogcino lweenqwelomoya, iinkqubo zezikhalazo
i-inshurensi, njalo njalo. Inkqubo yentengiselwano ibisebenza ngakumbi,
okucace ngakumbi yayiyimfuno yokwahlula phakathi kokusebenza kunye nenkqubo
I-DSS (iNkqubo yeNkxaso yeSigqibo). Nangona kunjalo, kunye neenkqubo zemithombo
umntu kunye nomntu, umntu akaze ajongane nemiqulu emikhulu ye
iintengiselwano. Kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, xa umntu eqeshwa
okanye ushiye inkampani le yirekhodi yentengiselwano.
Kodwa ngokunxulumene nezinye iinkqubo, iinkqubo zabasebenzi kunye
personals nje abanazo iintengiselwano ezininzi. Ngoko ke, kwi
izixhobo zabasebenzi kunye neenkqubo zabasebenzi azicacanga ngokupheleleyo ukuba zikhona
kufuneka iDataWarehouse. Ngeendlela ezininzi ezi nkqubo
ukumela umanyano lweenkqubo zeDSS.
Kodwa kukho enye into emele iqwalaselwe ukuba kuyafuneka
yenza nge-datawarehouse kunye nePeopleSoft. Kwizangqa ezininzi, i dati
Izibonelelo zabantu kunye nezomntu zisesibini kwishishini
intloko yenkampani. Uninzi lweenkampani zisebenza
ukuvelisa, ukuthengisa, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo njalo njalo. THE
Iinkqubo zeHR kunye nabasebenzi zihlala zisesekondari (okanye ze
inkxaso) kumgca woshishino ongundoqo wenkampani. Ngoko ke, kunjalo
ngokulinganayo kwaye ayincedi a yokugcina idatha yahlula i
inkxaso kwizibonelelo zoluntu kunye nezomntu.
I-PeopleSoft ihluke kakhulu kwi-SAP kulo mba. Nge-SAP, kunjalo
kunyanzelekile ukuba kubekho a yokugcina idatha. NgePeopleSoft, akunjalo
ngoko kucace. Indawo yokugcina idatha iyakhethwa ngePeopleSoft.
Eyona nto ilungileyo inokutshiwo kwi dati I-PeopleSoft yile datha
indawo yokugcina impahla ingasetyenziselwa ukugcina i dati malunga
izinto ezindala zabantu kunye nezomntu. Isizathu sesibini sokuba
yeyiphi inkampani engathanda ukuyisebenzisa yokugcina idatha a
ukonakala kwendawo yePeopleSoft kukuvumela ukufikelela kunye
ukufikelela simahla izixhobo zokuhlalutya, ai dati nguPeopleSoft. Kodwa
ukongeza kwezi zizathu, kunokubakho iimeko apho kukhethwa ukuba kungabi njalo
ube nogcino lwedatha dati PeopleSoft.
Isishwankathelo
Kukho iingcamango ezininzi malunga nokwakhiwa kwedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla ngaphakathi kwesoftware yeERP.
Ezinye zezi:
▪ Kuyavakala ukuba ne yokugcina idatha efana nayo nayiphi na
enye into kwishishini?
▪ I-ERP ibhetyebhetye kangakanani yokugcina idatha isoftware?
▪ I-ERP yokugcina idatha isoftwe inokusingatha umthamo we
dati ebekwe eyokugcina idatha arena"?
▪ Yintoni umkhondo wokugawulwa kwemithi eyenziwa ngumthengisi weERP?
ejongene nokulula nokungabizi, kuthatha ixesha, ai dati? (Intoni
yirekhodi yabathengisi be-ERP ekuhanjisweni kwexabiso eliphantsi, kwi
ixesha, kulula ukufikelela kwidatha?)
▪ Iyintoni ingqiqo yoyilo lweDSS kunye ne
"umzi-mveliso wenkcazelo yequmrhu" ngumthengisi we-ERP?
▪ Abathengisi beERP bayayiqonda indlela yokufumana dati konke'interno
kokusingqongileyo, kodwa uqonde nendlela yokuzithumela ngaphandle?
▪ Uvuleleke kangakanani na umthengisi weERP ukuba afikelele kwizixhobo zokusebenza
indawo yokugcina impahla?
Zonke ezi ngqwalasela kufuneka zenziwe ekuqinisekiseni
indawo yokubeka i yokugcina idatha eya kubamba i dati yeERP kunye nabanye
dati. Ngokubanzi, ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinyanzelisayo
yenza ngenye indlela, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kwakhiwe yokugcina idatha ngaphandle
ukusuka kwindawo yomthengisi we-ERP.
ICAPITOLO 1
Isishwankathelo soMbutho weBI
Amanqaku aphambili:
Oovimba bolwazi basebenza ngenye indlela
kubukrelekrele boshishino (BI) uyilo:
Inkcubeko yenkampani kunye ne-IT inokunciphisa impumelelo kwi
ukwakha imibutho yeBI.
Itekhnoloji ayiseyiyo into ethintelayo kwimibutho ye-BI. I
ingxaki abayili bezakhiwo kunye nabacwangcisi beeprojekthi akukho nokuba
itekhnoloji ikhona, kodwa ukuba inokuphumeza ngempumelelo i
iteknoloji ekhoyo.
Kwiinkampani ezininzi a yokugcina idatha ingaphezulu kancinci kunendlu yokugcina impahla
ungenzi nto osasaza i dati kubasebenzisi abayidingayo. THE dati
zikhutshwe kwiinkqubo zemithombo kwaye zifakwe kwizakhiwo ekujoliswe kuzo
di yokugcina idatha. Mna dati zinokucocwa nazo zonke
ithamsanqa. Nangona kunjalo akukho xabiso elongezelelweyo elongezelelweyo
iqokelelwe ngu dati ngexesha lale nkqubo.
Ngokusisiseko, i-Dw esenziwayo, eyona nto ingcono, iyanikezela
kuphela mna dati icocekile kwaye iyasebenza kwimibutho yabasebenzisi. Pha
ukudalwa kolwazi kunye nokuqonda kohlalutyo kuxhomekeke
ngokupheleleyo ngabasebenzisi. Ukujonga ukuba i-DW (Indawo yokugcina idatha) nguye
impumelelo ixhomekeke. Ukuba sigweba impumelelo kwi
ukukwazi ukuqokelela ngokufanelekileyo, ukudibanisa kunye nokucoca i dati
iqumrhu ngokwesiseko esiqikelelwayo, ngoko ke ewe, i-DW iyimpumelelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba sijonga kwingqokelela, ukudibanisa kunye no
ukuxhaphazwa kolwazi lombutho uphela, ngoko
i-DW isilele. I-DW inika ixabiso elincinane okanye elingenaxabiso
ulwazi. Ngenxa yoko, abasebenzisi banyanzelekile ukuba benze,
ngaloo ndlela kudala iisilos zolwazi. Esi sahluko siyabonisa
umbono opheleleyo wokushwankathela uyilo lweBI(Business
Intelligence) yenkampani. Masiqale ngenkcazo yeBI e
ke siya kudlulela kwiingxoxo malunga noyilo kunye
uphuhliso lolwazi, ngokuchaseneyo nokubonelela ngokulula i dati
kubasebenzisi. Iingxoxo ke zijolise ekubaleni kwe
ixabiso leenzame zakho zeBI. Siphetha ngokuchaza indlela IBM
ilungisa iimfuno zoyilo zeBI zombutho wakho.
Inkcazo yoyilo lwe
BI umbutho
Iinkqubo ezinamandla zolwazi ezijolise kwintengiselwano zikhoyo ngoku
kwi-ajenda kuwo onke amashishini amakhulu, njengoko ekhula
ngokufanelekileyo ibala lokudlala leenkampani kwihlabathi liphela.
Ukuhlala ukhuphisana, nangona kunjalo, ngoku kufuna iinkqubo ngokuhlalutya
ejoliswe kuloo nto inokuguqula isakhono senkampani ngokufumanisa kwakhona i-ed
besebenzisa ulwazi esele benalo. Ezi nkqubo
uhlalutyo luvela ekuqondeni kubutyebi be dati
ekhoyo. I-BI inokuphucula ukusebenza kulo lonke ulwazi
yeshishini. Amashishini anokuphucula ubudlelwane phakathi kwabathengi kunye nomthengi
ababoneleli, ukuphucula inzuzo yeemveliso kunye neenkonzo, velisa
Izibonelelo ezintsha nezingcono, khangela umngcipheko kunye nabanye abaninzi
umvuzo wehlise iindleko kakhulu. Nge-BI yakho
inkampani ekugqibeleni iqala ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwabathengi
njenge-asethi ekhuphisanayo enkosi kwizicelo ezineenjongo ze
imarike.
Ukuba neendlela ezifanelekileyo zoshishino kuthetha ukuba neempendulo eziqinisekileyo
imibuzo engundoqo efana nale:
▪ Ngubani wethu abathengi zisenza sirhole ngaphezulu, okanye thina
Ngaba bayaphulukana?
▪ Apho sihlala khona abathengi Malunga ne shop/
bahlala kwindawo yokugcina impahla?
▪ Zeziphi iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zethu ezinokuthengiswa ngaphezulu
ngempumelelo kwaye kubani?
▪ Ziziphi iimveliso ezinokuthengiswa ngempumelelo yaye koobani?
▪ Liliphi iphulo lokuthengisa elinempumelelo ngakumbi yaye ngoba?
▪ Ngawaphi amajelo okuthengisa asebenza kakhulu kweziphi iimveliso?
▪ Indlela esinokuluphucula ngayo ulwalamano lwethu nabo balungileyo abathengi?
Iinkampani ezininzi ziye dati rhabaxa ukuphendula
le mibuzo.
Iinkqubo zokusebenza zivelisa izixa ezikhulu zemveliso, ye
umthengi kunye ne dati imarike evela kwiindawo ezithengiswayo, ugcino,
ukusuka kwinkonzo yabathengi kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso yobugcisa. Umceli mngeni
khupha kwaye usebenzise olu lwazi.
Iinkampani ezininzi zenza inzuzo kuphela kumaqhezu amancinane azo dati
kuhlahlelo lobuchule.
I dati eseleyo, ihlala idityaniswa ne dati evela kwimithombo yangaphandle efana
"iingxelo zikarhulumente" , kunye nolunye ulwazi oluthengiweyo, lunye
umgodi wegolide ulinde nje ukuphononongwa, ei dati kufuneka
zicocwe kuphela kumxholo wolwazi lwakho
umbutho.
Olu lwazi lunokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukwahluka
ukusuka ekuyileni isicwangciso soshishino ngokubanzi ukuya
unxibelelwano lobuqu kunye nababoneleli, ngokusebenzisa amaziko onxibelelwano,
i-invoyisi, Internet kunye nezinye iingongoma. Imeko yeshishini yanamhlanje iyayalela
ukuba i-DW kunye nezisombululo ezinxulumene ne-BI zivela ngakumbi
ukwenziwa kwezakhiwo zemveli ze dati njengokuba ndi dati yesiqhelo ukuya
inqanaba leathom kunye “neenkwenkwezi/iifama zetyhubhu”.
Into efunekayo ukuze uhlale ukhuphisana kukudityaniswa kwe
ubugcisa bemveli kunye nobuphambili ngeenzame zokuxhasa a
indawo enkulu yohlalutyo.
Ukuqukumbela, imeko-bume ngokubanzi kufuneka iphucule ulwazi
yenkampani iyonke, iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo ezithathiweyo
njengesiphumo sohlahlelo oluqhutywayo luza luncedo ukuze wonke umntu abekho
inzuzo.
Umzekelo, masithi ubeka eyakho indawo abathengi kwiindidi
umngcipheko ophezulu okanye ophantsi.
Ingaba olu lwazi luveliswa yimodeli yezimayini okanye
ezinye iindlela, kufuneka zibekwe kwi-Dw kwaye zenziwe zifikeleleke
nabani na, ngayo nayiphi na indlela yofikelelo, efana ne-i
iingxelo ezingatshintshiyo, i-spreadsheets, iitafile, okanye ukusetyenzwa kohlalutyo kwi
umgca (OLAP).
Nangona kunjalo, ngoku, uninzi lolu hlobo lolwazi
hlala kwi-silos dati kwabantu okanye amasebe abawavelisayo
uhlalutyo. Umbutho xa uwonke ubonakala kancinci okanye awubonakali kwaphela
ukwenzela ukuqonda. Ukudibanisa nje olu hlobo lomxholo
ulwazi kwishishini lakho dw ungasusa iisilos ze
ulwazi kwaye uphakamise okusingqongileyo kwe-DW yakho.
Kukho imiqobo emibini emikhulu ekuphuhliseni umbutho
yeBI.
Okokuqala, sinengxaki yentlangano ngokwayo
yoqeqesho olunxulumeneyo.
Nokuba asinakunceda ngotshintsho lwepolisi
yombutho, sinokunceda ukuqonda amacandelo
umbutho we-BI, uyilo kunye nendlela
Itekhnoloji ye-IBM iququzelela uphuhliso lwayo.
Umqobo wesibini wokoyiswa kukungabikho kweteknoloji
ezidityanisiweyo kunye nolwazi lwendlela ebiza indawo yonke
yeBI ngokuchaseneyo necandelo elincinci kuphela.
I-IBM iza kuhambelana notshintsho lweteknoloji
yokudibanisa. Luxanduva lwakho ukubonelela uyilo
Ukuzicingela buqu. Olu lwakhiwo kufuneka luphuhliswe nge
iteknoloji ekhethelwe ukudityaniswa ngaphandle kwemiqobo, okanye ubuncinci, nge
iteknoloji ehambelana nemigangatho evulekileyo. Kwakhona, eyakho
Ulawulo lwenkampani kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba ishishini le-Bi linjalo
yenziwe ngokwenkqubo kwaye ungayivumeli
uphuhliso lwezisele zolwazi ezisuka ekuzincedeni
iiajenda, okanye usukelo.
Oku akuthethi ukuba imeko-bume ye-BI ayinabungozi kuyo
ukusabela kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye neemfuno zabasebenzisi abohlukeneyo; endaweni yoko, ithetha
ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwezo mfuno zomntu ngamnye kunye neemfuno
yenzelwa inzuzo yawo wonke umbutho weBI.
Inkcazelo yombutho BI bokwakha can
Ifumaneka kwiphepha lesi-9 kumfanekiso 1.1.Uyilo lwezakhiwo lubonisa
umxube otyebileyo wetekhnoloji kunye nobuchule.
Ukusuka kwimbono yendabuko, i-architecture ibandakanya amacandelo alandelayo
kwindawo yokugcina impahla
Umaleko weAtom (uMaleko weAtom).
Esi sisiseko, intliziyo ye-Dw yonke kwaye ngenxa yoko
ingxelo ngobuchule.
I dati ezigcinwe apha ziyakugcina imfezeko yembali, iingxelo ze
dati kwaye iquke iimetrics ezifunyenweyo, kunye nokucoceka,
idityanisiwe, kwaye igcinwe kusetyenziswa imifuziselo yokutsala.
Konke ukusetyenziswa kwezi zilandelayo dati kunye nolwazi olunxulumeneyo
ethathwe kolu lwakhiwo. Lo ngumthombo ogqwesileyo we
ukukhutshwa kwe dati kunye neengxelo ezinemibuzo ecwangcisiweyo yeSQL
Isitora sokusebenza se dati okanye isiseko sengxelo ye
dati(Ivenkile yedatha yokusebenza (ODS) okanye ukunika ingxelo
sedata.)
Esi sisakhiwo se dati eyenzelwe ngokukodwa
ingxelo yobugcisa.
I dati igcinwe kwaye inikwe ingxelo ngaphezulu kwezi zakhiwo zinokugqibela
ukusasaza kwindawo yokugcina impahla ngokusebenzisa indawo yombutho (iqonga
indawo), apho inokusetyenziselwa umqondiso wobuchule.
Indawo yokudlala.
Indawo yokuqala yokumisa uninzi dati yenzelwe okusingqongileyo
indawo yokugcina impahla yindawo yombutho.
Apha ndi dati ziyadityaniswa, zicocwe kwaye zitshintshwe zibe dati luncedo ukuba
iya kuzalisa isakhiwo sogcino
Umhla imarts.
Le nxalenye yoyilo imele ubume be dati isetyenzisiwe
ngokukodwa i-OLAP. Ubukho bedatamarts, ukuba i dati kulala
igcinwe kwi-schemas yenkwenkwezi edibanayo dati
multidimensional kwindawo yobudlelwane, okanye kwiikhabhinethi zokufayilisha
di dati ubunini obusetyenziswa yitekhnoloji ethile ye-OLAP, efana ne
Iseva ye-DB2 OLAP, ayihambelani.
Umqobo kuphela kukuba i-architecture iququzelela ukusetyenziswa kwe dati
multidimensional.
Uyilo lukwabandakanya ubugcisa obubalulekileyo kunye nobuchule be-BI
eziye zahlulwa njenge:
Uhlalutyo lwendawo
I-Space yi-windfall yolwazi kumhlalutyi kunye
ibalulekile kwisisombululo esipheleleyo. Isithuba inkonkxa
ukumela ulwazi ngabantu abahlala kwindawo ethile
indawo, kunye nolwazi malunga nokuba iphi loo ndawo
ngokwasemzimbeni xa kuthelekiswa nehlabathi liphela.
Ukwenza olu hlalutyo, kufuneka uqale ngokubopha eyakho
ulwazi lwesibanzi kunye nobude lulungelelanisa ulwazi. Ithetha ntoni
ekubhekiswa kuyo “njenge-geocoding” kwaye kufuneka ibe yinxalenye yotsalo,
ukuguqulwa, kunye nenkqubo yokulayisha (ETL) kwinqanaba
inombolo ye-athomu yendawo yakho yokugcina.
Imayini yedatha.
Ukutsalwa kwe dati ivumela iinkampani zethu ukuba zikhule
inani di abathengi, ukuqikelela iindlela zokuthengisa kunye nokwenza
ukulawula ubudlelwane kunye i abathengi (CRM), phakathi kwamanye amalinge e
BI.
Ukutsalwa kwe dati ngoko ke kufuneka zidityaniswe nezakhiwo ze
dati ye-Dwhouse kwaye ixhaswa ziinkqubo zokugcina iimpahla
qinisekisa ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo kobuchwepheshe kunye
ubuchule obunxulumeneyo.
Njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-BI architecture, inqanaba leatom ye
I-Dwhouse, njenge-datamarts, ngumthombo obalaseleyo we dati
yokutsalwa. Ezo zakhiwo zinye kufuneka zibe njalo
abafumana iziphumo zokutsalwa ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka
abaphulaphuli abaninzi (abona baphulaphuli babanzi).
Iiarhente.
Kukho "iiarhente" ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola umthengi kuzo zonke iingongoma ezifana, i
iinkqubo zokusebenza zenkampani kunye ne-dw ngokwabo. Ezi arhente zinako
ube yinethiwekhi ye-neural ephucukileyo eqeqeshelwe ukufunda malunga
iintsingiselo zenqaku ngalinye, njengemfuno yexesha elizayo yemveliso esekelwe
kwiintengiso zokuthengisa, iinjini ezisekelwe kwimithetho yokusabela
un dato iseti yeemeko, okanye iiarhente ezilula ukuba
babonisa okungaqhelekanga "kubaphathi abaphezulu". Ezi nkqubo ewe
ikhona ngokubanzi ngexesha lokwenyani kwaye, ke ngoko, kufuneka
idityaniswe ngokusondeleyo nentshukumo yabo dati.
Zonke ezi zakhiwo ze dati, itekhnoloji kunye nobuchule buqinisekisa
ukuba awuyi kuchitha ubusuku uvelisa umbutho we
BI wakho.
Lo msebenzi uya kuphuhliswa ngokwandayo, amanyathelo amancinci
amanqaku.
Inyathelo ngalinye yinzame yeprojekthi ezimeleyo, kwaye ixeliwe
njengokuphinda-phinda kwinyathelo lakho le-dw okanye le-BI. Ukuphindaphinda
inokubandakanya ukuphunyezwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha, kuba
qala ngeendlela ezintsha, ukongeza izakhiwo ezintsha ze dati ,
iyalayisha i dati ezongezelelweyo , okanye kunye nokwandiswa kohlalutyo lwe
okusingqongileyo. Esi siqendu sixutyushwa ngakumbi
nzulu kwisahluko sesi-3.
Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zemveli zeDw kunye nezixhobo zeBi kukho ezinye
imisebenzi yombutho wakho weBI owutyalayo
uyilo, njenge:
Iindawo zokucofa umThengi (uMthengi ukubamba
amanqaku).
Njengalo lonke umbutho wanamhlanje kukho inani le
iindawo zokuchukumisa umthengi ezibonisa indlela yokuba namava
kulungile kweyakho abathengi. Kukho imijelo yemveli efana ne-i
abarhwebi, abasebenzisi bebhodi yokutshintsha, imeyile ngqo, imultimedia nokuprinta
iintengiso, kunye namajelo angoku kakhulu njenge-imeyile kunye newebhu, i dati
iimveliso ezinendawo ethile yoqhagamshelwano kufuneka zifunyanwe,
ithuthwe, yacocwa, yatshintshwa yaza yahlaliswa kwizakhiwo ze dati della
BI.
Iziseko ze dati imibutho yokusebenza kunye nabasebenzisi (Iyasebenza
oovimba beenkcukacha kunye noluntu lwabasebenzisi).
Ekupheleni kweendawo zoqhagamshelwano ze abathengi iziseko zifunyenwe dati
yesicelo senkampani kunye noluntu lwabasebenzisi. THE dati ekhoyo
kulala dati ngokwesiko ekufuneka kudityaniswe kunye kwaye kudityaniswe ne dati che
ukuhamba ukusuka kwiindawo zoqhagamshelwano ukwanelisa okuyimfuneko
ulwazi.
Abahlalutyi. (Abahlalutyi)
Oyena mntu uzuzayo kwimo ye-BI ngumhlalutyi. Nguye lo
iinzuzo kutsalo lwangoku lwe dati iyasebenza, idityaniswe ne
imithombo eyahlukeneyo ye dati , yongezwe ngeempawu ezifana nohlalutyo
geographic (geocoding) kwaye inikezelwe kubuchwepheshe beBI ukuba
vumela imigodi, i-OLAP, ingxelo ye-SQL ephezulu kunye nohlalutyo
ngokwejografi. Ujongano oluphambili lomhlalutyi wokusingqongileyo
ukunika ingxelo yi-BI portal.
Nangona kunjalo, umhlalutyi ayinguye yedwa ozuzayo kwi-architecture ye
BI.
Abalawuli, imibutho emikhulu yabasebenzisi, kunye namalungu, ababoneleli kunye i
abathengi kufuneka ifumane izibonelelo kwi-BI yeshishini.
Ngasemva feed loop.
Uyilo lweBI yindawo yokufunda. Umgaqo
Uphawu lophuhliso kukuvumela ulwakhiwo oluzingileyo lwe dati
ihlaziywa kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji yeBI esetyenzisiweyo nangezenzo
imisebenzi yabasebenzisi. Umzekelo luvandlakanyo lwe
umthengi (amanqaku omthengi).
Ukuba isebe lokuthengisa liqhuba imodeli yezemigodi
yamanqaku umthengi njengoko ukusebenzisa inkonzo entsha, ngoko ke
Isebe lokuthengisa akufuneki libe lodwa iqela labaxhamli
yenkonzo.
Kunoko, imodeli yokukhupha kufuneka iqhutywe njengenxalenye
ubume bokuhamba kwedatha ngaphakathi kwenkampani kunye namanqaku omthengi
kufuneka ibe yinxalenye edibeneyo yomxholo wolwazi
indawo yokugcina impahla, ibonakala kubo bonke abasebenzisi. I-Bi-bI-centric IBM Suite
kuquka DB2 UDB, DB2 OLAP Umncedisi ibandakanya kakhulu
inxalenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo zeteknoloji, ezichazwe kumfanekiso
1.1.
Sisebenzisa i-architecture njengoko ibonakala kulo mzobo wencwadi
usinike inqanaba lokuqhubekeka kwaye ubonise indlela imveliso nganye
ye-IBM ingena kwipatheni ngokubanzi yeBI.
Ukubonelela ngomxholo woLwazi (Ukubonelela
umxholo wolwazi)
Yila, uphuhlise kwaye usebenzise indawo yakho yeBI
utyando olunzima. Uyilo kufuneka lwamkele zombini
iimfuno zoshishino zangoku nezexesha elizayo. Uyilo loyilo lwezakhiwo
kufuneka igqibelele ukubandakanya zonke izigqibo ezifunyenweyo
ngexesha loyilo. Ukubulawa kufuneka kuhlale
uzibophelele kwinjongo enye: ukuphuhlisa uyilo lweBI
njengoko kuthiwe thaca ngokusesikweni kumzobo nangokusekwe kwiimfuno ze
Shishini.
Kunzima kakhulu ukuxoxa ukuba uqeqesho luya kuqinisekisa
impumelelo ehambelanayo.
Oku kulula kuba awuwakhi indawo ye-BI kumntu wonke
ngequbuliso, kodwa kwenziwa ngamanyathelo amancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuchonga amacandelo e-BI yoyilo lwakho
kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezibini: Uya kukhokela zonke izigqibo ezilandelayo
ubuchule bokwakha.
Uya kukwazi ukuyila ngokuqaphela ukusetyenziswa okuthile kwetekhnoloji
nangona usenokungafumani impinda efunekayo
ubuchwepheshe iinyanga eziliqela.
Ukuqonda iimfuno zeshishini lakho ngokwaneleyo kuya kuba nefuthe kuhlobo
yeemveliso oya kuzifumanela ulwakhiwo lwakho.
Isicwangciso kunye nophuhliso loyilo lwakho luyaqinisekisa
ukuba indawo yakho yokugcina impahla
ayisisehlo esingaqhelekanga, kodwa "esicingelwe kakuhle",
intengiso eyakhiwe ngononophelo opera yobugcisa njengemosaic ye
iteknoloji exubeneyo.
Yila umxholo wolwazi
Lonke ucwangciso lokuqala kufuneka lugxininise kwaye luchonge i
amacandelo aphambili e-BI aya kufunwa yimekobume
ngokubanzi ngoku nakwixesha elizayo.
Ukwazi iimfuno zeshishini kubalulekile.
Kwanangaphambi kokuba lonke ucwangciso olusesikweni luqale, i
umcwangcisi weprojekthi unokuchonga omnye okanye ezimbini
icandelo ngoko nangoko.
Ibhalansi yamacandelo anokuthi afunelwe
ulwakhiwo lwakho, nangona kunjalo, alunakufunyanwa lula.
Ngethuba lesigaba soyilo, inxalenye ephambili yoyilo lwezakhiwo
ibophelela iseshoni yophuhliso lwesicelo (JAD) kukhangelo
ukuchonga iimfuno zoshishino.
Ngamanye amaxesha ezi mfuno zinokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwizixhobo
imibuzo kunye nokunika ingxelo.
Umzekelo, abasebenzisi bathi ukuba bafuna ukwenza ngokuzenzekelayo
okwangoku ingxelo kufuneka ivelise ukudibanisa ngesandla
iireshiyo ezimbini zangoku kunye nokudibanisa izibalo ezithathwe
indibaniselwano ye dati.
Nangona le mfuneko ilula, ichaza into ethile
umsebenzi wophawu omawuquke xa
thenga izixhobo zokunika ingxelo kumbutho wakho.
Umyili kufuneka kwakhona alandele iimfuno ezongezelelweyo ze
fumana umfanekiso opheleleyo. Abasebenzisi bafuna ukubhalisela
le ngxelo?
Ii-subsets zengxelo zenziwe kwaye zithunyelwe nge-imeyile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo
abasebenzisi? Ngaba uyafuna ukubona le ngxelo kwi-portal yenkampani?
Zonke ezi mfuno ziyinxalenye yesidingo esilula
buyisela ingxelo yesandla njengoko kucelwe ngabasebenzisi. Inzuzo
kwezi ntlobo zeemfuno kukuba wonke umntu, abasebenzisi kunye nabayili, banayo
ukuqonda ingqikelelo yeengxelo.
Kukho ezinye iindidi zamashishini, nangona kunjalo, ekufuneka siwacwangcisele.
Xa iimfuno zoshishino zichazwe ngendlela ye
Imibuzo yobuchule boshishino, kulula kumcwangcisi onamava
Ukuqonda umlinganiselo/inyani kunye neemfuno zomda.
Umfanekiso 1.2 ubonisa umlinganiselo kunye neekhomponenti ezinobukhulu be-a
ingxaki ishishini.
Ukuba abasebenzisi beJAD abayazi indlela yokuchaza iimfuno zabo
ngendlela yengxaki yeshishini, umyili uya kunika rhoqo
imizekelo yokutsiba-ukuqala iseshoni yokuqokelela idatha
iimfuno.
Umyili oyingcali unokunceda abasebenzisi baqonde hayi kuphela
urhwebo olucwangcisiweyo, kodwa nendlela yokulwenza.
Indlela yokuqokelela iimfuno ixoxiwe kwisahluko sesi-3; Kuba
ngoku sifuna ukubonisa nje imfuneko yokuyila wonke umntu
iintlobo zeemfuno zeBI
Umba woshishino olucwangcisiweyo awuyomfuneko nje kuphela
Ishishini, kodwa kunye nesikhokelo soyilo. Ukuba kufuneka uphendule
kumbuzo wamacala amaninzi, emva koko kufuneka unkqaye,
ngoku i dati dimensional, kwaye ukuba ufuna ukunkqaya i
dati multidimensional, kufuneka unqume ukuba luhlobo luni lweteknoloji okanye
ubuchule oza kubusebenzisa.
Ngaba uphumeza i-schema ye-cube star egciniweyo, okanye zombini?
Njengoko ubona, nokuba yingxaki yeshishini elula
inokuchaphazela kakhulu uyilo. Nangona kunjalo
ezi ntlobo zeemfuno zoshishino ziqhelekileyo kwaye kunjalo, ubuncinane
ngabayili nabacwangcisi abanamava eprojekthi.
Kukho ingxoxo eyaneleyo malunga nobuchwepheshe kunye nenkxaso ye
OLAP, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezisombululo ezikhoyo. Kude kube ngoku
sikhankanye imfuneko yokuhlanganisa ingxelo elula kunye i
iimfuno zobungakanani beshishini, kunye nendlela ezi mfuno
zinefuthe kwizigqibo zobugcisa bokwakha.
Kodwa zeziphi iimfuno ezingaqondwa lula
ngabasebenzisi okanye liqela le-Dw? Uya kuze ufune uhlalutyo
indawo (uhlalutyo lwesithuba)?
Iimodeli zemigodi ye dati ziya kuba yinxalenye eyimfuneko kuni
kwixesha elizayo? Ngubani owaziyo?
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezi ntlobo zetekhnoloji azininzi
eyaziwa luluntu lwabasebenzisi ngokubanzi kunye namalungu eqela
Dw, ngokuyinxenye, oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ngokuqhelekileyo
zinyangwa ziingcali zobugcisa zangaphakathi okanye zomntu wesithathu. Yi
imeko enzima kakhulu yeengxaki eziveliswa zezi ntlobo zobuchwepheshe. Ubuqu
abasebenzisi abanakuchaza iimfuno zeshishini okanye bazenzele
ukwenzela ukubonelela ngezikhokelo kubayili, ezi zinako
hamba ungaqatshelwa okanye, okubi ngakumbi, ngokulula ungahoywa.
Iba yingxaki ngakumbi xa umyili kunye nomphuhlisi bengaphumeleli
inokubona usetyenziso lwenye yezi phambili kodwa
itekhnoloji ebalulekileyo.
Njengoko besisoloko sisiva abaYili besithi, “kaloku, kutheni
asiyibeki ecaleni side siyifumane le enye into?
Ngaba banomdla wokwenene kwizinto eziza kuqala, okanye basuka nje baphephe i
iimfuno abaziqondiyo? Kunokwenzeka ukuba luqikelelo lokugqibela.
Masithi iqela lakho lokuthengisa linxibelelane neemfuno
yeshishini, njengoko kuchaziwe kumfanekiso 1.3, njengoko ubona, i
Imfuno iqulunqwe ngohlobo lwengxaki yeshishini. Pha
Umahluko phakathi kwale ngxaki kunye nengxaki yedimensional eqhelekileyo
umgama. Kule meko, iqela lokuthengisa lifuna ukwazi,
ngenyanga, intengiso iyonke evela kwiimveliso, iindawo zokugcina kunye
abathengi abahlala kumgama oziikhilomitha ezi-5 ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina iimpahla
bayathenga.
Ngelishwa, abaqulunqi okanye abayili bezakhiwo banako
ngoyaba icandelo lesithuba ngokuthi, “sinomthengi, i
imveliso kunye i dati yediphozithi. Sigcina umgama kude kube
enye impinda.
"Impendulo engalunganga. Olu hlobo lwengxaki yeshishini luxhalabisa
BI ngokupheleleyo. Imele ukuqonda okunzulu kwe
ishishini lethu kunye nendawo yohlalutyo eyomeleleyo kubahlalutyi bethu.
I-BI ingaphaya kokubuza okanye ukunika ingxelo eqhelekileyo, nokuba
nokuba OLAP. Oku akuthethi ukuba obu bugcisa abenzi
zibalulekile kwi-BI yakho, kodwa ngokwazo azikho
indawo yeBI.
Uyilo lomxholo wolwazi
(Uyilo loMxholo woLwazi)
Ngoku sichonge iiMfuno zeShishini ezibalaseleyo
amacandelo ahlukeneyo asisiseko, kufuneka aqukwe kuyilo
bokwakha jikelele. Amanye amacandelo eBI ayinxalenye
kwimizamo yethu yokuqala, ngelixa ezinye aziyi kuphunyezwa
iinyanga ezininzi.
Nangona kunjalo, zonke iimfuno ezaziwayo zibonakaliswa kuyilo ukuze
xa sifuna ukuphumeza iteknoloji ethile, thina
zilungiselele ukuyenza. Into malunga neprojekthi iya kubonisa ingcamango
yemveli.
Ngokomzekelo, umfanekiso 1.1, ekuqaleni kwesahluko, ubonisa idatha
mart egcina i dati macala.
Le seti ye dati isetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kamva kwe
dati imilinganiselo enemilinganiselo eqhutywa yimiba yoShishino ukuba
sichongile. Njengoko amaxwebhu ongezelelweyo enjalo
ziveliswa, njengophuhliso loyilo lwe dati, thina
siza kuqala ukwenza ngokusesikweni ukuba ndinjani dati zisasazeka kwimekobume.
Siye saqinisekisa imfuneko yokumela i dati kunjalo
ubukhulu, ukuzahlula (ngokweemfuno ezithile
kumiselwe) kwiimati zedatha.
Umbuzo olandelayo oza kuphendulwa ngowokuba ziya kwakhiwa njani
ezi mart data?
Ngaba uyakha iinkwenkwezi ukuxhasa iityhubhu, okanye iityhubhu nje, okanye iinkwenkwezi nje?
(okanye iityhubhu ezichanekileyo, okanye iinkwenkwezi ezifanelekileyo). Yenza ulwakhiwo lwedatha
iimathi ezixhomekeke ezifuna umaleko weathom kubo bonke dati
ngaba ufumana? Vumela iimarike zedatha ezizimeleyo ukuba zifumane i dati
ngqo kwiinkqubo zokusebenza?
Yeyiphi iTekhnoloji yeCube oza kuzama ukuyimisela?
Unezixa ezikhulu zoothixo dati efunekayo kucazululo lwe-dimensional
okanye ufuna iityhubhu zomkhosi wakho wokuthengisa welizwe kwenye
ngeveki okanye zombini? Yakha into enamandla
njenge DB2 OLAP Server for Finance okanye Cognos iityhubhu
I-PowerPlay yombutho wakho wokuthengisa okanye zombini?
Ezi zezona zigqibo zoyilo lwezakhiwo ezinkulu ukuba
iyakuchaphazela imekobume yeBI yakho ukusuka apha ukuya phambili. Ewe,
umisele imfuno ye-OLAP. Ngoku uzakuyenza njani lonto
uhlobo lobuchule kunye neteknoloji?
Indlela obona buchwepheshe buphambili buchaphazela ngayo eyakho
imizobo? Makhe sicinge ukuba uchonge imfuno
indawo kwintlangano yakho. Ngoku kufuneka ufowunele i
editions zoyilo lomzobo nokuba awucwangciswanga
ukwenza amacandelo esithuba iinyanga ezininzi. Umyili wezakhiwo kufuneka
uyilo namhlanje ngokusekelwe kwinto efunekayo. Yilindele kwangaphambili imfuneko
uhlalutyo lwesithuba oluvelisa, olugcina, oluqhubayo nolunikezelayo
ukufikelela kwi dati indawo. Oku ke kufuneka kusebenze njenge
Isithintelo malunga nohlobo lwetekhnoloji kunye neenkcukacha
iqonga lesoftware onokuthi ucinge ngalo ngoku. Kuba
umzekelo, inkqubo yolawulo ye isiseko sedatha zonxulumelwano
(RDBMS) owenzela umaleko wakho weathom kufuneka ube nayo
ulwandiso lwesithuba olomeleleyo olukhoyo. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba
ukusebenza okuphezulu xa usebenzisa ijometri kunye nezinto
indawo kwizicelo zakho zohlalutyo. Ukuba i-RDBMS yakho ayifuni
ndiyakwazi ukusingatha i dati (spatial-centric) ngaphakathi, ngoko kuya kufuneka
uzinzo una isiseko sedatha (spatial-centric) yangaphandle. Oku kwenza nzima
Umba wolawulo kwaye uchaphazele ukusebenza kwakho kukonke,
singasathethi ke ngeengxaki ezongezelelekileyo ezenzelwe wena
Ii-DBAs, njengoko zinokuqonda okuncinci
kweziseko ze dati indawo ngokunjalo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba injini yakho
I-RDMBS iphatha onke amacandelo esithuba kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo
isilungisi sizazi iimfuno ezikhethekileyo (umzekelo,
indexing) yezinto zendawo, emva koko ii-DBA zakho ziyakwazi ukujamelana nazo
lawula imiba ngokukhawuleza kwaye unokuyiphakamisa
ukusebenza.
Kwakhona, kufuneka ulungelelanise indawo yokubeka kunye nomgangatho
imeko-bume yeathom ukuquka ucoco lwedilesi (a
eyona nto iphambili kuhlalutyo lwesithuba), kunye nokulandelayo
ukugcina izinto zendawo. Ulandelelwano lweentlelo ze
umzobo uyaqhubeka ngoku ukuba sazise ingcamango yokucoca
idilesi. Enye into, esi sicelo siya kuyalela uhlobo lwe
isoftware efunekayo kumzamo wakho we-ETL.
Udinga iimveliso ezifana neTrillium ukukunika idilesi
icocekile, okanye umthengisi we-ETL ozikhethele wona ukubonelela oko
ukusebenza?
Okwangoku kubalulekile ukuba uwuxabise umgangatho woyilo
kufuneka ugqitywe ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ukuphumeza eyakho
okusingqongileyo (indawo yokugcina impahla). Le mizekelo ingasentla kufuneka
bonisa ubuninzi bezigqibo zoyilo ekufuneka zilandele
ukuchongwa kwayo nayiphi na imfuneko yeshishini elithile. Ukuba kwenziwe
ngokuchanekileyo, ezi zigqibo zoyilo zikhuthaza
ukuxhomekeka phakathi kwezakhiwo ezibonakalayo zokusingqongileyo, i
Ukukhethwa kweteknoloji esetyenziswayo kunye nokuhamba kokusasazwa kwe
umxholo wolwazi. Ngaphandle kolu yilo lwesiqhelo
yeBI, umbutho wakho uya kuba phantsi komxube
isiphithiphithi setekhnoloji esele ikhona, eyona nto ingcono, imanyene ngendlela
engachanekanga ukunika uzinzo olubonakalayo.
Gcina umxholo wolwazi
Ukuzisa ixabiso lolwazi kumbutho wakho
umsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokwaneleyo
kunye namava, okanye isicwangciso esaneleyo kunye nokuzoba, nkqu
amaqela angcono angasilela. Kwelinye icala, ukuba unayo enkulu
intuition kunye nocwangciso oluneenkcukacha kodwa akukho luqeqesho
ukubulawa, uchithe imali kunye nexesha lakho
kuba umzamo wakho umelwe kukusilela. Umyalezo kufuneka
cace: Ukuba uphosa enye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi
izakhono, ukuqonda/amava okanye ukucwangcisa/umzobo okanye
ukuphunyezwa koqeqesho, oku kuya kukhokelela ekukhubazeni okanye
ukutshabalalisa isakhiwo sombutho we-BI.
Ngaba iqela lakho lizilungiselele ngokwaneleyo? Kukho umntu apha kuwe
Iqela le-BI eliqonda ubume bohlalutyo obukhulu obukhoyo
kwiindawo ze-BI, kubuchule obuyimfuneko kunye nobuchwepheshe
ukwenza loo mhlaba? Kukho umntu kwiqela lakho
enokwazi ukubona umahluko wesicelo phakathi kwenkqubela phambili
ingxelo engatshintshiyo kunye ne-OLAP, okanye umahluko phakathi kwe-ROLAP kunye ne-OLAP? Enye ye
amalungu eqela lakho bayayiqonda ngokucacileyo indlela ye
isicatshulwa kunye nokuba inokuchaphazela njani indawo yokugcina impahla okanye njani
ingaba indawo yokugcina impahla inokuxhasa ukusebenza kwemigodi? Ilungu
yeqela uyaliqonda ixabiso dati indawo okanye iteknoloji
i-arhente esekwe? Ngaba unaye umntu osixabisayo isicelo esisodwa
yezixhobo ze-ETL ngokuchasene nobuchwepheshe bomthengisi
umyalezo? Ukuba awunayo, fumana enye. I-BI ingaphezulu
enkulu yomaleko athom eqhelekileyo, ye OLAP, yezicwangciso a
inkwenkwezi kunye ne-ODS.
Yiba nokuqonda kunye namava okuqonda iimfuno
yeBI kunye nezisombululo zazo zibalulekile kubuchule bakho boku
ukwenza ngokusesikweni iimfuno zabasebenzisi kunye noyilo
kwaye baphumeze izisombululo zabo. Ukuba uluntu lwakho lwabasebenzisi lunayo
ubunzima ekuchazeni iimfuno, ngumsebenzi weqela le
indawo yokugcina impahla ibonelela ngaloo ngqiqo. Kodwa ukuba iqela le
igumbi lokugcina izinto
ayiqapheli usetyenziso oluthile lwe-BI - umzekelo, idatha
imigodi- ke ayisiyiyo eyona nto ingcono i-BI iyenza
bakholisa ukuphelela ekubeni babe ziidipozithi zokwenziwa. Nangona kunjalo, ungazihoyi ezi
itekhnoloji ayikunciphisi ukubaluleka kwazo kunye nefuthe abanalo
ekuveleni ubuntlola ishishini amathuba akho
umbutho, kunye nolwakhiwo lolwazi oluyilayo
ukuthengisa.
Ucwangciso malubandakanye ingcamango yokuzoba, ed
zombini zifuna umntu onobuchule. Ukongeza, ukuyila
ifuna ifilosofi yeqela le-warehouse kunye nokuqwalaselwa
yemigangatho. Umzekelo, ukuba inkampani yakho iseke a
iqonga elisemgangathweni okanye ichonge i-RDBMS ethile onokuthi uyifumane
ufuna ukwenza umgangatho ofanayo kwiqonga liphela, isondele ukuba
wonke umntu kwiqela ubambelela kuloo migangatho. Ngokubanzi enye
iqela libhentsisa imfuno yokwenziwa kwesiqhelo (kumsebenzisi
ukunxibelelana), kodwa iqela ngokwalo alifuni ukujoyina
imigangatho kwakhona esekwe kwezinye iindawo kwinkampani okanye mhlawumbi nakwi
iinkampani ezifanayo. Oku akukona nje ukuhanahanisa, kodwa iqinisekisa ukuba inkampani ayinayo
iyakwazi ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezikhoyo kunye notyalo-mali. Ayithethi
ukuba akukho iimeko eziqinisekisa iqonga okanye a
iteknoloji engekho mgangathweni; nangona kunjalo, iinzame zendawo yokugcina impahla
kufuneka bakhusele ngekhwele imigangatho yeshishini ukuya kuthi ga
ukuba iimfuno zeshishini azithethi nto yimbi.
Icandelo lesithathu eliphambili elifunekayo ukwakha i-BI
umbutho luqeqesho.
Kuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo, ngokulinganayo kumntu ngamnye kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Abacwangcisi beeprojekthi, abaxhasi, abayili bezakhiwo, kunye nabasebenzisi kufuneka bayixabise
uqeqesho oluyimfuneko ukwakha ubume bolwazi lwenkampani.
Abaqulunqi kufuneka balathise imizamo yabo yoyilo ngendlela yokuba
gqibezela ezinye iinzame eziyimfuneko eluntwini.
Umzekelo, masithi inkampani yakho yakha a
Isicelo seERP esinecandelo lokugcina impahla.
Ngoko ke luxanduva lwabayili be-ERP ukusebenzisana ne
iqela lokusingqongileyo kwindawo yokugcina impahla ukuze lingakhuphisani okanye
phinda umsebenzi osele uqalisiwe.
Ukuziphatha kukwangumxholo ofuna ukuxakeka
ngumbutho uphela kwaye idla ngokusekwa kwaye iphathiswe a
inqanaba lesigqeba.
Ngaba abaphathi bazimisele ukubambelela kwindlela eyiliweyo? A
indlela ethembisa ukudala umxholo wolwazi ukuba
ekugqibeleni iya kuzisa ixabiso kuzo zonke iindawo zeshishini, kodwa mhlawumbi
Ngaba ibeka esichengeni i-ajenda yomntu okanye yesebe? Khumbula ilizwi
"Ukucinga ngayo yonke into kubaluleke ngakumbi kunokucinga ngento enye."
Eli lizwi liyinyani kwimibutho yeBI.
Ngelishwa, iindawo ezininzi zokugcina iimpahla zijolise kwimigudu yazo
ukujonga ukuqhuba nokuzisa ixabiso kwisebe elithile okanye a
abasebenzisi abathile, ngokungakhathaleli umbutho
jikelele. Masithi umphathi ucela uncedo kwiqela
indlu. Iqela liphendula ngomsebenzi weentsuku ezingama-90 ukuba
ayibandakanyi kuphela unikezelo lweemfuno zesaziso ezichazwe yi
umphathi kodwa uqinisekisa ukuba konke dati isiseko zixutywe kwinqanaba
I-athomu ngaphambi kokuba ingeniswe kwitekhnoloji yetyhubhu
isindululo.
Olu longezo lobunjineli luqinisekisa ukuba i-feat ye
indlu iya kuxhamla kuyo dati ifunwa ngumphathi.
Nangona kunjalo, isigqeba sithetha neefemu zokubonisana zangaphandle ukuba
bacebise ngesicelo esifanayo kunye nokuhanjiswa ngaphantsi kwe-4
iiveki.
Ukucinga ukuba iqela langaphakathi le-warehouse linobuchule, i
umphathi unokhetho. Ngubani onokuxhasa uqeqesho lwe
ubunjineli bongezelelweyo obufunekayo ukukhulisa i-asethi
ishishini lolwazi okanye basenokukhetha ukwenza eyabo
isisombululo ngokukhawuleza. Le yokugqibela ibonakala ikhethwe ngokwenene
rhoqo kakhulu kwaye isebenza kuphela ukwenza izikhongozeli zolwazi ze
abaxhamla kuyo abambalwa okanye umntu ngamnye.
Iinjongo zexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide
Abayili bezakhiwo kunye nabayili beprojekthi kufuneka benze ngokusesikweni a
umbono wexesha elide woyilo jikelele kunye nezicwangciso ze
khula kumbutho weBI. Le ndibaniselwano ye
inzuzo yexesha elifutshane kunye nesicwangciso sexesha elide
ukumela ubuso ezimbini iinzame BI. Inzuzo yexesha elifutshane
Ukuphelelwa lixesha yi-facet ye-BI enxulunyaniswa nophindaphindo lwe
indlu yakho yokugcina.
Kulapho abacwangcisi, abayili bezakhiwo kunye nabaxhasi bagxininisa khona
ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zoshishino. Kukweli nqanaba apho i
izakhiwo eziphathekayo zakhiwa, iteknoloji ithengiwe kunye
ubuchule buphunyeziwe. Azenzelwanga ukuba zijongane nangayiphi na indlela
iimfuno ezithile njengoko zichazwa luluntu oluthile lwabasebenzisi.
Yonke into yenziwa ukuze kujongwane neemfuno ezichaziweyo
kuluntu oluthile.
Ukucwangcisa ixesha elide, nangona kunjalo, lelinye icala
yeBI. Apha kulapho izicwangciso kunye noyilo zaqinisekisa khona
wakha nasiphi na isakhiwo somzimba, ubugcisa obukhethiweyo kunye ne
iindlela zobuchule ezenziwe ngeliso elijonge kwishishini. Kwaye i
ucwangciso olude olunika umanyano
Kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinzuzo zoshishino zifikelelwa ngumntu wonke
iinzuzo zexesha elifutshane ezifunyenweyo.
Qinisekisa umzamo wakho weBI
Un yokugcina idatha ngokwayo ayinaxabiso lendalo. Kwelinye
amagama, akukho xabiso lendalo phakathi kwetekhnoloji ye
ugcino kunye neendlela zokuphumeza.
Ixabiso lalo naluphi na umzamo wogcino lufumaneka kwizenzo
eyenziwa ngenxa yemeko yendawo yokugcina impahla kunye nomxholo
ulwazi olukhuliswe ngokuhamba kwexesha. Le yingongoma ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyiqonde
phambi kokuba uzame ukuqikelela ixabiso lalo naliphi na inyathelo lokuqala le
ekhaya.
Amaxesha amaninzi, abakhi bezakhiwo kunye nabacwangcisi bazama ukusebenzisa ixabiso
indawo yokugcina impahla ebonakalayo neyobugcisa xa eneneni ixabiso li
ifunyenwe ngeenkqubo zoshishino ezichatshazelwa kakuhle yi
indawo yokugcina impahla kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe kakuhle.
Nanku umngeni wokuseka i-BI: Uluthethelela njani utyalo-mali?
Ukuba apho indlu ngokwayo ayinaxabiso langaphakathi, abayili be
iprojekthi kufuneka iphande, ichaze kwaye yenze ngokusesikweni iinzuzo
iphunyezwe ngabo bantu baya kusebenzisa indawo yokugcina impahla
ukuphucula iinkqubo zoshishino ezithile okanye ixabiso le
ulwazi olukhuselweyo okanye zombini.
Ukunyanzela izihloko, nayiphi na inkqubo yeshishini
achatshazelwa ziinzame zogcino zinokubonelela ngeenzuzo
"ijongeka" okanye "incinci". Iinzuzo ezibonakalayo zibonelela a
imetriki ebonakalayo yokulinganisa imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali (ROI) - umz
Umzekelo, ukuguqula uluhlu lweempahla ixesha elongezelelweyo ngexesha
ethile okanye yeendleko eziphantsi zothutho ngenqanawa. Kungaphezulu
Kunzima ukuchaza uncedo oluncinci, olufana nofikelelo oluphuculweyo
ulwazi, ngokwexabiso elibambekayo.
Qhagamshela iprojekthi yakho ukwazi i
izicelo zoshishino
Amaxesha amaninzi, abaqulunqi beprojekthi bazama ukudibanisa ixabiso
yendawo yokugcina eneenjongo ze-amorphous zeshishini. echaza ukuba
“Ixabiso lendawo yokugcina impahla lisekelwe kubuchule bethu bokwenza
ukwanelisa izicelo zobuchule” sivula i
intetho. Kodwa iyodwa akwanelanga ukumisela ukuba ngaba
utyalo-mali kwindawo yokugcina izinto iyavakala. Kungcono ukudibanisa ukuphindaphinda
yesitora enezicelo ezithile zorhwebo kunye namanqaku.
Ukulinganisa i-ROI
Ukubala i-ROI kwindawo yokugcina impahla ingaba
kunzima ngakumbi. Kunzima ngakumbi ukuba ukhokelo
inqununu yophindaphindo oluthile yinto engabonakaliyo okanye
kulula ukulinganisa. Uphononongo lufumanise ukuba abasebenzisi bayabona
Izibonelelo ezimbini eziphambili zamalinge e-BI:
▪ Yenza abantu bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo
▪ Ukudala indlela yokufikelela kulwazi
Ezi zibonelelo zithambile (okanye zithambile) iinzuzo. Kulula ukuyibona
singabala njani i-ROI ngokusekelwe kumda onzima (o
omkhulu) njengokuncitshiswa kweendleko zothutho, kodwa njani
ngaba silinganisa ukukwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezingcono?
Oku ngokuqinisekileyo ngumngeni kubacwangcisi beeprojekthi xa
bazama ukuba inkampani ityale imali kwinto enye
umzamo wogcino. Ukunyusa intengiso okanye ukunciphisa iindleko
Azisekho imixholo esembindini eqhuba ubume be-BI.
Endaweni yoko, ujonge kwizicelo zeshishini zokufikelela
ngcono kulwazi ukuze isebe elithile libe nako
yenza izigqibo ngokukhawuleza. Aba ngabaqhubi abanobuchule a
ezenzeka zibaluleke ngokulinganayo kwifemu kodwa zibalulekile
kucace ngakumbi kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukubonakaliswa kwimetric ebambekayo.
Kule meko, ukubala i-ROI kunokulahlekisa, ukuba akunamsebenzi.
Abaqulunqi beprojekthi kufuneka bakwazi ukubonisa ixabiso
ebambekayo kubaphathi ukuba bathathe isigqibo sokuba ngaba utyalo-mali kulo
uphindaphindo oluthile lubala. Nangona kunjalo, asiyi kucebisa entsha
indlela yokubala i-ROI, kwaye asiyi kwenza nayiphi na ipro okanye impikiswano
ngokuchasene nayo.
Kukho amanqaku amaninzi kunye neencwadi ezikhoyo ezixoxa ngezinto ezisisiseko
bala ROI. Kukho izindululo zexabiso elikhethekileyo njengexabiso
kuTyalo-mali (VOI), olunikezelwa ngamaqela afana noGartner, ukuba unako
ukuphanda. Endaweni yoko, siya kugxininisa kwimiba ephambili yayo nayiphi na
I-ROI okanye ezinye izindululo zexabiso ekufuneka uziqwalasele.
Ukusebenzisa i-ROI
Ngaphaya kweenzuzo "ezinzima" vs. "ezithambileyo" zixhamla ingxoxo
ezinxulumene neenzame zeBI kukho eminye imiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe
xa sisebenzisa i-ROI. Umzekelo:
Ukufaka imali eninzi yogcino kwiinzame ze-DW eziya kuza
nangeyiphi ndlela
Masithi inkampani yakho itshintshile ukusuka kuyilo lwe
isakhelo esingundoqo kwindawo esasaziweyo ye-UNIX. Ngoko nayiphi na
ugcino olunokuthi (okanye lungenzeki) lufumaneke kuloo nzame
akufunekanga kubalulwe ngokukodwa, ukuba kunjalo (?), ku
igumbi lokugcina izinto.
Ukungabali yonke into kubiza imali eninzi. Kwaye zininzi izinto ekufuneka zenziwe
Qaphela. Qwalasela olu luhlu lulandelayo:
▪ Iindleko zokuqalisa, kuquka nokuba nokwenzeka.
▪ Iindleko zehardware ezinikezelweyo ezinokugcinwa okunxulumeneyo e
unxibelelwano
▪ Iindleko zesoftware, kubandakanywa nolawulo dati kunye nezandiso
umxhasi/umncedisi, isoftware ye-ETL, itekhnoloji ye-DSS, izixhobo
umboniso, udweliso lwenkqubo kunye nokuhamba kwezicelo
umsebenzi kunye nokubeka iliso software, .
▪ Iindleko zoyilo lwesakhiwo dati, ngokuqonda, kunye
ulungiselelo lwe
▪ Iindleko zophuhliso lweSoftware ezinxulumene ngqo nomzamo
BI
▪ Iindleko zenkxaso yekhaya, kubandakanywa ukuphuculwa
ukusebenza, kubandakanya ulawulo loguqulelo lwesoftware kunye
imisebenzi yoncedo
Faka isicelo "Big-Bang" ROI.
Ukwenziwa kwendawo yokugcina impahla njengomzamo omnye kunye nomkhulu
inyanzelekile ukuba isilele, ngokunjalo bala iROI yenyathelo lokuqala
yeshishini elikhulu Unikezelo iyamangalisa, kwaye ukuba abayili
ukuqhubeka nokwenza iinzame ezibuthathaka ukuqikelela ixabiso layo yonke
umzamo.
Ngenxa yokuba abaqulunqi bazama ukunika ixabiso lemali
kwinyathelo loshishino ukuba iyaziwa ngokubanzi kwaye yamkelwe oko
Ngaba ukuqikelela abameli abathile kunzima? Inokwenzeka njani? Ayiyo
kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokukhetha okumbalwa. Musa ukuyenza.
Ngoku sele sifumene into emasingayenzi xa ubala
I-ROI, kukho amanqaku apha aya kusinceda ekuchazeni
inkqubo ethembekileyo yokuqikelela ixabiso leenzame zakho zeBI.
Ukufumana imvumelwano ye-ROI. Nokuba yeyakho
ukhetho lobuchule bokuqikelela ixabiso lemizamo yakho yeBI, kufuneka
kuya kuvunyelwana ngawo onke amaqela, kubandakanywa abayili beprojekthi,
abaxhasi kunye nabaphathi beenkampani.
Nciphisa i-ROI kwiindawo ezibonakalayo. Inyathelo eliyimfuneko ukuya
Ubalo olufanelekileyo lwe-ROI kukugxininisa ukubala a
iprojekthi ethile. Oku kukuvumela ukuba uqikelele ixabiso
ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zoshishino ezithile ezifikelelweyo
Chaza iindleko. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, iindleko ezininzi kufuneka zibe
ziqwalaselwe. Ngaphaya koko, iindleko kufuneka zingaquki kuphela iindleko ezinxulumeneyo
kuphindaphindo olunye kodwa nakwiindleko ezinxulumeneyo
ekuqinisekiseni ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho yenkampani.
Chaza iingenelo. Ukudibanisa ngokucacileyo i-ROI kwiimfuno
amashishini athile, kufuneka sikwazi ukuchonga
iinzuzo eziya kukhokelela ekwaneliseni iimfuno.
Ukunciphisa iindleko kunye neenzuzo kwingeniso esondeleyo. Yindlela
okona kulungileyo ukuseka uqingqo-maxabiso lwakho kwi-net yexabiso langoku
(NPV) ngokuchaseneyo nokuzama ukuqikelela ixabiso lekamva kwi
imivuzo yexesha elizayo.
Gcina ixesha lokwahlula i-ROI yakho ubuncinci. KUNYE'
ibhalwe kakuhle kwixesha elide isetyenziswe kweyakho
ROI
Sebenzisa ngaphezu kwefomula enye ye-ROI. Kukho iindlela ezininzi zoku
Uqikelelo lwe-ROI kwaye kufuneka ucwangcise ukuba usebenzisa enye okanye
kunye, kuquka netha ixabiso langoku, isantya sangaphakathi sembuyekezo
(IRR) kunye nokubuyisela.
Chaza inkqubo ephindaphindwayo. Oku kubalulekile ekubaleni
naliphi na ixabiso lexesha elide. Kufuneka kubhalwe phantsi a
Inkqubo enye ephindaphindwayo kuzo zonke iziphumo zeprojekthi a
landela.
Iingxaki ezidwelisiweyo zezona ziqhelekileyo zichazwe ziingcali
yendawo yokuhlala. Ukunyanzelisa kwicala labaphathi be
ukuba ne-"Big-Bang" ROI enikezelweyo iyabhida kakhulu. Ukuba uqala yonke into
Izibalo zakho ze-ROI ngokuzinciphisa zibe ziziqwenga ezibonakalayo nezibambekayo, onazo
ithuba elihle lokuqikelela ixabiso elichanekileyo le-ROI.
Imibuzo malunga neenzuzo ze-ROI
Nokuba zithini na izibonelelo zakho, zithambile okanye zinzima, ungazisebenzisa
eminye imibuzo esisiseko ukumisela ixabiso labo. Ukuya
umzekelo usebenzisa inkqubo yokulinganisa elula, ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-10, wena
unako ukulandelela impembelelo nayiphi na inzame usebenzisa oku kulandelayo
ulawulo:
▪ Ungakukala njani ukuqonda kwakho dati kulandela oku
Iprojekthi yenkampani yakho?
▪ Ungaqikelela njani uphuculo lwenkqubo ngenxa yoko
le projekthi?
▪ Ungayilinganisa njani impembelelo yemibono emitsha kunye neengqikelelo ngoku
yenziwe yafumaneka ngolu phindo
▪ Libe lithini ifuthe lemo engqongileyo entsha yekhompyutha e
besenza oko kwakufundiwe?
Ukuba iimpendulo kule mibuzo zimbalwa, kunokwenzeka ukuba
inkampani ayilufanelanga utyalo-mali olwenziwe. Imibuzo ephezulu
amanqaku amanqaku kwiinzuzo ezibalulekileyo zexabiso kwaye kufuneka
zisebenze njengezikhokelo zophando oluthe kratya.
Umzekelo, amanqaku aphezulu okuphucula inkqubo
kufuneka ikhokele abaqulunqi ukuba bahlole ukuba zinjani na iinkqubo
iphuculwe. Unokufumanisa ukuba ezinye okanye zonke iinzuzo ozifumanayo
ziyabonakala kwaye ke ixabiso lemali linokufumaneka ngokulula
isicelo.
Ukufumana okuninzi kuphindaphindo lokuqala lwe
igumbi lokugcina izinto
Esona siphumo sikhulu somzamo wakho weshishini sihlala sikwi
iimpinda ezimbalwa zokuqala. Ezi nzame zokuqala ngokwesiko
misela owona mxholo uluncedo kuluntu kunye
iseka isiseko soncedo lwetekhnoloji kwabo balandelayo
izicelo BI.
Ngokuqhelekileyo yonke ilandelayo elandelayo ye dati yeprojekthi
iindawo zokugcina iimpahla zizisa ixabiso elongezelelweyo elingaphantsi nelincinci kwinkampani
jikelele. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi ukuba awuphindaphindi
yongeza imixholo emitsha okanye engazanelisi iimfuno zesinye esitsha
uluntu lwabasebenzisi.
Olu phawu lokugcina lusebenza nakwiibhetri
ukukhula kwe dati ababhali-mbali. Njengoko iinzame ezilandelayo zifuna ngaphezulu
dati kwaye njani ngaphezulu dati zigalelwa kwi-warehouse ekuhambeni kwexesha, uninzi lwe
dati iba ngaphantsi kokubaluleka kohlalutyo olusetyenzisiweyo. Ezi dati kulala
idla ngokubizwa dati zilele kwaye kusoloko kubiza ukuzigcina kuba
phantse azizange zisetyenziswe.
Kuthetha ukuthini oku kubaxhasi beprojekthi? Ngokusisiseko, i
Abaxhasi bangoko babelana ngakumbi malunga nokuba yimalini na iindleko zotyalo-mali.
Oku kuphambili kuba zingunobangela wokuseka umaleko
Ubume obubanzi betekhnoloji kunye nemithombo yogcino,
kuquka eziphilayo.
Kodwa la manyathelo okuqala azisa ixabiso eliphezulu kwaye ngoko ke abaqulunqi
Iiprojekthi zihlala zithethelela utyalo-mali.
Iiprojekthi ezenziwe emva kwenyathelo le-BI zinokuba neendleko
iphantsi (xa kuthelekiswa neyokuqala) kwaye iqondise, kodwa izisa ixabiso elincinci
kwinkampani.
Kwaye abanini bentlangano kufuneka baqale ukuqwalasela
ukulahla uqokelelo lwe dati kunye neetekhnoloji ezifanelekileyo.
Ukuchithwa kwedatha : Ukutsalwa Dati
Amacandelo amaninzi okwakha afuna ukwahluka kwe
itekhnoloji yokwembiwa kwedatha kunye nobuchule-
umzekelo, "iiarhente" ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya amanqaku omdla we
abathengi, iinkqubo zokusebenza zenkampani kunye ne-dw ngokwayo. Ezi
ii-arhente zinokuba yi-neural networks eziqeqeshelwe
imbiza intsingiselo, ezifana imfuno imveliso elizayo esekelwe
ukunyuswa kweentengiso; iinjini imigaqo-based for
sabela kwiseti dato yeemeko, umzekelo, ukuxilongwa
iingcebiso zonyango kunye nonyango; okanye ii-arhente ezilula
kunye nendima yokunika ingxelo ngaphandle kokunika ingxelo kubaphathi abaphezulu (phezulu
abalawuli). Ngokubanzi ezi nkqubo zokutsalwa dati si
qinisekisa ngexesha lokwenyani; ke ngoko, kufuneka bamanyane
ngokupheleleyo kunye nentshukumo ye dati mncedisi.
I-Online Analytic Processing Processing
Uhlalutyo lwe-Intanethi
Ukukwazi ukusika, idayisi, ukuqengqeleka, ukubhola phantsi
kwaye wenze uhlalutyo
yintoni-ukuba, ingaphakathi komda, injongo ye-suite
Itekhnoloji ye-IBM. Ngokomzekelo, imisebenzi yokucwangcisa uhlalutyo
kwi-intanethi (OLAP) ikhona kwi-DB2 ezisa uhlalutyo lwe-dimensional kwi
injini ye sedata efanayo .
Imisebenzi yongeza i-dimensional utility kwi-SQL ngelixa
bathatha inzuzo yazo zonke iinzuzo zokuba yinxalenye yendalo yeDB2. Enye
umzekelo wokuhlanganiswa kwe-OLAP sisixhobo sokukhupha, i-DB2
Uhlalutyi lweseva ye-OLAP. Le teknoloji ivumela iityhubhu ze
Iseva ye-DB2 OLAP ukuba ikhawuleze kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo
ihlalutywe ukuchonga kunye nengxelo ngamaxabiso e dati engaqhelekanga okanye engalindelekanga
kulo lonke ityhubhu ukuya kumhlalutyi weshishini. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, imisebenzi ye
Iziko le-DW libonelela ngeendlela zokujonga abayili bezakhiwo, phakathi kwe
ezinye izinto, iprofayile ye-DB2 OLAP ityhubhu yomncedisi njengenxalenye
ubume bendalo beenkqubo ze-ETL.
Uhlalutyo lweSithuba soHlalutyo lweSithuba
Isithuba simele isiqingatha see-ankile zohlalutyo (ezikhokelayo).
iyimfuneko kwipanorama
uhlalutyo olubanzi (ixesha limele esinye isiqingatha). Inqanaba leathom
(inqanaba leathom) yendawo yokugcina impahla, emelwe kuMfanekiso 1.1,
ibandakanya iziseko zexesha kunye nendawo. Ushicilelo
Uhlalutyo lwe-ankile yexesha lexesha kunye nolwazi lwedilesi
I-ankile ihlalutya ukusuka esithubeni. Izitampu zexesha
baqhuba uhlalutyo ngexesha, kwaye ulwazi lwesikhokelo lukhokelela
uhlalutyo ngokwesithuba. Umzobo ubonisa inkqubo ye-geocoding
ukuguqula iidilesi zibe ngamanqaku kwimephu okanye amanqaku esithubeni
ukuze iikhonsepthi ezinje ngomgama nangaphakathi/ngaphandle zibe
isetyenziswe kuhlalutyo-olwenziwa kwinqanaba le-athomu kunye nohlalutyo lwendawo
eyenziwe ifumaneke kumhlalutyi. I-IBM ibonelela ngezongezo
indawo, ephuhliswe neZiko loPhando lweNkqubo yokusiNgqongileyo (ESRI),
al sedata DB2 ukuze izinto zesithuba zibe
igcinwe njengendawo eqhelekileyo ye sedata ubudlelwane. db2
Izandiso zeSpatial, zikwabonelela ngazo zonke izandiso zeSQL ze
ukuxhaphaza uhlalutyo lwendawo. Umzekelo, izandiso zeSQL ukusuka
umbuzo malunga
umgama phakathi kweedilesi okanye nokuba inqaku lingaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwendawo
i-polygonal echaziweyo, ngumgangatho wohlalutyo kunye ne-Spatial
Izandisi. Jonga isahluko 16 ngolwazi olungakumbi.
database-Izixhobo zokuHlala database-
Kuhlala
I-DB2 ineempawu ezininzi ze-SQL ezihlala kwi-BI ezincedisayo
kwisenzo sokuhlalutya. Ezi ziquka:
▪ Imisebenzi yokubuyisela ukwenza uhlalutyo, njengokuthi “fumana
zonke iindlela zenqwelomoya ezinokwenzeka ukusuka San Francisco a Inew york".
▪ Imisebenzi yohlalutyo yokuhlela, imisebenzi eyongezelekayo, ityhubhu
kunye ne-rollups ukuququzelela imisebenzi eqhelekileyo
kuphela ngetekhnoloji ye-OLAP, ngoku bayinxalenye yendalo ye
injini ye sedata
▪ Ukukwazi ukwenza iitheyibhile eziqulethe iziphumo
Abathengisi be sedata iinkokeli mix ngaphezu BI ubunakho
Nel sedata isitesso.
Ababoneleli abaphambili be isiseko sedatha baxuba ngaphezu
Ukusebenza kweBI kwi sedata isitesso.
Oku kubonelela ukusebenza okungcono kunye neenketho ezininzi ezisebenzayo zeyakho
BI izisombululo.
Iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi ye-DB2 V8 iyaxoxwa
ngokweenkcukacha kwezi zahluko zilandelayo:
UbuGcisa boBugcisa kunye neZiseko zoLawulo lweDatha
(Isahluko 5)
▪ I-DB2 BI Esisiseko (Isahluko 6)
▪ DB2 Itheyibhile yoMbuzo oyiMaterialized
Iitafile) (Isahluko 7)
▪ DB2 OLAP Imisebenzi (Isahluko 13)
▪ I-DB2 ephuculweyo yeempawu nemisebenzi (i-BI ephuculweyo
Iimpawu kunye nemisebenzi) (Isahluko 15)
Inkqubo yokuHanjiswa kweDatha eyenziwe Lula
Inkqubo yonikezelo ye dati yenziwe lula
Uyilo oluboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.1 lubandakanya ezininzi
izakhiwo dati ngokwasemzimbeni. Enye yindawo yokugcina impahla ye dati ukusebenza.
Ngokubanzi, i-ODS ijolise kwinto,
idityanisiwe kwaye yangoku. Ngaba unokwakha i-ODS ukuxhasa, umz
umzekelo, iofisi yokuthengisa. Iintengiso ze-ODS ziya kongeza dati
evela kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kodwa igcina kuphela, umz
umzekelo, iintengiselwano zanamhlanje. I-ODS inokuhlaziywa
namaxesha amaninzi ngemini. Ngexesha elifanayo, iinkqubo
batyhala i dati idityaniswe kwezinye izicelo. Esi sakhiwo si
yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukudibanisa dati yangoku kunye neguqukayo e
inokuba ngumgqatswa wokuxhasa uhlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani,
indlela yokubonelela ngee-arhente zenkonzo abathengi ulwazi lwentengiso
intsingiselo yangoku yomthengi ngokukhupha ulwazi lwendlela yokuthengisa
ukusuka kwindawo yokugcina impahla. Olunye ulwakhiwo oluboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.1 lu
imo esesikweni ye-dw. Ayiyiyo le ndawo kuphela
ukwenziwa kodibaniso oluyimfuneko, umgangatho we dati, kwaye
yenguqu ye dati yesitokhwe siyeza kungekudala, kodwa kunjalo
indawo yokugcina ethembekileyo neyexeshana dati phendula loo nto
ingasetyenziswa kuhlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani. Ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokwenza njalo
sebenzisa i-ODS okanye indawo yeqonga, enye
ezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo zokuzalisa ezi zakhiwo dati usebenzisa
imithombo yokusebenza eyahlukeneyo yi-DB2's heterogeneous yasasazwa umbuzo.
Esi sixhobo sinikezelwa ngumsebenzi okhethwayo we-DB2
ebizwa ngokuba yi-DB2 Relational Connect (umbuzo kuphela) kunye ne-DB2
I-DataJoiner (imveliso eyahlukileyo ehambisa isicelo,
ufakelo, uhlaziyo kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kokucima a
Ii-RDBMS ezisasazwa ngeendlela ezininzi).
Le teknoloji ivumela abakhi bezakhiwo ukuba dati ukubopha dati di
imveliso eneenkqubo zokuhlalutya. Akunjalo kuphela iteknoloji
ukuziqhelanisa nazo naziphi na izicelo zophindaphindo
banokubonisa ngohlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani, kodwa yona
Basenokudibanisa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeziseko dati più
edumileyo, kuquka iDB2, Oracle, Sybase, SQL Server,
Informix kunye nabanye. I-DB2 DataJoiner ingasetyenziselwa ukuzala
isakhiwo dati ngokusesikweni njenge ODS okanye itafile
imelwe ngokusisigxina kwindawo yokugcina impahla eyenzelwe ukubuyiselwa
ngokukhawuleza uhlaziyo olukhawulezileyo okanye ukuthengiswa. Ngokwendalo,
ezi zakhiwo zinye dati ingahlaliswa kusetyenziswa
enye iteknoloji ebalulekileyo eyenzelwe uphindaphindo lwe dati, IBM
DataPropagator Relational. (I-DataPropagator yimveliso eyahlukileyo
kwiinkqubo ezisembindini. DB2 UNIX, Linux, Windows kunye OS/2 ziquka
iinkonzo zokuphindaphinda dati njengophawu olusemgangathweni).
Enye indlela yokuhamba dati isebenza ngeenxa zonke
kwishishini sisihlanganisi isicelo seshishini ngenye indlela
eyaziwa ngokuba umyalezo broker.Le
Itekhnoloji eyodwa ivumela ulawulo olungenakuthelekiswa nanto lokubeka iziko
(ukujolisa) kwaye uhambe dati ngeenxa zonke kwinkampani. I-IBM inomlamli
yowona myalezo usetyenziswa kakhulu, MQSeries, okanye umahluko
yemveliso ebandakanya iimfuno ze e-commerce, IBM
WebSphere MQ.
Ukufumana ingxoxo engaphezulu malunga nendlela yokufumana i-MQ ukuxhasa a
magazzino e un ambiente BI, visitare iwebhusayithi del libro. Per ora, è
kwanele ukuthi le teknoloji yindlela ebalaseleyo
bamba kwaye uguqule (usebenzisa i-MQSeries Integrator) dati
ezizinze (ezijoliswe) abaqhubi abagayelwe izisombululo zeBI. Pha
Itekhnoloji ye-MQ iye yadityaniswa kwaye yapakishwa kwi-UDB V8, leyo
kuthetha ukuba umgca wemiyalezo unokulawulwa ngoku
ngokungathi ziitafile zeDB2. Ingqikelelo ye welding of
imiyalezo emgceni kunye nendalo yonke ye sedata ubudlelwane bujoliswe
ukuya kwindawo yonikezelo enamandla dati.
Zero-Latency Zero latency
Eyona njongo yesicwangciso-qhinga se-IBM yi-zero latency (zerolatency) analytics.
Njengoko kuchaziwe ngu
Gartner, inkqubo ye-BI kufuneka ikwazi uku-infer, ukulinganisa
kunye nokubonelela ngolwazi kubahlalutyi xa beceliwe. Umceli mngeni,
kunjalo, kukwindlela yokuxuba dati yangoku kunye nexesha lokwenyani
ngolwazi lwembali oluyimfuneko, olufana ne-i dati imodeli (ii) ezinxulumene.
ukuthambekela, okanye ukuqonda okukhutshiweyo, njengenkcazo ye
umthengi
Ulwazi olunjalo lubandakanya, umzekelo, ukuchongwa kwe abathengi ad
ingozi ephezulu okanye ephantsi okanye zeziphi iimveliso i abathengi baya kuthenga kakhulu
mhlawumbi ukuba sele benesonka samasi kwiinqwelo zabo
ukufunyanwa.
Ukufumana i-zero latency ngokwenene kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini
iindlela ezingundoqo:
▪ Gqibezela umanyano lwe dati ezihlalutywa kunye
ubuchule obusekiweyo kunye nezixhobo ezenziwe nguBI
▪ Inkqubo yonikezelo dati esebenzayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba
uhlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani luyafumaneka
Ezi mfuno zangaphambili zero latency azahlukanga kwezi zimbini
iinjongo ezisekwe yi-IBM kwaye zichazwe ngasentla.
Ukuzalana ngokusondeleyo kwe dati yinxalenye yenkqubo
indibaniselwano engenamthungo elungiselelwe yi-IBM. Kwaye udale inkqubo
yokuhanjiswa kwe dati esebenzayo ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo
iteknoloji ekhoyo eyenza lula inkqubo yonikezelo lwe
dati. Ngenxa yoko, ezimbini kwiinjongo ezintathu ze-IBM zibalulekile
ukwenza eyesithathu. I-IBM iziphuhlisa ngokwayo
itekhnoloji yokuqinisekisa ukuba i-zero latency iyinyani kubasebenzisi
iinzame zokugcina iimpahla.
Isishwankathelo / Udityaniso
Umbutho weBI ubonelela ngemephu yendlela
yenza okusingqongileyo
ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kufuneka ilungelelaniswe ukuze ibonise iimfuno ze
ishishini lakho, langoku nelizayo. Ngaphandle kombono wokwakha
ububanzi, uphindaphindo lwe-warehouse luncinci
uphunyezo olungenamkhethe lwendlu yokugcina izinto ezenza kancinci
yila ishishini elibanzi, elinolwazi.
Umqobo wokuqala kubaphathi beeprojekthi yindlela yokuthethelela
utyalo-mali oluyimfuneko kuphuhliso lombutho we-BI.
Nangona ukubala kwe-ROI kuye kwahlala kuyinkxaso enkulu
impumelelo yesitora, kuya kuba nzima ukuba
xela ngokuchanekileyo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwezinye iindlela zoku
ukugqiba ukuba ngaba ufumana ixabiso lemali yakho. I
ixabiso kwi-investment2 (VOI), umzekelo, ithengwa
njengesisombululo.
Ijongene nabayili bezakhiwo ze dati nabacwangcisi beeprojekthi
ukwenza ngabom nokubonelela ngolwazi kwimibutho
abasebenzisi kwaye hayi ukubonelela ngenkonzo kubo dati. Kukho i
umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezi zimbini. Ulwazi yinto eyenziwa ngumntu
umahluko kwiinkqubo zokwenziwa kwezigqibo nokusebenza ngempumelelo; ngokomlinganiselo, i
dati baziibhloko zokwakha zokufumana olo lwazi.
Nokuba ugxeka umthombo dati ukujongana nezicelo
urhwebo, i-BI bume kufuneka isebenze indima enkulu
ekwenziweni komxholo wolwazi. Kufuneka sithathe
amanyathelo ongezelelweyo ukucoca, ukudibanisa, ukuguqula okanye
kungenjalo yenza isiqulatho solwazi ngokuhambelana ne
abasebenzisi banokuthatha inyathelo, kwaye ke kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba abo
izenzo kunye nezigqibo, apho kufanelekileyo, ziyaxhaswa
kwindawo yeBI. Ukuba sibeka phantsi indawo yokugcina ukuba isebenze kuphela dati,
kuqinisekisiwe ukuba imibutho yabasebenzisi iya kudala umxholo
ulwazi olufunekayo ukuthatha inyathelo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba zabo
uluntu luya kukwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezingcono, kodwa ishishini
ukhathazwa kukunqongophala kolwazi abalusebenzisileyo.
Iinkcukacha ukuba abayili bezakhiwo kunye nabacwangcisi beeprojekthi baqalise iiprojekthi
ngqo kubume be-BI, bahlala benoxanduva kwishishini
Ngokuka kwaye kakhulu. Umzekelo olula wale mpawu zimbini
ubuso bophindaphindo lweBI bufumaneka kumthombo dati. Yonke i
dati ezifunyenweyo kwizicelo zorhwebo ezithile kufuneka
ihlaliswe kumaleko weathom yokuqala. Oku kuqinisekisa uphuhliso lwe
i-asethi yolwazi lweshishini, kunye nokulawula, ukuqondisa
Izicelo ezingqalileyo zomsebenzisi ezichazwe kuphindaphindo.
W rehouse ?
Indawo yokugcina idatha yintliziyo yolwakhiwo lweenkqubo zolwazi
ukusukela ngo-1990 kwaye ixhasa iinkqubo zolwazi ngokunika okuqinileyo
iqonga elidibeneyo dati ababhali-mbali bathathwa njengesiseko sabalandelayo
uhlalutya. THE yokugcina idatha ukunika ukukhululeka kokudibanisa kwi a
ilizwe leenkqubo zesicelo ezingahambelaniyo enye kwenye. Umhla
Ugcino luguqukele kwindlela. Indawo yokugcina idatha
cwangcisa kwaye ugcine i dati eziyimfuneko kwiinkqubo zolwazi e
uhlalutyo olusekwe kwimbono yexesha elide yembali. Konke
oku kubandakanya ukuzibophelela okubonakalayo nokuthe rhoqo kulwakhiwo kunye
ekugcinweni kwe yokugcina idatha.
Ke yintoni a yokugcina idatha? A yokugcina idatha kwaye:
▪ ejolise kwisifundo
▪ inkqubo ehlanganisiweyo
▪ ixesha elahlukileyo
▪ engaguquguqukiyo (ayinakucinywa)
ingqokelela ye dati esetyenziselwa ukuxhasa izigqibo zolawulo kwi
ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo.
I dati ifakiwe yokugcina idatha zivela kuninzi lwe
iimeko ezivela kwiindawo zokusebenza. I yokugcina idatha yenziwe ngomnye
iyunithi yokugcina, yahlulwe ngokwasemzimbeni kwezinye iindawo
inkqubo, equlathe dati iguqulwe ngaphambili ngu
izicelo ezisebenza kulwazi olusuka kokusingqongileyo
ukusebenza.
Inkcazelo ethe ngqo ye-a yokugcina idatha ifanelwe kuphononongo olunzulu
Ingcaciso njengoko kukho iimpembelelo ezibalulekileyo kunye neentsingiselo ze
imvelaphi echaza iimpawu zesitora.
ULWAZISO LWEZIFUNDO
ITHEMATIKA
Uphawu lokuqala lwe yokugcina idatha kukuba ijolise ngaku
abadlali abakhulu kwinkampani. Isikhokelo sovavanyo nge
dati iyachasana neyona ndlela yakudala ibonelela ngayo
ukuqhelaniswa nezicelo kwiinkqubo nemisebenzi,
indlela ekwabelwana ngayo ngabaninzi
iinkqubo zolawulo ezindala.
Ihlabathi elisebenzayo liyilwe ngokujikeleze usetyenziso kunye nemisebenzi
njengemali-mboleko, ukugcinwa, amakhadi ebhanki kunye nentembeko yeziko
ezemali. Ilizwe le-dw lilungelelaniswe ngokwezifundo
iinqununu ezifana nomthengi, umthengisi, imveliso kunye neshishini.
Ulungelelwaniso malunga nezihloko luchaphazela uyilo kunye
ekufezekisweni kwe dati ifunyenwe kwi-dw. Okubaluleke ngakumbi,
isihloko esiphambili sichaphazela eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo ye
isakhiwo esingundoqo.
Ihlabathi lesicelo liphenjelelwa zizo zombini uyilo lwedatha
ngokusekelwe kuyilo lwenkqubo. Ihlabathi le
I-dw igxile ngokukodwa kumzekelo we dati Ivuliwe
umzobo we sedata. Uyilo lwenkqubo (kwimo yayo
classical) asiyonxalenye yokusingqongileyo kwe-dw.
Umahluko phakathi kokhetho lwenkqubo/umsebenzi kunye nesicelo
ukhetho ngomxholo lukwatyhilwa njengomahluko kumxholo
of dati kwinqanaba elineenkcukacha. THE dati del dw ayibandakanyi i dati che
aziyi kusetyenziselwa inkqubo yeDSS ngelixa izicelo
ijolise ekusebenzeni dati ziqulathe i dati ukwanelisa
ngoko nangoko iimfuno zokusebenza/ukucubungula ezinokuthi o
ngaphantsi ube naluphi na ukusetyenziswa kumhlalutyi DSS.
Enye indlela ebalulekileyo apho izicelo ezijoliswe ekusebenzeni
ai dati yahluka kwi dati ye-dw kwiingxelo ze dati. Mna dati
ukusebenza gcina ubudlelwane obuqhubekayo phakathi kweetafile ezimbini nangaphezulu
ngokusekelwe kumgaqo weshishini osebenzayo. THE dati ngudw
zithatha ixesha elide kunye nobudlelwane obufumaneka kwi-dw
ezininzi. Imithetho emininzi yokurhweba (kwaye ngokuhambelanayo, ezininzi
iingxelo ze dati ) zimelwe kwisitokhwe se dati phakathi ezimbini o
iitafile ezininzi.
(Ukufumana inkcazo eneenkcukacha yendlela ubudlelwane phakathi kwe dati kulala
ephathwayo kwi-DW, sibhekisa kwiSihloko soBuchule kuloo nto
umbuzo.)
Ayikho enye imbono ngaphandle kwaleyo yomahluko
okusisiseko phakathi kokhetho lomsebenzi/usetyenziso lwenkqubo kunye
ukhetho lwesihloko, kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweenkqubo
esebenzayo ei dati kunye neDW.
UHLANGANISO
Owona mba ubalulekileyo wokusingqongileyo we-dw kukuba i dati ifunyenwe
ngaphakathi kwe-dw badityaniswa ngokulula. RHOQO. NGAPHANDLE
IMIQAPHISO. Undoqo wokusingqongileyo we-dw kukuba i dati
equlethwe kwimida yendawo yokugcina idityanisiwe.
Umanyano luzibonakalisa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo - kwiindibano
ichongiwe iyahambelana, kumlinganiso weenguqu ezihambelanayo, kwi
izakhiwo ezikhowudiweyo ezibandakanya, kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo ze dati
iyahambelana, njalo njalo.
Kwiminyaka edlulileyo abaqulunqi bezicelo ezahlukeneyo baye benza njalo
ukuba nezigqibo ezininzi malunga nokuba isicelo kufuneka sithini
phuhliswe. Isimbo somntu ngamnye kunye nezigqibo zoyilo
yezicelo zabayili bazityhila ngeendlela ezilikhulu: ngo
Umahluko wekhowudi, isakhiwo esiphambili, iimpawu zomzimba,
ukuchongwa kweengqungquthela, njalo njalo. Umthamo odibeneyo wabaninzi
Abaqulunqi bezicelo benza izicelo ezingahambelaniyo
iyintsomi. Umzobo 3 ubeka ezinye zeeyantlukwano ezininzi
Kubalulekile kwiindlela eziyilwa ngayo izicelo.
Ufakelo lweekhowudi: Ikhowudi:
Abaqulunqi bezicelo bakhethe ukukhowudwa kwendawo -
ngesondo- ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Umyili umela isondo njenge
u-“m” kunye no-“f”. Omnye umyili umela isini njenge "1"
kunye no "0". Omnye umyili ubonisa isondo njenge "x" kunye
“y”. Omnye umyili ubonisa isondo "njengendoda" kunye
"ibhinqa". Ayinamsebenzi nokuba isini singena njani kwi-DW. "M"
kwaye "F" mhlawumbi zilungile njengazo zonke
ukumelwa.
Yintoni ebalulekileyo kukuba kuyo nayiphi na imvelaphi intsimi yesini,
loo ntsimi ifika kwi-DW ikwimo edibeneyo ehambelanayo. Ukusuka
isiphumo xa umhlaba ulayishwa kwi-DW ukusuka
isicelo apho imelwe kwifomathi
“M” kunye “F”, i dati kufuneka iguqulelwe kwifomathi ye-DW.
Umlinganiselo weempawu: Umlinganiselo we
Iimpawu:
Abaqulunqi besicelo bakhethe ukulinganisa umbhobho
iindlela ezahlukeneyo ekhosini
Iminyaka ethile. Umyili ugcina i dati wombhobho kwi
iisentimitha. Omnye umyili wesicelo ugcina i dati
wombhobho ngokwee-intshi. Omnye umyili we
izicelo zokugcina i dati wombhobho kwi-cubic feet million
ngomzuzwana. Kwaye omnye umyili ugcina ulwazi lwe
umbhobho ngokweeyadi. Nokuba yintoni na umthombo, xa i
ulwazi lombhobho lufika kwi-DW kufuneka lube njalo
kulinganiswa ngendlela efanayo.
Ngokwezibonakaliso kumfanekiso wesi-3, imiba yokudibanisa
zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zeprojekthi - iimpawu
oothixo benyama dati, ingxaki yokuba nemithombo engaphezu kwesinye dati, la
ukukhutshwa kweesampuli ezichongiweyo ezingangqinelaniyo, iifomathi ze dati
ezingangqinelaniyo, njalo njalo.
Nokuba sithini na isihloko soyilo, isiphumo siyafana-
i dati kufuneka igcinwe kwi-DW kwisinye e
indlela eyamkelekileyo kwihlabathi naxa iinkqubo zokusebenza ze
emazantsi bagcina ngokwahlukileyo i dati.
Xa umhlalutyi weDSS ejonga iDW, injongo yomhlalutyi
kufuneka ibe kukuxhaphaza dati ezikwindawo yokugcina impahla.
kunokuba uzibuze malunga nokuthembeka okanye ukuhambelana kwe
dati.
UKWAHLUKANA KWEXESHA
Zonke i dati kwi-DW zichanekile kwixesha elithile.
Olu phawu olusisiseko lwe dati kwi-DW yahluke kakhulu kwi dati
ifunyenwe kwindawo yokusebenza. THE dati yendawo yokusebenza zi
ngokuthe ngqo njengakumzuzu wofikelelo. Ngamanye amazwi,
kwindawo yokusebenza xa i-drive ifikeleleka dati, Ewe
linda de ibonise amaxabiso achanekileyo njengangexesha lofikelelo.
Ngenxa mna dati kwi-DW ichaneke njengakwithuba elithile kwi
ixesha (oko kukuthi, hayi “ngoku”), kuthiwa i dati ifunyenwe kwi-DW
“ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zexesha”.
Ukwahluka kwexesha le dati yi-DW kubhekiswa kuyo ngeendlela ezininzi.
Eyona ndlela ilula kukuba i dati ummeli weDW dati yi
ubude bexesha elide - iminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi. Umda
ixesha elimelweyo lemeko-bume yokusebenza lifutshane kakhulu
▪ ukusuka kumaxabiso angoku ukuya kuthi ga kumashumi amathandathu anamashumi alithoba
Izicelo ezifuna ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye kufuneka zibe njalo
ekhoyo ukwenzela ukusetyenzwa kwentengiselwano mayizise i
umyinge omncinci we dati ukuba bavuma nayiphi na iqondo
ukuba bhetyebhetye. Ke usetyenziso olusebenzayo lune-horizon
ixesha elifutshane, njengesihloko soyilo lwe
usetyenziso lweaudio.
Indlela yesibini 'yokuhluka kwexesha' ebonakala kwi-DW kuku
isakhiwo esingundoqo. Ulwakhiwo ngalunye olungundoqo kwi-DW luqulathe,
ngokungafihlisiyo okanye ngokucacileyo, isiqalelo sexesha, esinje
usuku, iveki, inyanga, njl. Isiqalelo sexesha siphantse sahlala sikhona
emazantsi eqhosha elidityanisiweyo elifunyenwe kwi-DW. Kwezi
Izihlandlo, isiqalelo sexesha siya kubakho ngokungafihlisiyo, njengethuba
apho yonke ifayile iphinda iphindwe ekupheleni kwenyanga okanye ngekota.
Indlela yesithathu ulwahlulo lwexesha luboniswa kukuba i dati del
I-DW, ngokukhawuleza ibhaliswe ngokufanelekileyo, ayinakuba
ihlaziywe. THE dati ye-DW, kuzo zonke iinjongo ezisebenzayo, zinde
uthotho lwezifinyezo. Ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-snapshots
ithathwe ngokungachanekanga, ngoko ke i-snapshots inokuba
ilungisiwe. Kodwa kucingelwa ukuba izifinyezo zithathiwe
ngokuchanekileyo, azilungiswanga ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba zenziwe. Kwezinye
iimeko isenokungabi yeyobulungisa okanye ingasebenzi ukuba izifinyezo kwi
I-DW ilungisiwe. THE dati ukusebenza, ukuchaneka njengoko ku
umzuzu wokungena, banokuhlaziywa njengoko beza
imfuno.
AKUNJALO
Uphawu lwesine olubalulekileyo lwe-DW kukuba ayiguquguquki.
Uhlaziyo, ufakelo, ukucinywa kunye nohlengahlengiso lwenziwa
rhoqo ukwenzela irekhodi-nge-rekhodi iimeko zokusebenza zokusebenza. Kodwa ke
ukuguqulwa okusisiseko kwe dati ezifunekayo kwi-DW zininzi kakhulu
elula. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini kuphela zemisebenzi eyenzekayo kwi
DW – ukulayishwa kokuqala kwe dati kunye nokufikelela kwi dati. Akukho nto
akukho uhlaziyo lwe dati (ngengqiqo jikelele ye
uhlaziyo) kwi-DW njengomsebenzi oqhelekileyo woqhubekeko.
Kukho iziphumo ezinamandla kakhulu zalo mahluko
isiseko phakathi kokwenziwa komsebenzi kunye nokulungiswa kweDW. Kwinqanaba
ngoyilo, imfuno yokulumka malunga nokuphucula
engaqhelekanga akukho nto kwi-DW, ukusukela uhlaziyo lwe dati yiyo ayiyo
iqhutywe. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwinqanaba loyilo lomzimba,
iinkululeko zinokuthathwa ukuze kunyuswe ufikelelo dati,
ingakumbi ekujonganeni nezihloko zomgangatho kunye
denormalization emzimbeni. Omnye umphumo wokulula
yemisebenzi ye-DW ikwi-teknoloji esisiseko esetyenziselwa
sebenzisa imo engqongileyo ye-DW. Ukuba nokuxhasa uhlaziyo
irekhodi ngerekhodi emgceni (njengoko kuhlala kunjalo
processing yokusebenza) iteknoloji iyafuneka ukuze ube nayo
iziseko ezintsonkothileyo kakhulu phantsi kokulula okubonakalayo.
Itekhnoloji exhasa i-backup kunye nokubuyisela, ukuthengiselana
kunye nemfezeko ye dati kunye nokufunyaniswa kunye nonyango lwemeko ye-deadlock
intsonkothe kakhulu kwaye ayiyomfuneko kuqhubekeko lweDW.
Iimpawu ze-DW, ukuziqhelanisa noyilo,
indibaniselwano ye dati ngaphakathi kwe-DW, ukwahluka kwexesha kunye nokulula
yolawulo lwe dati, yonke into ikhokelela kwimekobume enzima kakhulu
yahlukile kwindawo yokusebenza yakudala. Umthombo phantse zonke
dati ye-DW yindawo yokusebenza. Kuyahenda ukucinga
ukuba kukho ukungafuneki okukhulu dati phakathi kwezi ndawo zimbini.
Enyanisweni, imbono yokuqala abantu abaninzi abanayo yileyo
ukungabikho okukhulu kwe dati phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kunye nokusingqongileyo kwe
DW. Utoliko olunjalo lungaphaya kwaye lubonisa enye
Ukungaqondi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwi-DW.
Ngokwenene kukho ubuncinci bokungafuneki dati phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza
kwaye dati ye-DW. Makhe siqwalasele oku kulandelayo:
▪ Mna dati ziyahluzwa dato edlula kwindawo yokusebenza
kwindawo ye-DW. Abaninzi dati abakhe badlule ngaphandle
ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza. Ngaphandle kokuba i dati eziyimfuneko
Ukusetyenzwa kwe-DSS bafumana umkhombandlela wabo kokusingqongileyo
▪ Umda wexesha dati yahluke kakhulu kwimekobume
komnye. THE dati kwindawo yokusebenza zintsha kakhulu. THE dati
kwi-DW badala kakhulu. Nje ngokwembono
kwi-horizon yexesha, kukho ukuhlangana okuncinci kakhulu
phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kunye neDW.
▪ I-DW iqulathe dati isishwankathelo ezingafumanekiyo
kwimekobume
▪ Mna dati bangene kwinguqu esisiseko ukusuka
umzuzwana batshintshela kuMfanekiso 3 ubonisa ukuba kakhulu
inxalenye ye dati zitshintshe kakhulu kwimeko
ukuba ikhethwe kwaye isiwe kwi-DW. Faka enye indlela, i
ubininzi be dati iguqulwa ngokwasemzimbeni kwaye
kakhulu indlela eshukunyiswa ngayo kwi-DW. Ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga
yokuhlanganisa azifani dati abahlala
kwindawo yokusebenza.
Ngokubhekiselele kwezi zinto, ukungafuneki kwe dati phakathi kwezi ndawo zimbini
isiganeko esinqabileyo, esikhokelela ngaphantsi kwe-1% yokuphindaphinda phakathi kwezi zibini
iindawo ezingqongileyo.
UKWAKHIWA KWE-WAREHOUSE
Ii-DWs zinesakhiwo esahlukileyo. Kukho amanqanaba ahlukeneyo esishwankathelo kunye
iinkcukacha ezohlula ii-DWs.
Amacandelo awohlukeneyo e-DW ngala:
▪ Imetadata
▪ Dati iinkcukacha zangoku
▪ Dati iinkcukacha zakudala
▪ Dati ishwankathelwe kancinane
▪ Dati ishwankathelwe kakhulu
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku eyona nkxalabo iphambili kukuba i dati yeenkcukacha
imisinga. Yeyona nto ixhalabisayo kuba:
▪ Mna dati iinkcukacha zangoku zibonisa iziganeko zamva nje,
ezihlala zinomdla omkhulu kwaye
▪ i dati iinkcukacha zangoku zivoluminous kuba kunjalo
igcinwe kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi lobumbukuthu e
▪ i dati Iinkcukacha zangoku zisoloko zigcinwa
ukugcinwa kwedisk, ekhawulezayo ukufikelela, kodwa kuyabiza kwaye
entsonkothileyo ukusuka
I dati yeenkcukacha zindala dati ezigcinwa kwi
ezinye iinkumbulo bunzima. Inokufikelela ngamaxesha athile kwaye injalo
igcinwe kwinqanaba leenkcukacha ezihambelanayo dati eneenkcukacha
imisinga. Nangona akukho sinyanzelo ukugcina kwi medium of
enye indawo yokugcina, ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu we dati imanyene ne
ufikelelo ngamaxesha athile dati, indawo yokugcina ye dati di
Iinkcukacha ezindala aziqhelekanga ukugcinwa kwidiski.
I dati zishwankathelwa kancinci dati ezi distilled ukusuka ezantsi
inqanaba leenkcukacha ezifunyenwe kwinqanaba langoku leenkcukacha. Oku
Inqanaba le-DW liphantse ligcinwe kwindawo yokugcina idisk. THE
iingxaki zoyilo ezivela kumyili wezakhiwo dati
kulwakhiwo lwalo mgangatho we-DW zezi:
▪ Yeyiphi iyunithi yexesha esi sishwankathelo esenziwe ngasentla
▪ Yeyiphi imixholo, iimpawu ziya kushwankathela kancinane i
umxholo we dati
Inqanaba elilandelayo le dati efunyenwe kwi-DW yileyo ye dati kakhulu
izishwankathelo. THE dati zishwankathelwe kakhulu zihlangene kwaye zilula
iyafikeleleka. THE dati zishwankathelwa kakhulu ngamanye amaxesha zifunyenwe
kwindawo ye-DW nakwezinye iimeko i dati zishwankathelwe kakhulu
ifunyenwe ngaphandle kweendonga ezikhawulezayo zeteknoloji ehlala i-DW.
( kuyo nayiphi na imeko, i dati zishwankathelwe kakhulu ziyinxalenye ye-DW
nokuba ndiphi na dati bahlaliswe ngokwasemzimbeni).
Icandelo lokugqibela le-DW yimetadata. Kwiinkalo ezininzi
imetadata ihlala kumda owahlukileyo kunezinye dati
ye-DW, kuba imetadata ayinayo nayiphi na dato Isikhokelo
ithathwe kwindawo yokusebenza. I-Metadata inendima ekhethekileyo e
ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-DW. Imetadata isetyenziswa njenge:
▪ Uluhlu lokunceda umhlalutyi weDSS afumane indawo
umxholo weDW,
▪ Isikhokelo sokwenza iimephu dati ngendlela i dati Babenjalo
utshintshwe ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza ukuya kwindawo ye-DW,
▪ isikhokelo kwii-algorithms ezisetyenziselwa ukushwankathela phakathi dati di
iinkcukacha zangoku ei dati ishwankathelwe kancinane, i dati kakhulu
isishwankathelo,
I-Metadata idlala indima enkulu kakhulu kwindawo ye-DW
kunokuba bebenayo kwindawo yokusebenza
IINKCUKACHA EZENDALA ZOKUGCINA PHAKATHI
Iteyiphu yemagnethi ingasetyenziselwa ukugcina olo hlobo
dati. Enyanisweni kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo izixhobo zokugcina ukuba
zifanele ziqwalaselwe ukuze kugcinwe abantu abadala dati di
iinkcukacha.
Kuxhomekeke kumthamo we dati, ubuninzi bokufikelela, ixabiso
kwezixhobo kunye nohlobo lokufikelela, kunokwenzeka ngokupheleleyo
ukuba ezinye izixhobo ziya kufuna umgangatho omdala weenkcukacha
kwiDW.
UKUHAMBA KWEDATHA
Kukho ukuhamba okuqhelekileyo kunye nokuqikelelwa kwangaphambili kwe dati ngaphakathi kwiDW.
I dati bangena kwi-DW ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza. (QAPHELA: zikhona
ezinye ngaphandle umdla kakhulu kulo mgaqo. Nangona kunjalo, phantse
yonke i dati ngenisa i-DW ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza). Iinkcukacha ukuba i dati
bangena kwi-DW ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza, iguqulwa njengoko injalo
ichazwe ngaphambili. Kwimeko yokungena kwi-DW, i dati bangena kwi
inqanaba langoku leenkcukacha, njengoko kubonisiwe. Ihlala apho kwaye isetyenziswa
de kwenzeke esinye seziganeko ezintathu:
▪ uyahlanjululwa,
▪ kushwankathelwa, kunye/okanye
▪ ngu
Inkqubo ephelelwe lixesha ngaphakathi kwi-DW ihamba i dati iinkcukacha zangoku
a dati yeenkcukacha endala, ngokweminyaka ka dati. Inkqubo
isishwankathelo sisebenzisa iinkcukacha ze dati ukubala i dati
amanqanaba ashwankathelwa kancinci kwaye ashwankathele kakhulu dati. Nazi
ezinye izinto ngaphandle kokuqukuqela okubonisiweyo (kuya kuxoxwa kamva).
Nangona kunjalo, ngokwesiqhelo, kuninzi lwe dati ifunyenwe
ngaphakathi kweDW, ukuhamba kwe dati injengoko imelwe.
UKUSEBENZISA I-DATAWAREHOUSE
Akumangalisi ukuba amanqanaba ahlukeneyo dati ngaphakathi kwiDW hayi
ukufumana amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okusetyenziswa. Njengomthetho, umgangatho ophezulu we
isishwankathelo, dibanisa i dati ziyasetyenziswa.
Ukusetyenziswa okuninzi kuyenzeka dati ishwankathelwe kakhulu, ngelixa indala
dati iinkcukacha phantse zange zisetyenziswe. Kukho isizathu esihle kwi
ukuhambisa umbutho kwiparadigm yokusetyenziswa kobutyebi. Okukhona enayo
isishwankathelo i dati, ikhawuleza kwaye isebenze ngakumbi ukuba ifike dati. ngokwakhe
un shop yifumane yenze umsebenzi omninzi kwinqanaba leenkcukacha ze-DW,
ke isixa esikhulu esihambelanayo semithombo yomatshini
idliwe. Kukulungele wonke umntu ukutshutshisa
kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokushwankathela ngokukhawuleza.
Kwiivenkile ezininzi, umhlalutyi we-DSS kwindawo yangaphambi kwe-DW usebenzile
dati kwinqanaba leenkcukacha. Kwiimeko ezininzi ukufika kwi dati eneenkcukacha
ifana nengubo yokhuseleko, nokuba zikhona
amanye amanqanaba esishwankathelo. Omnye wemisebenzi yomakhi dati è
lulumle umsebenzisi weDSS ekusebenziseni rhoqo dati kwinqanaba eliphezulu
iinkcukacha eziphantsi. Kukho izizathu ezibini ezikhoyo
yomakhi we dati:
▪ ukufakela inkqubo yokubuyisela imali, apho umsebenzisi wokugqibela ahlawule
izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo e
▪ ezibonisa ukuba ixesha lokuphendula linokuba lihle kakhulu
efunyenwe xa ukuziphatha nge i dati ikwinqanaba eliphezulu
isishwankathelo, ngelixa ixesha lokuphendula elibi livela kwi
ukuziphatha kwe dati kwinqanaba eliphantsi le
OLUNYE UQINISEKISO
Kukho eminye imiba yolwakhiwo nolawulo
I-DW.
Ingqwalasela yokuqala yileyo yee-indices. THE dati kumanqanaba aphezulu
isishwankathelo sinokufakwa ngokukhululekileyo, ngelixa i dati
kumanqanaba asezantsi eenkcukacha zikhulu njengoko zinokubakho
isalathiswa ngokungekho sikweni. Ukususela kumqondiso ofanayo, i dati kumanqanaba aphezulu
iinkcukacha zinokulungiswa ngokulula,
ngelixa umthamo we dati kumanqanaba asezantsi mkhulu kangangokuba i dati ezingezizo
zinokulungiswa lula. Ngokufanayo, imodeli
of dati kunye nomsebenzi osesikweni owenziwe luyilo ubeka i
Isiseko se-DW sisebenzise phantse ngokukodwa kwinqanaba
iinkcukacha zangoku. Ngamanye amazwi, imisebenzi yomzekelo we
dati azisebenzi kumanqanaba oshwankathelo, phantse kuzo zonke iimeko.
Olunye uqwalaselo lolwakhiwo lulo lolwahlulo lwe
dati nguDW.
Ukwahlula kunokwenziwa kumanqanaba amabini - kwinqanaba dbms kunye ne-al
inqanaba lesicelo. Kulwahlulo kwinqanaba dbmsyena dbms è
ukwaziswa ngamacandelo kwaye uwabeke esweni ngokufanelekileyo. Kwindaba ye
ulwahlulo kwinqanaba lesicelo, ngumdwelisi wenkqubo kuphela
ukwaziswa ngamacandelo noxanduva lwawo
ulawulo lushiyelwe kuye
Ngezantsi kwinqanaba dbms, umsebenzi omninzi wenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Nantsi lapho
uninzi lokungaguquguquki olunxulumene nolawulo oluzenzekelayo lwe
izahlulo. Kwimeko yolwahlulo kwinqanaba lesicelo se dati del
yokugcina idatha, umsebenzi omninzi unzima kumdwelisi wenkqubo, kodwa i
isiphumo sokugqibela kukuguquguquka kulawulo lwe dati ngomhla
igumbi lokugcina izinto
EZINYE I-ANOMALIES
Ngelixa amacandelo e yokugcina idatha Basebenza njengoko kuchaziwe
phantse bonke dati, kukho izinto ezingaphandle eziluncedo ekufuneka
kuxoxwe. Imeko eyahlukileyo yile dati izishwankathelo zoluntu
(idatha yesishwankathelo sikawonke-wonke). Zezi dati izishwankathelo ezazikho
kubalwe ngaphandle yokugcina idatha kodwa zisetyenziswa luluntu. THE dati
izishwankathelo zoluntu zigcinwa kwaye zilawulwe kwi yokugcina idatha,
nangona njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, zibaliwe. THE
abagcini-zincwadi basebenza ukuvelisa ezi nyanga ngekota dati njenge
ingeniso, iindleko zekota, inzuzo yekota, njalo njalo. Umsebenzi
kwenziwa ngabacwangcisi mali kungaphandle yokugcina idatha. Nangona kunjalo, i dati kulala
isetyenziswe "ngaphakathi" ngaphakathi kwinkampani - ukusuka urhwebo, iintengiso, njl.
Enye i-anomaly, engayi kuxoxwa ngayo, yile dati ngaphandle.
Olunye uhlobo olubalaseleyo lwe dati enokufumaneka kwinto enikiweyo
Isitora yileyo yedatha yeenkcukacha ezisisigxina. Ezi zinto zibangela i
kufuneka ukugcina ngokusisigxina i dati kwinqanaba elinye
eneenkcukacha ngezizathu zokuziphatha okanye ezisemthethweni. Ukuba inkampani ibonisa i
abasebenzi ezinxulumene kwizinto ezinobungozi kukho imfuneko dati
eneenkcukacha kunye nesigxina. Ukuba inkampani ivelisa imveliso ukuba
ibandakanya ukhuseleko loluntu, zeziphi iindawo zenqwelomoya, zikhona
imfuneko dati eneenkcukacha ezisisigxina, kunye nokuba inkampani
ungena kwizivumelwano eziyingozi.
Uluntu alunakukwazi ukuzihoya iinkcukacha kuba
kule minyaka imbalwa izayo, kwimeko yesimangalo, ukukhumbula, a
isiphene sokwakha esiphikisanayo, njl. ukuvezwa kwenkampani
inokuba nkulu. Ngenxa yoko kukho uhlobo olulodwa lwe dati
eyaziwa njengedatha yeenkcukacha ezisisigxina.
ISISHWANKATHELO
Un yokugcina idatha yinto ejoliswe kuyo, edibeneyo, eyohlukileyo
ixesha, ingqokelela ye dati ezingaguquguqukiyo ukuxhasa iimfuno ze
isigqibo solawulo. Umsebenzi ngamnye obalulekileyo we
un yokugcina idatha ineempembelelo zayo. Ukongeza kukho ezine
amanqanaba e dati del yokugcina idatha:
▪ Iinkcukacha ezindala
▪ Iinkcukacha zangoku
▪ Dati ishwankathelwe kancinane
▪ Dati ishwankathelwe kakhulu
Imethadatha ikwayinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye yokugcina idatha.
UMXHOLO
Ingqikelelo yogcino lwe dati esandula ukufunyanwa
ingqwalasela eninzi kwaye ibe yindlela ye-90. Oku
ngenxa yomthamo a yokugcina idatha ukuboyisa
Unyino lweenkqubo zenkxaso yolawulo ezifana ne-i
iinkqubo zokuxhasa izigqibo (DSS) kunye neenkqubo zolwazi
isigqeba (EIS).
Nokuba ingcamango ye yokugcina idatha ibonakala iyathembisa,
phumeza i yokugcina idatha ingaba yingxaki ngenxa ye
yeenkqubo ezinkulu zokugcina iimpahla. Nangona kunjalo
ubunzima beeprojekthi zokugcina iimpahla dati, ababoneleli abaninzi
kunye nabacebisi bogcino dati babanga ukuba
ugcino lwe dati yangoku ayibangeli naziphi na iingxaki.
Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kwale projekthi yophando, phantse akukho nanye
uphando oluzimeleyo, olungqongqo nolucwangcisiweyo lwenziwe. Ukusuka
Ngenxa yoko kunzima ukuchaza ukuba kwenzeka ntoni na
kushishino xa zakhiwe yokugcina idatha.
Olu phononongo luphonononge indlela yokugcina impahla dati
abantu banamhlanje abajolise ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda okutyebileyo
yoqeqesho lwaseOstreliya. Uhlalutyo loncwadi lubonelele
umxholo kunye nesiseko sofundo oluqhutywayo.
Kukho izinto ezininzi ezifunyenwe kolu phando. Ekuqaleni
indawo, olu phononongo luveze imisebenzi eyenzekileyo
ngexesha lophuhliso yokugcina idatha. Kwiindawo ezininzi, i dati iqokelelwe
yaqinisekisa uqheliselo oluchazwe kuncwadi. Okwesibini
indawo, imiba kunye neengxaki ezinokuchaphazela
Uphuhliso lwe yokugcina idatha zachongwa kolu phononongo.
Ekugqibeleni, izibonelelo ezifunyenwe kwimibutho yaseOstreliya enxulumene ne
ukusetyenziswa kwe yokugcina idatha zityhiliwe.
Isahluko 1
Phendla umxholo
Ingqikelelo yogcino lwedatha ifumene ulwamkelo olubanzi
utyhileko kwaye ujike waba ngumkhwa ovelayo kwi
90s (McFadden 1996, TDWI 1996, Shah noMilstein 1997,
Shanks et al. 1997, Eckerson 1998, Adelman and Oates 2000). Yiyo i
inokubonwa kwinani elikhulayo lamanqaku kwidatha
ugcino kushicilelo lwezorhwebo (Little and Gibson 1999).
Amanqaku amaninzi (bona, umzekelo, uFisher 1995, Hackathon 1995,
Morris 1995a, Bramblett kunye noKumkani 1996, Graham et al. 1996,
Sakaguchi kunye noFrolick 1996, Alvarez 1997, Brousell 1997, Clarke
1997, McCarthy 1997, O' Donnell 1997, Edwards 1998, TDWI
1999) banike ingxelo yeenzuzo ezibalulekileyo ezifunyenwe kwimibutho
oko kuphumeza i yokugcina idatha. Bayixhasa ingcamango yabo
ngobungqina obungenambaliso bokuphunyezwa ngempumelelo, imbuyekezo ephezulu
kumanani otyalo-mali (ROI) kwaye, ngokunjalo, nokubonelela ngesikhokelo
ireferensi okanye iindlela zophuhliso lwe yokugcina idatha
(Shanks et al. 1997, Seddon and Benjamin 1998, Little and Gibson
1999). Kwimeko egqithisileyo, uGraham et al. (1996) baye
ingxelo yembuyekezo engumndilili kutyalo-mali lweminyaka emithathu lwama-401%.
Uninzi loncwadi lwangoku, nangona kunjalo, aluhoywanga
iingxaki ezibandakanyekayo ekwenzeni iiprojekthi ezinjalo. Iiprojekthi ze
yokugcina idatha ziqhelekile ukuntsonkotha kwaye zinkulu kwaye
ke ngoko bathetha ukuba nokwenzeka okuphezulu kokusilela ukuba abanjalo
ilawulwa ngononophelo (uShah noMilstein 1997, Eckerson 1997,
Foley 1997b, Zimmer 1997, Bort 1998, Gibbs kunye noClymer 1998, Rao
1998). Bafuna izixa ezikhulu zokubini abantu kunye nobutyebi
imali kunye, ixesha kunye neenzame zokuzakha (Hill 1998, Crofts 1998). I
ixesha eliqhelekileyo kunye neendlela eziyimfuneko zemali ngokulandelelanayo
malunga neminyaka emibini kunye nezigidi ezibini okanye ezithathu zeedola (Braly 1995, Foley
1997b, Bort 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). La maxesha kunye neendlela
amaziko emali kufuneka alawule kwaye adibanise imiba emininzi
iyantlukwano kugcino lwedatha (Cafasso 1995, Hill 1998). Ecaleni
yehardware kunye neengqwalasela zesoftware, eminye imisebenzi, eyahlukayo
ukusuka ekutsalweni kwe dati kwiinkqubo zokulayisha ze dati, kwi
umthamo wememori ukulawula uhlaziyo kunye nedatha yemeta dati
kuqeqesho lwabasebenzisi, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo.
Ngexesha lokuqalisa kweprojekthi yophando, yayincinane kakhulu
uphando lwezemfundo olwenziweyo kwindawo yokugcina idatha,
ngakumbi eOstreliya. Oku kwabonakala ngokunqongophala kwezinto
ipapashwe kugcino lwedatha ngamaphephandaba okanye eminye imibhalo
izifundiswa zelo xesha. Uninzi lwemibhalo yezemfundo
ekhoyo ichaze amava ase-US. Ukunqongophala kwe
uphando lwezemfundo kwindawo sl data warehousing kubangele
ikhwelo lophando olungqongqo kunye nezifundo zobungqina (McFadden 1996,
Shanks et al. 1997, Little and Gibson 1999). Ngokukodwa, izifundo
yophando ngenkqubo yokuphunyezwa kwe yokugcina idatha
kufuneka kwenziwe ukwandisa ulwazi
jikelele malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe yokugcina idatha e
iya kusebenza njengesiseko sophando lwexesha elizayo (Shanks ed
abanye. 1997, Little and Gibson 1999).
Injongo yolu phononongo, ke ngoko, kukufunda ukuba yintoni kanye kanye
Kwenzeka xa imibutho igcina kwaye isebenzisa idatha
indawo yokugcina impahla eOstreliya. Ngokukodwa, olu phononongo luya kubandakanya
uhlalutyo lwenkqubo yophuhliso epheleleyo ye yokugcina idatha,
ukuqala kulwaluko kunye nocwangciso ngoyilo kunye
ukuphunyezwa kunye nokusetyenziswa okulandelayo kwimibutho
OwaseOstreliya. Ukongeza, isifundo siya kuba negalelo ekusebenzeni kwangoku
ukuchonga iindawo apho esi senzo sinokuphuhliswa ngakumbi
ukuphuculwa kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle kunye nemingcipheko inokuncitshiswa okanye
ziphephe. Ngaphaya koko, iya kusebenza njengesiseko sezinye izifundo kwi yokugcina idatha in
Australia kwaye uya kugcwalisa isithuba esikhoyo ngoku kuncwadi.
Imibuzo yophando
Injongo yolu phando kukufunda imisebenzi ebandakanyekayo
ekuphunyezweni kwe yokugcina idatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo
Imibutho yaseOstreliya. Ngokukodwa, izakhi ziyafundwa
malunga nocwangciso lweprojekthi, uphuhliso,
ukusebenza, ukusetyenziswa kunye nemingcipheko ebandakanyekayo. Ngoko umbuzo
kolu phando kukuba:
“Injani inkqubo yangoku ye yokugcina idatha eOstreliya?"
Ukusabela ngempumelelo kule ngxaki, a
inani elithile lemibuzo yophando oluncedisayo. Ngokukodwa, ezintathu
imibuzo engaphantsi kwayo ichongiwe kuncwadi, ethi
ezithiwe thaca kwisahluko sesi-2, ukukhokela le projekthi yophando:
Indlela eziphunyezwa ngayo i yokugcina idatha yimibutho
OwaseOstreliya? Ziziphi iingxaki oye wadibana nazo?
Ziziphi iingenelo ezifunyanwayo?
Ekuphenduleni le mibuzo, kwasetyenziswa umzobo
uphando lophononongo olusebenzisa uphando. Ndifunda njani
Ukuphonononga, iimpendulo zale mibuzo ingasentla aziphelelanga
(Shanks et al. 1993, Denscombe 1998). Kule meko, kunjalo
unxantathu uyafuneka ukuphucula iimpendulo kwezi
izicelo. Nangona kunjalo, uphando luya kubonelela ngesiseko esiqinileyo
umsebenzi kwixesha elizayo uphonononga le mibuzo. Enye eneenkcukacha
Ingxoxo yendlela yophando yobulungisa kunye noyilo
ichazwe kwisahluko sesi-3.
Ubume beprojekthi yophando
Le projekthi yophando yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: isifundo somxholo
yengqikelelo yogcino lwedatha kunye nophando lobungqina (bona
umfanekiso 1.1), nganye kuzo ixutyushwa ngezantsi.
Icandelo I: Ukufunda ngokomxholo
Inxalenye yokuqala yophando ibibandakanya ukuphonononga kwakhona
uncwadi lwangoku kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zogcino lwedatha kuquka i
iinkqubo zokuxhasa izigqibo (DSS), iinkqubo zolwazi
isigqeba (EIS), izifundo ze yokugcina idatha kunye neengqiqo zomhla
indawo yokugcina impahla. Ngaphaya koko, iziphumo zeeforam yokugcina idatha nezithixo
amaqela entlanganiso yeengcali kunye neengcali eziqhutywa liqela le
Uphando lwe-Monash DSS, lube negalelo kwesi sigaba sophononongo
eyayijoliswe ukufumana ulwazi malunga nokusebenza kwedatha
kwindawo yokugcina impahla kunye nokuchonga imingcipheko ekhoyo ekuthathweni kwabo.
Ngeli xesha lokufunda ngokomxholo, ukuqonda
yommandla wengxaki isekiwe ukunika ulwazi lwe
isiseko sophando lwamva lwamva. Nangona kunjalo, oku
yayiyinkqubo eqhubekayo ngelixa uphononongo luqhubeka
uphando.
Icandelo II: Uphando lobugcisa
Ingqikelelo entsha ngokwentelekiso yogcino lwedatha, umz
eOstreliya, wadala isidingo sokuqhuba uphando lwe
fumana umfanekiso obanzi wokusebenzisa amava. Oku
inxalenye yaqhutywa kanye nje ukuba indawo yengxaki ibekho
yasekwa ngophononongo olubanzi loncwadi. Ingcamango
yokugcinwa kwedatha eyenziwe ngexesha lesigaba sokufunda ngokomxholo
isetyenziswe njengegalelo kwikhweshine yokuqala yolu phononongo.
Emva koku, iphepha lemibuzo lihlolwe. Niziingcali zomhla
Ugcino luthathe inxaxheba kuvavanyo. Injongo yovavanyo
Ikhweshine yokuqala yayikukujonga ukuphelela nokuchaneka
eminye imibuzo. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zovavanyo, i-questionnaire i
yalungiswa kwaye inguqulelo elungisiweyo ithunyelwe kuyo
abathathi-nxaxheba. Iikhweshine zabuya ngoko
ihlalutyelwe i dati kwiitheyibhile, imizobo, kunye nezinye iifomathi. THE
iziphumo zohlalutyo ze dati yenza ifoto yangoko nangoko
data warehousing practice Australia.
AMAGQABANTSHINTSHI OKUGQIBELA IDATHA
Ingqikelelo yogcino lwedatha iye yavela ngokuphucuka
yetekhnoloji yekhompyuter.
Ijolise ekoyiseni iingxaki ezifunyenwe ngamaqela e
inkxaso yesicelo efana neNkqubo yeNkxaso yesiGqibo (DSS) e
Inkqubo yoLwazi lweSigqeba (EIS).
Kwixesha elidlulileyo owona mqobo uphambili kwezi zicelo ube
ukungakwazi kwezi zicelo ukunika a isiseko sedatha
iyimfuneko kuhlalutyo.
Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala bubume bomsebenzi
ulawulo. Imidla yolawulo lwenkampani iyahluka
rhoqo kuxhomekeke kwindawo ephathwayo. Ngoko ke i dati
ezisisiseko kwezi zicelo kufuneka bakwazi
utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kuxhomekeke inxalenye ukuba baphathwe.
Oku kuthetha ukuba i dati kufuneka ifumaneke ngefomu
ngokwaneleyo kuhlalutyo olufunekayo. Enyanisweni, amaqela enkxaso ye
izicelo zifumene kunzima kakhulu kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuqokelela i-ed
ukudibanisa dati kwimithombo entsonkothileyo neyahlukeneyo.
Inxalenye yeli candelo inika isishwankathelo salo mbono
yokugcina idatha kwaye ijongana nendlela i yokugcina idatha inokoyisa i
Imiba yeqela lenkxaso yesicelo.
Igama "Indawo yokugcina idatha” yakhululwa nguWilliam Inmon ngowe-1990.
Inkcazo yakhe ecatshulwa rhoqo ibona Indawo yokugcina idatha eze
ingqokelela ye dati ijolise kwisifundo, idibeneyo, ayiguquguquki, kwaye iyaguquguquka
ekuhambeni kwexesha, ekuxhaseni izigqibo zolawulo.
Ukusebenzisa le nkcazo u-Inmon ubonisa ukuba i dati abahlali
kwi yokugcina idatha kufuneka babe noku kulandelayo 4
icaratteristiche:
▪ Isekelwe kwisifundo
▪ Idityanisiwe
▪ Ayiguquguquki
▪ Ziyaguquguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha
Nge-Inmon ejolise kwisifundo ithetha ukuba i dati ngomhla
indawo yokugcina impahla kwezona ndawo zininzi zombutho eziye zaba
ichazwe kwimodeli dati. Umzekelo zonke dati malunga ne abathengi
ziqulethwe kwindawo yomxholo NGABAXUMI. Ngokufanayo bonke
dati ngokunxulumene neemveliso ziqulethwe kwindawo yesifundo
IIMVELISO.
Nge-Integrated Inmon ithetha ukuba i dati evela ezahlukeneyo
amaqonga, iinkqubo kunye neendawo zidityanisiwe kwaye zigcinwe kuyo
indawo enye. Ngokulandelayo dati efanayo kufuneka iguqulwe
kwiifomathi ezihambelanayo ukuze zongezwe kwaye zithelekiswe
ngokulula.
Umzekelo isini sendoda nesetyhini simelwe
ngonobumba u-M no-F kwenye inkqubo, kunye no-1 no-0 kwenye. Kuba
zidibanise ngendlela eyiyo, ifomati enye okanye zombini kufuneka
zitshintshwe ukuze iifomati ezimbini zifane. Kule
kwimeko sinokutshintsha uM ukuya ku-1 kunye no-F ukuya ku-0 okanye ngokuphambanayo. Ijoliswe ngaku
umxholo kunye noDityanisiweyo zibonisa ukuba i yokugcina idatha yenzelwe
ukubonelela ngombono osebenzayo nonqamlezileyo we dati ecaleni
yenkampani.
Ngokungaguquguqukiyo uthetha ukuba i dati Nel yokugcina idatha hlala
iyahambelana kunye nohlaziyo lwe dati akuyomfuneko. Endaweni yoko, yonke
utshintsho kwi dati yoqobo yongezwa kuyo sedata yomhla
indawo yokugcina impahla. Oku kuthetha ukuba imbali dei dati iqulethwe kwi
yokugcina idatha.
Kwiiguquguquko kunye nexesha Inmon ibonisa ukuba i dati Nel yokugcina idatha
soloko ziqulathe izikhombisi zetempo ei dati ngesiqhelo
ukuwela umda wexesha elithile. Umzekelo a
yokugcina idatha inokuqulatha iminyaka emi-5 yamaxabiso embali ye abathengi dal
1993 ukuya 1997. Ukufumaneka kwembali kunye nothotho lwexesha
of dati ikuvumela ukuba uhlalutye iintsingiselo.
Un yokugcina idatha uyakwazi ukuqokelela okwakhe dati ukusuka kwiinkqubo
OLTP;ukusuka kwimvelaphi dati ngaphandle kumbutho kunye/okanye ngezinye iingcali
ukubamba iiprojekthi zesistim dati.
I dati izicatshulwa zinokuhamba ngenkqubo yokucoca, ngaphakathi
le meko i dati ziguqulwa kwaye zihlanganiswe ngaphambi kokuba zibe
igcinwe ngaphakathi sedata del yokugcina idatha. Mna nda dati
abahlala ngaphakathi sedata del yokugcina idatha zenziwe zifumaneke
ukuphelisa ukufikelela komsebenzisi kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisela. Ukusebenzisa
ezi zixhobo umsebenzisi wokugqibela unokufikelela kumbono odibeneyo
yombutho we dati.
I dati abahlala ngaphakathi sedata del yokugcina idatha kulala
igcinwe kwiinkcukacha kunye neefomati zesishwankathelo.
Umgangatho wesishwankathelo unokuxhomekeka kubume be dati. Mna dati
iinkcukacha zinokuquka dati yangoku kunye dati ibali
I dati real azifakwanga kwi yokugcina idatha de i dati
Nel yokugcina idatha zihlaziywa kwakhona.
Ukongeza ekugcineni i dati ngokwabo, a yokugcina idatha phuo anche
gcina uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwe dato ebizwa ngokuba yi-METADATA leyo
chaza i dati ukuhlala kwakhe sedata.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini zemethadatha: idata yophuhliso kunye nemetadata yophuhliso
uhlalutya.
Imetadata yophuhliso isetyenziselwa ukulawula kunye nokuzenzekela
ukutsalwa, ukucocwa, ukwenza imephu kunye neenkqubo zokulayisha dati Nel
yokugcina idatha.
Ulwazi oluqulethwe kwi-metadata yophuhliso lunokuqulatha
iinkcukacha zeenkqubo zokusebenza, iinkcukacha zezinto zokukhupha, i
itemplate dati del yokugcina idatha kunye nemithetho yenkampani
ukuguqulwa dei dati.
Uhlobo lwesibini lwemetadata, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-analytics metadata
yenza ukuba umsebenzisi wokugqibela ahlolisise umxholo wedatha
warehouse ukufumana i dati ezikhoyo kunye nokuba zithetha ukuthini ngokwemiqathango
icace kwaye ingenabuchwephesha.
Ke ngoko i-analytics metadata isebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla kunye nezicelo zabasebenzisi bokugqibela. Le metadata inako
ziqulathe imodeli yeshishini, iinkcazo ze dati ababhaleli
kwimodeli yeshishini, imibuzo echazwe kwangaphambili kunye neengxelo,
ulwazi lokungena komsebenzisi kunye nesalathisi.
Uhlalutyo kunye nemetadata yophuhliso kufuneka idityaniswe ibe nye
isiqulatho semetadata esidityanisiweyo ukuze sisebenze ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngelishwa uninzi lwezixhobo ezikhoyo zinezazo
metadata kwaye okwangoku akukho migangatho ikhoyo
vumela izixhobo zokugcina idatha zidibanise ezi
metadata. Ukulungisa le meko abarhwebi abaninzi be
izixhobo eziphambili zokugcina idatha zenze iMeta Data
IBhunga elathi kamva libe yiMeta Data Coalition.
Injongo yolu manyano kukwakha iseti yemetadata
umgangatho ovumela izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokugcina idatha ukuba
guqula imetadata
Imizamo yabo yabangela ukuzalwa kweMeta
INkcazo yoTshintsho lweDatha (MDIS) eya kuvumela ukutshintshiselana
yolwazi phakathi koovimba beMicrosoft kunye neefayile zeMDIS ezinxulumeneyo.
Ubukho be dati zombini ezishwankathelweyo/ezifakwe kwisalathiso kunye nezinika iinkcukacha
umsebenzisi ithuba lokuqhuba i-DRILL ROWN
(ukubhola) yiza dati zifakwe kwizalathiso kwiinkcukacha kwaye ngokuphambanayo.
Ubukho be dati Imbali eneenkcukacha ivumela ukudalwa kwe
uhlalutyo trend ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukongeza i-metadata yohlalutyo inako
isetyenziswe njengoluhlu lwe sedata del yokugcina idatha nganye
nceda abasebenzisi bokuphela bafumane i dati kuyimfuneko.
Xa kuthelekiswa neenkqubo ze-OLTP, kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukuxhasa
uhlalutyo lwe dati kunye nokunika ingxelo, i yokugcina idatha ibonwa njengenkqubo
lufaneleke ngakumbi iinkqubo zolwazi ezifana nokwenza kunye
ukuphendula imibuzo kunye nokuvelisa iingxelo. Icandelo elilandelayo
iya kuqaqambisa iiyantlukwano zeenkqubo ezimbini ngokweenkcukacha.
IDATHA WAREHOUSE NGOKUCHASANA NE-OLTP SYSTEMS
Uninzi lweenkqubo zolwazi kwimibutho
Zenzelwe ukuxhasa imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Ezi
Iinkqubo ezaziwa ngokuba zii-OLTP SYSTEMS, iitransekshini zokubamba
ihlaziywa rhoqo yonke imihla.
I dati ngaphakathi kwezi nkqubo zihlala zilungiswa, zongezwa okanye
icinyiwe. Umzekelo, idilesi yomthengi ayitshintshi
usuka kwenye indawo aye kwenye. Kule meko idilesi entsha
iya kubhaliswa ngokuguqula indawo yedilesi ye sedata.
Injongo ephambili yezi nkqubo kukunciphisa iindleko ze
iintengiselwano kwaye ngaxeshanye zinciphisa amaxesha okusebenza.
Imizekelo ye-OLTP Systems ibandakanya izenzo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokubhala
odolo accounting, payroll, invoyisi, ukuvelisa, ai iinkonzo abathengi.
Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo ze-OLTP, ezidalwe ngokwenkqubo nganye
ngokusekelwe kwintengiselwano kunye neziganeko, i yokugcina idatha zadalwa
ukubonelela ngenkxaso kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kuhlalutyo lwe dati ewe
iinkqubo zezigqibo.
Oku kudla ngokuphunyezwa ngokudibanisa i dati kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo
I-OLTP nangaphandle kwi "container" enye. dati, njengoko kuxoxiwe
kwicandelo elingaphambili.
Imodeli yeNkqubo yokuGcinwa kweeNkcukacha zeMonash
Imodeli yenkqubo ye yokugcina idatha IMonash yaphuhliswa ngu
abaphandi abavela kwi-Monash DSS Research Group, isekelwe
uncwadi lwe yokugcina idatha, kumava okuxhasa i
uphuhliso lwemimandla yeenkqubo, kwiingxoxo nabathengisi be
izicelo zokusetyenziswa kwi yokugcina idatha, kwiqela leengcali
ekusetyenzisweni kwe yokugcina idatha.
Izigaba zezi: UkuQala, uCwangciso, uPhuhliso, kunye nokuSebenza
Iingcaciso. Umzobo uchaza ubume bokuphindaphinda okanye
uphuhliso lwendaleko a yokugcina idatha inkqubo usebenzisa
iintolo ezimbini ezibekwe phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo. Kule
"Phindaphinda" kunye "nemeko yendaleko" ithetha ukuba, kwindawo nganye
Inyathelo lenkqubo, imisebenzi yokuphunyezwa inokwenziwa
soloko zisasaza ngasemva ukuya kwisigaba sangaphambili. Yi le
ngenxa yobume beprojekthi a yokugcina idatha apho ku
izicelo ezongezelelweyo zivela nangaliphi na ixesha
yomsebenzisi wokugqibela. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesigaba sophuhliso a
inkqubo ye yokugcina idatha, enye icelwa ngumsebenzisi wokugqibela
umyinge omtsha okanye indawo yesifundo, ebingeyonxalenye ye
isicwangciso sokuqala, oku kufuneka kongezwe kwinkqubo. Oku
ibangela utshintsho kwiprojekthi. Isiphumo kukuba iqela le
uyilo kufuneka utshintshe iimfuno zamaxwebhu adalwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku
ngexesha loyilo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, imeko yangoku ye
Iprojekthi kufuneka ibuyele kwinqanaba loyilo apho
isicelo esitsha kufuneka songezwe kwaye sibhalwe. Umsebenzisi
Okokugqibela kufuneka akwazi ukubona amaxwebhu athile ahlaziyiweyo kwaye i
utshintsho olwenziweyo kwisigaba sophuhliso. Ekupheleni kwe
lo mjikelo wophuhliso iprojekthi kufuneka ifumane ingxelo entle
omabini amaqela, iqela lophuhliso kunye neqela labasebenzisi. THE
ingxelo iphinda isetyenziswe ukuphucula iprojekthi yexesha elizayo.
Ukucwangcisa amandla
I-Dw ithande ukuba nkulu kakhulu ngobukhulu kwaye ikhule
ngokukhawuleza kakhulu (Best 1995, Rudin 1997a) ilandela i
imali ye dati iimbali abazigcinayo ukusuka kwixesha labo. Pha
ukukhula nako kunokubangelwa dati izinto ezongezelelweyo ezicelwe ngu
abasebenzisi ukwandisa ixabiso le dati ukuba sele benayo. Ukusuka
ngenxa yoko, iimfuno zokugcina ze dati kunokwenzeka
ziphuculwe kakhulu (Eckerson 1997). Kunjalo ke
kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa, ngokwenza ucwangciso lwe
umthamo, apho inkqubo eza kwakhiwa inokukhula nayo
ukukhula kweemfuno (Eyona nto ingcono ngo-1995, iLaPlante 1996, iLang 1997,
Eckerson 1997, Rudin 1997a, Foley 1997a).
Ekucwangciseni i-dw scalability, umntu kufuneka azi
ukukhula okulindelekileyo kubungakanani bempahla, iintlobo zemibuzo
enokwenzeka ukuba yenziwe, kunye nenani labasebenzisi bokugqibela abaxhaswayo (Eyona nto ingcono
1995, Rudin 1997b, Foley 1997a). Yakha izicelo ezikhawulezayo
ifuna indibaniselwano yetekhnoloji yomncedisi kunye nobuchule
yokuyila izicelo ezikhawulezayo (Eyona nto ingcono ngo-1995, uRudin 1997b.
Zombini ziyimfuneko xa usenza isicelo
scalable kakhulu. Iitekhnoloji zeseva ezikhawulezayo ziyakwazi
yenza kube lula kwaye kunenzuzo ukongeza ukugcinwa, imemori kunye
I-CPU ngaphandle kokuthotywa kokusebenza (uLang 1997, iTelephony 1997).
Kukho iitekhnoloji ezimbini eziphambili zeseva ezinokunyuka: ikhomputha
I-symmetric multiple (SMP) kunye nokusebenza okukhulu
parallel (MPP) ) (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999). Umncedisi
I-SMP ihlala ineeprosesa ezininzi ezabelana ngenkumbulo enye,
inkqubo yebhasi kunye nezinye izibonelelo (IDC 1997, Humphries et al. 1999).
Iiprosesa ezongezelelweyo zingongezwa ukwenzela ukwandisa
yakhe amandla ngokubala. Enye indlela yokwandisa imveliso
amandla amandla okubalekayo omncedisi we SMP, kukudibanisa ezininzi
oomatshini be-SMP. Obu buchule bubizwa ngokuba yi-clustering (Humphries
okqhubekayo. 1999). Iseva ye-MPP, kwelinye icala, ineeprosesa ezininzi nganye
ngenkumbulo yayo, inkqubo yebhasi kunye nezinye izixhobo (IDC 1997,
Humphries et al. 1999). Iprosesa nganye ibizwa ngokuba yi-node. A
yonyuka phakathi amandla i-computational inokufumaneka
Ukongeza iindawo ezongezelelweyo kwiiseva ze-MPP (Humphries et al.
1999).
Ubuthathaka beeseva ze-SMP mininzi kakhulu yegalelo-imveliso yokusebenza
(I/O) inokuxinanisela inkqubo yebhasi (IDC 1997). Oku
ingxaki ayenzeki phakathi kwabancedisi be MPP ukusukela yonke into
iprosesa inenkqubo yayo yebhasi. Nangona kunjalo, unxibelelwano
phakathi kwendawo nganye zicotha kakhulu kunenkqubo yebhasi
yee-SMPs. Ukongeza, abancedisi be-MPP banokongeza umaleko
ukuntsonkotha okongezelelweyo kubaphuhlisi bezicelo (IDC
1997). Ke, ukhetho phakathi kwe-SMP kunye neeseva ze-MPP zinokuphenjelelwa
ngezinto ezininzi, kubandakanywa ukuntsonkotha kwemibuzo, ubudlelwane
ixabiso / ukusebenza, umthamo wonyango olufunekayo, i
zithintelwe izicelo ze-dw kunye nokwanda kobungakanani be sedata
ye-dw kunye nenani labasebenzisi bokugqibela.
Iindlela ezininzi zoyilo lwesicelo esinokwehla
inokusetyenziswa kucwangciso lwezakhono. Nye
isebenzisa amaxesha okwazisa ahlukeneyo njengeentsuku, iiveki, iinyanga kunye neminyaka.
Ukuba namaxesha ahlukeneyo okwazisa, i sedata inokwahlulwa ibe
amaqhekeza ahlanganiswe ndawonye ngokulula (Inmon et al. 1997). Enye kwakhona
ubuchule kukusebenzisa iitheyibhile ezishwankathelayo ezakhiweyo
ukushwankathela dati da dati eneenkcukacha. Ngoko ke, i dati izishwankathelo zininzi
i-compact kunenkcukacha, efuna indawo encinci yememori.
Ngoko ke dati yenkcukacha ingagcinwa kwiyunithi ye
indawo yokugcina enexabiso eliphantsi, egcina ugcino nangakumbi.
Nangona ukusebenzisa iitheyibhile zesishwankathelo kunokugcina indawo
kwimemori, zifuna umzamo omkhulu ukuzigcina zihlaziyiwe kwaye zingaphakathi
ngokuhambelana neemfuno zorhwebo. Nangona kunjalo, obu buchule bunjalo
isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye ihlala isetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo nobuchule
yangaphambili (Okugqwesileyo 1995, Inmon 1996a, Chauduri kunye Dayal
1997).
Ukuchaza Indawo yokugcina idatha LobuGcisa
Architectures Inkcazo yobuchule
dw izakhiwo
Abantu abamkela kwangethuba ugcino lwedatha bacingelwa
uzalisekiso olusembindini we-dw apho zonke dati, ifakiwe
i dati zangaphandle, zadityaniswa zaba yinto enye,
indawo yokugcina umzimba (Inmon 1996a, Bresnahan 1996, Peacock 1998).
Inzuzo ephambili yale ndlela kukuba abasebenzisi bokugqibela
Ndiyakwazi ukufikelela kumbono kwinqanaba loshishino
(imbono yoshishino ngokubanzi) dei dati umbutho (Ovum 1998). Enye
inzuzo kukuba inika umgangatho we dati nge
umbutho, okuthetha ukuba kukho inguqulelo enye kuphela okanye
Inkcazo yesigama ngasinye esisetyenziswe kwidiphozithi ye-dw
(reposity) imetadata (Flanagan kunye noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998). I
Ukungalungi kwale ndlela, kwelinye icala, kukuba iyabiza kwaye inzima
iza kwakhiwa (Flanagan kunye noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998, Inmon et al.
1998). Kungekudala emva koyilo lokugcina dati
i-centralized yaduma, ingqikelelo yokutsalwa yavela
kweyona nxalenye incinci ye dati ukuxhasa iimfuno ze
izicelo ezithile (Varney 1996, IDC 1997, Berson and Smith
1997, ipikoko 1998). Ezi nkqubo zincinci zithathwe kokungaphezulu
enkulu yokugcina idatha ebekwe embindini. Zibizwa ngokuba ngumhla
iindawo zokugcina zesebe ezixhomekeke okanye iimathe zedatha ezixhomekeke.
Ulwakhiwo oluxhomekeke kwimart data lwaziwa njenge
Ulwakhiwo olunemigangatho emithathu apho inqanaba lokuqala liqulathe idatha
indawo yokugcina impahla esembindini, eyesibini ineendawo zokugcina iimpahla dati
yesebe kwaye eyesithathu ibandakanya ukufikelela dati nakwizixhobo ze
uhlalutyo (Demarest 1994, Inmon et al. 1997).
Iimati zedatha ziqhele ukwakhiwa emva kwe yokugcina idatha
indawo esembindini yakhiwa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze
iiyunithi ezithile (White 1995, Varney 1996).
Ivenkile yeemart zedatha i dati inxulumene kakhulu neenkcukacha
umanyano (Inmon et al. 1997, Inmon et al. 1998, IA 1998).
Inzuzo yale ndlela kukuba akuyi kubakho dato ezingezizo
idityanisiwe kwaye i dati ziya kuba mbalwa kakhulu ngaphakathi kwedatha
marts ukususela konke dati zivela kwidiphozithi ye dati idityanisiwe.
Enye inzuzo kukuba kuya kubakho unxibelelwano olumbalwa phakathi komntu ngamnye
iimathesi zedatha kunye nemithombo enxulumene nayo dati kuba idatha nganye mart inakho kuphela
umthombo we dati. Kwaye kunye nolu lwakhiwo endaweni, abasebenzisi
abokugqibela basenakho ukufikelela kwisishwankathelo se dati
imibutho emanyeneyo. Le ndlela yaziwa ngokuba yi
indlela ephezulu-phantsi, apho imathi yedatha yakhiwe emva kwedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla (pikoko 1998, Goff 1998).
Ukwandisa imfuno yokubonisa iziphumo kwangethuba, ezinye
imibutho iqalisile ukwakha iimart data ezizimeleyo
(Flanagan kunye noSafdie 1997, White 2000). Kule meko, imart data
bathathe eyabo dati ngqo ukusuka kwiziseko ze dati OLTP kwaye hayi ukusuka
ugcino oluphakathi kunye noludibeneyo, ngaloo ndlela kuphelisa imfuno
ube nendawo yokugcina kwindawo.
I-mart nganye yedatha ifuna ubuncinci ikhonkco enye kwimithombo yayo
di dati. Enye into engalunganga yokuba nekhonkco ezininzi zomhla ngamnye
mart kukuba, xa kuthelekiswa nezakhiwo ezimbini zangaphambili, i
ubuninzi be dati ukwanda kakhulu.
Yonke imat data kufuneka igcine zonke dati ecelwe ekuhlaleni
ayinasiphumo kwiinkqubo ze-OLTP. Oku kubangela ukuba i dati
zigcinwa kwiimathesi data ezahlukeneyo (Inmon et al. 1997).
Enye into engalunganga yolu lwakhiwo kukuba ikhokelela kwi
ukudalwa kothungelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kweemathesi zedatha kunye nabo
imithombo ye dati ekunzima ukuzenza nokulawula (Inmon ed
abanye. 1997).
Enye into engalunganga kukuba abasebenzisi bokuphela abakwazi ukwenza amandla
ukufikelela kushwankathelo lweenkcukacha zenkampani njengoko i dati
yeemathesi zedatha ezahlukeneyo azidityaniswanga (Ovum 1998).
Kanti enye into engalunganga kukuba kunokubakho ngaphezu kwesinye
Inkcazo yesigama ngasinye esisetyenziswa kwiimarike zedatha esizivelisayo
ukungangqinelani kwe dati kwintlangano (Ovum 1998).
Ngaphandle kokungalungi okuxoxwe ngasentla, i-data marts ezimeleyo
isatsala umdla wemibutho emininzi (IDC 1997).
Enye into ebenza babe nomtsalane kukuba bayakhawuleza ukukhula
kwaye zifuna ixesha elincinane kunye nezibonelelo (Bresnahan 1996, Berson e
Smith 1997, Ovum 1998). Ngokufanelekileyo, ubukhulu becala bakhonza
njengeeprojekthi zovavanyo ezinokusetyenziswa ukuchonga
ngokukhawuleza uncedo kunye/okanye ukungafezeki kwiprojekthi (Parsaye
1995, Braly 1995, Newing 1996). Kule meko, inxalenye evela
ukuphunyezwa kwiprojekthi yokulinga kufuneka ibencinci kodwa ibaluleke
kumbutho (Newing 1996, Mansell-Lewis 1996).
Ngokuphonononga iprototype, abasebenzisi bokugqibela kunye nolawulo banakho
thatha isigqibo sokuba uqhube okanye uyeke iprojekthi (uFlanagan noSafdie
1997).
Ukuba isigqibo siza kuqhubeka, i-data marts kwamanye amacandelo
kufuneka zakhiwe zibe nye ngexesha. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokukhetha
abasebenzisi bokugqibela ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zabo kulwakhiwo lwedatha
iimatriki ezizimeleyo: ezidityanisiweyo/zidibeneyo kwaye ezingadityaniswanga (Ovum
1998)
Kwindlela yokuqala, i-mart entsha yedatha nganye kufuneka yakhiwe
ngokusekelwe kwiimathesi zedatha yangoku kunye nemodeli dati wasebenzisa
yinkampani (Varney 1996, Berson and Smith 1997, Peacock 1998).
Imfuneko yokusebenzisa imodeli dati yenkampani yenza kube yimfuneko
qinisekisa ukuba kukho inkcazelo enye kuphela yesigama ngasinye
esetyenziswa kwiimathi zedatha, oku kukuqinisekisa ukuba idatha
Iimathi ezahlukeneyo zinokudityaniswa ukunika isishwankathelo
ulwazi lwequmrhu (Bresnahan 1996). Le ndlela i
ebizwa ngokuba yi-bottom-up kwaye ingcono xa kukho isithintelo
iindlela zemali kunye nexesha (Flanagan kunye noSafdie 1997, Ovum 1998,
ipikoko 1998, Goff 1998). Kwindlela yesibini, iimart data
eyakhelweyo inokwanelisa kuphela iimfuno zeyunithi ethile.
Umahluko we data mart edibeneyo yi yokugcina idatha isasazwe
apho i sedata Hub server middleware isetyenziswa ukudibanisa ezininzi
iimart zedatha kwindawo yokugcina enye dati isasazwe (White 1995). Kwi
kule meko, i dati iinkampani zisasazwa kwiimart ezininzi zedatha.
Izicelo zomsebenzisi wokugqibela zithunyelwa sedata
hub server middleware, ekhupha zonke dati ecelwe yidatha
mart kwaye ibuyisela iziphumo kwizicelo zomsebenzisi wokugqibela. Oku
indlela ibonelela ngolwazi lweshishini kubasebenzisi bokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo,
Iingxaki zedatha yedatha azikapheli
ezizimeleyo. Kukho enye iarchitecture enokusetyenziswa eyi
fowunela i yokugcina idatha virtual (White 1995). Nangona kunjalo, oku
i-architecture, echazwe kumfanekiso we-2.9, ayisiyiyo i-architecture
yokugcina dati yokwenyani kuba ingawususi umthwalo
ukusuka kwiinkqubo zeOLTP ukuya yokugcina idatha (Demarest 1994).
Enyanisweni, izicelo dati ngabasebenzisi bokugqibela badlulele kwi
Iinkqubo ze-OLTP ezibuyisela iziphumo emva kokucubungula
izicelo zabasebenzisi. Nangona olu lwakhiwo luvumela abasebenzisi
amagqibela kankqoyi ukuvelisa iingxelo nokuqulunqa izicelo, ayikwazi ukunika i
dati imbali kunye nesishwankathelo solwazi lwenkampani ukusukela i dati
ukusuka kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-OLTP azidityaniswanga. Ngoko, lo
i-architecture ayikwazi ukwanelisa uhlalutyo lwe dati ezintsonkothileyo ezifana
umzekelo uqikelelo.
Ukukhethwa kofikelelo kunye nokufikelela kwizicelo
ukubuyisela kwakhona dati
Injongo yokwakha a yokugcina idatha kukuhambisa
ulwazi kubasebenzisi bokugqibela (Inmon et al 1997, Poe 1996,
McFadden 1996, Shanks et al 1997, Hammergren 1998); enye okanye
ukufikelela ezininzi kunye nezicelo zokubuyisela dati kufuneka ibonelelwe. Ukuya
Namhlanje, kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezi zicelo umsebenzisi ukukhetha kuzo
khetha (Hammergren 1998, Humphries et al. 1999). I
izicelo ezikhethiweyo zigqiba impumelelo yomzamo
yokugcina dati kwintlangano kuba i
izicelo yeyona ndawo ibonakalayo ye yokugcina idatha kumsebenzisi
yokugqibela (Inmon et al. 1997, Poe 1996). Ukuphumelela umhla
indawo yokugcina impahla, kufuneka ikwazi ukuxhasa imisebenzi yohlalutyo lwe dati
yomsebenzisi wokugqibela (Poe 1996, Seddon kunye noBenjamin 1998, Eckerson
1999). Ke "inqanaba" lelonto umsebenzisi wokugqibela ayifunayo kufuneka libe
ichongiwe (Poe 1996, Mattison 1996, Inmon et al 1997,
Humphries et al. 1999).
Ngokuqhelekileyo, abasebenzisi bokugqibela banokudityaniswa babe bathathu
iindidi: abasebenzisi abalawulayo, abahlalutyi beshishini kunye nabasebenzisi bamandla (Poe
1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Abasebenzisi abalawulayo bafuna
ukufikelela lula kwiiseti ezichazwe kwangaphambili (Humphries ed
abanye 1999). Ezi ngxelo zinokufezekiswa ngokulula nge
menu navigation (Poe 1996). Ngaphezu koko, iingxelo kufuneka
bonisa ulwazi usebenzisa umboniso womzobo
ezifana neetafile kunye neetemplates zokuthutha ngokukhawuleza
ulwazi (Humphries et al. 1999). Abahlalutyi bezoshishino, abangenzi
basenokuba nobuchule obunokwenzeka ukuphuhlisa ubudlelwane ukusuka
zero ngokwabo, kufuneka bakwazi ukulungisa ubudlelwane bangoku
ukwanelisa iimfuno zabo ezithile (Poe 1996, Humphries et al
1999). Abasebenzisi bamandla, kwelinye icala, luhlobo lwabasebenzisi bokugqibela
banakho ukwenza kunye nokubhala izicelo kunye neengxelo ezivela
zero (Poe 1996, Humphries et al. 1999). Ngabo aba
ukuphuhlisa iingxelo kwezinye iintlobo zabasebenzisi (Poe 1996, Humphries
kunye nabanye ngo-1999).
Nje ukuba kumiselwe iimfuno zomsebenzisi wokugqibela kufuneka zenziwe
ukhetho lokufikelela kunye nokubuyisela izicelo dati phakathi kwabo bonke
ezo zikhoyo (Poe 1996, Inmon et al. 1997).
Ukufikelela kwi dati kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisela zingaba
zihlelwe kwiindidi ezi-4: isixhobo se-OLAP, isixhobo se-EIS/DSS, isixhobo sokubuza kunye
ingxelo kunye nezixhobo zokumbiwa kwedatha.
Izixhobo ze-OLAP zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba benze imibuzo ye-ad hoc ngokunjalo
ezo zenziwe sedata del yokugcina idatha. Ukongeza ezi mveliso
vumela abasebenzisi ukuba baqhube phantsi ukusuka dati jikelele kwabo
eneenkcukacha.
Izixhobo ze-EIS/DSS zibonelela ngengxelo yesigqeba njengohlahlelo "ukuba kuthekani".
kunye nokufikelela kwiingxelo ezilungiselelwe imenyu. Iingxelo kufuneka zibe
ichazwe kwangaphambili kwaye idityaniswe neemenu zokukhangela lula.
Imibuzo kunye nezixhobo zokunika ingxelo zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bavelise iingxelo
ichazwe kwangaphambili kwaye icacisiwe.
Izixhobo zokumbiwa kwedatha zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga ubudlelwane ukuba
inokukhanyisa ukukhanya okutsha kwimisebenzi elityelweyo kwi dati del
indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ecaleni kokuphucula iimfuno zohlobo ngalunye lomsebenzisi, i
Izixhobo ezikhethiweyo kufuneka zibe ne-intuitive, zisebenze kwaye kube lula ukuzisebenzisa.
Kufuneka kwakhona zihambelane namanye amacandelo e-architecture e
ekwaziyo ukusebenza ngeenkqubo ezikhoyo. Kukwacetyiswa ukuba
khetha ukufikelela kwedatha kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisela kunye namaxabiso kunye nokusebenza
isengqiqweni. Ezinye iikhrayitheriya ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ziquka ukuzibophelela kwe
umthengisi wesixhobo ekuxhaseni imveliso yabo kunye nophuhliso ukuba
kuya kuba njalo kukhupho oluzayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukubandakanyeka komsebenzisi
ekusebenziseni ugcino lwedatha, iqela lophuhliso libandakanya
abasebenzisi kwinkqubo yokukhetha isixhobo. Kule meko
kufuneka kwenziwe uvavanyo olubonakalayo lomsebenzisi.
Ukuphucula ixabiso le-data warehouse iqela lophuhliso linakho
ikwabonelela ngofikelelo lwewebhu kwiindawo zabo zokugcina idatha. A
Ugcino lwedatha olukwiwebhu luvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafikelele kwi dati
kwiindawo ezikude okanye xa uhamba. Kananjalo ulwazi lunako
kubonelelwa ngeendleko eziphantsi ngokunciphisa iindleko
uqeqesho di.
2.4.3 Indawo yokugcina idatha Isigaba sokuSebenza
Esi sigaba sinemisebenzi emithathu: Ukuchaza amaqhinga omhla
ukuhlaziya, ukulawula imisebenzi yokugcina idatha kunye nolawulo lwe
ukhuseleko lwedatha yokugcina impahla.
Inkcazo yezicwangciso zokuhlaziya idatha
Emva kokulayisha kokuqala, i dati Nel sedata yogcino lwedatha
kufuneka ihlaziywe ngamaxesha athile ukuze idlale
utshintsho olwenziweyo dati imvelaphi. Kufuneka ke ngoko senze isigqibo
nini ukuhlaziya, kangaphi i
hlaziya kunye nendlela yokuhlaziya i dati. Kucetyiswa ukuba kwenziwe
hlaziya dei dati xa inkqubo inokuthatyathwa ngaphandle kweintanethi. Pha
Izinga lokuhlaziya limiselwa liqela lophuhliso elisekelwe
kwiimfuno zabasebenzisi. Kukho iindlela ezimbini zokuhlaziya ifayile
Ugcino lwedatha: uhlaziyo olupheleleyo kunye nokulayisha okuqhubekayo kwe
i-cambimenti.
Indlela yokuqala, ukuhlaziya ngokupheleleyo, kufuna ukulayishwa kwakhona
yonke i dati ukususela ekuqalei. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke into dati kufuneka kufuneka
zikhutshwe, zicocwe, ziguqulwe kwaye zidityaniswe kuhlaziyo ngalunye. Oku
indlela kufuneka, kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kuphetshwe ngenxa
Kufuna ixesha elininzi kunye nezibonelelo.
Enye indlela kukulayisha ngokuqhubekayo i
utshintsho. Oku kongeza i dati ukuba zitshintshiwe
ukusukela kumjikelo wokugqibela wokuhlaziya indawo yokugcina idatha. Ukuchongwa kwe
iirekhodi ezintsha okanye ezilungisiweyo zinciphisa kakhulu inani le
dati ekufuneka isasazwe kwindawo yokugcina idatha kwindawo nganye
hlaziya ukusukela ezi kuphela dati ziya kongezwa kwi sedata
yogcino lwedatha.
Kukho ubuncinane iindlela ezi-5 ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukurhoxisa
i dati entsha okanye ilungisiwe. Ukufumana isicwangciso esisebenzayo
hlaziya dei dati umxube wezi ndlela unokuba luncedo
ithatha lonke utshintsho kwinkqubo.
Indlela yokuqala, esebenzisa izitampu zexesha, ithatha ukuba iza
yabelwe bonke dati ihlelwe yaza yahlaziywa isitampu sexesha ngoko
ukukwazi ukuchonga zonke ngokulula dati ilungisiwe kwaye intsha.
Le ndlela, nangona kunjalo, ayizange isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kuninzi
inxalenye yeenkqubo zokusebenza zanamhlanje.
Indlela yesibini kukusebenzisa ifayile yedelta eyenziwe ngu
isicelo esiqulathe kuphela utshintsho olwenziweyo dati.
Ukusebenzisa le fayile kukwakhulisa umjikelo wohlaziyo.
Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange isetyenziswe kwabaninzi
izicelo.
Indlela yesithathu kukuskena ifayile yelog, leyo
ngokusisiseko iqulathe ulwazi olufanayo kwifayile yedelta. Omnye kuphela
Umahluko kukuba ifayile yelog yenzelwe inkqubo yokubuyisela kwaye
kunokuba nzima ukuyiqonda.
Indlela yesine kukuguqula ikhowudi yesicelo.
Nangona kunjalo uninzi lwekhowudi yesicelo indala kwaye
eethe-ethe; ke ngoko obu buchule bufanele buphetshwe.
Indlela yokugqibela kukuthelekisa i dati imithombo enefayile
oothixo abakhulu dati.
Ukubekwa esweni kwemisebenzi yokugcina idatha
Nje ukuba indawo yokugcina idatha ikhutshelwe abasebenzisi, injalo
kuyimfuneko ukuyijonga ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kule meko, umlawuli
yendawo yokugcina idatha ingasebenzisa isixhobo solawulo esinye okanye ngaphezulu kwaye
ulawulo lokuhlola ukusetyenziswa kwendawo yokugcina idatha. Ukuthi ngqo
ulwazi malunga nabantu kunye nemozulu inokuqokelelwa
apho bafikelela kwindawo yokugcina idatha. Ima kancinci dati izityalo zinokudalwa
iprofayile yomsebenzi owenziweyo enokusetyenziswa njengegalelo
ekuphumezeni imbuyekezo yomsebenzisi. I-Chargeback
ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baziswe malunga neendleko zokusetyenzwa kwe
indawo yokugcina idatha.
Ngaphaya koko, ulawulo logcino lwedatha lungasetyenziselwa
chonga iintlobo zemibuzo, ubungakanani bayo, inani lemibuzo ngokwe
Usuku, amaxesha okuphendula umbuzo, amacandelo ekufikelelwe kuwo kunye nobungakanani
di dati kusetyenzwe. Enye injongo yokwenza itshekhi ye
ugcino data kukuchonga dati ezingasetyenziswayo. Ezi dati
zinokususwa kwindawo yokugcina idatha ukuphucula ixesha
yempendulo yokwenziwa kombuzo kunye nokulawula ukukhula kwe
dati abahlala ngaphakathi isiseko sedatha yogcino lwedatha.
Ulawulo lokhuseleko lwedatha
Indawo yokugcina idatha iqulethe dati ehlangeneyo, egxekayo, enovakalelo ukuba
inokufikelelwa ngokulula. Ngenxa yesi sizathu kufanelekile
ukhuselwe kubasebenzisi abangagunyaziswanga. Enye indlela yoku
ukuphumeza ukhuseleko kukusebenzisa umsebenzi wedel I-DBMS
ukunika amalungelo awohlukeneyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zabasebenzisi. Kule
indlela, iprofayile kufuneka igcinwe kuhlobo ngalunye lomsebenzisi
ukufikelela. Enye indlela yokukhusela indawo yokugcina idatha kukuyifihla
njengoko kubhaliwe kuyo isiseko sedatha yogcino lwedatha. Ukufikelela kwi
dati kunye nezixhobo zokubuyisa kufuneka zikhuphe ukuntsonkotha kwe dati phambi kokungenisa i
iziphumo kubasebenzisi.
2.4.4 Indawo yokugcina idatha Isigaba sokusasaza
Sisigaba sokugqibela kumjikelo wokuphunyezwa kogcino lwedatha. I
imisebenzi eza kwenziwa kwesi sigaba ibandakanya uqeqesho lwe
abasebenzisi ukusebenzisa indawo yokugcina idatha kunye nokwenza uphononongo
yogcino lwedatha.
Uqeqesho lwabasebenzisi
Uqeqesho lomsebenzisi kufuneka lwenziwe kuqala
yokufikelela kwi dati yendawo yokugcina idatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo
ukufunyanwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iiseshini kufuneka ziqale
intshayelelo kwingqikelelo yogcino lwe dati, ukuya
umxholo wogcino lwedatha, ai meta dati kunye neempawu ezisisiseko
kwezixhobo. Emva koko, abasebenzisi abaphambili ngakumbi banokufunda i
iitafile eziphathekayo kunye neempawu zomsebenzisi zofikelelo lwedatha kunye nezixhobo
ukufunyanwa.
Zininzi iindlela zokwenza uqeqesho lwabasebenzisi. Enye ye
oku kubandakanya ukhetho lwabasebenzisi abaninzi okanye abahlalutyi abakhethwe ngu
iqela labasebenzisi, ngokusekelwe kubunkokeli kunye nobuchule babo
unxibelelwano. Aba baqeqeshwa kwisikhundla somntu kwi
yonke into ekufuneka bayazi ukuze baqhelane ne
inkqubo. Emva kokuba uqeqesho lugqityiwe, babuyela emsebenzini wabo kwaye
baqala ukufundisa abanye abasebenzisi indlela yokusebenzisa inkqubo. Kwi
ngokusekelwe koko bakufundileyo, abanye abasebenzisi banokuqalisa
phonononga indawo yokugcina idatha.
Enye indlela kukuqeqesha abasebenzisi abaninzi ngendlela efanayo
ixesha, ngokungathi ufunda eklasini. Le ndlela
Ifanelekile xa kukho abasebenzisi abaninzi abafuna ukuqeqeshwa
ngaxeshanye. Ukanti enye indlela kukuqeqesha
umsebenzisi ngamnye, eyedwa. Le ndlela i
ifanelekile xa kukho abasebenzisi abambalwa.
Injongo yoqeqesho lwabasebenzisi kukuqhelanisa nawe
ngokufikelela kwi dati kunye nezixhobo zokufumana kwakhona kunye nemixholo ye
indawo yokugcina idatha. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abasebenzisi banokuxakeka
ngobungakanani bolwazi olunikezelweyo ngexesha leseshoni
uqeqesho. Ngoko inani elithile lezinto kufuneka zenziwe
inkxaso eqhubekayo kunye neeseshoni zokuhlaziya ukuphendula
kwimibuzo ethile. Kwezinye iimeko kusekwa iqela
abasebenzisi ukunika olu hlobo lwenkxaso.
Ukuqokelela ingxelo
Nje ukuba indawo yokugcina idatha ikhutshwe, abasebenzisi banako
sebenzisa i dati ezihlala kwindawo yokugcina idatha ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo.
Ubukhulu becala, abahlalutyi okanye abasebenzisi basebenzisa i dati Nel
ugcino lwedatha ye:
1 Chonga iintsingiselo zenkampani
2 Hlalutya iiprofayili zokuthenga ze abathengi
3 Yahlula i abathengi kwaye
4 Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezingcono abathengi – lungiselela iinkonzo
5 Yakha amacebo urhwebo
6 Banike iikowuti ezikhuphisanayo zocazululo lweendleko kunye noncedo
ulawulo
7 Xhasa ukuthathwa kwezigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo
8 Chonga amathuba okuba ugqame
9 Ukuphucula umgangatho weenkqubo zangoku zoshishino
10 Jonga ingeniso
Ukulandela isikhokelo sophuhliso lwendawo yokugcina idatha, banakho
Yenza uthotho lophononongo lwenkqubo ukufumana ingxelo
zombini kwiqela lophuhliso nakuluntu lwe
abasebenzisi bokugqibela.
Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zinokuthathelwa ingqalelo
umjikelo wophuhliso olandelayo.
Kuba indawo yokugcina idatha inendlela eyongezelelweyo,
kubalulekile ukufunda kwiimpumelelo kunye neempazamo zangaphambili
uphuhliso.
2.5 Isishwankathelo
Kwesi sahluko kuxoxiwe iindlela ezikhoyo
uncwadi. Kwicandelo loku-1 kwaxoxwa ngengcamango
indawo yokugcina idatha kunye nendima yayo kwisayensi yesigqibo. Kwi
icandelo 2 umahluko omkhulu phakathi
ugcino lwedatha kunye neenkqubo ze-OLTP. Kwicandelo lesi-3 sixoxe nge
Imodeli yokugcina idatha yeMonash eyasetyenziswa
kwicandelo 4 ukuchaza imisebenzi ebandakanyekayo kwinkqubo
uphuhliso lwendawo yokugcina idatha, ezi ithisisi azisekelwanga kuzo
uphando olunzulu. Kwenzeka ntoni ngokwenene
yahluke kakhulu kwinto echazwa luncwadi, nangona kunjalo ezi
iziphumo zingasetyenziselwa ukwenza umthwalo osisiseko ukuba
gxininisa ingqikelelo yendawo yokugcina idatha yolu phando.
Isahluko 3
Uphando kunye neendlela zoyilo
Esi sahluko sijongana nophando kunye neendlela zoyilo lwe
olu phononongo. Inxalenye yokuqala ibonisa imbono eqhelekileyo yeendlela
yophando olukhoyo lokufumana ulwazi, ngaphezu koko
Iikhrayitheriya zokukhetha eyona ndlela ilungileyo enye iyaxoxwa
isifundo esithile. Iindlela ezimbini zixutyushwa kwicandelo lesi-2
ekhethwe ngokweenqobo ezimiselweyo; kwezi ziya konyulwa kwaye
yamkele enezizathu ezichazwe kwicandelo lesi-3 apho zikhoyo
nezizathu zokungabandakanywa kwenye ikhrayitheriya nazo zichaziwe. Pha
Icandelo lesi-4 libonisa uyilo lophando kwaye icandelo lesi-5 liyalubonisa
izigqibo.
3.1 Uphando kwiinkqubo zolwazi
Uphando kwiinkqubo zolwazi alupheleli nje kwaphela
kwinkalo yethekhinoloji kodwa kufuneka kwandiswe ukubandakanya
iinjongo malunga nokuziphatha kunye nombutho.
Sityala oku kwiithisisi zezifundo ezahlukeneyo ukusukela
isayensi yezentlalo ukuya kwezo zendalo; oku kukhokelela kwimfuno a
uluhlu oluthile lweendlela zophando ezibandakanya iindlela zobungakanani
kunye nezo zisemgangathweni eziza kusetyenziselwa iinkqubo zolwazi.
Zonke iindlela zophando ezikhoyo zibalulekile, enyanisweni zininzi
abaphandi abafana noJenkins (1985), uNunamaker et al. (1991), kunye neGalliers
(1992) bathi akukho ndlela ikhethekileyo yehlabathi jikelele
ukwenza uphando kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zolwazi; Kanjalo
indlela inokulungela uphando oluthile kodwa hayi
kwabanye. Oku kusizisa imfuneko yokukhetha indlela yokuba
ilungele iprojekthi yethu yophando: ukulungiselela oku
ukhetho Benbasat et al. (1987) uthi kufuneka ziqwalaselwe
ubunjani nenjongo yophando.
3.1.1 Ubume bophando
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisekelwe kuhlobo lophando lunokuba
ihlelwe ngokwezithethe ezithathu ezaziwa ngokubanzi kwinzululwazi
ulwazi: ipositivist, ingcaciso kunye nophando olubalulekileyo.
3.1.1.1 Uphando lwePositivist
Uphando lwePositivist lukwabizwa ngokuba sisifundo sesayensi okanye
ngokwamandla. Izama uku: “cacisa kwaye uqikelele okuya kwenzeka kwi
ihlabathi lentlalontle ngokujonga rhoqo kunye nobudlelwane besizathu kunye nesiphumo
phakathi kwezinto eziyilayo” (Shanks et al 1993).
Uphando lwePositivist luphawulwa ngokuphindaphinda,
ukwenza lula kunye nokuphikisa. Ngaphaya koko, uphando lwepositivist luyavuma
ubukho bobudlelwane obuphambili phakathi kwezinto ezifundwayo.
NgokukaGalliers (1992) i-taxonomy yindlela yophando
ibandakanyiwe kwi-positivist paradigm, nangona kunjalo ayipheleli koku,
eneneni kukho imifuniselo yaselabhoratri, imifuniselo yasendle,
izifundo, ubungqina bethiyori, uqikelelo kunye nokulinganisa.
Ukusebenzisa ezi ndlela abaphandi bayavuma ukuba isenzeko
ukufundwa kunokujongwa ngokungqongqo nangokungqongqo.
3.1.1.2 Uphando lotoliko
Uphando lokutolika, oluhlala lubizwa ngokuba yi-phenomenology okanye
I-anti-positivism ichazwa nguNeuman (1994) ngokuthi “uhlalutyo
olucwangcisiweyo lwentsingiselo yentlalo yesenzo ngokuthe ngqo kunye
uqwalaselo oluneenkcukacha zabantu kwiimeko zendalo, ukuze
ukufikelela ekuqondeni nasekutolikweni kwendlela
abantu badala kwaye bagcine ihlabathi labo lentlalontle. " Izifundo
iindlela zokutolika ziyayikhaba intelekelelo yokuba isenzeko esijongiweyo
inokuqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo. Enyanisweni zisekelwe
kwiitoliko ezizimeleyo. Ngapha koko, abaphandi abatolikayo abakwenzi oko
banyanzelisa iintsingiselo eziphambili kwizinto abazifundayo.
Le ndlela ibandakanya izifundo subjective/argumentative, izenzo ze
uphando, izifundo ezichazayo / zokutolika, uphando lwexesha elizayo kunye nemidlalo
indima. Ukongeza kolu phando kunye nophononongo lwetyala lunokuba
zibandakanyiwe kule ndlela njengoko zichaphazela izifundo ze
abantu okanye imibutho kwiimeko ezinzima
yehlabathi lokwenyani.
3.1.1.3 Uphando olubalulekileyo
Uphando olubalulekileyo yeyona ndlela incinci eyaziwayo kwisayensi
ezentlalo kodwa kutshanje ifumene ingqalelo kubaphandi
kwinkalo yeenkqubo zolwazi. Ingcinga yefilosofi yokuba
ubunyani bentlalo iveliswa ngokwembali kwaye iveliswa ngabantu,
kunye neenkqubo zentlalo kunye nezenzo zabo kunye nokusebenzisana. Yabo
amandla, nangona kunjalo, alamlwa ngomlinganiselo othile wokuqwalaselwa
ezentlalo, ezenkcubeko nezopolitiko.
Kanye njengophando lokutolika, uphando olubalulekileyo lugcina ukuba
uphando lwe-positivist alunanto yakwenza nomxholo wentlalo kwaye aluhoyi
impembelelo yawo kwizenzo zomntu.
Uphando olubalulekileyo, kwelinye icala, lugxeka uphando lotoliko lwe
zijonge kakhulu kwaye kuba ayijongi ukunceda
abantu ukuphucula ubomi babo. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe
Uphando olubalulekileyo kunye nezinye iindlela ezimbini ngumda walo wokuvavanya.
Ngelixa injongo ye-positivist kunye nezithethe zokutolika yeyokuba
ukuqikelela okanye ukuchaza ubume bemeko okanye ubunyani bentlalo, uphando olubalulekileyo
ijolise ekuvavanyeni ngeliso elibukhali kunye nokuguqula ubunyani boluntu obusisiseko
isitudiyo.
Abaphandi ababalulekileyo badla ngokuchasa imeko ukuze
susa iyantlukwano ekuhlaleni nokuphucula iimeko zentlalo. Pha
uphando olubalulekileyo lunokuzinikela kwimbono yenkqubo
isenzeko somdla kwaye, ke ngoko, iqhelekile ukuba yi-longitudinal.
Imizekelo yeendlela zophando zizifundo zexesha elide zembali kunye
izifundo ze-ethnographic. Uphando olubalulekileyo, nangona kunjalo, aluzange lubekho
isetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando lweenkqubo zolwazi
3.1.2 Injongo yophando
Kanye kunye nohlobo lokukhangela, injongo yayo ingasetyenziswa
ukukhokela umphandi ekukhetheni indlela ethile
uphando. Injongo yeprojekthi yophando inxulumene ngokusondeleyo
kwindawo yokukhangela ngokunxulumene nomjikelo wokukhangela obandakanya
izigaba ezithathu: ulwakhiwo lwethiyori, uvavanyo lwethiyori, kunye nophuculo lwethiyori
ithiyori. Ngoko, ngokusekelwe kwisantya ngokubhekiselele kumjikelo wokukhangela, a
iprojekthi yophando inokuba nengcaciso, inkcazo, injongo
Ukuphonononga okanye ukuqikelela.
3.1.2.1 Uphando lophononongo
Uphando lokuhlola lujolise ekuphandeni isihloko
emitsha ngokupheleleyo kwaye uyile imibuzo yophando kunye noqikelelo
kwixesha elizayo. Olu hlobo lophando lusetyenziswa kulwakhiwo lwe
ithiyori ukufumana iimbekiselo zokuqala kwindawo entsha.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iindlela zophando ezisemgangathweni, ezifana namatyala, zisetyenziswa
yezifundo okanye izifundo zephenomenological.
Nangona kunjalo, kuyenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe ubuchule bobungakanani obufana
uphando lophononongo okanye imifuniselo.
3.1.3.3 Uphando oluchazayo
Uphando oluchazayo lujolise ekuhlalutyeni nasekuchazeni inxalenye enkulu
iinkcukacha ngemeko ethile okanye izenzo zombutho. Oku
ifanelekile kulwakhiwo lwethiyori kwaye ingasetyenziselwa
qinisekisa okanye uphikise ucingelo. Uphando oluchazayo ngokuqhelekileyo
ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo kunye neesampuli. Eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yophando
kubandakanya uphando kunye nohlalutyo lwezandulela.
3.1.2.3 Uphando olucacisayo
Uphando olucacisayo luzama ukucacisa ukuba kutheni izinto zenzeka.
Yakhelwe phezu kwezibakala esele zifundisiwe yaye izama ukuzifumana
izizathu zezi zibakala.
Ngoko uphando oluchazayo luqhele ukwakhiwa kuphando
ephononongayo okanye echazayo kwaye incedisa ekuvavanyeni nasekusulungekisweni
iithiyori. Uphando olucacisayo luqhele ukusebenzisa imizekelo yophando
okanye iindlela zophando ezisekelwe kuphando.
3.1.2.4 Uphando lokuqala
Uphando lothintelo lujolise ekucingeni iziganeko kunye nokuziphatha
phantsi koqwalaselo oluphononongwayo (uMarshall noRossman
1995). Uqikelelo luvavanyo lwenyaniso oluqhelekileyo lwenzululwazi.
Olu hlobo lophando ngokubanzi lusebenzisa uphando okanye uhlalutyo lwe
dati ababhali-mbali. (Yin 1989)
Le ngxoxo ingentla ibonisa ukuba kukho inani le
iindlela zophando ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kuphononongo
ngokukodwa. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kubekho indlela ethile efanelekileyo ngakumbi
yabanye kuhlobo oluthile lweprojekthi yophando. (Galliers
1987, Yin 1989, De Vaus 1991). Wonke umphandi, ngoko, unayo
Kufuneka ukuvavanya ngononophelo amandla kunye nobuthathaka
iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ukufikelela ekwamkeleni eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yophando e
iyahambelana neprojekthi yophando. (Jenkins 1985, Pervan kunye noKlass
1992, Bonomia 1985, Yin 1989, Himilton and Ives 1992).
3.2. Iindlela zokukhangela ezinokwenzeka
Injongo yale projekthi yayikukufunda amava kwi
imibutho Australian kunye i dati igcinwe kunye
Uphuhliso lwe yokugcina idatha. Iinkcukacha leyo, ngoku, kukho enye
ukungabikho kophando kwindawo yokugcina idatha e-Australia,
le projekthi yophando isekwinqanaba lethiyori kumjikelo
uphando kwaye unenjongo yokuhlola. Ukuphonononga amava kwi
Imibutho yaseOstreliya yamkela ugcino lwedatha
kufuna ukutolikwa koluntu lokwenyani. Ngenxa yoko, i
Ingcinga yefilosofi ephantsi kweprojekthi yophando ilandela
utoliko lwemveli.
Emva kokuphononongwa ngokungqongqo kweendlela ezikhoyo, zichongiwe
zimbini iindlela zophando ezinokwenzeka: uphando kunye nezifundo zezehlo
(izifundo zophando), ezinokusetyenziswa kuphando
ukuhlola (Shanks et al. 1993). UGalliers (1992) uyakuphikisa oko
ukufaneleka kwezi ndlela zimbini kolu phononongo luthile kwi
i-taxonomy yayo ehlaziyiweyo isithi zikulungele ukwakhiwa
ithiyori. Amacandelwana amabini alandelayo axoxa ngendlela nganye kwi
iinkcukacha.
3.2.1 Indlela yophando yophando
Indlela yophando yophando ivela kwindlela yamandulo ye
ubalo. Ubalo bantu lubandakanya ukuqokelela ulwazi oluvela
uluntu luphela. Le ndlela iyabiza kwaye ayisebenzi
ngakumbi ukuba abantu abaninzi. Ngoko, xa kuthelekiswa
Ubalo-bantu, uphando ludla ngokujolisa kwi
ukuqokelela ulwazi ngenani elincinci, okanye isampuli, ye
abameli babantu (Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994). A
isampulu ibonisa inani labantu ethathwe kulo, ngokwahlukileyo
amanqanaba okuchaneka, ngokungqinelana nesakhiwo isampuli, i
ubungakanani kunye nendlela yokukhetha esetyenzisiweyo (Fowler 1988, Babbie
1982, Neuman 1994).
Indlela yophando ichazwa "njengezifinyezo zezenzo,
iimeko okanye iimbono ngexesha elithile, ezenziwe ngokusebenzisa
iikhweshine okanye udliwano-ndlebe, apho ingqikelelo inokuvela khona
yenziwe” (Galliers 1992:153) [umfanekiso okhawulezayo wezenzo,
iimeko okanye iimbono ngexesha elithile, ezenziwe kusetyenziswa
iikhweshine okanye udliwano-ndlebe, ekunokuthi kuthelekelelwe kuzo]. I
uphando lujongene nokuqokelelwa kolwazi kwimiba ethile
yophononongo, ngenani elithile labathathi-nxaxheba, ukwenza
imibuzo (Fowler 1988). Nditsho ezi khweshine kunye nodliwano-ndlebe, leyo
kubandakanya umnxeba wobuso ngobuso kunye nodliwano-ndlebe olucwangcisiweyo,
ziindlela zokuqokelela dati eyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi
uphando (Blalock 1970, Nachmias kunye neNachmias 1976, Fowler
1988), uqwalaselo kunye nohlalutyo lunokusetyenziswa (Gable
1994). Kuzo zonke ezi ndlela zokuqokelela i dati, ukusetyenziswa kwe
iphepha lemibuzo yeyona ndlela idumileyo, njengoko iqinisekisa ukuba i dati
eziqokelelweyo ziyacwangciswa kwaye zifomathiwe, kwaye ke ziyaququzelela
ukuhlelwa kolwazi (Hwang 1987, de Vaus 1991).
Ekuhlalutyeni i dati, isicwangciso sophando sihlala sisebenzise i
ubuchule bobungakanani, njengohlalutyo lwamanani, kodwa banokuba
kukwasetyenziswa iindlela zobuchule (Galliers 1992, Pervan
kunye neKlass 1992, iGable 1994). Ngokuqhelekileyo, i dati eziqokelelweyo zi
isetyenziselwa ukuhlalutya ukuhanjiswa kunye neepatheni zemibutho
(Fowler 1988).
Nangona uphando lufanelekile ngokubanzi kuphando
ezijongana nombuzo othi 'yintoni?' (yintoni) okanye ukusuka kuyo
Ukufumana, okufana 'nobungakanani' kunye 'nobungakanani', bona
inokubuzwa ngombuzo othi 'kutheni' (Sonquist kunye
Dunkelberg 1977, Yin 1989). Ngokutsho kukaSonquist kunye noDunkelberg
(1977), uphando lophando lujolise kwiingcamango ezinzima, inkqubo ye
uphononongo, ichaza abemi kunye nophuhliso lwemizekelo ye
ukuziphatha komntu. Ukongeza, uphando lunokusetyenziswa
ukufunda uluvo oluthile lwabantu, iimeko,
izimvo, iimpawu, okulindelweyo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zangaphambili
okanye ngoku (Neuman 1994).
Uphando luvumela umphandi ukuba afumanise ubudlelwane phakathi kwe
inani labantu kunye neziphumo ziqhelekile ukuba ne-generic kune
ezinye iindlela (Sonquist and Dunkelberg 1977, Gable 1994). I
uphando luvumela abaphandi ukuba bagubungele indawo yejografi
banzi kunye nokufikelela ababhengezi abaninzi (uBlalock 1970,
Sonquist and Dunkelberg 1977, Hwang and Lin 1987, Gable 1994,
Neuman 1994). Ekugqibeleni, uphando luyakwazi ukunika ulwazi
ezingafumanekiyo kwenye indawo okanye kwifomu efunekayo kuhlalutyo
(Fowler 1988).
Kukho, nangona kunjalo, imida ethile ekwenzeni uphando. Nye
ukusilela kukuba umphandi akakwazi ukufumana ulwazi oluninzi
malunga nento efundiweyo. Oku kungenxa yokuba i
Uphando lwenziwa kuphela ngexesha elithile kwaye, ke ngoko,
kukho inani eliqingqiweyo lezinto eziguquguqukayo kunye nabantu anokuthi umphandi angakwazi
ukufunda (Yin 1989, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994, Denscombe 1998).
Enye into engalunganga kukuba yintoni ukuqhuba uphando
zibiza kakhulu ngokwexesha kunye nezibonelelo, ngakumbi ukuba
ibandakanya udliwano-ndlebe ubuso ngobuso (Fowler 1988).
3.2.2. Indlela yoPhando ngoPhando
Indlela yophando yophando ibandakanya uphononongo olunzulu lwe
imeko ethile ngaphakathi komxholo wayo wokwenyani a
isithuba sexesha elichaziweyo, ngaphandle kwalo naluphi na ungenelelo kwicala le
umphandi (Shanks & C. 1993, Eisenhardt 1989, Jenkins 1985).
Ikakhulu le ndlela isetyenziswa ukuchaza ubudlelwane phakathi
izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifundwayo kwimeko ethile
(Galliers 1992). Uphando lunokubandakanya amatyala ngamanye okanye
ezininzi, kuxhomekeke kwinto ehlalutyiweyo (uFranz noRobey 1987,
Eisenhardt 1989, Yin 1989).
Indlela yophando yophando ichazwa “njengokuphanda
uphononongo lovavanyo oluphonononga into yangoku ngaphakathi kwi
umxholo wokwenyani, usebenzisa imithombo emininzi yolwazi eqokelelwe kwenye okanye
amaqumrhu amaninzi anjengabantu, amaqela, okanye imibutho” (Yin 1989).
Akukho ukwahlula okucacileyo phakathi kwesenzeko kunye nomxholo wayo e
akukho lulawulo okanye ukunyangwa kovavanyo lwezinto eziguquguqukayo (Yin
1989, Benbasat et al. 1987).
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqokelela oothixo dati banako
baqeshwe kwindlela yophando, ebandakanya i
imigqaliselo ngqo, uphononongo lweerekhodi zoovimba, imibuzo,
uphononongo lwamaxwebhu kunye nodliwano-ndlebe olucwangcisiweyo. Ukuba
uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lweendlela zokuvuna dati, uphando
vumela abaphandi ukuba bajongane nazo zombini dati qualitative ukuba
ubuninzi ngaxeshanye (Bonoma 1985, Eisenhardt 1989, Yin
1989, Gable 1994). Njengoko kunjalo kwindlela yophando, a
Umphandi wophando usebenza njengomkhi-mkhanyo okanye umphandi kwaye akunjalo
njengomthathi-nxaxheba osebenzayo kumbutho ophantsi kophando.
UBenbasat et al. (1987) bathi indlela yophando yile
ilungele ngakumbi uphando lolwakhiwo lwethiyori, oluthi
qala ngombuzo wophando kwaye uqhubeke noqeqesho
yethiyori ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqokelela dati. Ukuba
kwakhona ilungele iqonga
yokwakhiwa kwethiyori, uFranz noRobey (1987) bacebisa ukuba
Indlela yophando ingasetyenziselwa i-complex
isigaba sethiyori. Kule meko, ngokusekelwe kubungqina obuqokelelweyo, enye
ithiyori enikiweyo okanye ingqikelelo iqinisekisiwe okanye iyaphikiswa. Plus, uphando
ukwalulungele uphando olujongene nemibuzo 'njani' okanye 'njani'
'kutheni' (Yin 1989).
Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindlela, uphando luvumela umphandi ukuba
bamba ulwazi oluyimfuneko ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi (Galliers
1992, Shanks et al 1993). Ngaphaya koko, uphando luvumela ukuba
umphandi ukuqonda ubume kunye nobunzima beenkqubo ezifundiweyo
(Benbasat et al. 1987).
Kukho izinto ezingalunganga ezine eziphambili ezinxulumene nendlela
uphando. Eyokuqala kukunqongophala kwemali elawulwayo. Pha
Ukuzithoba komphandi kunokuguqula iziphumo kunye nezigqibo
yesifundo (Yin 1989). Ububi besibini kukunqongophala
ukujonga okulawulwayo. Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zovavanyo, i
umphandi wophando akakwazi ukulawula isenzeko esifundiweyo
njengoko zivavanywa kwimeko yazo yendalo (Gable 1994). I
into yesithathu engalunganga kukunqongophala kokuphindaphinda. Oku kungenxa yenyani
ukuba umphandi akanakukwazi ukujonga iziganeko ezifanayo, kunye
ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa iziphumo zophando oluthile (Lee 1989).
Ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yokungaphindaphindeki, kunzima
ukwenza ngokubanzi iziphumo ezifunyenwe kuphando olunye okanye ngaphezulu (Galliers
1992, Shanks et al 1993). Zonke ezi ngxaki, nangona kunjalo, akunjalo
azinakoyiswa kwaye, eneneni, zinokuncitshiswa ngo
umphandi osebenzisa izenzo ezifanelekileyo (Lee 1989).
3.3. Lungiselela indlela yophando
yamkelwe
Ukusuka kwiindlela ezimbini zophando ezinokwenzeka kolu phando, indlela ye
uphando luthathwa njengolona lufanelekileyo. Leyo yophando
yalahlwa emva kokuqwalaselwa ngenyameko kwezo zichaphazelekayo
izinto ezilungileyo kunye nobuthathaka. Ukulungeleka okanye ukungafanelekanga komntu ngamnye
indlela yesi sifundo kuxoxwe ngayo ngezantsi.
3.3.1. Indlela yophando engafanelekanga
yophando
Indlela yokubuza ifuna uphononongo olunzulu malunga nolunye
imeko ethile ngaphakathi kumbutho omnye okanye ngaphezulu ukuze a
ixesha lexesha (Eisenhardt 1989). Kule meko, ixesha lingakwazi
ligqithise ixesha elimisiweyo lolu phononongo. Enye
isizathu sokungayisebenzisi indlela yophando kukuba iziphumo
banokuhlupheka ngenxa yokungabikho kobunzima (Yin 1989). Ukuthobela
yomphandi inokuphembelela iziphumo kunye nezigqibo. Enye
isizathu kukuba le ndlela ifaneleke ngakumbi kuphando ngemibuzo
yohlobo 'njani' okanye 'kutheni' (Yin 1989), ngelixa umbuzo wophando
kolu phononongo lolohlobo 'lwentoni'. Eyokugqibela kodwa engancinananga
Okubalulekileyo, kunzima ukwenza ngokubanzi iziphumo ezivela kwenye okanye
uphando olumbalwa (Galliers 1992, Shanks et al 1993). Kwisiseko se
le ngcaciso enengqiqo, indlela yophando yophando ayikho
yakhethwa kuba ibingalufanelanga olu phononongo.
3.3.2. Uncedo lwendlela yokukhangela ye
uphando
Xa olu phando luqhutywe, umkhuba wokugcinwa kwedatha
zange yamkelwe ngokubanzi
Imibutho yaseOstreliya. Ngoko, kwakungekho lwazi lungako
malunga nokuphunyezwa kwazo ngaphakathi
Imibutho yaseOstreliya. Ulwazi olukhoyo lweza
evela kwimibutho esebenzise okanye esebenzise idatha
indawo yokugcina impahla. Kule meko, indlela yophando yophando yeyona ndlela
ifanelekile kuba ikuvumela ukuba ufumane ulwazi olungelulo
ekhoyo kwenye indawo okanye kwifomu efunekayo ukuze kuhlalutywe (Fowler 1988).
Ukongeza, indlela yophando yophando ivumela umphandi ukuba
fumana ingqiqo elungileyo kwimisebenzi, iimeko, okanye
ibonwe ngexesha elithile (Galliers 1992, Denscombe 1998).
Umbono jikelele wawufuneka ukwandisa
Ulwazi malunga namava ogcino lwedatha yase-Australia.
Kwakhona, uSonquist noDunkelberg (1977) bathi iziphumo ze
Uphando lophando lubanzi ngakumbi kunezinye iindlela.
3.4. Uyilo loPhando loPhando
Uphando lwenkqubo yokugcina idatha lwenziwa ngo-1999.
Abantu ekujoliswe kubo yayiyimibutho
Abantu base-Australia abanomdla kwizifundo zokugcina idatha, njengoko babenjalo
mhlawumbi sele unolwazi malunga i dati ukuba bagcine kwaye,
ke ngoko, inokubonelela ngolwazi oluluncedo kolu phononongo. Pha
inani labantu ekujoliswe kulo lichongiwe ngovavanyo lokuqala lwe
onke amalungu ase-Australia 'yeZiko lokuGcinwa kweDatha' (Tdwiaap).
Eli candelo lixoxa ngoyilo lwesigaba sophando
ubungqina obuphathekayo kolu phononongo.
3.4.1. Ubuchule bokuqokelela dati
Ukususela kubuchule obuthathu obuqhelekileyo obusetyenziswa kuphando lophando
(okt. ikhweshine yaseposini, udliwano-ndlebe lomnxeba kunye nodliwano-ndlebe
personal) (Nachmias 1976, Fowler 1988, de Vaus 1991), kuba
olu phononongo lwamkele ikhweshine yeposi. Eyokuqala
isizathu sokwamkela le yokugqibela kukuba inokuphumeza a
abemi abasasazekileyo ngokwejografi (uBlalock 1970, Nachmias e
Nachmias 1976, Hwang kunye Lin 1987, de Vaus 1991, Gable 1994).
Okwesibini, ikhweshine yeposi ifanelekile kubathathi-nxaxheba
abafundileyo kakhulu (Fowler 1988). Ikhweshine yemeyile yale nto
Uphononongo lubhekiswe kubaxhasi beprojekthi yokugcina idatha,
abalawuli kunye/okanye abaphathi beprojekthi. Okwesithathu, imibuzo ihambe
imeyile ifanelekile xa unoluhlu olukhuselekileyo lwe
iidilesi (Salant and Dilman 1994). TDWI, kule meko, enye
umbutho othembekileyo wokugcina idatha unike uluhlu lweedilesi
yamalungu ayo aseOstreliya. Enye inzuzo yoluhlu lwemibuzo
ngeposi ngokuchasene nekhweshine yomnxeba okanye ngodliwano-ndlebe
lobuqu kukuba ivumela ababhalisileyo ukuba baphendule ngakumbi
ukuchaneka, ngakumbi xa ababhalisi kufuneka baqhagamshelane
amanqaku okanye uxoxe ngemibuzo nabanye abantu (Fowler
1988).
Ukusilela okunokwenzeka kunokuba lixesha elifunekayo
qhuba imibuzo ngeposi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iphepha lemibuzo kude
imeyile iqhutywa ngolu landelelwano: thumela iileta, linda
iimpendulo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthumela (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989).
Ngaloo ndlela, ixesha elipheleleyo linokuba lide kunexesha elifunekayo
udliwano-ndlebe lobuqu okanye udliwano-ndlebe ngomnxeba. Nangona kunjalo, i
ixesha elipheleleyo liyakwazi ukwaziwa kwangaphambili (Fowler 1988,
Denscombe 1998). Ixesha elichithwe kudliwano-ndlebe
idatha yobuqu ayikwazi ukwaziwa kwangaphambili njengoko iyahluka ukusuka
udliwano-ndlebe omnye komnye (Fowler 1988). Udliwano-ndlebe ngomnxeba
inokukhawuleza kunemibuzo yeposi kwaye
udliwano-ndlebe lomntu kodwa unokuba nezinga eliphezulu lokulahlekile
impendulo ngenxa yokungafumaneki kwabanye abantu (Fowler 1988).
Ukongeza, udliwano-ndlebe ngomnxeba luphelele kwizintlu ze
imibuzo emifutshane ngokwentelekiso (Bainbridge 1989).
Obunye ubuthathaka bekhweshine yeposi lizinga eliphezulu le
ukungabikho kwempendulo (Fowler 1988, Bainbridge 1989, Neuman
1994). Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo okuthintela athathiwe, adibanisa
olu phononongo kunye neziko elithembekileyo kwinkalo yedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla (okt. TDWI) (Bainbridge 1989, Neuman 1994),
ethumela iileta ezimbini zokukhumbuza abo bangakhange baphendule
(Fowler 1988, Neuman 1994) kwaye iquka neleta
yongezelela echaza injongo yophononongo (Neuman 1994).
3.4.2. Iyunithi yohlalutyo
Injongo yolu phononongo kukufumana ulwazi malunga
ukuphunyezwa kokugcinwa kwedatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo
kwimibutho yaseOstreliya. Abantu ekujoliswe kubo
yenziwe ngayo yonke imibutho yaseOstreliya enayo
ziphunyeziwe, okanye ziyaphunyezwa, i yokugcina idatha, e
imibutho nganye iyabhaliswa. Uluhlu lwemibuzo
yathunyelwa ngeposi kwimibutho enomdla wokwamkelwa
di yokugcina idatha. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi
eziqokelelweyo zivela kwezona zixhobo zifanelekileyo zombutho ngamnye
umthathi-nxaxheba.
3.4.3. Isampulu yovavanyo
“Uluhlu lokuposa” lwabathathi-nxaxheba bophando lwafunyanwa
TDWI. Ukusuka kolu luhlu, imibutho ye-3000 yase-Australia
zakhethwa njengesiseko sesampulu. A
ileta eyongezelelweyo ichaza iprojekthi kunye nenjongo yophando,
kunye nephepha leempendulo kunye nemvulophu ehlawulelwe kwangaphambili
thumela umva imibuzo egcwalisiweyo yathunyelwa kwisampulu.
Kwimibutho engama-3000, i-198 ivumile ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi
funda. Inani elincinci elinjalo leempendulo lalilindelwe dato il
inani elikhulu lemibutho yaseOstreliya ababenayo ke
bamkele okanye babesamkela isicwangciso somhla
indawo yokugcina impahla kwimibutho yabo. Ngoko ke, i
Abantu ekujoliswe kubo kolu phononongo bangama-198 kuphela
imibutho.
3.4.4. Imixholo yoluhlu lwemibuzo
Ubume bemibuzo bebusekelwe kwimodeli yomhla
Ukugcinwa kweMonash (kuxoxiwe ngaphambili kwinxalenye 2.3). I
Umxholo wekhweshine wawusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwe
uncwadi oluchazwe kwisahluko sesi-2. Ikopi yekhweshine
ithunyelwe kwisaveyi yabathathi-nxaxheba inokufunyanwa
kwiSihlomelo B. Le khweshine inamacandelo amathandathu, athi
izigaba zomzekelo ekuxoxiwe ngazo ziyalandela. Imihlathi emithandathu elandelayo
bashwankathela ngokufutshane imixholo yecandelo ngalinye.
Icandelo A: Ulwazi olusisiseko malunga nombutho
Eli candelo liqulethe imibuzo enxulumene neprofayile ye
imibutho ethatha inxaxheba. Ukongeza, eminye yemibuzo
ngokunxulumene nemeko yeprojekthi yokugcina idatha
umthathi-nxaxheba. Ulwazi oluyimfihlo njengegama lakho
zombutho azizange zityhilwe kuhlalutyo lophando.
Icandelo B: Qala
Imibuzo ekweli candelo inxulumene nomsebenzi wokuqalisa
ugcino lwedatha. Imibuzo yayibuzwa ixesha elingakanani
ibandakanya abaqalisi beprojekthi, abaqinisekisi, izakhono nolwazi
izicelo, iinjongo zophuhliso logcino lwedatha kunye
okulindelekileyo kubasebenzisi bokugqibela.
Icandelo C: Uyilo
Eli candelo liqulethe imibuzo enxulumene nemisebenzi ye
ucwangciso lwe yokugcina idatha. Ngokukodwa, imibuzo yile
chaza malunga nomda wokuphunyezwa, ubude beprojekthi, iindleko
yeprojekthi kunye nohlalutyo lweendleko / lwenzuzo.
Icandelo D: Uphuhliso
Kwicandelo lophuhliso kukho imibuzo enxulumene nemisebenzi ye
Uphuhliso lwe yokugcina idatha: ingqokelela yeemfuno zabasebenzisi
yokugqibela, imithombo ye dati, imodeli enengqiqo ye dati, iiprototypes, i
ucwangciso lwamandla, ulwakhiwo lobugcisa kunye nokukhethwa kwe
izixhobo zophuhliso logcino lwedatha.
Icandelo E: Ukusebenza
Imibuzo yokusebenza enxulumene nokusebenza ed
ekwandisweni kwe yokugcina idatha, ivela njani kwi
isigaba esilandelayo sophuhliso. Pha umgangatho wedatha, izicwangciso ze
hlaziya dei dati, ubunzulu be dati, ukulinganiswa kwedatha
ugcino kunye neengxaki zokhuseleko lwe yokugcina idatha babephakathi
iintlobo zemibuzo ebuziweyo.
Icandelo F: Uphuhliso
Eli candelo liqulethe imibuzo enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla ngabasebenzisi bokugqibela. Umphandi wayenomdla
kwinjongo kunye nokuba luncedo kwe yokugcina idatha, uphononongo kunye nezicwangciso
loqeqesho olwamkelweyo kunye nesicwangciso solawulo lwedatha
warehouse yamkelwe.
3.4.5. Izinga lokuphendula
Nangona iisaveyi zeposi zigxekwa ngokuba nomlinganiselo we
impendulo ephantsi, amanyathelo athathiweyo ukwandisa
izinga lembuyekezo (njengoko bekuxoxiwe ngaphambili kwinxalenye
3.4.1). Igama elithi 'inqanaba lokuphendula' libhekisa kwipesenti ye
abantu kwisampulu yophando ethile ephendula kwi
iphepha lemibuzo (Denscombe 1998). Oku kulandelayo kwasetyenziswa
Ifomula yokubala ireyithi yempendulo kolu phononongo:
Inani labantu abathe basabela
Izinga lokuphendula =
————————————————————————————— X 100
Lilonke inani lemibuzo ethunyelweyo
3.4.6. Uvavanyo lwePilot
Phambi kokuba iphepha lemibuzo lithunyelwe kwisampulu, imibuzo ilandelayo
ziye zavavanywa ngokwenza uvavanyo lokulinga, njengoko kucetyisiwe nguThamsanqa
kunye noRubin (1987), uJackson (1988), kunye no-de Vaus (1991). Injongo ye
iimvavanyo zokulinga kukuveza zonke izinto ezingacacanga, ezingaqondakaliyo kunye nentetho
imibuzo enzima ukuyitolika, ukucacisa nayiphi na
Iinkcazelo kunye namagama asetyenzisiweyo kunye nokuchonga ixesha eliqikelelweyo
kufuneka ugcwalise iphepha lemibuzo (eWarwick noLininger 1975,
UJackson 1988, uSalant noDilman 1994). Iimvavanyo zokulinga zaba
kwenziwa ngokukhetha izifundo ezineempawu ezifana nezo
kwizifundo zokugqibela, njengoko kucetyisiwe uDavis e ICosenza (1993). In
olu phononongo, iingcali ezintandathu yokugcina idatha yaba
ezikhethwe njengezifundo ezilingwayo. Emva kovavanyo lomqhubi ngamnye, banjalo
kwenziwe izilungiso eziyimfuneko. Ukususela kuvavanyo lokulinga olwenziweyo, i
abathathi-nxaxheba bancedise ukubunjwa ngokutsha kunye nokuseta ngokutsha i
inguqulelo yokugqibela yekhweshine.
3.4.7. Iindlela zoHlahlelo lwe Dati
I dati yophando oluqokelelwe kwiikhweshine ezivaliweyo zi
zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa iphakheji yesoftware yezibalo
ebizwa ngokuba yi-SPSS. Uninzi lweempendulo zahlalutywa
usebenzisa iinkcukacha-manani ezichazayo. Inani elithile lemibuzo
babuya bengagqibanga. Ezi zaphathwa ngokungaphezulu
ingqalelo yokuqinisekisa ukuba i dati ebengekho enye
isiphumo seempazamo zokungeniswa kwedatha, kodwa kutheni imibuzo ingenayo
zazifanelekile kwisibhengezo, okanye isibhengezo sigqibe kwelokuba singakwenzi oko
phendula umbuzo omnye okanye ngaphezulu. Ezi mpendulo
ezilahlekileyo zazingahoywa ngexesha lokuhlalutya dati kwaye babe
ikhowudi '-9' ukuqinisekisa ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwabo kwinkqubo
uhlalutya.
Ekulungiseleleni iphepha lemibuzo, imibuzo yavalwa
ikhowudi yangaphambili ngokunika inani kukhetho ngalunye. Inani
emva koko yayisetyenziselwa ukulungiselela i dati ngexesha lokuhlalutya
(Denscombe 1998, Sapsford and Jupp 1996). Ngokomzekelo, kwakukho
iindlela ezintandathu ezidweliswe kumbuzo 1 wecandelo B: iingcebiso
ibhodi, isigqeba esiphezulu, isebe le-IT, iyunithi
yezoshishino, abacebisi kunye nokunye. Kwifayile ye dati yeSPSS, yi
utshintsho lwenziwa ukubonisa 'umqalisi weprojekthi',
eneelebhile zexabiso ezintandathu: '1' 'yebhodi yabalawuli', '2'
'kwinqanaba eliphezulu lesigqeba solawulo' njalo njalo. Ukusetyenziswa kwesikali seLikertin
kweminye yemibuzo evaliweyo nayo yayivumela
isazisi esingafuni nzame sinikwe ukusetyenziswa kwamaxabiso
amanani ahambelanayo afakwe kwi-SPSS. Ngemibuzo kunye ne
iimpendulo ezingaphelelanga, ebezingakhethi cala,
ukhetho ngalunye luphathwe njengento eguquguqukayo enye enezimbini
iileyibhile zexabiso: '1' ukwenzela 'okuphawulweyo' kunye no '2' ukwenzela 'okungaphawulwanga'.
Imibuzo evulelekileyo yaphathwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo kunemibuzo
ivaliwe. Iimpendulo zale mibuzo azikangenwa kuzo
SPSS. Kunoko, zahlalutywa ngesandla. Ukusetyenziswa oku
uhlobo lwemibuzo ikuvumela ukuba ufumane ulwazi malunga nezimvo
ivakaliswe ngokukhululekileyo kunye namava obuqu abaphenduli
(Bainbridge 1989, Descombe 1998). Apho kunokwenzeka, kuye kwenziwa
ukuhlelwa kweempendulo.
Uhlalutyo lwe dati, iindlela ezilula zokuhlalutya izibalo zisetyenziswa,
ezinje ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweempendulo, intsingiselo, ukutenxa okusemgangathweni
thetha kunye ne-median (Argyrous 1996, Denscombe 1998).
Uvavanyo lweGamma lwalusebenza ukufumana imilinganiselo yobungakanani
yemibutho phakathi dati ordinals (Norusis 1983, Argyrous 1996).
Ezi mvavanyo zazifanelekile kuba izikali ze-ordinal ezisetyenzisiweyo zazingekho
zineendidi ezininzi kwaye zinokuboniswa kwitheyibhile
(Norusis 1983).
3.5 Isishwankathelo
Kwesi sahluko, indlela yophando kunye ne
Uyilo olwamkelwe kolu phononongo.
Ukukhetha eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yophando a
Uphononongo oluthile luthatha
ukuqwalaselwa kwenani lemithetho, kubandakanywa indalo kunye nohlobo
yophando, kunye nokugqwesa kunye nobuthathaka bento nganye enokwenzeka
indlela (Jenkins 1985, Benbasat et al. 1097, Galliers kunye neLand 1987,
yin 1989, Hamilton kunye neves 1992, Galliers 1992, neuman 1994). Jonga
ukunqongophala kolwazi olukhoyo kunye nethiyori malunga nayo
yokwamkelwa kogcino lwedatha eOstreliya, olu phononongo ngo
uphando lufuna indlela yophando olutolikayo ngesakhono
Ukuphonononga ukuphonononga amava emibutho
OwaseOstreliya. Indlela yophando ekhethiweyo yakhethwa
ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nokwamkelwa kombono womhla
indawo yokugcina impahla yimibutho yaseOstreliya. A
iphepha lemibuzo leposi lakhethwa njengendlela yokuqokelela dati. le
izizathu zendlela yophando kunye nobuchule bokuqokelela dati
ezikhethiweyo ziya kubonelelwa kwesi sahluko. Kwaba njalo
ibonise ingxoxo kwiyunithi yohlalutyo, isampuli
ezisetyenzisiweyo, iipesenti zeempendulo, umxholo wekhweshine, i
uvavanyo lwangaphambili lwemibuzo kunye nendlela yohlalutyo lwe dati.
Uyilo a Indawo yokugcina idatha:
Ukudibanisa uBudlelwane beQumrhu kunye neModeli yoMda
KWI-ABSTRACT
Gcina i dati Lo ngumba ophambili ngoku kwabaninzi
imibutho. Ingxaki ephambili kuphuhliso
yogcino lwe dati licebo lakhe.
Uyilo kufuneka luxhase ukufunyanwa kweekhonsepthi kwidatha
ugcino kwinkqubo yelifa kunye neminye imithombo ye dati kwaye enye
ukuqonda okulula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekuphunyezweni kwedatha
igumbi lokugcina izinto.
Uninzi lweencwadi zokugcina iimpahla dati icetyisiwe
usetyenziso lwemodeli yobudlelwane beziko okanye imodeli elinganayo
mele uyilo lwe yokugcina idatha.
Kweli phepha sibonisa indlela zombini
Umelo lunokudityaniswa lube yindlela enye ye
umzobo we yokugcina idatha. Indlela esetyenziswayo icwangcisiwe
ihlolwe kuphononongo lwemeko kwaye ichongiwe kwinani le
iimpembelelo ezibalulekileyo kunye neengcali.
UKUGCINWA KWEDATHA
Un yokugcina idatha idla ngokuchazwa “njengokujoliswe kwisifundo,
ukuqokelela okuhlanganisiweyo, okuguquguqukayo kwexesha, kunye nokungaguqukiyo kwedatha ekuxhaseni
kwizigqibo zabaphathi” (Inmon and Hackathon, 1994).
Okujoliswe kwisifundo kunye nokudibeneyo kubonisa ukuba yokugcina idatha è
eyilelwe ukuwela imida esebenzayo yeenkqubo zelifa
bonelela ngembono edibeneyo ye dati.
Umehluko wexesha uphathelene nembali okanye uthotho lwexesha levidiyo dati in
un yokugcina idatha, eyenza ukuba iintsingiselo zihlalutywe.
Ukungaguquguquki kubonisa ukuba i yokugcina idatha ayiqhubeki
ihlaziywe njenge sedata ye OLTP. Kunokuba ihlaziywe
ngamaxesha, kunye dati kwimithombo yangaphakathi nangaphandle. I
yokugcina idatha yenzelwe ngokukodwa uphando
endaweni yemfezeko yohlaziyo kunye nokusebenza kwe
imisebenzi.
Umbono wokugcina i dati ayintshanga, ibiyenye yeenjongo
yolawulo lwe dati ukusukela kwiminyaka yamashumi amathandathu (Il Martin, 1982).
I yokugcina idatha banikezela ngeziseko zophuhliso dati kulawulo
iinkqubo zenkxaso. Iinkqubo zenkxaso yolawulo zibandakanya izigqibo
iinkqubo zenkxaso (DSS) kunye neenkqubo zolwazi ezilawulayo (EIS).
I-DSS yinkqubo yolwazi esekwe kwikhompyuter
yenzelwe ukuphucula inkqubo kwaye ngenxa yoko ukubamba
isigqibo somntu. I-EIS ngokuqhelekileyo yinkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwe
dati eyenza ukuba abaphathi bezoshishino bafikelele ngokulula kwimbono
of dati.
Uyilo jikelele lwe yokugcina idatha iqaqambisa indima ye
yokugcina idatha kwinkxaso yolawulo. Ukongeza kokunikela
iziseko zophuhliso dati ye-EIS kunye ne-DSS, al yokugcina idatha kunokwenzeka
fikelela kuyo ngqo ngemibuzo. THE dati ibandakanyiwe kumhla
indawo yokugcina impahla isekelwe kuhlalutyo lweemfuno zolwazi
ulawulo kwaye zifunyanwa kwimithombo emithathu: iinkqubo zangaphakathi zelifa,
Iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokubamba idatha kunye nemithombo yedatha yangaphandle. THE
dati kwiinkqubo zelifa langaphakathi zihlala zingafuneki,
ezingangqinelaniyo, umgangatho ophantsi, kwaye zigcinwe kwiifomathi ezahlukeneyo
ngoko ke kufuneka zixolelwe kwaye zicocwe phambi kokuba uzilayishe kwi
yokugcina idatha (Inmon, 1992; McFadden, 1996). THE dati ukusuka
ukusuka kwiinkqubo zokugcina dati i-ad hoc nakwimithombo yolwazi dati
zangaphandle zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwandisa (ukuhlaziya, ukubuyisela) i
dati ukusuka kwiinkqubo zelifa.
Kukho izizathu ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo zokuphuhlisa a yokugcina idatha,
ezibandakanya ukwenza izigqibo ezingcono ngokusetyenziswa
ulwazi oluninzi olusebenzayo (Ives 1995), inkxaso yokugxila
kwishishini elipheleleyo (Graham 1996), kunye nokwehliswa kweendleko ze
ulungiselelo lwe dati ye-EIS kunye ne-DSS (Graham 1996, McFadden
1996).
Uphononongo lwamva nje lobungqina lufumene, ngokomyinge, imbuyekezo ye
utyalo-mali lwe yokugcina idatha ngama-401% emva kweminyaka emithathu (uGraham,
1996). Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo zobungqina be yokugcina idatha baye
ufumene iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kuquka ubunzima bokulinganisa u-ed
ukwaba izibonelelo, ukungabikho kwenjongo ecacileyo, ukuyijongela phantsi
injongo kunye nobunzima benkqubo yokugcina i dati, kwi
ngokukodwa malunga nemithombo kunye nococeko lwe dati.
Gcina i dati inokuthathwa njengesisombululo
kwingxaki yolawulo lwe dati phakathi kwemibutho. Pha
ukusetyenziswa kwe dati njengomthombo wentlalontle iye yahlala ingomnye we
imiba ephambili ekulawuleni iinkqubo zolwazi kulo lonke
ihlabathi iminyaka emininzi (Brancheau et al. 1996, Galliers et al. 1994,
U-Niederman et al. 1990, Pervan 1993).
Indlela edumileyo yolawulo lwempahla dati ngeminyaka yamashumi asibhozo kwabanjalo
ukuphuhlisa imodeli dati ezentlalo. Umzekelo dati zentlalo yaba
yenzelwe ukunika isiseko esizinzileyo sophuhliso lweenkqubo ezintsha
izicelo e sedata kunye nokwakha ngokutsha kunye nokudibanisa ilifa
iinkqubo (Brancheau et al.
Ngowe-1989, uGoodhue et al. 1988: 1992, Kim no-Everest 1994).
Nangona kunjalo, kukho iingxaki ezininzi ngale ndlela, kwi
ngokukodwa, ubunzima kunye neendleko zomsebenzi ngamnye, kunye nexesha elide
kufuneka ukuba neziphumo ezibonakalayo (Beynon-Davies 1994, Earl
Ngowe-1993, uGoodhue et al. 1992, Periasamy 1994, Shanks 1997).
Il yokugcina idatha sisigcina-lwazi esahlukileyo esikho kunye nelifa lemveli
ugcino lweenkcukacha kunokuba lutshintshe. Ngoko ke ikuvumela ukuba
ukuqondisa ulawulo lwe dati kwaye uphephe ukwakha kwakhona okuneendleko eziphezulu
yeenkqubo zelifa.
IINDLELA EZIKHOYO ZOKUYILWA KWEDATHA
UMNQOPHISO
Inkqubo yokwakha nokugqibelela a yokugcina idatha
kufuneka iqondwe ngakumbi njengenkqubo yendaleko kunokuba a
uphuhliso lomjikelo wobomi beenkqubo zemveli (IDesio, 1995, Shanks,
O'Donnell kunye noArnott 1997a). Zininzi iinkqubo ezibandakanyekayo kwi-a
iprojekthi ye yokugcina idatha njengokuqaliswa, ukucwangcisa;
ulwazi olufunyenwe kwiimfuno ezicelwe kubaphathi benkampani;
imithombo, iinguqu, ukucocwa kwe dati kunye nongqamaniso olusuka kwilifa
iinkqubo kunye neminye imithombo ye dati; iinkqubo zonikezelo kuphuhliso;
ukubeka esweni yokugcina idatha; kunye nokungabi nangqiqo kwenkqubo
ngendaleko kunye nokwakhiwa a yokugcina idatha (Uyamangalisa, uO'Donnell
kunye no-Arnott 1997b). Kweli phephancwadi, sigxininisa kwindlela
zoba i dati zigcinwe kumxholo wezinye iinkqubo.
Kukho inani leendlela ezicetywayo zoyilo lwedatha
isitora kuncwadi (Inmon 1994, Ives 1995, Kimball 1994
McFadden 1996). Nganye kwezi ndlela inomfutshane
uphononongo ngohlalutyo lwamandla kunye nobuthathaka babo.
Inmon's (1994) Indlela yoku Indawo yokugcina idatha
uyilo
U-Inmon (1994) ucebise ngamanyathelo amane okuphinda-phinda ukuzoba idatha
indawo yokugcina impahla (jonga uMfanekiso 2). Inyathelo lokuqala kukuyila itemplate
dati social ukuqonda indlela i dati inokudityaniswa
kuzo zonke iinkalo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kumbutho
Ukwahlula i dati ivenkile kwiindawo. Umzekelo dati yenzelwe
ukugcina dati eziphathelele ekwenzeni izigqibo, kubandakanywa dati
zembali, kwaye zibandakanyiwe dati iqingqwe kwaye yadityaniswa. Inyathelo lesibini
ukuchonga iinkalo zemixholo yokuphunyezwa. Ezi zisekelwe
kwizinto eziphambili ezimiselwe ngumbutho othile. Okwesithathu
Inyathelo libandakanya ukuzoba a sedata kwindawo yomxholo, imizobo
nika ingqwalasela eyodwa ekubandakanyeni amanqanaba afanelekileyo embudumbudu.
U-Inmon ucebisa ukuba kusetyenziswe amaqumrhu kunye nemodeli yobudlelwane. Isine
inyathelo kukuchonga iinkqubo zomthombo dati efunekayo kwaye iphuhlise
iinkqubo zenguqu ukubamba, ukucocwa nokufomathwa i dati.
Amandla endlela ka-Inmon kukuba imodeli dati social
inikeza isiseko sokudityaniswa kwe dati ngaphakathi kwintlangano
kunye nenkxaso yocwangciso lophuhliso lwedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla. Iziphene zayo zinzima kunye neendleko zokuzoba
ilungile dati ezentlalo, ubunzima ekuqondeni iimodeli zamaqumrhu kunye
Ubudlelwane obusetyenziswa kuzo zombini iimodeli, ukuba dati ezentlalo kunye nelo dati
igcinwe ngummandla wesifundo, kunye nokufaneleka kwe dati del
umzobo we yokugcina idatha yokwenziwa kwe sedata
ubudlelwane kodwa hayi ngenxa sedata multi-dimensional.
Ives' (1995) Indlela yoku Indawo yokugcina idatha
uyilo
U-Ives (1995) ucebisa indlela enamanyathelo amane ekuyileni a
Inkqubo yolwazi ayijonga njengesebenzayo kuyilo lwedatha
indawo yokugcina impahla (jonga uMfanekiso 3). Indlela isekelwe kakhulu kwi
Ubunjineli boLwazi kuphuhliso lweenkqubo zolwazi
(uMartin 1990). Inyathelo lokuqala kukumisela iinjongo, imiba
Izalathisi zentsebenzo ezibalulekileyo neziyimpumelelo. THE
iinkqubo eziphambili zoshishino kunye nolwazi oluyimfuneko
imodeli yokusikhokelela kwimodeli dati ezentlalo. Inyathelo lesibini
ibandakanya uphuhliso loyilo oluchazayo dati
igcinwe ngendawo, sedata di yokugcina idatha, amacandelo
yetekhnoloji efunekayo, iseti yenkxaso yombutho
efunekayo ukuphumeza nokusebenza nayo yokugcina idatha. Okwesithathu
Inyathelo libandakanya ukukhetha iipakethe zesoftware kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo.
Inyathelo lesine luyilo oluneenkcukacha kunye nokwakhiwa kwe
yokugcina idatha. UIves uphawula ukuba ivenkile dati uyindoda ebotshelelweyo
inkqubo yokuphindaphinda.
Amandla endlela ka-Ives kukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezithile zobuchule
misela iimfuno zolwazi, ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo
inkqubo yokuxhasa indibaniselwano ye yokugcina idatha,
ihardware efanelekileyo kunye nokukhethwa kwesoftware, kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuninzi
ubuchule bokumela i yokugcina idatha. Iziphene zayo
zizinto zendalo ezintsonkothileyo. Ezinye ziquka ubunzima kwi
phuhlisa amanqanaba amaninzi sedata Zonke'interno del yokugcina idatha in
amaxesha neendleko ezifanelekileyo.
Kimball's (1994) Indlela yoku Indawo yokugcina idatha
uyilo
UKimball (1994) ucebise ngamanyathelo amahlanu aphindaphindwayo ukuzoba idatha
indawo yokugcina impahla (jonga uMfanekiso 4). Indlela yakhe ikhethekileyo
enikezelwe kuyilo lwenye kuphela yokugcina idatha kunye nokusetyenziswa kweemodeli
idimensional ukukhetha iimodeli zamaqumrhu kunye nobudlelwane. Kimball
Hlalutya ezo modeli zinemilinganiselo kuba kulula ukuba ndiyiqonde
Iinkokheli zoshishino zisebenzisana, zisebenza kakuhle xa zisebenza
uthethwano olunzima, kunye noyilo lwe sedata umzimba ungaphezulu
esebenzayo (Kimball 1994). UKimball uyaqaphela ukuba uphuhliso lwe
yokugcina idatha iyaphindaphinda, kwaye loo nto yokugcina idatha bahlukane banako
zidityaniswe ngokwahlulahlulo kwiitheyibhile zomlinganiselo
eqhelekileyo.
Inyathelo lokuqala kukuchonga indawo yesifundo emayibe
igqibelele. Inyathelo lesibini nelesithathu lichaphazela ukubunjwa
macala. Kwinqanaba lesibini imilinganiselo ichonga izinto ze
umdla kwinkalo yesifundo kwaye yahlulwa ngokwetheyibhile yenyani.
Ngokomzekelo, kwindawo yokuthengisa imilinganiselo yomdla
inokubandakanya inani lezinto ezithengisiweyo kunye nedola
njengemali yokuthengisa. Inyathelo lesithathu libandakanya ukuchonga
imilinganiselo eziziindlela ezinokuthi zenziwe ngamaqela i
iinyani. Kwinkalo yesifundo sokuthengisa, imilinganiselo efanelekileyo
inokubandakanya into, indawo kunye nexesha. Pha
Itheyibhile yenyani inesitshixo esinamacandelo amaninzi ukudibanisa kuyo nganye
yetheyibhile zomlinganiselo kwaye iqulathe inani kakhulu
izele ziinyani. Ngokwahlukileyo, iitheyibhile zedimension ziqulathe
ulwazi oluchazayo malunga nemilinganiselo kunye nezinye iimpawu ukuba
inokusetyenziswa ukuhlanganisa iinyani. Itheyibhile yenyani e
imilinganiselo eyayanyaniswa nesindululo yenza into ebizwa ngokuba yeyomnye
ipateni yenkwenkwezi ngenxa yobume bayo. Inyathelo lesine libandakanya
ukwakhiwa kwe sedata multidimensional ukuyigqibelelisa
ipateni yeenkwenkwezi. Inyathelo lokugqibela kukuchonga iinkqubo zomthombo dati
ezifunekayo kunye nokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zenguqu ukufumana, ukucoca
kunye nefomathi i dati.
Amandla endlela kaKimball aquka ukusetyenziswa kweemodeli
idimensional ukumela i dati igcinwe ukuba iyenze
kulula ukuyiqonda kwaye ikhokelela kuyilo lomzimba olusebenzayo. A
imodeli yobukhulu ekwasebenzisa ngokulula zombini
iinkqubo sedata Ubudlelwane bunokufezekiswa okanye iinkqubo
sedata multidimensional. Iziphene zayo ziquka ukunqongophala
kwezinye iindlela zobuchule bokuququzelela ucwangciso okanye ukudibanisa
iipateni ezininzi zeenkwenkwezi ngaphakathi kwenye yokugcina idatha kunye
ubunzima bokuyila ukusuka kulwakhiwo olugqithisiweyo lwe-denormalised kwi-a
imodeli yobukhulu a dati kwiinkqubo zelifa.
Indlela kaMcFadden (1996) kwiDatha
Uyilo lweWarehouse
UMcFadden (1996) ucebisa indlela enamanyathelo amahlanu
zoba a yokugcina idatha (jonga umfanekiso 5).
Indlela yakhe isekelwe phezu kokudityaniswa kweengcamango ezivela kuncwadi
kwaye igxile kuyilo lwenye kuphela yokugcina idatha. Eyokuqala
Inyathelo libandakanya uhlalutyo lweemfuno. Nangona iinkcukacha
iindlela zobugcisa azimiselwanga, amanqaku kaMcFadden achonga
umbutho dati iinkcukacha kunye neempawu zabo, kwaye ibhekisa kubafundi beWatson
kunye noFrolick (1993) malunga neemfuno zokufakwa kwedatha.
Kwinqanaba lesibini, kuzotywe imodeli yobudlelwane bequmrhu
yokugcina idatha ze emva koko ziqinisekiswe ziinkokeli zoshishino. Okwesithathu
Inyathelo libandakanya ukumisela imephu ukusuka kwinkqubo yelifa
kunye nemithombo yangaphandle ye yokugcina idatha. Inyathelo lesine libandakanya
iinkqubo kuphuhliso, ukusasazwa kunye nongqamaniso lwe dati Nel
yokugcina idatha. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, inkqubo ihanjiswa
iphuhliswe ngogxininiso oluthile kujongano lomsebenzisi.
UMcFadden ubonisa ukuba inkqubo yokuzoba iqhelekile
Ukuphindaphinda.
Amandla endlela kaMcFadden akhomba ekuthatheni inxaxheba
ziinkokeli zoshishino ekumiseleni iimfuno kunye kananjalo
ukubaluleka kobutyebi dati, ukucocwa nokuqokelelwa kwazo. Yena
iziphene zichaphazela ukungabikho kwenkqubo yokwahlula a
iprojekthi enkulu nge yokugcina idatha kwizigaba ezininzi ezidibeneyo, kwaye apho
ubunzima bokuqonda iqumrhu kunye neemodeli zobudlelwane ezisetyenzisiweyo kuyilo lwe
yokugcina idatha.
Yabelana:
Fumana okungakumbi kwi-Arhente yeWebhu ye-Intanethi
Bhalisa ukuze ufumane amanqaku amva nje nge-imeyile.
